@mytechtoday/augment-extensions 1.2.0 → 1.2.2

package/augment-extensions/domain-rules/software-architecture/rules/fundamentals.md

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+# Software Architecture Fundamentals
+
+## Overview
+
+This document covers the core architectural elements that form the foundation of software system architecture design, based on ISO/IEC 42010 standard.
+
+---
+
+## Knowledge
+
+### Core Architectural Elements
+
+**Components**
+- Self-contained units of functionality
+- Encapsulate specific responsibilities
+- Have well-defined interfaces
+- Examples: services, modules, classes, libraries
+
+**Connectors**
+- Mechanisms for component interaction
+- Define communication protocols
+- Examples: APIs, message queues, RPC, event buses
+
+**Configurations**
+- Arrangement of components and connectors
+- Define system topology
+- Specify deployment architecture
+- Examples: deployment diagrams, network topology
+
+### ISO/IEC 42010 Standard
+
+**Architecture Description**
+- Work product documenting architecture
+- Addresses stakeholder concerns
+- Uses multiple architectural views
+- Maintained throughout system lifecycle
+
+**Stakeholders**
+- Individuals/organizations with interests in the system
+- Examples: developers, operators, users, business owners
+- Each has unique concerns and requirements
+
+**Concerns**
+- Interests pertaining to system development, operation, or use
+- Examples: performance, security, maintainability, cost
+- Drive architectural decisions
+
+**Viewpoints**
+- Conventions for constructing, interpreting views
+- Define notation, modeling techniques
+- Examples: logical view, process view, deployment view
+
+**Views**
+- Representation of system from perspective of concerns
+- Address specific stakeholder concerns
+- Multiple views form complete architecture description
+
+---
+
+## Skills
+
+### Identifying Components
+
+**Decomposition Strategies**
+1. **Functional Decomposition**: Break down by business capabilities
+2. **Domain-Driven Design**: Identify bounded contexts
+3. **Layering**: Separate by technical concerns (presentation, business, data)
+
+**Component Characteristics**
+- High cohesion (related functionality together)
+- Low coupling (minimal dependencies)
+- Clear responsibilities
+- Well-defined interfaces
+
+### Designing Connectors
+
+**Synchronous Communication**
+- Request-response patterns
+- REST APIs, gRPC
+- Use when: immediate response needed, simple workflows
+
+**Asynchronous Communication**
+- Message queues, event streams
+- Pub/sub patterns
+- Use when: decoupling needed, eventual consistency acceptable
+
+**Connector Selection Criteria**
+- Performance requirements
+- Reliability needs
+- Coupling tolerance
+- Technology constraints
+
+### Defining Configurations
+
+**Deployment Patterns**
+- Single server (monolithic deployment)
+- Multi-tier (web, app, database servers)
+- Distributed (microservices, serverless)
+- Hybrid (combination of patterns)
+
+**Configuration Documentation**
+- Deployment diagrams
+- Network topology
+- Infrastructure as Code (IaC)
+- Container orchestration manifests
+
+---
+
+## Examples
+
+### Example 1: E-Commerce System Components
+
+**Components:**
+```
+- Product Catalog Service
+  - Manages product information
+  - Provides search and filtering
+  - Interface: REST API
+
+- Shopping Cart Service
+  - Manages user cart state
+  - Calculates totals
+  - Interface: REST API + Event Publisher
+
+- Order Processing Service
+  - Handles order placement
+  - Coordinates payment and fulfillment
+  - Interface: Event Consumer + REST API
+
+- Payment Gateway Connector
+  - Integrates with payment providers
+  - Interface: Adapter pattern
+```
+
+**Connectors:**
+```
+- REST API (synchronous)
+  - User → Product Catalog
+  - User → Shopping Cart
+  
+- Event Bus (asynchronous)
+  - Shopping Cart → Order Processing
+  - Order Processing → Inventory
+  - Order Processing → Notification
+```
+
+**Configuration:**
+```
+- Web Tier: Load balancer + API Gateway
+- Application Tier: Containerized services (Kubernetes)
+- Data Tier: Distributed databases (per service)
+- Message Tier: Kafka event bus
+```
+
