@museumwnf/coins-medals-data 1.0.1

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+{"004ba9b7-31c0-504f-8fe8-703d886502ce":{"name":"500 Piastres","description":"This 500 piastres bank note bears no watermark, and is illustrated with horses, symbolising pride, and Cedar trees, the national tree.","type":"Banknote; money","holder":"Bank Audi","dates":"1 July 1920","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"01db1c07-82e0-567a-891f-8a16068181cd":{"name":"Coin (*dirham*).","description":"After the Muslim conquest of Syria and Iran, the Muslims found it convenient to adopt the administrative and monetary systems of these countries. At first they imitated the Byzantine gold coin type and the Sassanid silver coin type. The Arab-Sassanid type which was called Pahlawi (middle Persian) is distinguished by the addition of Arabic legends and the portrait of the Sassanid king on the obverse, and the Zoroastrian fire altar surrounded by two priests on the reverse.  \n  \nThe coin seen here is an imitation of a Sassanid *dirham* struck by Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. AH 65–86 / AD 685–707).  \n  \nObverse:  \n  \nThe obverse shows a bust of the Sassanid King Yazdigird III, he is bearded, with flowing curly hair bunched at the back. He faces right and wears a diademed headdress studded with two rows of pearls, which is surmounted by a crest consisting of two wide-spread wings. The name of the Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan appears and a Pahlawi invocation: 'AFZUT/GDH' ('May kingship increase'). There is an Arabic legend: 'in the name of Allah' in the margin.  \n  \nReverse:  \n  \nAt the centre of the reverse the Sassanid fire altar is depicted. Elevated on three steps, the altar has two attendant priests (mobedh) who stand on either side of the altar facing it. At the bottom right is the mint, in Pahlawi: 'DA' ('Darbjird'); at the bottom left, also in Pahlawi, the date: 'shest', which in the Yazdigird calendar is the year 60.","short_description":"Silver *dirham* of the Arab-Sassanid type; the obverse has a bust of the Sassanid King Yazdigird III, the name of ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. AH 65–86 / AD 685–707) and an Arabic legend: ‘in the name of Allah’. The mint (Darbjird) and the date (year 60 in the Yazdigird calendar) are on the reverse.","type":"Coin, dirham, silver","holder":"Jordan National Bank Numismatic Museum.","dates":"Hegira 72 / AD 692.","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Diameter 31 mm, weight: 4.1 g.","method_for_datation":"At the bottom left in Pahlawi the date: 'shest' is inscribed, which in the Yazdigird calendar is the year 60 (AH 72 / AD 692). The Yazdigird calendar began in AD 632 at the instigation of King Yazdigird III and continues after his death in AD 651. The Muslims used this calendar to date the imitation Sassanid coins they struck.","method_for_provenance":"The provenance is known by the mint on the reverse of the coin, which is Darbjird in Iran (ancient Faris).","provenance":"Iran.","obtention":"The coin was purchased from an antiquities dealer in 1998.","bibliography":"العش.محمد، النقود العربية الإسلامية المحفوظة في متحف قطر الوطني, الدوحة, 1984, المجلد الأول ص 61, رقم 21, اللوحة الثانية رقم 21.  \n  \nGoussous, N., *Umayyad Coinage of Bilad al-Sham*, Amman, 1996, p.37, object no. 14.  \n  \nWalker, J. A., *A Catalogue of the Arab-Sassanian Coins*, London, 1941, p.28, cat. no. C3, plate XXX1.7","linkcatalogs":"IAM_JO_EN_001","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["caliph","Coin","Coinage","dirham","gold coin","numismatics","Sassanid","Yazdigird calendar"],"materials":["Struck silver."]},"07cdf5ca-173b-58b3-98fd-a1ff89450b73":{"name":"Boy's Vest","description":"This boy's vest, displayed at Tiraz, features a back panel crafted from traditional Syrian-made striped saya silk. Worn specifically during a circumcision ceremony, the festive garment is heavily embellished with an assortment of coins from various currencies, origins, and geographic regions. The vest originates from the Hebron villages and dates back to approximately 1930.","type":"Garment","holder":"Tiraz: Widad Kawar Home for Arab Dress","owner":"Tiraz","dates":"ca. 1930","location":"Amman","place_of_production":"Hebron villages, Palestine","provenance":"Purchased by the collector","author":"Laila Mushahwar","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["ceremony","Children","Clothing","dress","silk"],"materials":["Coins","silk"]},"0ee82313-3b00-5065-9b57-8b032c634961":{"name":"Gold coin (*dinar*).","description":"A gold coin (*dinar*) of the fifth Fatimid Caliph al-Aziz (r. AH 365–86 / AD 975–96), struck at al-Mahdiyya in Tunisia in AH 380 / AD 990. The legend is in *kufic* script.  \n  \nObverse:  \n  \nCentre: raised point within two concentric circles.  \n  \nFirst margin: ''.لا اله الا الله، محمد رسول الله، علي خير صفوة الل'  \n  \n'There is no God except God, Muhammad is the Messenger. Ali is the best God's prime.'  \n  \nSecond margin: **محمد رسول الله أرسله بالهدى ودين الحق ليظهره على الدين كله ولو كره المشركون.**  \n  \n'Muhammad is the Messenger of God. He sent him with guidance and the true religion to prevail over all other religions, even though the idolaters may object.'  \n  \nReverse:  \n  \nCentre: raised point within two concentric circles.  \n  \nFirst margin: **عبد الله ووليه نزار الإمام العزيز بالله أمير المؤمنين.**  \n  \n'Abd Allah and his supporter the Imam Al-'Aziz Billah Commander of the Faithful.'  \n  \nSecond margin: **بسم الله ضرب هذا الدينار بالمهدية سنة ثمانون وثلثماية.**  \n  \n'In the name of God, this *dinar* was struck at al-Mahdiyya in the year 380.' (AD 990).","short_description":"A gold coin (*dinar*) from Ayla in Aqaba. On the reverse is the name of the fifth Fatimid Caliph al-Aziz (r. AH 365–86 / AD 975–96), the place of minting, al-Mahdiyya in Tunisia, and the date 380 / 990. Ali is mentioned in addition to the Prophet Muhammad on the obverse. The legend is in *kufic* script.","type":"Coin, dinar, gold","holder":"Aqaba Archaeological Museum.","dates":"Hegira 380 / AD 990.","location":"Aqaba","dimensions":"Diameter 18 mm, weight 4 g.","method_for_datation":"The coin is dated and the place of mint recorded: 'In the name of God, this *dinar* was struck at al-Mahdiyya in Tunisia in the year 380.' (AD 990).","method_for_provenance":"The place of mint is inscribed on the coin as al-Mahdiyya.","provenance":"Al-Mahdiyya, Tunisia.","obtention":"The coin was acquired by the Museum as a result of an archaeological excavation carried out at the site of historic Ayla (Aqaba) in 1993–4.","bibliography":"Unpublished, but for similar coins see:  \n  \nPool, R. S., The Coinage of Egypt: (AH 358–922) under the Fatimee Caliphs, the Ayyobees and the Mamlook Sultan, Classes XIV.XV.XVI, London, 1879, p.17 (year AH 384).  \n  \nالعجابي. حامد، \"جامع المسكوكات العربية بإفريقية\", تونس،1988، ص 228، قطعة رقم 296، اللوحه 28.  \n  \nداود. مايسه، \"المسكوكات الفاطمية بمجموعة متحف الفن الإسلامي بالقاهرة\"، دار الفكر العربي، القاهرة، ص 53-55.","linkcatalogs":"IAM_TN_EN_001","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["al-Mahdiyya","Coin","Coinage","gold","kufic script","numismatics."],"materials":["Struck gold."]},"0fa95d00-46ca-5bec-8348-9b86a0617d78":{"name":"Ten Ottoman piasters","description":"On obverse *tuğra* of sultan Abdul Hamid II, flower to right, denomination below: ١٠ ش “10 sh”, all within wreath with crossed quivers and unstrung bow at bottom, above seven stars, “W” below wreath tie. On reverse: within a wreath: “*duriba fi misr* 1293 22” (“22, struck in Misr, 1293”). Above 3 stars. It was issued in the year 22 (AH 1317 / AD 1896) of sultan Abdul Hamid II’s reign (Hegira 1293–1327 / AD 1876–1909).","type":"Coin, currency","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1896","location":"Amman","provenance":"Turkey, Istanbul","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"109c897b-cb5d-5bc6-9360-7b2423876f34":{"name":"Romanian coin – 10 bani 1867","description":"In October 1866, when the sultan recognized the reign of Carol I of Hohenzollern, the Principalities were given the right to struck national coins, but on one condition, namely that a sign symbolizing the Ottoman Empire, the Principalities’ suzerain, had to appear on the coins. Despite this, when the Romanian Parliament adopted the Law for the establishment of a Romanian monetary system and for the making of national coins (April 1867), it was decided that the coins would bear no inscription referring to the sovereign power. The first coins issued based on this monetary law were commissioned that same year to two British Mints, Heaton Mint and Watt & Comp. They were made of copper and their design belonged to British engraver Leonard Charles Wyon.","type":"Coin","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"1867","location":"Bucharest"},"18fd68f6-0db6-5ad7-aa02-07fc4aa8572e":{"name":"Bronze medal celebrating the Suez Canal","description":"This medal combines two of the great passions of the late 19th century: modern technology (here in the form of the magnificent new canal) and the captivating remains of ancient Egypt.","type":"Medal","holder":"The British Museum","dates":"1869","location":"London","provenance":"Egypt"},"1a906565-b92b-506c-8793-8e7de3c29e02":{"name":"Medallion: primary education, national education (an teacher and two students).","description":"The engraver Oscar Roty was famous for his image of \"La Semeuse\" (the sower), which was stamped on French coins.  This symbolic medallion, depicting two young students, pays tribute to Jules Ferry's education laws, which introduced free, secular and mandatory primary schooling for girls and boys.","type":"Medal","holder":"National Library of France","dates":"1894","location":"Paris","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"1e2be9c1-6927-592d-9052-ed69ed5754c4":{"name":"Ten piasters","description":"On obverse: \"*amara bi ta'amul al-husayn bin 'ali 1338 'abduhu wa-ibn 'abdihi*\" (\"It is ordered to deal with by al-Hussein bin' Ali 1334, God servant\"). On reverse: \"*duriba bi-makka al-mukarrama sana 8 / al-hukuma al-'arabiyya al-hashimiyya / 'ashara / hashimi / qurush*\" (\"10 Piaster of Arab Hashemite Government, minted at Mecca al Mukarrama in reign year 8\").","type":"Coin, currency","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1922","location":"Amman","provenance":"Mecca","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"22722c3a-12c3-54d0-9366-27dfa3fd737f":{"name":"Banknote","description":"50 piasters from the days of Khedive `Abbas Hilmi II. During this time, a collection of Ottoman coins made of silver and copper circulated, valued at one, five and ten piasters. They were minted in AH 1327 / AD 1909 and bore the name of the Ottoman Sultan Muhammad V. However, the most important monetary event took place in 1898, when Khedive `Abbas Hilmi II granted a franchise to Raphael Suares to establish the National Bank of Egypt. This franchise gave him the right to produce securities that were accepted to pay domanial money, and the right to cash this money as gold upon demand.","type":"Banknote; money","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"1898","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"2289c6e4-0334-5118-bc50-d1bec36ed791":{"name":"Coin","type":"Coin","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Collections","dates":"1334 AH/ year 8 (circa 1924, regnal year 8)","location":"London","dimensions":"Diameter: 2,3 cm","place_of_production":"Struck at Makkah","provenance":"Saudi Arabia","catalogue_holding_link":"https://khalilicollections.org/collections/hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage/khalili-collection-hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage-gold-hashimi-dinar-av-adc43/","keywords":["Coinage","Currency","Hijaz","mint"],"materials":["Minted coin"]},"24fcfcc3-44db-5532-9eb8-8dbdd4bea26a":{"name":"Indian 100 Rupee Hajj Banknote","short_description":"Hajj banknotes were produced by both Pakistan and India after independence in 1947. This note bears the signature of H.V.R Iyengar (Governor, Reserve Bank of India). Indian currency was not allowed to be taken on Hajj; instead these notes, stamped with the word ‘*haj*’, were used much like a bank draft when the pilgrim arrived in Mecca. These notes were not legal tender in India and could only be converted back at Bombay into Indian rupees or Pound Sterling. This was a means of controlling the export of Indian rupees via Saudi Arabia during the Hajj season, following foreign exchange difficulties.  \nThe Indian notes were issued in 100 rupee or 10 rupee denominations. Not many exist due to the limited numbers produced, the 100 rupee denomination in particular rarely survived due to its high value.","type":"Banknote; money","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"1959","location":"London","dimensions":"10.7x17.1cm","method_for_datation":"H.V.R Iyengar was 6th Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, in office 1957 – 62","provenance":"India","obtention":"Acquired at Spink, London, 25 April 2017, L13 lot 5","bibliography":"*Haj Issues*, in Reserve Bank of India: [https://m.rbi.org.in/Scripts/pm\\_haj.aspx](https://m.rbi.org.in/Scripts/pm_haj.aspx) (last accessed 08-07-2019)","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["economy","Finance","hajj","Hijaz","India","Ka'ba","Mecca","Paper","pilgrimage","Religion"],"materials":["Banknote"]},"2b300ed4-450b-52f6-8868-c8f548313061":{"name":"Half piaster","description":"Half piaster: On obverse: \"*al-husayn / bin 'ali / 'abduhu / wa-ibn 'abdihi / wafqa Allah*\" (\"Hussein bin Ali God Servant and son of God Servant Granted by God\"). On reverse: \"*duriba sana 1334 sana 5 / makka al-mukarrama / 'asima al-hukuma / al-'arabiyya al-hashimiyya / nusf qurush*\" (\"half piaster minted in 1334 / reign year 5 at Makka al-Mukarrama / capital of Hashemite Arab Government\").","type":"Coin, currency","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1919","location":"Amman","provenance":"Mecca","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"2e9bb9ef-0628-53b2-88c7-0bb1e2984d88":{"name":"Mint-mould for six coins","description":"A bronze mint-mould holding six coins, in use at the mint in Fez during the reign of Sultan Mulay al-Hasan I (r. 1873-94). It should be noted that, compared to earlier periods, coinage was evolving quickly in relation to industry at this time.","type":"Mint-mould","holder":"Batha Museum","dates":"1872","location":"Fez"},"30b913ab-d3b2-56b2-ac63-f81083c8e870":{"name":"Theresian thaler","description":"The Maria Theresian Thaler, a large silver coin originally created by Queen (Empress) Maria Theresia, minted in Austria until 1890. It was used in the Arabic Peninsula as a means of payment. This coin was countersigned at the Arabian mint of Ras Bab el Mandeb in 1890.","type":"Coin","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum, Coin Cabinet","dates":"1780","location":"Vienna","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"31ecc09c-c7d7-5ac6-a176-853bf5723059":{"name":"Five piasters","description":"Ottoman AR-5 qurush minted at Constantinople in AH 1327 / AD 1909. On obverse: within border of 24 stars and 12 crescents, *tuğra* of sultan Muhammad V, \"Rashad\" to the right, \"reign year 1\" below. On reverse: within border of 24 stars and 12 crescents, \"*\\`azza nasruhu duriba fi al-qustantiniyya 1327*\" (\"May his victory be glorious struck in Constantinople, 1327\").","type":"Coin, currency","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1909","location":"Amman","provenance":"Turkey, Istanbul","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"372e3810-b18e-5d0c-b107-9bd837cefb1e":{"name":"Hijaz Railway Medal","description":"Medal of the Hijaz Railway fund. In September 1900, (the 25th anniversary of Sultan Abdul Hamid’s accession to throne) he addressed a call for all the Muslims all over the world to collect donations for establishing a railway between Damascus and the holy places to facilitate transporting the pilgrims. The call was responded to enthusiastically and with great support from all Muslims. Sultan Abdul Hamid II began the donations with 300,000 Ottoman gold lira, then kings and heads of Islamic world donated money or materials for setting the railway. The donations continued till 1907. On this occasion the sultan issued gold, silver and nickel medals to donors – for instance a nickel medal given to whoever donated 5-50 Lira, a silver medal for whoever donated 50-100 Lira and named them bey, and for donations of more than 100 Lira a gold medal and the title of Pasha. After that the donation become compulsory in which the officials disclaim a one month salary. This is a gilt nickel medal issued AH 1318 / AD 1900. On its obverse, within a wreath: tuğra of sultan Abdul Hamid II with \"al-Ghazi\" and form of locomotive and the date ١٣١۸ (AH 1318) below. On reverse, حميديه حجاز تيمور يولنه خدمت ايدن حميتمندانه مخصوص مدالية در (\"Medal reserved to patriots who have served the Hamidiye Hijaz Railway\") written in Divan script.","type":"Honorary medals","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1900","location":"Amman","provenance":"Ottoman empire","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"37bd3973-7cb4-5186-ac03-98cda4500caf":{"name":"Ma’an honorary medal","description":"A medal commemorating the victory of Arab armies over Ottoman forces in 1337/1918 and commemorating the leaders and the martyrs. On April 22nd, 1918 / AH Rajab 5th, 1337, Ma’an was captured by Arab forces after a decisive battle in which the Ottoman forces were defeated. King Hussein b. Ali created a medal bearing the name Ma’an medal, while the Arab revolts documents named it the Ma’an war memorial medal. On 11 August, 1919 when king Faisal became king of Syria, he issued a special law regarding the Ma’an medal, published in the official journal of the Faisal Government of Damascus, 13th November 1919; this law dictates seven articles. The medal formed two silver ears and two silver crossed swords surmounted by brass star. In other words, there is an equilateral triangle over each other and a ring on top. The two ears symbolize welfare and bestowal while the two swords are Arab Islamic Symbols of power and domination. In addition to that, the hexagonal star and Islamic Symbol appeared on Ayyubid and Mamluk Coins. The upper triangle tended upwards, the lower tended downwards, the word Ma’an is inscribed on the upper triangle in simple naskhi script and the date in A.H ١٣٣٧ is below. Historical novels indicate that the medal was made in France. The medal was given to 343 persons from the Arab World who were deemed worthy.","type":"Honorary medals","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1918","location":"Amman","provenance":"Jordan","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"3858ddda-6751-5ea3-979b-6f668212f94e":{"name":"Medal – the Congress of Paris (1856)","description":"Dedicated to the Congress of Paris held after the Crimean War, the medal was designed by G. Loods and W. Kullrich. On the obverse, an angel is handing goddess Minerva an olive branch, the symbol of peace. On the margins are the heads of the rulers who signed the Peace Treaty of Paris: Napoleon III (France), Queen Victoria (Great Britain), Victor II (Sardinia) Alexander II (Russia), Franz Joseph (Austrian Empire), Wilhelm II (Prussia) and Abdul Medjid (Ottoman Empire). On the reverse is inscribed: *Pax Lutetiae Parisiorum D. XXX. MART. A. MDCCCLVI* (The peace concluded in Paris, on 30 March 1856). Regarding Wallachia and Moldavia, the congress decided that the Russian protectorate over them be ended and that they remain under Ottoman suzerainty and the collective guarantee of Great Britain, France, Sardinia, Prussia, Russia.","type":"Medal","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"1856","location":"Bucharest"},"3a0d9391-5934-5a05-a66d-5b570463ddec":{"name":"Coin.","description":"The object is an Islamic gold *dinar* of the Almoravid Amir Ali bin Yusuf (r. AH 500–37 / AD 1106–43). The inscription within the obverse central field consists of several Qur'anic quotations and the name of the ruler: 'There is no deity but God alone (XLVII, 19). He has no peer (VI, 163). Muhammad is God's apostle (XLVIII, 29). Commander of the Muslims, Ali bin Yusuf.' The obverse circular legend is also a quotation from the Qur’an: 'He who chooses a religion other than Islam, it will not be accepted from him and in the world to come he will surely be among the losers (III, 85).'  \nThe reverse circular legend contains the place and date: 'In the name of God! This gold coin was struck in Ishbiliya in the year five hundred and sixteen.' The inscription of the reverse central field refers to the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, calling him Imam ‘Abdallah, who was al-Mustarshid (r. AH 512–29/ AD 1118–35) at that time.","short_description":"Islamic gold *dinar* of the Almoravid Amir ‘Ali bin Yusuf. The inscriptions consist of Qur’anic quotations and the name of the amir. The reverse circular legend refers to the place and the date where and when the coin was struck: in Ishbiliya in the year AH 516 / AD 1123.","type":"Coin, gold","holder":"Royal Coin Cabinet.","dates":"Hegira 516 / AD 1123.","location":"Stockholm","dimensions":"Diameter 2.5 cm, weight 4 g.","method_for_datation":"The coin is dated on the reverse.","method_for_provenance":"The inscription on the reverse names the place Ishbiliya (Seville).","provenance":"Seville (Ishbiliya), Spain.","obtention":"This coin was part of a treasure found in Gotland, in the parish of Visby, Sweden, and allotted to the museum in 1844.","bibliography":"Brisholm, K., “An Archival Study on Medieval Islamic Coinage”, *Nordisk Numismatisk Unions Medlemsblad* 9, 1986, 209–17.  \nHazard, H. W., *The Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa*, Numismatic Studies 8, American Numismatic Society, New York, 1952.  \nTornberg, C. J., *Numi Cufici*, Uppsala, 1848.","author":"Friederike Voigt (all information provided by the Royal Coin Cabinet).","copy_editor":"Monica Allen","keywords":["Coin","Coinage","Commerce","numismatics"],"materials":["Gold","minted."]},"3cd68daa-dde5-568b-8623-dcdb17c2cf59":{"name":"One piaster/Type 2","description":"One piaster (type 2), bronze. On obverse, in the middle within a circle of dots, “*al-husayn bin ‘ali*” (“al-Hussein bin ‘Ali”). Marginal legend: “*amara bi-ta‘amul ‘abduhu wa-ibn ‘abdihi / sana 8*” (“It is orders to deal with, God’s Servant and son of God’s Servant, Year 8”). On reverse, in middle within a circle of dots: “*duriba bi-makka al-mukarrama 1334*” (“Minted at Makka al-Mukarrama 1334”). Marginal Legend: “*al-hukuma al-‘arabiyya al-hashimiyya qurush wahid raqam 1 bi-dakhili murabba\\`*” (“Arab Hashemite Government, one piaster and number 1 is a square”).","type":"Coin, currency","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1922","location":"Amman","provenance":"Mecca","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"423ba8e5-2a5f-5713-a133-86900cda8eda":{"name":"Coin.","description":"A gold coin, or *dinar*, with three lines of calligraphy on both sides, surrounded by a further band of calligraphy around the edge. The inscription in angular *kufic* script does not mention the name of the caliph or the mint; it gives the date and states the Islamic profession of faith, the Shahada. This coin is particularly important as it belongs to the first issue struck by the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik (r. AH 65–87 / AD 685–706) in his coin reform of AH 76 / AD 696. Coins had previously included figurative representations often derived from Byzantine prototypes, but in this new Islamic design the figure has been replaced with a calligraphic inscription, usually from the Qur’an. In addition to the changes in design there was also a new weight standard. Instead of the Byzantine 4.55 g the weight was adjusted to 4.25 g, known as the *mithqal*. Coinage continued to be minted without figural images almost without exception until the AH 7th/ AD 13th century. The prohibition of the figural is also seen in Umayyad religious buildings, such as the mosaics in the Great Mosque of Damascus (AH 87 / AD 706) that depict only buildings and trees.","short_description":"This coin is from the first issue stuck by the Umayyad Caliph ‘Abd al-Malik in his coin reform of AH 76 / AD 696. The new coinage featured calligraphy only, with no figurative representations. The text usually included words from the Qur’an alongside the name of the ruler.","holder":"The British Museum.","dates":"Hegira 77 / AD 696–7","location":"London, England","dimensions":"Diameter 1.9 cm.","method_for_datation":"The coin is inscribed with the date AH 77 / AD 696–7.","method_for_provenance":"The coin was probably minted at the political centre of the Umayyad dynasty, Syria, in the capital Damascus.","provenance":"Damascus, Syria.","obtention":"Gift of E. T. Rogers in 1874.","bibliography":"Album, S., A Checklist of Islamic Coins (2nd edition), Santa Rosa, 1998, pp.20–21.  \n  \nBroome, M., A Handbook of Islamic Coins, London, 1985, chapter 1.  \nByzantine and Post-Reform Umaiyad Coins, London, 1956, p.84 ff.  \n  \nWalker, J., A Catalogue of the Muhammadan Coins in the British Museum, Vol. II: Arab-Byzantine and Post-Reform Umaiyad coins, London, 1956, p.84 ff.  \n  \nWilliams (ed.), Money: A History, London, 1997, p.90, fig.135.","linkcatalogs":"IAM_JO_EN_001","author":"Emily Shovelton","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["calligraphy","Coin","Coinage","numismatics"],"materials":["Gold."]},"45ccc1b2-62ae-540c-ba7c-d71565ea58c3":{"name":"Palestine Gendarmerie badge","description":"The Palestine Gendarmerie, established on 1 July 1921, consisted of Arabs and Jews under British officers. It consisted of cavalry, camelry and infantry units. Enlistment of recruits was regulated so as to maintain a certain proportion amongst the various sects and religious creeds, which comprised Arabs, Jews, Circassians and Druse. In 1922, the strength of the Palestine Gendarmerie was as follows: 234 Arabs, 157 Jews, 72 Circassians and 27 Druses, of whom 250 were mounted on horses and 50 on camels, the remainder consisting of infantry. The badge was usually seen worn on black kalpak hats. It consists of the British imperial crown leaned on the letters PG, the abbreviation of Palestine Gendarmerie written in capital French script. Two crossed flags in the middle of the letters PG, based on a band that displays the full name of the PALESTINE GENDARMERIE and below the date 1921 written on a small band. The flag in the right side is broken.","type":"Police Badge","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1921","location":"Amman","provenance":"Palestine","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"4620f58e-dafe-517f-be48-e848bac5e3df":{"name":"Coin","description":"Samples of the money used during the reign of Sultan Husayn Kamil. Egyptian money bore the names of Ottoman sultans until World War I, when Egypt ceased to be part of the Ottoman Empire, and was declared a Sultanate under British protection. Money, at the time of Sultan Husayn Kamil, was minted in British mints. Coins circulated at the time of Sultan Husayn Kamil are considered special as they bore his name in the form of “Sultan Husayn Kamil” and the date of his accession to the throne (AH 1333 / AD 1914). Thus, Egyptian money bore no sign of subservience to the Ottoman Empire. During the days of Sultan Husayn Kamil, gold coins were minted as golden 100 piasters; silver two, five, and 20 piasters; and nickel one and five dimes.","type":"Coin; money","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"1916","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"4680c1d7-2d7f-504c-983e-43f220f6f53b":{"name":"One piaster","description":"One piaster ( type 1), bronze. On obverse: \"*al-husayn / bin 'ali / 'abduhu / wa-ibn 'abdihi / wafqa Allah*\" (\"Hussein bin Ali God Servant and son of God Servant Granted by God\"). On reverse: \"*duriba sana 1334 sana 5 / makka al-mukarrama / 'asima al-hukuma / al-'arabiyya al-hashimiyya / qurush wahid*\" (\"One piaster minted in 1334 /reign year 5 at Makka al-Mukarrama capital of Hashemite Arab Government\").","type":"Coin, currency","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1919","location":"Amman","provenance":"Mecca","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"4877109c-214e-5b3f-b4ad-bff53cb7641a":{"name":"Guldiner issued by the City of Zurich","description":"This guldiner, or guldengroschen, from 1512 represents the first thaler coin minted by the City of Zurich. Its obverse depicts the city’s three patron saints Felix, Regula, and Exuperantius holding their severed heads. According to legend, the three of them were persecuted as members of the Theban Legion and executed at Zurich. After decapitation, they are said to have carried their heads for a distance of 40 ells before lying down for the last time. The reverse depicts two lions supporting the city’s double coat of arms; above them is seen the crowned imperial coat of arms encompassed by the emblems of the sixteen Zurich shires (Vogtei).","type":"Coin","holder":"Swiss National Museum","owner":"Swiss Confederation","dates":"1512","location":"Zurich","dimensions":"Diameter: 4.38cm, Weight: 29.77g","method_for_datation":"Dated on the Guldiner","provenance":"Zurich, Switzerland","obtention":"Donated in 1916","keywords":["Execution","Exuperantius","Felix","Guldengroschen","Guldiner","Legend","Minted","Regula","Severed Heads","Switzerland","Thaler","Zurich"],"materials":["minted","Silver"]},"48830cf5-a66b-5e0d-b2f1-e3106f154a03":{"name":"50 Piastres","description":"This 50 piastres bank note bears no watermark.","type":"Banknote; money","holder":"Bank Audi","dates":"1 August 1919","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"4974cb0e-719c-5e1f-975e-0b6646dd1058":{"name":"Notarial seal from Amman","description":"Seal made of a round brass disc, inscribed clockwise in *divan* script: “*Amman Nahyan sand Achrafieh mahallasi mukhtar awwal 330*\". In the middle there is a round hollow to hold a second seal, bearing the title *mukhtar*, illustrating the fact that, in order to stamp official papers, two seals were needed: one belonging to the quarter, the other belonging to the *mukhtar*. The seal has a pierced handle in the back and a new chain to hold it and to keep it with the *mukhtar*. Amman was a small district (*Nahyan*) in the Ottoman administrative division, following al-Salt province (*qada’*). The *Nahyan* was divided administratively into quarters or tribal units, each one called *mahalla*. Each mahalla had a mayor (*mukhtar*) who was responsible for the verification of births, deaths, marriage affairs, bachelorhood and land affairs. The mukhtar was elected from tribal notables of the quarters. The seal belonged to the first mukhtar of the Achrafieh quarter, “Achrafieh Mahallasi”, in Amman AH 1330 / AD 1911. Achrafieh quarter, as indicated in court records of Amman, existed before the year AH 1338 / AD 1919. It seems that this quarter was the extension of Qabertai quarter which was located below the west south of Amman Citadel, opposite to al-‘Umari mosque. A bridge called the Roman bridge connected the two quarters.","type":"Notarial seal","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"Hegira 1330 / AD 1911","location":"Amman","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"49f2b6a3-b42a-59a2-b31f-cd0aa20c6df8":{"name":"Coin (*dinar*).","description":"Circular coin, engraved with simple *kufic* characters in the Aghlabid style. The text is contained within two circles, the inner plain and the outer cross-hatched.  \nObverse: 'In the name of Allah. This *dinar* was minted in the year 192 \\[AD 808\\]. Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. *Ghalaba*.'  \nReverse: 'It is He who has sent His messenger with the virtuous path and the true religion, so that it will triumph over all other religions. There is no God but Allah the One God. He is without equal.'  \nThis Aghlabid *dinar*, although retaining the characteristics of Abbasid coinage, reflects the autonomy of the new dynasty by including the name of the reigning prince and the word '*ghalaba*', (emblem of the emirate), which remains engraved on Aghlabid coins until the advent of the Fatimids. The fine coins minted by the Aghlabids were widely used in Mediterranean commerce. The coins were mostly engraved by hammering, although chasing was used for motifs requiring great finesse.","short_description":"While retaining the characteristics of Abbasid coins, this Aghlabid *dinar* is noteworthy for the emblem of the emirate and the name of the reigning prince. The coin is circular with a *kufic* text in relief framed by a grooved circle.","type":"Coin, gold","holder":"Museum of Islamic Art.","dates":"Hegira 192 / AD 808.","location":"Raqqada., Kairouan.","dimensions":"Diameter 1.9 cm, weight 4.2 grams.","method_for_datation":"The year (192 / 808) is engraved on the coin.","method_for_provenance":"The word '*dina*r', the year minted and the word '*ghalaba*' (the emblem of the emirate) are engraved on the coin. This *dinar* was doubtless minted in the money workshops of Kairouan.","provenance":"Kairouan.","obtention":"When the Museum of Islamic Art at Raqqada was opened this coin, among others, was chosen to create a coin room.","author":"Mourad Rammah","copy_editor":"Margot Cortez","translator":"David Ash","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Aghlabid","Coin","Coinage","economy","epigraphy","numismatics"],"materials":["engraved.","Gold"]},"4a8d9ff0-728a-5330-bca2-3801640f6f98":{"name":"Coin (*dinar*).","description":"This circular coin features a *kufic* inscription on both sides, which reads as the following:  \nObverse:  \nOn the perimeter: '*Wa man yabtaghi ghair al-islam dina falan yoqbala minhou wa houa fi al-akhirati min al-khassirine*' (Whoever sighs after a religion other than Islam, it will never be accepted of him and in the last life he will be amongst those who have lost – Qur'an, III, 85).  \nAt the centre, the text consists of five lines: '*La illah ila Allah / Muhammad* *rassoul Allah / amir al-muslimine Ali bin / Yusuf walie ahdih / al-amir Tashufin*' (Of the divine there is only God, Muhammad is the Messenger of God. The prince of the Muslims, Ali ibn Yusuf, who is the successor of the prince Tashufin).  \nReverse:  \nOn the perimeter: '*Bism Allah doriba hadha al-dainar bil-maria sanat sabu wa thalathine wa khamsimiya*' (In the name of God, this *dinar* was stamped in Almería in the year 537 \\[AD 1142\\]).  \nAt the centre, the text consists of four lines: '*Al-imam / abdu / allah / amir al-Muminin*' (The Imam Abdullah, prince of the believers).  \nThis coin was made during the reign of Ali ibn Yusuf (r. AH 500–37 / AD 1106–43) in Almería, Spain. The existence of coin-making workshops in towns beyond the capital Marrakesh, such as Granada, Seville, Valencia and Tlemcen, testifies to the power, expansion and wealth of the Almoravids. Generally speaking, these gold coins made under Ali ibn Yusuf are characterised by their purity, which varies from 76 to 96 per cent, and by the appearance of the title *amir al-Muslimin* (prince of Muslims).  \nIt should be noted that, in AH 495 / AD 1101, Yusuf ibn Tashufin proclaimed his son Ali as his successor to power.","short_description":"This *dinar* coin has *kufic* inscriptions on both faces and was minted during the reign of the Almoravid Ali ibn Yusuf in Almería, Spain. These coins are noteworthy for the purity of their gold and the inclusion of the title '*amir al-Muslimin*' (prince of Muslims).","type":"Coin, gold","holder":"National Museum of Antiquities and Islamic Arts","dates":"Hegira 537 / AD 1142.","location":"Algiers","dimensions":"Diameter 2.6 cm, weight 4 g.","method_for_datation":"The date of issue features on the coin.","method_for_provenance":"The town of issue (Almería, Spain) is indicated on the coin.","provenance":"Almería, Spain.","obtention":"Bought by the  museum in 1993.","bibliography":"Benguerba, S., *El-meskouket el-meghribia min el-feth ila souqout dawlet Beni Hammad* (Maghreb numismatics from the Muslim Conquest to the fall of the kingdom of the Bani Hammad), Algiers, 1986.  \nDrias, L., Drias, Y. and Doubabi, H., *Djami'a el-meskouket el-arabia el-islamia bil matahif al-djazairia* (Corpus of Arab-Muslim numismatics in Algerian museums), Vol. II, Algiers, 2000.  \nHazard, H. W., *The Numismatic History of late Medieval North Africa*, New York, 1952.  \nLavoix, H., *Catalogue des monnaies musulmanes de la bibliothèque nationale: Cabinet des médailles*, Vol. I, Paris, 1887.","author":"Ali Benbella","copy_editor":"Margot Cortez","translator":"Maria Vlotides","translation_copy_editor":"Monica Allen","keywords":["Ali ibn Yusuf","Almería","Coin","Coinage","Finance","gold","kufic","numismatics.","Yusuf ibn Tashufin"],"materials":["Gold","stamped."]},"4b513b10-d8b0-500b-a699-f4f1ebd6538e":{"name":"Coin Inscribed with Declaration of Faith","short_description":"In the centuries before the arrival of Islam, 200 BC-651AD, many rulers, dynasties and powers issued coins that circulated in Oman and the Arabian Gulf. Local rulers issued their own currency from as early as 174 AH / 791 AD. Coins made in Oman 133-906 AH / 751 - 1500 AD demonstrated a means of displaying power, status and independence. Coins were also an important means to convey The Declaration of Faith, one of the five pillars of Islam. In translation, it usually reads, \"There is no God but Allah and Muhammed is His Messenger\".  \n  \nFollowers of Ibadism (a branch of Islam) established an Imamate (a unique governing system based on electing a person known for his knowledge and piety) in Oman in 132 AH / 749 AD. The Ibadi imams issued their own silver coins. Many of these coins were found in a hoard discovered in 1422 AH / 2002 AD in the Wilayet of Buhla. The coins carry the mint name \"Uman\", and the names of the Ibadi rulers \" al-khalil bin Shadhan\" and \" Rashid bin Said\". The Wajihids, a local dynasty led by Yusuf bin Wajih, a former Abbasaid governor based in Oman, took control of the northern coastal regions of Oman during the 4th century AH / 10 century AD, developing the town of Sohar into a major centre of international commerce and producing their own currency. Coins issued by the Wajihids kept the standard Abbasid inscription, with the name of their local governor added below the inscription on the reverse.  \n  \nTrade in southern Arabia centred on the Yemen port of Aden, from where many Ayyubid dinars made their way to Oman. Meanwhile, the kings of Hormuz (in modern- day Oman and Iran) competed for trade along the coast of Iran. Small gold and silver Hormuzi coins became the most important currency in Oman during this period.","type":"Numismatics; Coin","holder":"National Museum Oman","dates":"2nd–8th centuries AH / 8th–14th centuries AD","location":"Muscat","dimensions":"Diameter: 2.7cm, Weight: 2.9g","provenance":"Al-Waqba (ad-Dhahirah Governorate)","obtention":"Ministry of Heritage and Culture Collection","copy_editor":"Valerie Pulsifer","keywords":["Abbasid","Coins","Currency","Hurmuz","numismatics"],"materials":["Silver"]},"5399c399-4ead-5147-a1fb-14b857acaaf5":{"name":"Medal of Emperor Franz Joseph I","description":"This medal depicts the Egyptian pavilion of the 1873 World's Fair in Vienna. The opposite side of the medal has a portrait of Emperor Franz Joseph. The medal was created in commemoration of this event.","type":"Medal","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum, Coin Cabinet","dates":"1873","location":"Vienna","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"541b09ae-62ac-5f8d-bf31-c3e32a645e1e":{"name":"*Dinar* (*solidus*).","description":"Beautifully made gold *dinar*, which belongs to the first and most original Umayyad coins. Issued in Ifriqiya under the rule of Sulayman (AH 96–99 / AD 715–17), son of 'Abd al-Malik, this coin includes the features that his father established for coining: the introduction of the *dinar* as an official currency, abolition of iconographic representations and an exclusive use of Arabic inscription. Thus, in accordance with contemporary practice, the most noticeable areas of the coin, the centre of the obverse and reverse, are inscribed with the professions of the Islamic faith in archaic *kufic* script: 'La ilaha ill allah' (There is no god but Allah) and 'Muhammad Rassul Allah' (Muhammad is God's prophet). However, contrary to prevailing practice, the circular legends on the obverse and reverse are written in abbreviated Latin characters, as on Byzantine coins from Africa. The obverse rim includes the monetary value, 'Solidus' (*dinar*), the place of striking, 'Feritus in Africa' (made in Africa) and the Hegira year it was struck 'Anno: XCVIII' (year 98). The circular legends in Latin script on the reverse proclaim God's uniqueness, 'In nomine Domini' (In the name of God), 'Non Deus Nisi Solus Deus' (there is no god but the one God), 'Non Deo Socius' (God has no equal). This demonstrates that the province of Ifriqiya was not entirely arabicised in that period. Moreover, there were some parts of its non-Islamised people that spoke only Latin. The authorities, governors named by the Umayyads, were obliged to strike *dinar*s with Latin–Arabic legends and they had to use a language other than Arabic so as to spread the profession of the Islamic faith. Coins, essential for trading, were therefore used for religious propaganda.","short_description":"This *dinar* follows the rules laid down for Islamic coinage: iconographic representations were forbidden, and the profession of faith is in Arabic, although Latin is used for the value of the coin, its date and the proclamation of the oneness of God. Its originality lies in the way bilingualism is used as propaganda.","type":"Dinar, solidus, gold","holder":"Numismatic Museum of the al-Maghreb Bank","initial_owner":"J.D. Brèthes.","dates":"Hegira 98 / AD 715–6.","location":"Rabat","dimensions":"Diameter 1.2 cm, weight 4.28 g.","method_for_datation":"The year is displayed in roman numerals on the obverse rim.","method_for_provenance":"The circular inscription on the obverse gives the place where the coin was struck.","provenance":"Ifriqiya (Tunisia).","obtention":"The Bank of Morocco (al-Maghreb Bank) bought this *dinar* along with the rest of the Moroccan coins in the Brèthes collection. An enlightened numismatist, Brèthes lived in Morocco in the first half of the 20th century, and built up an important collection of coins found in Morocco from periods throughout its history, from Antiquity to 1940.","bibliography":"Brèthes, J. D., *Contribution à l'histoire du Maroc par les recherches numismatiques*, Casablanca, 1939.  \n*The Umayyads: The Rise of Islamic Art*, pp.173–5.  \n*Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia*.","workshop":"Coining workshop, Ifriqiya (Tunisia).","linkcatalogs":"IAM_JO_EN_001; IAM_TN_EN_001","author":"Naima El Khatib-Boujibar","copy_editor":"Margot Cortez","translator":"Laurence Nunny","translation_copy_editor":"Monica Allen","keywords":["calligraphy","Coin","Coinage","numismatics","Religion","trading"],"materials":["Cast and struck gold."]},"5702c937-55b7-5f65-adc4-2d6ddc8a7f83":{"name":"*Dinar* (gold coin).","description":"The *dinar* is one of the types of coins that Muslims circulated. It was, by definition, made from gold and was the type of coin with the highest value in compared to the *dirham*, which was made of silver, and the *fils*, which was made of copper. It weighed about four grams.  \nThis piece is an Ayyubid *dinar* of the Fatimid type, meaning that the inscription is arranged in concentric circles around the middle. This style was first used by the Fatimids in the AH 4th / AD 10th century and is very different from the *kufic* style used previously, in which the text is distributed between one circle around the rim and three or four horizontal lines in the centre. The choice on the part of the Shi'a Fatimid dynasty to make such a radical change can be seen as an attempt to differentiate themselves from the Sunni Umayyad, Abbasid and Central Asian rulers who used the *kufic* style before them. Subsequent rulers, like Salah al-Din, also chose to use this design.  \nThis coin is attributed to the reigns of 'Abbasid Caliph al-Mustadi' (r. AH 566–75 / AD 1170–80) and the Ayyubid ruler Saladin. It was minted in Cairo in AH 574 / AD 1178. An Arabic inscription in *naskhi* script is recorded on both of its faces, and may be translated as follows:  \nObverse  \nBand 1 – “In the name of God, the Merciful and Compassionate, this *dinar* was minted in Cairo in the year five hundred seventy-four”  \nBand 2 – “There is no God except God, who is without partner. Abu Muhammad” (where Abu Muhammad indicates the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustadi).  \nBand 3 – “al-Mustadi' bi-amr Allah, Commander of the Faithful”  \nBand 4 – “al-Imam al-Hasan”  \nReverse  \nBand 1 – “Muhammad the Messenger of God has been sent with guidance and the religion of truth, to proclaim to all religion”  \nBand 2 – “even if the polytheists despise it. May God bless him \\[the Prophet Muhammad\\] and his family”  \nBand 3 – “al-Malik 'al al-Nasir 'Alim”  \nBand 4 – “Yusuf bin Ayyub”.","short_description":"This gold coin, known as a *dinar*, was minted by the Ayyubids in Cairo following a Fatimid style with inscriptions arranged in three concentric circles around the centre.","type":"Dinar, gold","holder":"National Museum of Damascus","initial_owner":"Al-Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf bin Ayyub (Saladin, r. AH 569–89 / AD 1174–93).","dates":"Hegira 574 / AD 1178.","location":"Damascus","dimensions":"Diameter 2 cm, weight 3.85 g.","method_for_datation":"The inscription on the coin specifies the date of minting as 574 (1178).","method_for_provenance":"The inscription on the coin states that it was minted in Cairo, Egypt.","provenance":"Cairo, Egypt.","obtention":"The coin was confiscated by the security forces and registered at the Museum in 1992.","bibliography":"Delpont, E. (ed), *L'Orient de Saladin: l'art des Ayyoubides*, Paris, 2001, p.36.","author":"Mona al-Moadin","translator":"Hilary Kalmbach (from the Arabic)","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Cairo","Caliph al-Mustadi'","Coin","Coinage","Damascus","Dinar","gold","numismatics","Saladin","Salah al-Din"],"materials":["Minted gold."]},"585f44a9-1964-5231-b9ed-0ff3c0f07d5c":{"name":"5 Piastres","description":"This 5 piastres bank note was printed by Bradbury Wilkinson and Co (BWC) without a watermark.","type":"Banknote; money","holder":"Bank Audi","dates":"1 August 1919","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Syrian Bank","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"5956a116-f2da-52fd-9a46-aa5a243e3598":{"name":"Coin (*dinar*).","description":"The coin, produced at the Egyptian mint, can be dated to the reign of Abu ‘Ali al-Hakim bi-‘amr Allah (AH 386–411 / AD 996–1021). The coin has a four-line inscription with *kufic* characters on both sides. The inscription on the front reads ‘*‘Alî lâ ilâ illâ Allâh wahda-hu lâ sarik la-hu Muhammad rasûl Allâh wâli Allâh*’ (‘There is no God but Allah, the One, there is none like unto him. Muhammad is the Messenger of God’) and the inscription around the edge reads ‘*Muhammad rasûl Allâh arsala-hu bi-l-hudâ wa al-haqq li-yuzhira-hu alâ al-dîn kulli-hi wa la-hu kariha al-musrikûn*’ (‘Muhammad is the messenger of God. He has sent His messenger with the guidance and the true religion, and will make it dominate all religions, in spite of the idol worshipers’).  \nThe inscription ‘*Abd Allâh wûliya al-Mansûr Abû Ali al-imâm al-Hakîm bi-amr Allâh amir al-mu’ minîn*’ appears in the middle of the front side, and the edge bears the inscription ‘*bismi-llâh duriba hadâ-l-l-dînâr bi-Mis'r sana talat wa arba maya*’ (‘This coin was minted in the name of God in Egypt in the year three and four hundred’).","short_description":"The *dinar*, which takes its name from its Byzantine predecessor the *denarius*, is decorated with an inscription in *kufic* characters. This coin was minted during the reign of the Caliph al-Hakim.","type":"Coin, dinar, gold","holder":"Museum of Civilisations | Museum of Oriental Art “Giuseppe Tucci”","dates":"Hegira 403 / AD 1012.","location":"Rome","dimensions":"Diameter 2.2 cm; weight 4.17 g.","method_for_datation":"From the inscription on the edge of the obverse.","method_for_provenance":"From the inscription on the edge of the obverse.","provenance":"Egypt.","obtention":"Purchase.","bibliography":"Lane-Poole S., *Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British Museum*, IV, London, 1879, p.21, fig. 85.","author":"Paola Torre","copy_editor":"Pier Paolo Racioppi","translator":"Laurence Nunny","translation_copy_editor":"Monica Allen","keywords":["al-Hakim","calligraphy","Coin","Coinage","Dinar","Fatimids","numismatics"],"materials":["Gold / minting."]},"603d37ce-f178-5cd4-9e44-f5656d6bd87a":{"name":"Ten-*dinar* coin.","description":"While being a rarity in Almohad coinage, this ten-*dinar* gold medal features the characteristics of the coins from that period. Immediately after the capture of Marrakesh in AH 540 / AD 1146, 'Abd al-Mu'min minted a new coin distinct from that of his predecessors. He introduced the square shape, codified the text and its location on the coin, and modified the written style. Thus on the obverse square of the coin we can read the profession of faith of the unity of God and Mohamed's prophetic mission after the *basmala* and the salutation to the prophet and his companions. The name of the reigning prince who issued the coin, followed by his father's name, appear on the segments. Inside the reverse square, the *imamat* of the *mahdi* (the messenger) is announced, followed by the name of 'Abd al-Mu'min ibn 'Ali, Caliph commander of the faithful, first Almohad monarch. The segments contain the name of the ancestors of the king who commissioned this coin along with their titles: the Caliph, commander of the faithful, Abu Hafs al-Murtada, son of Ibn Ibrahim, grandson of Abu Ya'qub, great-grandson of 'Abd al-Mu'min. As was common in this type of minting, there is no mention of the date. In accordance with the new code, the texts are written in cursive script with a linear clarity and sobriety typical in Almohad art.  \nIn the squares, the letters are embellished with annulets whereas the segments display fleurons, tendrils and smooth palmettes. All these features make this coin a beautiful, elegant object. It is not surprising that it has been mounted for use as jewellery. These gold coins, called *masmudia*, were much sought-after throughout the Spanish Catholic states for their weight and the purity of the gold. They continued to be used in exchanges even after the fall of the Almohads.","short_description":"This ten-*dinar* gold coin medallion bears the hallmarks of the coins minted by the dynasty that introduced square coins, codified the content and placement of the text and changed the writing style. It was converted into jewellery because of its rarity and elegance.","type":"Dinar, gold","holder":"Numismatic Museum of the al-Maghreb Bank.","initial_owner":"J.D. Brèthes.","dates":"Hegira 646–65 / AD 1248–66 (reign of Abu Hafs ‘Umar al-Murtada).","location":"Rabat","dimensions":"Diameter 65 mm, thickness 1.5 mm, weight 49.9 g.","method_for_datation":"The inscription giving the name of the reigning monarch, al-Murtada (r. 646–65 / 1248–69).","method_for_provenance":"Inscription on the coin.","provenance":"Marrakesh.","obtention":"Purchase, Brèthes collection. An enlightened numismatist, Brèthes lived in Morocco in the first half of the 20th century, and built up an important collection of coins found in Morocco from periods throughout its history, from Antiquity to 1940.","bibliography":"Brèthes,J. D., *Contribution à l'histoire du Maroc par les recherches numismatiques*, Casablanca, 1936.  \nTerrasse, H. *Histoire du Maroc*, Vol. I., Casablanca, 1950.","workshop":"Marrakesh mint.","linkcatalogs":"IAM_MA_EN_001","author":"Naima El Khatib-Boujibar","copy_editor":"Margot Cortez","translator":"Laurence Nunny","translation_copy_editor":"Monica Allen","keywords":["Coin","Coinage","epigraphy","floral decoration","geometric decoration","numismatics","Religion","trade","vegetal decoration"],"materials":["Cast struck gold."]},"60799836-0950-5426-b9f2-6f8fbdaa9f72":{"name":"Silver coin (twenty piasters)","description":"On obverse: \"*amara bi-ta'amul al-husayn bin 'ali 1338 'abduhu wa ibn 'abdihi*\" (\"It is ordered to deal with by Al Hussein b. Ali 1334, God servant\"). On reverse: \"*duriba bi-makka al-mukarrama sana 8 / al-hukuma al-'arabiyya al-hashimiyya / 'ishruna / hashimi / qurushan*\" (\"20 piasters of Arab Hashemite Government, minted at Makka al-Mukarrama in reign year 8).","type":"Coin, currency","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1922","location":"Amman","provenance":"Jordan","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"653ec3ae-d9cd-5520-a956-95f7ae1a6d21":{"name":"Thaler of Emperor Franz I","description":"This thaler was a large silver coin minted during the reign of Emperor Franz I (1804-1835). It was countersigned in the Arabic Peninsula at the mint of Hijaz around 1920.","type":"Coin","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum, Coin Cabinet","dates":"1823","location":"Vienna","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"682151ea-b868-58d5-b8ec-02e36a56276f":{"name":"Quarter of a piaster","description":"Quarter of a piaster: On obverse, in the middle within a circle of dots: \"al-husayn bin 'ali\" (al-Hussein bin 'Ali). Marginal legend: \"*amara bi-ta'amul 'abduhu wa ibn 'abdihi / sana 8*\" (\"It is orders to deal with, God’s Servant and son of God’s Servant, Year 8\"). On reverse: in middle within a circle of dots \"*duriba bi-makka al-mukarrama 1334*\" (\"Minted at Makka al-Mukarrama 1334\"). Marginal legend: \"*al-hukuma al-'arabiyya al-hashimiyya rub' qurush*\" (\"Arab Hashemite Government, quarter of a piaster\").","type":"Coin, currency","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1919","location":"Amman","provenance":"Mecca","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"69654e77-fcb8-5e56-8ab2-fb9b8b39f35b":{"name":"Bronze coin (*fils*).","description":"An Umayyad bronze coin (*fils*) from the period that followed Abd al-Malik's coinage reform of AH 77 / AD 696, distinguished by the formula of the faith, the Shahada, and a purely epigraphic style that incorporated Qur'anic verses. This fils was minted in Jarash, which was part of Jund al-Urdun (one of the five military and administrative provinces in the early Islamic period).  \n  \nOn the obverse, within concentric circles is an Arabic legend from the Qur'an written in *kufic* script that reads from right to left: 'La 'ilaha illa-Allah' ('There is one God; Muhammad is the messenger of God'), which is the second part of the Shahada.  \n  \nOn the reverse, within a circle of dots there is an Arabic legend in *kufic* script that reads: 'Muhammad Rasul Allah' ('Mohammad is the messenger of God').  \n  \nThe marginal legend between two circles reads: 'bism Allah duriba hadha al-Fils bi Jarash' ('In the name of God. This Fils is minted in Jarash').","short_description":"This bronze fils has a *kufic* legend on the obverse La 'ilaha illa Allah (there is no God but Allah), and on the reverse Muhammad Rasul Allah (Muhammad is the messenger of God) with bism Allah duriba hadha al-fils bi Jarash (in the name of God, this fils was minted in Jarash).","type":"Coin, metalwork","holder":"Jordan National Bank Numismatic Museum.","dates":"Undated, about hegira 77 / AD 696–7.","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Diameter 22 mm, weight 3.5 g.","method_for_datation":"The name of the mint 'Jarash' appears only on bronze coins minted during the Islamic period of the Umayyads and stops with the fall of the dynasty. Also, since representational images are replaced by epigraphic inscriptions on this coin, it was minted after ‘Abd al-Malik's administrative reforms of 77 / 696–7.","method_for_provenance":"Provenance for this coin is established by the inclusion of the mint name 'Jarash' in the inscription.","provenance":"Jarash, Jordan.","obtention":"The object was purchased from an antiquities dealer in 1998.","bibliography":"القسوس. نايف، نميات نحاسية أموية جديدة من مجموعة خاصة: متحف البنك الأهلي الأردني للنميات، عمان، 2004، ص.