+### Example 2: Banking Application Architecture
+
+**Components:**
+```
+- Account Management
+  - CRUD operations for accounts
+  - Balance inquiries
+  - Transaction history
+
+- Transaction Processor
+  - Validates transactions
+  - Ensures ACID properties
+  - Maintains audit trail
+
+- Authentication Service
+  - User authentication
+  - Session management
+  - Multi-factor authentication
+```
+
+**Connectors:**
+```
+- Secure REST API (HTTPS + OAuth2)
+- Database connections (connection pooling)
+- Message queue for async notifications
+```
+
+**Configuration:**
+```
+- High-availability deployment (active-active)
+- Database replication (master-slave)
+- Encrypted communication channels
+- Firewall and DMZ configuration
+```
+
+---
+
+## Understanding
+
+### Why Components Matter
+
+**Modularity Benefits**
+- Independent development and deployment
+- Easier testing and maintenance
+- Technology diversity (polyglot architecture)
+- Team autonomy and scalability
+
+**Component Granularity**
+- Too fine-grained: excessive communication overhead
+- Too coarse-grained: reduced flexibility, harder to maintain
+- Right-sizing: balance between cohesion and coupling
+
+### Connector Trade-offs
+
+**Synchronous vs. Asynchronous**
+
+Synchronous:
+- ✅ Simpler to reason about
+- ✅ Immediate feedback
+- ❌ Tight coupling
+- ❌ Cascading failures
+
+Asynchronous:
+- ✅ Loose coupling
+- ✅ Better fault tolerance
+- ❌ Eventual consistency
+- ❌ Harder to debug
+
+**Direct vs. Indirect Communication**
+
+Direct (point-to-point):
+- ✅ Lower latency
+- ✅ Simpler infrastructure
+- ❌ Tight coupling
+- ❌ Harder to scale
+
+Indirect (message broker):
+- ✅ Decoupling
+- ✅ Better scalability
+- ❌ Additional infrastructure
+- ❌ Potential bottleneck
+
+### Configuration Implications
+
+**Deployment Complexity**
+- More components = more deployment complexity
+- Requires orchestration (Kubernetes, Docker Swarm)
+- Infrastructure as Code essential
+- Monitoring and observability critical
+
+**Operational Considerations**
+- Service discovery mechanisms
+- Load balancing strategies
+- Health checks and auto-recovery
+- Logging and distributed tracing
+
+**Cost Implications**
+- Infrastructure costs (compute, storage, network)
+- Operational overhead (monitoring, maintenance)
+- Development complexity (distributed systems)
+- Trade-off: flexibility vs. simplicity
+
+---
+
+## Best Practices
+
+### Component Design
+
+✅ **Single Responsibility**: Each component has one clear purpose
+✅ **Interface Segregation**: Provide focused, client-specific interfaces
+✅ **Dependency Inversion**: Depend on abstractions, not concretions
+✅ **Encapsulation**: Hide implementation details
+❌ **God Components**: Avoid components that do everything
+❌ **Circular Dependencies**: Prevent component cycles
+
+### Connector Design
+
+✅ **Protocol Versioning**: Support multiple API versions
+✅ **Error Handling**: Graceful degradation and retries
+✅ **Timeouts**: Prevent indefinite blocking
+✅ **Circuit Breakers**: Protect against cascading failures
+❌ **Chatty Communication**: Minimize round trips
+❌ **Tight Coupling**: Avoid shared databases between services
+
+### Configuration Management
+
+✅ **Infrastructure as Code**: Version control infrastructure
+✅ **Environment Parity**: Dev/staging/prod consistency
+✅ **Secrets Management**: Secure credential storage
+✅ **Configuration Externalization**: Separate config from code
+❌ **Hardcoded Values**: Avoid embedded configuration
+❌ **Manual Deployment**: Automate deployment processes
+
+---
+
+## References
+
+- **ISO/IEC 42010:2011** - Systems and software engineering — Architecture description
+- **Software Architecture in Practice** (Bass, Clements, Kazman)
+- **Designing Data-Intensive Applications** (Martin Kleppmann)
+- **Building Microservices** (Sam Newman)
+
+---
+
+## Related Topics
+
+- [Principles](./principles.md) - Architectural principles and design guidelines
+- [Definitions and Terminology](./definitions-terminology.md) - Key architectural concepts
+- [Microservices Architecture](./microservices.md) - Microservices patterns
+- [Quality Attributes](./quality-attributes.md) - Non-functional requirements
+
+