*394.*  \n  \nNaghawy, A., \"Umayyad Filses Minted at Jerash\" in Jerash Archaeological Project 1984–1988, Vol. II, Paris, 1989, pp.219–20.","linkcatalogs":"IAM_JO_EN_001","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Coin","Coinage","Figurative representation","forum","kufic script","numismatics","Qur’an"],"materials":["Struck bronze."]},"6a34e64b-e996-5c58-9984-ac149359cb8c":{"name":"100 Piastres","description":"This 100 piastres bank note bears no watermark, and is illustrated with horses, symbolising pride, and the famous columns of the Baalbek temple.","type":"Banknote; money","holder":"Bank Audi","dates":"1 July 1920","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"6c5debca-9932-5c4a-89ab-f8f3d13de354":{"name":"Dinar","description":"Gold Dinar of Hijaz, King Hussein bin 'Ali, AH 1334. On November, 1916 the notables, ulama of Hijaz and a majority of the sheiks of Bedouins and sedentary tribes, assembled at the great Mosque of Mecca to pay allegiance to al-Hussein and proclaim him “King“ of Arab Countries. On this occasion a coin bearing his name at Mecca, as King of the Arabs was struck. But Britain, France and Italy recognized him only as “King of the Hijaz” on 3 January 1917. On obverse: \"*bi-l-bilad al-'arabiyya al-husayn bin 'ali / 'abduhu / hashimi / wa ibn 'abdihi / al-nahidh*\" (\"Hussein bin Ali / God’s Servant / Hashimi /and son of God’s Servant / leader of Arab renaissance\"). On reverse: \"*duriba bi-makka al-mukarrama / sana 1334 / dinar / sana 8 / 'asima al-hukuma al-'arabiyya*\" (\"Dinar minted at Makka al-Mukarrama in 1334 \\[AH\\] in the reign year 8 capital of Arab Government\"). All regular coins of Hijaz bear the accessional date of ١٣٣٤ (AH 1334) of al-Hussein bin 'Ali, plus the regional year, many bronze coins had a light silver wash.","type":"Coin, currency","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1922","location":"Amman","provenance":"Mecca","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"730d8f3c-b36e-5edb-a16b-a8c763ab2ca1":{"name":"Order of the Osmanie that belonged to Alexandru Ioan Cuza","description":"Alexandru Ioan Cuza, ruler of the United Principalities of Moldova and Wallachia, received the order of Osmanie in June 1864, when he travelled to Istanbul in order to convince the sultan to agree with the changes he planned to make to the Paris Convention of 1858, which was the Principalities’ constitution. In May the modified act was approved by plebiscite in the Principalities and as a consequence a conference of the Guaranteeing Powers was organized in Istanbul. Cuza spent two weeks in Istanbul and had talks with the sultan and the ambassadors of the Guaranteeing Powers. He managed to achieve his goal since on 28 June, the representatives of the Ottoman Empire, France, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia and Sardinia authorized *The Additional Act to the 1858 Convention*.","type":"Military and knightly order","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"1864","location":"Bucharest"},"73f4a4f9-8cfd-5f85-a924-2c195b759a02":{"name":"Pendant made up from stones gathered from Mecca","short_description":"These stones were gathered from Mecca, the valley of the battle of Badr, and Gar Hara’ (the cave of Hara’) in the Jabal al-Nur and from Gar Thawr. These have been set into a pendant that was presented by the prominent Egyptian Geologist (and Director of the Egyptian Geological Museum) Darwish Mustafa al-Far (born 1925) to his teacher, the Egyptian scholar Abdel Mon‘im Muhammad Khallaf, as recorded in one of the two large inscribed plaques. The second plaque bears a Qur’anic verse referring to Gar Hara’ (*sura* *al-Tawba*, IX, verse 40).","type":"Pendant; Memento","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","dates":"AD 20th century","location":"London","dimensions":"34x51cm","method_for_datation":"Provenance and date derived form the dedication on one of the plaques.","provenance":"Egypt","author":"Qaisra Khan","keywords":["geography","hajj","Hijaz","Holy place","Ka'ba","Mecca","Medina","Mosque","pilgrimage","prayer","Prophet Muhammad","Qur'an","Religion","stone"],"materials":["Copper with stones"]},"7462293e-bc10-530b-b6dd-2b62e473b830":{"name":"Medal of Sharif Husayn to commemorate the Battle of Ma'an","description":"Sharif Husayn ibn 'Ali commissioned this medal in 1920 to commemorate the victory of Arab fighters in the battle of Ma'an against the Ottoman forces. This medal was awarded to a man who lived during a crucial period in the history of modern Jordan.","type":"Honorary medal","holder":"Private collection / Mr. Hurani","dates":"1920","location":"Amman","author":"Huda Kilani","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"7959f13a-40f0-5501-8335-12c91669bced":{"name":"Coin (*dirham*).","description":"A silver *dirham* coin, weighing 2.74g, struck at Sivas in Turkey in the name of Qilij Arslan IV (Kılıç Arslan IV, r. AH 646–54 / AD 1248–57). On the obverse is the ruler's name: 'The very great Sultan Izz al-Dunya wa'l-Din Qilij Arslan son of Kaykhusraw Companion of the Commander of the Faithful'. This inscription surrounds a depiction of a mounted archer, similar to a Mongol issue of the Great Khan Ulush Beg (AH 642–3 / AD 1244–5). The Seljuqs paid an annual tribute to their nominal overlords the Mongols. On the reverse of the coin, is the caliph's name, inscribed: al-Musta'sim, the last of the Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad. This is an unusual example of an Islamic coin, given that figurative representation on coins was relatively rare in the Islamic world.","short_description":"This silver *dirham* bears the name of Rukn al-Dunya wa’l-Din, Qilij Arslan IV, who ruled Seljuq Anatolia from AH 646 to 654 / AD 1248–57. Its design of a horse and rider is rare and is derived from a Mongol prototype.","holder":"The British Museum.","dates":"Hegira 646–7 / AD 1248–9.","location":"London, England","dimensions":"Diameter 2.2 cm.","method_for_datation":"The coin is dated 646–7 (1248–9).","method_for_provenance":"The coin was minted at Sivas, central Anatolia, Turkey.","provenance":"Sivas, central Anatolia, Turkey.","obtention":"Acquired in 1853.","bibliography":"Lane-Poole, S., Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British Museum, Vol. I–X, London, 1875–90 (no. 1877, cat. no. 216: a coin of the same mint).  \n  \nPorter, V., Mightier than the Sword. Arabic Script: Beauty and Meaning, exhibition catalogue, Australia, 2003 (p.27, cat. no. 16n: a coin of the same mint).  \n  \nPorter, V., Mightier than the Sword. Arabic Script: Beauty and Meaning, exhibition catalogue, Malaysia, 2004 (p.112, cat. no. 38n: a coin of the same mint).","author":"Emily Shovelton","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["archery","Coin","Coinage","horsemanship","numismatics"],"materials":["Silver."]},"879c6b5d-7835-5885-8c9b-1e2618fa25ae":{"name":"Coin","description":"This coin dating from the reign of is inscribed on one side with \"20 francs\" written in Arabic, the year 1325 from the Hijri calendar, and framed by an olive branch on the right and a palm leaf on the left. The reverse is inscribed with \"20 francs\" written in French, \"Tunisia\" and the year 1907, framed by a beaded border which is then decorated with two flower-stem reliefs, a crescent at the bottom and a star at the top.","type":"Metalwork; coin","holder":"Musée de la Monnaie : Banque Centrale de Tunisie","dates":"19th century","location":"Tunis","author":"Saloua Zangar","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"884d9ccd-97ec-51c8-aec6-d384ad59224c":{"name":"A Tunisian decoration (on the right) and an Italian decoration (on the left) awarded to a member of the Moreno family","description":"Two members of the Moreno family, Raffaello (Tunis 1844-1913) and his brother Leone (Tunis, 1852-1940) were awarded honours both by the Italian King (Cavaliere dell’Ordine della Corona d’Italia) and by the Bey of Tunis (Nichan Iftikhar). The Morenos were Jews from Livorno (Italy), who had migrated to Tunisia in the early 19th century.  \nOther Italians migrants in Tunisia were awarded both the title of Cavaliere dell’Ordine della Corona d’Italia by the Italian King and the title of Nichan Iftikhar by the Bey of Tunis, including Giuseppe Di Vittorio (a Sicilian who ran a construction company) and Luigi Rey (born in Tunis to an immigrant family from a village north of Turin, Piedmont, Italy, who also ran a construction company) and the Jewish Doctor Giacomo Castelnuovo.","type":"Medals","holder":"State Archives of Livorno","dates":"1870–74 (the Tunisian decoration); 1884–1906 (the Italian decoration)","location":"Livorno","author":"Massimo Sanacore","copy_editor":"Anne Dowell"},"8bf091c2-76d6-55d2-9cfc-8659e6f42848":{"name":"Hamidiye Hijaz Railway Medal","description":"Obverse: Within a wreath, the inscription El Gazi and the imperial tughra; below, a depiction of a locomotive.  \nReverse: Inscribed “Medal dedicated to those who rendered service and support to the Hamidiye Hejaz Railway.”","type":"Medal","holder":"İstanbul Archaeological Museums","dates":"AH 1318 / AD 1901","location":"Istanbul","dimensions":"Diameter: 6,85 cm; Weight: 243,10 g","materials":["Gold"]},"8c4076d1-62c9-5729-a3d5-d8c91345437b":{"name":"Bridal headdress","description":"An example of coin-adorned accessories from Palestine dating to the early twentieth century, this bridal headdress originates from the villages of the Jaffa area. The coins incorporated into bridal ornaments symbolised part of the bride’s dowry, traditionally gifted by the groom’s family and considered her personal property, which she could keep and use according to her wishes. The embroidered motifs and techniques featured on the headdress are characteristic of the Jaffa region’s village dress traditions and are also found on women’s garments from the area.","type":"Garment","holder":"Tiraz: Widad Kawar Home for Arab Dress","dates":"ca. 1930","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Height: 48 cm; width 32cm","place_of_production":"Jaffa villages, Palestine","provenance":"Purchased by the collector","author":"Laila Mushahwar","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Accessory","ceremony","marriage","Ornamentation","wedding"],"materials":["Coins","cotton","silk"]},"8dec350b-560d-5475-8a47-00b9dd25268c":{"name":"Medal of Emperor Franz Joseph I","description":"A medal depicting the symbolic figure of Egypt sitting on a sphinx. In the background, the three pyramids of Giza and a sailing ship can be seen. The opposite side of the medal has a portrait of Emperor Franz Joseph. The medal was created in commemoration of the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869.","type":"Medal","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum, Coin Cabinet","dates":"1869","location":"Vienna","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"9009c9a9-3878-5b88-90af-04c14e62553e":{"name":"Coin Inscribed with Declaration of Faith","short_description":"In the centuries before the arrival of Islam, 200 BC-651AD, many rulers, dynasties and powers issued coins that circulated in Oman and the Arabian Gulf. Local rulers issued their own currency from as early as 174 AH / 791 AD. Coins made in Oman 133-906 AH / 751 - 1500 AD were a means of displaying power, status and independence.  \n  \nFollowers of Ibadism (a branch of Islam) established an Imamate (a unique governing system based on electing a person known for his knowledge and piety) in Oman in 132 AH/749 AD. The Ibadi imams issued their own silver coins similar those in the small collection shown as part of this exhibit. Many of these coins were found in a hoard discovered in 1422 AH / 2002 AD in the Wilayet of Buhla. The coins carry the mint name \"Uman\", and the names of the Ibadi rulers \" al-khalil bin Shadhan\" and \" Rashid bin Said\".  \n  \nThe Wajihids, a local dynasty led by Yusuf bin Wajih, a former Abbasaid governor based in Oman, took control of the northern coastal regions of Oman during the 4th century AH / 10 century AD, developing the town of Sohar into a major centre of international commerce. Coins similar to the one shown here kept the standard Abbasid inscription with the name of their local governor added below the inscription on the reverse.","type":"Numismatics; Coin","holder":"National Museum Oman","dates":"2nd–8th centuries AH / 8th–14th centuries AD","location":"Muscat","dimensions":"Diameter: 2.3cm, Weight: 3.8g","provenance":"Al-Minaigalah (North ash-Sharqiyah Governorate)","obtention":"Ministry of Heritage and Culture Collection","copy_editor":"Valerie Pulsifer","keywords":["Abbasid","Coins","Currency","Hurmuz","numismatics"],"materials":["Silver"]},"916b955b-ac6b-5585-bdea-91b7bd6bcc56":{"name":"Four Umayyad gold dinars","short_description":"The Museum houses an important collection of early Islamic coins, including Umayyad dinars likes these ones.  In AH 77/ AD 696, the ruling caliph Abd al-Malik ordered the issue of a brand new, truly Islamic coinage, carrying mainly qur’anic inscriptions emphasizing the oneness and omnipotence of Allah and confirming Muhammad as the Prophet of God.","type":"Coins","holder":"Sharjah Museum of Islamic Civilisation","dates":"Hegira late 1st – early 2nd century / AD late 7th – early 8th century","location":"Sharjah","provenance":"Syria","keywords":["Abd al-Malik","calligraphy","Coin","Coinage","Dinar","gold","inscription","kufic","numismatics"]},"97c4a755-5c5e-5725-922a-057501cef5ff":{"name":"Medal – The Great Exhibition Palace, London 1851","description":"This silver medal was dedicated to the palace that was built for the Universal Exposition of London. On the reverse is depicted the Crystal Palace and a short text reads: \"Proposed by H.R.H Prince Albert. Designed by Josh Paxton. Erected by Fox Henderson & Co. Occupies 18 acre\", while on the obverse is inscribed: \"Length 1848 feet. 408 ft. wide. Roof 66 ft. high. Height of transept 108 ft. 900.000 sq. ft. glazed surface. 3320 cast iron columns. 368 wrougth iron trusses. 8 miles exhibition tables. 202 miles of sash bars. 400 tones of glass. Value ₤ 150.000\". In 1851, Romanian products (wines, carpets, animal skins, cloths, dyed silk, candles, printings and lithographs, such as a map of the Danubian Principalities) were exhibited in the Turkish pavilion, as Wallachia and Moldavia were under Ottoman sovereignty.","type":"Medal","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"1851","location":"Bucharest"},"9c626e5e-abec-533c-b33a-b1bcd38e5849":{"name":"Coin Inscribed with Declaration of Faith","short_description":"The Declaration of Faith is one of the five pillars of Islam and provides a foundation for all other Islamic beliefs and practices. In translation, it usually reads, \"There is no God but Allah and Muhammed is His Messenger\".’ This message was often conveyed on coins such as the one shown in this exhibit.  \n  \nIn the centuries before the arrival of Islam, 200 BC-651AD, many rulers, dynasties and powers issued coins that circulated in Oman and the Arabian Gulf. Coins made in Oman 133-906 AH / 751 - 1500 AD also demonstrated a means of displaying power, status and independence. Local rulers issued their own currency from as early as 174 AH / 791 AD.  \n  \nFollowers of Ibadism (a branch of Islam) established an Imamate (a unique governing system based on electing a person known for his knowledge and piety) in Oman in 132 AH / 749 AD. The Ibadi imams issued their own silver coins, many of which were found in a hoard discovered in 1422 AH / 2002 AD in the Wilayet of Buhla. The coins carry the mint name \"Uman\", and the names of the Ibadi rulers \" al-khalil bin Shadhan\" and \" Rashid bin Said\".  \n  \nThe Wajihids, a local dynasty led by Yusuf bin Wajih, a former Abbasaid governor based in Oman, took control of the northern coastal regions of Oman during the 4th century AH / 10 century AD, developing the town of Sohar into a major centre of international commerce and producing their own currency. Coins issued by the Wajihids kept the standard Abbasid inscription, with the name of their local governor added below the inscription on the reverse.  \n  \nTrade in southern Arabia centred on the Yemen port of Aden, from where many Ayyubid dinars made their way to Oman. Meanwhile, the kings of Hormuz (in modern- day Oman and Iran) competed for trade along the coast of Iran. Small gold and silver Hormuzi coins became the most important currency in Oman during this period.","type":"Numismatics; Coin","holder":"National Museum Oman","dates":"2nd–8th centuries AH / 8th–14th centuries AD","location":"Muscat","dimensions":"Diameter: 3cm, Weight: 4.8g","provenance":"Al-Minaigalah (North ash-Sharqiyah Governorate)","obtention":"Ministry of Heritage and Culture Collection","copy_editor":"Valerie Pulsifer","keywords":["Abbasid","Coins","Currency","Hurmuz","numismatics"],"materials":["Silver"]},"9fa1fbea-a4e2-5d50-9509-67fa9073a9d8":{"name":"Token","description":"Brass token issued by Borel Lavalley et Companie. In the centre is one of the sailing ships whose journey times would be dramatically improved by using the new Suez Canal.","type":"Token","holder":"The British Museum","dates":"1865","location":"London","provenance":"Egypt"},"a0dd981d-e256-57f4-ba5c-7f37591cb8b5":{"name":"Coin (*dirham*)","description":"This Umayyad coin, minted during the reign of al-Walid I (AH 86–96 / AD 705–15), bears an inscription in its centre that reads ‘*â ila illâ Allâh wahda-hu lâ sharîk la-hu*’ (‘There is no God but Allah, the One, there is none like unto him’) and the edge reads ‘*bismi-llâh duriba hadâ-l-dirhâm bi fî sanat ihda wa tis in*’ (‘In God’s name this *dirham* was minted in Sijistan in the year one and ninety \\[91\\]’).  \nThe front face bears two inscriptions, one in the centre and one on the edge. The central inscription reads ‘*Allâh ahad Allâh al-samad lam yalid wa lam yûlad wa lam yakun la-hu kufû’ an ahad*’ (‘God is one, God is eternal. He does not beget, nor is he begotten and there is none like unto him’) and the edge inscription reads ‘*Muhammad rasûl Allâh arsala-hu bi-l-hudâ wa al-haqq li-yuzhira-hu alâ al-dîn kulli-hi wa la-hu kariha al-mushrikûn*’ (‘Muhammad is the messenger of God. He has sent His messenger with the guidance and the true religion, and will make it dominate all religions, in spite of the idol worshipers’).","short_description":"*Dirham* minted during the reign of al-Walid I. The basic coin in the Arab world until the arrival of the Mongols, the *dirham* takes its name from the Greek *drachma*. Coins usually weighed 2.97 grams.","type":"Coin, dirham, silver","holder":"Museum of Civilisations | Museum of Oriental Art “Giuseppe Tucci”","dates":"Hegira 91 / AD 709.","location":"Rome","dimensions":"Diameter 2.6 cm, weight 2.88 g.","method_for_datation":"From the inscription on the edge of the obverse.","method_for_provenance":"From the inscription on the edge of the obverse.","provenance":"Iran, Sijistan.","obtention":"Donation.","bibliography":"Walker, J., *A Catalogue of the Arab-Byzantine and Post Reform Umayyad Coins*, London, 1956, p.159.","linkcatalogs":"IAM_JO_EN_001","author":"Paola Torre","copy_editor":"Pier Paolo Racioppi","translator":"Laurence Nunny","translation_copy_editor":"Monica Allen","keywords":["al-Walid I","Coin","Coinage","numismatics","Umayyad"],"materials":["Silver / minting."]},"a1b3f2ad-cd29-5ce6-94f0-ebd7a60fff72":{"name":"Kohl holder","description":"This kohl holder, from Bedouin communities of the Naqab Desert, dates to the early twentieth century and is an example of coin-adorned accessories from Palestine. It was used to store kohl, a traditional cosmetic powder applied to the eyes as eyeliner.","type":"Accessory","holder":"Tiraz: Widad Kawar Home for Arab Dress","owner":"Tiraz","dates":"ca. 1930","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Height: 15 cm; width: 15 cm","place_of_production":"Bir el Sabe, Naqab, Palestine","provenance":"Purchased by the collector","author":"Laila Mushahwar","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Cosmetics","desert","kohl","makeup","Palestine"],"materials":["Coins","cotton"]},"a1c3a6cb-5c96-54dc-bcd3-570ffc9d4e35":{"name":"Coin","short_description":"Gold one-hundred *muhur* presentation coin in the name of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (r. AH 1037-69 / AD 1627-58), struck at Lahore, dated AH 1048 / AD 1638-39, 12th regnal year. Such coins were presented to officals and nobles as an expression of appreciation and of the grandeur and generosity of the ruler. This one is inscribed in Arabic and Persian in *nasta\\`liq* script: on the obverse, \"There is no god but God the One, \\[and\\] Muhammed is His prophet, struck in 1048, at the abode of the Sultanate, Lahore\"; and on the reverse; \"Shihab al-din Muhammad, Second Lord of the Auspicious Planetary Conjunction, Shah Jahan Padshah Ghazi, twelfth regnal year\".","holder":"Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah","dates":"Hegira 1048 / AD 1639","location":"Kuwait City","provenance":"India; Lahore","keywords":["Coin","Coinage","gold","India","numismatics"]},"a239b65c-d3b2-56bb-9598-00de8e920231":{"name":"Bank note","description":"This 20 franc bill was first issued in 1783. It is blue and black on the front and blue on the back, and was issued by the Banque d’Algérie, which had the exclusive rights to issue notes in the Beylik of Tunis. The front of the note shows Mercury on the left and Hercules on the right. The penalty clause - article 139 - is written at the top in four lines. Beneath it we can see the inscription of the Banque d’Algérie and \"20 francs\". The number \"20\" is written in Arabic numerals on each side of the vignette with \"Tunisie\" written horizontally over it in black. A seated artist decorating vase is depicted on the back of the note on the left, and a harvester is on the right. The penalty clause - article 139 - is written again in six lines in a circle a the bottom. The number \"20\" is written in Arabic numerals on each side of the vignette.","type":"Paper","holder":"Musée de la Monnaie: Banque centrale de Tunisie","dates":"19th century","location":"Tunis","author":"Saloua Zangar","translator":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"a4505a95-37ac-56ac-a759-301f36d101f1":{"name":"Ottoman coin – 10 Kurush 1876","description":"After Moldavia and Wallachia became vassals of the Ottoman Empire, their rulers lost the right to struck coins. Therefore, commercial exchanges were done using foreign coins, the most widely  circulated being Ottoman coinage. Things changed in the second half of the 19th century when national coins were issued in the United Principalities starting with 1867.","type":"Coin","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"1876","location":"Bucharest"},"a70fd898-5a73-50d6-993f-be9a56c934ec":{"name":"Dinar","short_description":"Obverse: “God is one, God is eternal, He has not begotten and was not begotten”; along the edge: “This Dinar minted in the name of God in the year 84\" (AH 84 / AD 703).  \nReverse: “There is no God but God, He is one, and has no partners”; along the edge: “Muhammad is the prophet of God, who sent him the Revelation and the true faith so that he may triumph over all other religions”.","type":"Coin","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira 1st century / AD 7th century","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"4.23g, 20mm","method_for_datation":"Date on coin: Year 84 Hegira = AD 703","method_for_provenance":"Documented in the inventory of museum records","provenance":"Syria?","bibliography":"Haag, Sabine (ed), *Meisterwerke des Münzkabinetts, Kurzführer durch das Kunsthistorische Museum*, Band 10, Wien/Mailand: Kunsthistorisches Museum, 2009: Nr. 27a.","author":"M. Alram","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["`Abd al Malik","`Abd al-Malik","Coin","Coinage","Dinar","epigraphic decoration","epigraphy","inscription","mint","numismatics","Umayyad","Umayyad coinage","Umayyads"],"materials":["Gold"]},"a7f5c0c6-53c4-5240-ae78-34f4ac89dbbc":{"name":"Medal of the World Trade Fair in Vienna","description":"The medal shows Pallas Athena, the goddess of wisdom. The opposite side of the medal shows the pavilion of the 1873 World's Fair in Vienna, above it two griffons hold a shield with the initials of Emperor Franz Joseph crowned by the crown of Austria.","type":"Medal","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum, Coin Cabinet","dates":"1873","location":"Vienna","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"aa04bc34-9daa-524a-9cce-bae6330652c8":{"name":"Coin","short_description":"The first Muslim rulers relied on older Byzantine and Sasanian mints to keep a constant supply of coinage in the newly converted lands. Modifications to older types occurred gradually over the first century of Islam. Crosses on Byzantine-style gold coins, for example, were the first visual elements to disappear. ‘Abd al-Malik’s gold reform in 696–97 resulted in totally new coin styles without figural imagery of any kind. Instead, coins like this one made during his reign feature the *shahada* (profession of the faith) in stately *kufic* script: “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God.”","type":"Coin","holder":"The Metropolitan Museum of Art","dates":"Dated Hegira 79/ AD 698–99","location":"New York","dimensions":"Diameter: 2.1cm","provenance":"Syria","obtention":"Bequest of Joseph H. Durkee, 1898  \nFormer owner: Joseph H. Durkee, New York (until d. 1898; bequeathed to MMA)","bibliography":"Bates, Michael, *Islamic Coins. ANS Handbook 2*, New York: American Numismatic Society, 1982: 14.  \nEkhtiar, Maryam, Canby, Sheila R., Haidar, Navina and Soucek, Priscilla P. (eds), *Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in The Metropolitan Museum of Art*, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2011: 22, 32, no. 8, ill. 32 (colour).  \nWalker, John, *A Catalogue of the Arab-Byzantine and Post-Reform Umaiyad Coins. Volume 2. A Catalogue of the Muhammadan Coins in the Collection of the British Museum*, London: British Museum, 1956.","copyright":"The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Bequest of Joseph H. Durkee, 1898","keywords":["Abd al-Malik","Arabic inscription","Coin","Coinage","Commerce","Currency","Daily life","economy","Finance","gold","kufic","numismatics","Qur'an","Shahada","Syria","Umayyad"],"materials":["Gold"]},"acb79c9e-f29c-5626-8066-8df986232d22":{"name":"The station/terminus at Medina on the Hejaz Railway.","description":"Pilgrims waiting by the railway track at Medina station. The Suqia Mosque stands in the background to the right.","type":"Photograph","holder":"IWM","owner":"IWM","location":"London","dimensions":"Not available to check","place_of_production":"Saudi Arabia","method_for_provenance":"Details held in Photograph Archive records in IWM Museum Archive.","obtention":"Donation as part of the T E Lawrence Collection.","author":"Alan Wakefield","keywords":["Hejaz Railway","ottoman empire","pilgrimage","Religion","Transport"],"materials":["Black and White photographic print"]},"ae4f06c1-8888-5c57-81c6-70d929b50897":{"name":"*Nişan-ı Maarif* (Badge of Education)","description":"The owner of this medallion was Dr. Mustafa Münif Pasha (1855-1937), who was the founder and director of the Turkish School of Pharmacy, Dentistry, Midwives and Nurses. He worked as an assistant in the anatomy department starting in 1881. Later, he gave classes on surgery. In 1886 he gave courses on midwifery. This medallion (*Nişan- Maarif*) was given to teachers who were successful in science and art. On the front of the medallion, on the left there are olive tree leaves enamelled in green and yellow while on the right we see oak leaves. Those two forms a crescent on top for the ribbon. On the lower part the leaves merge with a pink ribbon pattern. In the middle of the medallion there is a *tuğra* of Mehmed Reşad V. (1909–1918) on red enamelled background. Around the *tuğra* (monogram) there is an inscription that reads, “*ulûm ve fünûn ve sanayi'-i nefîse*” (sciences and knowledge and fine arts).","type":"Medal","holder":"Cerrahpaşa Medical History Museum","dates":"1910","location":"Istanbul","provenance":"Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"b4dc43ea-b3d1-58c6-bc57-9f2f74291cc6":{"name":"Medal – Semi-centenary of the European Commission of the Danube","description":"In 1856, the treaty of Paris, signed on 30 March, internationalized the Danube and established the European Commission of the Danube, an inter-state institution (comprising delegates of Austria, France, Great Britain, Prussia, Sardinia and Russia) that had to ensure and facilitate navigation at the mouths of the river.  \nIssued on the 50th anniversary of the Commission, this medal was designed by O. Patey. On the obverse is depicted the god Danubius, holding a trident in his left hand and lying by the Danube, with his elbow on a stone pipe from which water flows into the river. On the edge is inscribed “Commission Européenne du Danube. On the reverse “1856-1906” is engraved inside a wreath of oak and laurel leaves. Above there is the inscription: “Article 16 du Traite de Paris du 30 Mars 1856”.","type":"Medal","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"1906","location":"Bucharest","provenance":"Romania"},"b632cf54-9527-5f85-9a5a-5d9445c932a8":{"name":"Indian Rupee of Empress Victoria (Um al-Bint)","description":"This silver coin represents one Indian rupee, minted in 1877. Regal issues of the Indian rupee had begun in 1862, bearing the portrait of Queen Victoria, but Indian Rupees had already been used in the Gulf during the mid 19th century, issued by the British East India Company. The currency began circulating in the region as a result of the pearl trade and the gold exchange between local and Indian merchants. Indian rupees were the main currency used in the Trucial States up until 1966.","type":"Silver coin; money","holder":"Sharjah Heritage Museum / Sharjah Museums Department","dates":"1877","location":"Sharjah","provenance":"India","author":"Ulrike Al-Khamis"},"b660b1ab-20b9-54c4-8225-fc35360b345d":{"name":"Banknote","description":"5 pounds from the days of Khedive \\`Abbas Hilmi II. During this time, a collection of Ottoman coins made of silver and copper circulated, valued at one, five and ten piasters. They were minted in AH 1327 / AD 1909 and bore the name of the Ottoman Sultan Muhammad V.  \nHowever, the most important monetary event took place in 1898, when Khedive \\`Abbas Hilmi II granted a franchise to Raphael Suares to establish the National Bank of Egypt. This franchise gave him the right to produce securities that were accepted to pay domanial money, and the right to cash this money as gold upon demand.","type":"Banknote; money","holder":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","dates":"1898","location":"Alexandria","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"b72f10b9-2459-52a4-9f0f-f0a69230148a":{"name":"Five piasters","description":"On the obverse: \"*'amara bi-ta'amul al-husayn bin 'ali 1338 'abduhu wa ibn 'abdihi*\" (It is ordered to deal with by al-Hussein bin 'Ali 1334, God servant). On the reverse: \"*al-hukuma al-'arabiyya al-hashimiyya / 'ishruna / hashimi / qurushan / duriba bi-makka al-mukarrama sana 8*\" (Five piasters of Arab Hashemite Government, minted at Makka al-Mukarrama in reign year 8).","type":"Coin; currency","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1922","location":"Amman","provenance":"Jordan","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"bf3b00b7-e2b1-52d9-ac3a-710b848a0c69":{"name":"Medal – The construction of the Suez Canal","description":"Built between 1859–1869, the Suez Canal represents a direct link between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. It had a positive influence on the commerce of Europe with the southern Arabian Peninsula, as it significantly reduced the duration of transports, given that in the past a longer route, which went around Africa, was used. This bronze medal dedicated to the construction of the canal was issued in 1864. Its obverse, designed by Chaplain, features the laureate head of emperor Napoleon III. On the reverse, designed by Depaulis, is depicted Industria standing between Europe and Africa, who are holding hands. Above the three female figures is inscribed “Jonction des deux mers” (Junction of the two seas) and beyond there are emblems of Egypt (a pyramid, the Sphinx, a palm tree) and of the canal (a ship).","type":"Medal","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"1864","location":"Bucharest"},"c05416d9-806c-5e25-8cf9-7445bc244f42":{"name":"Coin (*dinar*)","description":"This circular coin features an inscription in *kufic* characters on both sides, which reads as follows:  \nObverse:  \nAlong the perimeter: '*Muhammad* *rassoul Allah arssalahou bil houda wa dine al-haq liyodhirahou ala al-dine koulih*' (Muhammad messenger of God, it is He who sent Him with the guidance and true religion in order to prevail them onto religion as a whole – Qur'an, IX, 33).  \nAt the centre, the text consists of three lines: '*La illah ila / Allah wahdahou / la charika lahou*' (Of the divine there is only God. He has no associates).  \nReverse:  \nAlong the perimeter: '*Bism allah doriba hadha al-dainar sanat sit wa thamanine wa miataine*' (In the name of God, this *dinar* was beaten in the year 286 \\[AD 899\\]).  \nAt the centre, the text consists of five lines: '*Ghalab / Muhammad* */ rassoul / Allah /Ibrahim*' (To conquer / Muhammad / the Envoy/ of God / Ibrahim).  \nThis coin was made during the reign of Ibrahim ibn Ahmad al-Aghlabi (r. AH 261–289 / 874–902), who was also known as Abu Ishaq Ibrahim II, founder of the town of Raqqada, south of Kairouan, in AH 263 / AD 876.  \nAghlabid gold coins of this period are characterised by their circular shape, the absence of any marks indicating where the gold was stamped, and the use of the word '*ghalab*' (to conquer), which the Aghlabids used in order to differentiate themselves from other dynasties such as the Rustamids in Tahert and the Idrisids in Fez. These *dinar*s are also distinguished by their purity (98–99 per cent gold), and by their weight, which can reach up to 4.5 g.","short_description":"Circular gold coin with *kufic* inscriptions on both sides. On the obverse, the inscription is religious, while the inscription on the reverse shows, after the formulaic praise to God, the minting date under the reign of Ibrahim ibn Ahmad al-Aghlabi.","type":"Coin, gold","holder":"National Museum of Antiquities and Islamic Arts","dates":"Hegira 286 / AD 899.","location":"Algiers","dimensions":"Diameter 1.8 cm, weight 4.3 g.","method_for_datation":"From the date featured on the coin.","obtention":"Bought by the museum in 1993.","bibliography":"Benguerba, S., *El-meskouket el-meghribia min el-feth ila souqout dawlet Beni Hammad* (Maghreb numismatics from the Muslim Conquest to the fall of the kingdom of the Bani Hammad), Algiers, 1986.  \nCoran (Le), transl. by J. Berque, Paris, 1990.  \nDrias, L., Drias, Y. and Doubabi, H., *Djami'a el-meskouket el-arabia el-islamia bil matahif al-djazairia* (Corpus of Arab-Muslim numismatics in Algerian museums), Vol. II, Algiers, 2000.  \nHazard, H.W., *The Numismatic History of late Medieval North Africa*, New York, 1952.  \nLavoix, H., *Catalogue des monnaies musulmanes de la bibliothèque nationale: Cabinet des médailles*, Vol. I, Paris, 1887.","author":"Ali Benbella","copy_editor":"Margot Cortez","translator":"Maria Vlotides","translation_copy_editor":"Monica Allen","keywords":["Aghlabid","Coin","Coinage","Finance","gold","kufic","numismatics."],"materials":["Gold","stamped."]},"c1018611-912b-5af9-adeb-c669911527d4":{"name":"Mardhouf al-Qawasim","alternate_name":"Coin used by the Qawasim rulers of the lower Gulf region in the AH 13th century / AD 19th century; Mardhouf al-Qawasim","description":"This rare copper alloy coin, known as 'Madhrouf Al Qawasim and weighing around 6.5 grams in weight, was minted in the trading port of Lanja (Linga) on the Persian coast of the Gulf in 1247 H/ 1831 CE.  In the 12th/18th and early 13th/ early 19th century, Lanja belonged to the extensive territories on both sides of the Gulf held by the Al Qawasim, and coins like this were used throughout the regions ruled by the Qawasim family at the time, including their main centres in Sharjah, Ras al Khaimah, Kalba, Khor Fakkan and Diba.","type":"Copper alloy coin","holder":"Sharjah Heritage Museum / Sharjah Museums Department","dates":"Hegira 13th century / AD 19th century","location":"Sharjah","provenance":"Sharjah Emirate","author":"Ulrike Al-Khamis"},"c25e83e8-79d8-5ca2-95b2-2a9dca7ab11e":{"name":"Mekleb bridal ornament","description":"Dating to approximately 1900, this exquisite Mekleb ornament worn on the back of the bride serves as both a significant ceremonial adornment and a powerful protective token. The piece is richly embellished with an array of historical coins, traditional amulets, and vibrant glass beads. Notably, the prominent blue-colored elements integrated into the ornament function as protective amulets, culturally intended to shield the bride from the evil eye and envy.","type":"Accessory","holder":"Tiraz: Widad Kawar Home for Arab Dress","owner":"Tiraz","dates":"AH ca. 1318 / AD ca. 1900","location":"Amman","place_of_production":"Hebron villages, Palestine","provenance":"Purchased by the collector","author":"Laila Mushahwar","copy_editor":"Danielle Morcom","keywords":["Bridal","ceremony","Ornament","Protection","wedding"],"materials":["Coins","Silver"]},"c2d5bd8d-db30-5e32-8ede-5c08acc71410":{"name":"Coin Inscribed with Declaration of Faith","short_description":"The most basic requirement of being a Muslim is to publicly declare one’s faith in Arabic, with sincerity and without reservation. The Declaration of Faith is one of the five pillars of Islam and provides a foundation for all other Islamic beliefs and practices. In translation, it usually reads, \"There is no God but Allah and Muhammed is His Messenger\". Coins such as those shown here were often used to convey this message.  \n  \nIn the centuries before the arrival of Islam, 200 BC-651AD, many rulers, dynasties and powers issued coins that circulated in Oman and the Arabian Gulf. Coins made in Oman 133-906 AH / 751 - 1500 AD demonstrated a means of displaying power, status and independence. Local rulers issued their own currency from as early as 174 AH / 791 AD.  \n  \nFollowers of Ibadism (a branch of Islam) establish an Imamate (a unique governing system based on electing a person known for his knowledge and piety) in Oman in 132 AH/749 AD. The Ibadi imams issued their own silver coins. Many of these coins were found in a hoard discovered in 1422 AH/ 2002 AD in the Wilayet of Buhla. The coins carry the mint name \"Uman\", and the names of the Ibadi rulers \" al-khalil bin Shadhan\" and \" Rashid bin Said\". The Wajihids, a local dynasty led by Yusuf bin Wajih, a former Abbasaid governor based in Oman, took control of the northern coastal regions of Oman during the 4th century AH/10 century AD, developing the town of Sohar into a major centre of international commerce and producing their own currency. Coins issued by the Wajihids, similar to the coin shown here, kept the standard Abbasid inscription, with the name of their local governor added below the inscription on the reverse.  \n  \nVarious Islamic dynasties continued to issue coins in and around the Arabian Peninsula, with coins from Yemen and Hormuz being popular in the Oman Peninsula from 493 AH /1100 AD onward. After 493 AH / 1100AD, Ayyubid gold coins from Yemen and Fatimid dinars from Egypt were regularly used as trade coinage in the ports of Oman. Trade in southern Arabia centred on the Yemen port of Aden, from where many Ayyubid dinars made their way to Oman. Meanwhile, the kings of Hormuz (in modern- day Oman and Iran) competed for trade along the coast of Iran. Small gold and silver Hormuzi coins became the most important currency in Oman during this period.","type":"Numismatics; Coin","holder":"National Museum Oman","dates":"2nd–8th centuries AH / 8th–14th centuries AD","location":"Muscat","dimensions":"Diameter: 1.8cm, Weight: 1g","provenance":"Wadi al-Hawasina (North al-Batinah Governorate)","obtention":"Ministry of Heritage and Culture Collection","copy_editor":"Valerie Pulsifer","keywords":["Abbasid","Coins","Currency","Hurmuz","numismatics"],"materials":["Silver"]},"c390c585-bede-5ad5-9758-01796227dd08":{"name":"Coin","short_description":"Undated copper/copper alloy coin (*fals*) of so-called \"Standing Caliph\" type, in the name of the Umayyad Caliph 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. AH 65-86 / AD 685-705) struck at Homs (Hims), Syria, (undated).","holder":"Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyyah","dates":"Hegira 74–78 / AD 693–697","location":"Kuwait City","provenance":"Syria","keywords":["calligraphy","Coin","Coinage","human representation","inscription","kufic","numismatics","Syria"]},"ca166ea6-6764-5d07-b12e-8c86a410ba79":{"name":"Medal of Emperor Franz Joseph I","description":"This medal shows the symbolic figure of faith. The angel on the right side presents the crown of Austria to her. The opposite side of the medal has a portrait of Emperor Franz Joseph. The medal was created in commemoration of Franz Joseph's visit to Jerusalem in November 1869.","type":"Medal","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum, Coin Cabinet","dates":"1869","location":"Vienna","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"cc3af339-6c06-5f56-8a16-b50bce3c8bdc":{"name":"Eighth of a piaster","description":"One-eighth piaster (Bronze with Silver Wash). On obverse: \"*al-husayn bin 'ali / 'abduhu / wa-ibn 'abdihi / wafqa Allah*\" (\"Hussein bin 'Ali God Servant and son of God Servant Granted by God\"). On reverse: \"*duriba sana 1334 sana 5 / makka al-mukarrama / 'asima al-hukuma / al-'arabiyya al-hashimiyya / thaman qurush*\" (\"Eighth of a piaster minted in 1334 / reign year 5 at Makka al-Mukarrama capital of Hashemite Arab Government\").","type":"Coin, currency","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1919","location":"Amman","provenance":"Mecca","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"cdec0b9e-508c-5b60-8df7-7a003023f3fe":{"name":"Swiss Confederation 20 Franc coin","description":"This Swiss 20 Franc gold coin minted between 1897 and 1949 is commonly known by its nickname «Gold Vreneli», from the diminutive form of the traditional Swiss girl’s name of Verena and the portrait of a lady on its obverse, as designed by Fritz Ulisse Landry (1842–1927). In April 1895 the Swiss Federal Council appointed a jury to assess the 21 design entries for a new gold coin. Among those who submitted designs were such famous names as the artist Albert Anker and the academic Friedrich Imhoof-Blumer. Fritz Ulisse Landry’s design won second prize; no first prize was awarded. The first 400,000 of these new gold coins were minted in 1897. In addition, 29 gold coins were produced using gold extracted from the mine at Gondo (Valais) that was abandoned that same year. This is one of the few remaining «Gondo-Vrenelis».","type":"Coin","holder":"Swiss National Museum","owner":"Swiss Confederation","dates":"1897","location":"Zurich","dimensions":"Diameter: 2.12cm, Weight: 6.45g","method_for_datation":"Dated on the coin; «Gondo-Vrenelis» were hallmarked with a small cross","provenance":"Switzerland","obtention":"Bought in 1950","keywords":["20","Coin","Franc","Franken","Fritz Ulisse Landry","gold","Gondo","Gondo-Vreneli","Switzerland","Valais","Vreneli"],"materials":["Gold","minted"]},"cfc7015e-ba7b-5103-9a4b-43fffe552d24":{"name":"*Fils* (copper coin).","description":"Muslims generally minted coins in three kinds of metal. The first type is a gold coin called the *dinar,* the second is a silver coin called the *dirham*, and the third is a copper coin called the *fils* (Arabic plural: *fulus*).  \nThis piece is a *fils* made in the Byzantine style and resembles specifically the *fils* of Emperor Constantine X (r. AH 451–9 / AD 1059–67). It is attributed to the reign of the Zangid ruler Nur al-Din Mahmud. The coin has figurative images and Arabic inscriptions in *kufic* script as described below:  \nObverse – There is a standing person with a halo around his head. On the lower left is the phrase “The King of Princes” and on the right is the name of the king,  \n“Mahmud”.  \nReverse – The following text is written inside a rectangular frame: the titles \"al-'Adil” (The Just) and “Nur al-Din” (The Light of Religion).  \nConsidering that this type of coin was minted in a manner that resembles Byzantine coins, numismatic experts expect that it was circulated equally in two areas – amongst Muslims and in the Byzantine areas adjoining Muslim territories.","short_description":"This copper coin, known as a *fils*, was minted by Nur al-Din Mahmud bin al-Zangi. It shows an intermingling of Arabic and Byzantine features from the Atabeg era.","type":"Fils, copper","holder":"National Museum of Damascus","initial_owner":"Nur al-Din Mahmud bin Zangi (r. AH 541–69 / AD 1146–74).","dates":"Hegira 541–69 / AD 1146–74.","location":"Damascus","dimensions":"Diameter 2.5 cm, weight 3.55 g.","method_for_datation":"The coin is attributed to the reign of Nur al-Din Mahmud bin al-Zangi (r. 541–69 / 1146–74).","method_for_provenance":"The coin was found in the city of Raqqa and is part of a collection of copper coins weighing 50 kg. The place of mint is not recorded on the coin but it is known that Nur al-Din minted copper *fils* in Damascus.","provenance":"Raqqa, and possibly Damascus, Syria.","obtention":"This coin is from a collection of copper coins found accidentally by a resident of Raqqa. It was turned over to the Directorate of Antiquities in 1955.","bibliography":"Delpont, E. (ed), *L'Orient de Saladin: l'art des Ayyoubides*, Paris, 2001, p.34.  \nSayles, W., and Spengler, W., *Turkoman Figural Bronze Coins and their Iconography*, Vol. II, Wisconsin, 1996, p.57.","author":"Mona al-Moadin","translator":"Hilary Kalmbach (from the Arabic)","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Byzantine","Coin","Coinage","Copper","Damascus","fils","mint","numismatics","Nur al-Din Mahmud bin Zangi","Raqqa","zangids"],"materials":["Minted copper."]},"d2048b88-33d5-5ed1-89ae-15f1e67d41fc":{"name":"Medal of Sharif Husayn to commemorate Independence","description":"Sharif Husayn ibn 'Ali commissioned this medal in 1921 to commemorate Arab independence from Ottoman rule in 1916. This medal was awarded to a man who lived during a crucial period in the history of modern Jordan.","type":"Honorary medal","holder":"Private collection / Mr. Hurani","dates":"1921","location":"Amman","author":"Huda Kilani","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"d2447419-93f4-5b27-b69b-7b75e0d414b6":{"name":"Medal of merit awarded to the Vista Alegre factory","description":"Medal for merit given to the Vista Alegre’s Porcelain Factory, along with Diploma, acknowledging the merit of its participation in the Vienna International Exhibition, in 1873. One side of the medal shows the profile of Kaiser Franz Joseph I, the other, depicts a classical scene.","type":"Numismatics","holder":"Vista Alegre Museum","dates":"1873","location":"Vista Alegre, Ílhavo"},"d3410e10-8985-5cc3-ac90-027e59aa77c9":{"name":"Order of the Medjidie that belonged to Alexandru Ioan Cuza","description":"In January 1859, Alexandru Ioan Cuza was elected prince of Moldavia and Wallachia despite the fact that in 1858 the suzerain power (the Ottoman Empire) and the Guaranteeing Powers (Russia, Austria, Prussia, France, Great Britain, Sardinia) had decided that the Principalities could unite, but were to have separate parliaments, governments and rulers. The double election was recognized by the Ottoman Empire in September 1859. The following year, Cuza travelled to Istanbul to introduce himself to the sultan. He crossed the Black Sea on an Ottoman ship sent for him. He had three meetings with the sultan, who decorated him with the order of the Medjidie and offered him a sword adorned with diamonds. One evening he was the sultan’s guest to a play performed in his private theatre at the Dolmabahçe palace.","type":"Military and knightly order","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"1860","location":"Bucharest"},"d3cd72eb-4da3-52ee-8fe8-e450b2d00a90":{"name":"*Dinar* (gold coin).","description":"A Crusader coin, with the value of a *dinar* as it is made of gold. Although the Crusaders came as counter-Islamic warriors, they also settled in the region and engaged in commerce quite extensively. In order for their coins to have value and be recognisable within the market economy, they minted coins similar to the ones found in the region and inscribed their minting in Arabic. This coin follows a Fatimid prototype. Its inscription is arranged in three concentric circles. It was minted in Acre in AD 1251 (AH 649), during the rule of King Louis IX (d. AD 1270), the King of France who led the 7th and 8th crusades. The minting of these coins was instigated by the arrival of a new papal legislator to the Latin states in the spring of 1250 who considered it blasphemous to use coins containing the names of the Muslim prophets and the ruling caliphs. He immediately forbade their minting, replacing them with coins portraying Christian symbolism written in deliberate but faulty Arabic language.  \nThe following Arabic inscriptions are recorded on the coin in *naskhi* script:  \nObverse  \nMiddle – the phrase “God is one” is written, although the Arabic word for God (Ilah) is misspelled.  \nInner Ring – “The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit”  \nOuter Ring – “Minted in Acre in the year one thousand two hundred and fifty one, our Lord became incarnate.” This phrase is followed by a cross flanked by two dots.  \nReverse  \nMiddle – In the middle of a circle is a cross with dots in opposite quadrants; the upper left and lower right.  \nInner Circle – There is a small cross flanked by a pair of dots on each side, located in proximity to the cross in the middle circle. The inscription reads, “Our resurrection, our salvation is in Him, protect us”.  \nOuter Circle – On the perimeter is an unclear form of a cross with one dot on each side, then the phrase “We are proud of the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, in Him is our peace”.  \nNote that a number of the words are misspelled and the text has numerous linguistic errors, which makes it difficult to read.","short_description":"This gold coin, known as a *dinar*, was minted by the Crusader settlers in Acre. To maintain economic viability the Crusaders minted coins in the Islamic numismatic style, following the Fatimid prototype of Arabic inscriptions arranged in three concentric circles, with the addition of a central cross.","type":"Dinar, gold","holder":"National Museum of Damascus","dates":"Hegira 649 / AD 1251.","location":"Damascus","dimensions":"Diameter 2.3 cm, weight 3.17 g.","method_for_datation":"The inscription on the face of the coin specifies the date (1251).","method_for_provenance":"The inscription on the face of the coin specifies that it was minted in Acre.","provenance":"Acre, Palestine.","obtention":"Purchased in 1948.","bibliography":"Delpont, E. (ed), *L'Orient de Saladin: l'art des Ayyoubides*, Paris, 2001, p.105; fig. 84.","author":"Mona al-Moadin","translator":"Hilary Kalmbach (from the Arabic)","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Acre","Christ","Coin","Coinage","Crusader","Dinar","Fatimids","gold","Louis IX","Minted","numismatics"],"materials":["Minted gold."]},"d4bd63d5-45fe-58a2-9476-795fe33754f5":{"name":"Copper coin (*fils*).","description":"A copper coin (*fils*) of the standing caliph type from the transitional period (AH 74–7/8 / AD 694–8) that preceded Abd al-Malik's coinage reform of AH 77 / AD 696, and which saw the removal of images, and the issue of a pure Islamic type distinguished by the formula of the faith, the Shahada, and a purely epigraphic style that incorporated Qur'anic verses.  \n  \nOn the obverse is the figure of a standing caliph, he wears a long robe with his right hand on his sword; his head is covered with an Arabic headdress. The marginal legend begins from the top going clockwise, spelling the title and name of the Caliph ‘Abdallah ‘Abd al-Malik commander of the faithful written in simple *kufic* script.  \n  \nOn the reverse there is a transformed cross, distinguished by its simplified form and globular top, which sits on four steps with a star to the left and the name of the mint (Amman) on the right, which was one of the cities of Jund Demashq (one of the five military and administrative provinces established in the early Islamic period).  \n  \nThe marginal legend is written in inverted *kufic* script. It starts from the bottom, going clockwise spelling: 'La 'ilaha illa-Allah' ('There is one God; Muhammad is the messenger of God'), which is the second part of the Shahada, written in Arabic.","short_description":"Copper *fils* from the Amman Forum, of the ‘standing Caliph type’ from the transitional period that preceded ‘Abd al-Malik’s coinage reform in AH 77 / AD 696. The legend on the obverse is the title and name of ‘Abdallah ‘Abd al-Malik commander of the faithful. On the reverse is the mint name ‘Amman.","type":"Coin, metalwork","holder":"Jordan Archaeological Museum.","dates":"Hegira 74–8 / AD 694–8.","location":"Amman","dimensions":"Diameter 18 mm, weight 4.59 g.","method_for_datation":"This type of coin belongs to the transitional period (74–7/8 / 694–8) which preceded the coinage reform of Abd al-Malik in 77 / 696.","method_for_provenance":"The coin was recovered from an archaeological excavation in the Forum of Amman, and the name of the mint (Amman) is inscribed on the coin.","provenance":"Amman, Jordan.","obtention":"The coin was recovered during the course of an archaeological excavation carried out by the Department of Antiquities in Amman's Forum in three stages, between 1965–7.","bibliography":"الحديدي. عدنان، فلوس نحاسية اموية من عمان، حولية دائرة الاثار الاردنية، المجلد 20، 1975، ص 9-14، لوحة 7 و 8 رقم 11.  \n  \nالقسوس. نايف، نميات نحاسية اموية جديدة من مجموعة خاصة: متحف البنك الاهلي الاردني، عمان، 2004، ص 363، مسكوكة رقم 405.  \n  \nWalker, J., A Catalogue of the Arab-Byzantine and Post-Reform Umayyad Coins, London, 1956, Vol. II, p.29, cat. no. 96.","linkcatalogs":"IAM_JO_EN_001","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Coin","Coinage","Figurative representation","forum","kufic script","numismatics","Qur’an"],"materials":["cast","stroked copper."]},"d51234d9-acea-5958-8ec2-7b7f65e568cb":{"name":"*Dinar*.","description":"This coin, struck by Mulay Zaydan (r. AH 1012–37 / AD 1603–27) is an example of the Sa'did coining of the son of al-Mansur. It is off-centre and off-round, and bears four concentric circles, one of which is stippled.  \nThe centre of the reverse is inscribed with the name, titulature and Sharifian ancestry of the reigning prince: 'Prince of believers, son of the Imam Ahmad al-Mansur, Prince of the believers, the Sharif Hasani'. The circular inscription bears the name of the striking workshop (Marrakesh) and the date: 'Struck in the town of Marrakesh, may God protect it, in the year 1020 \\[AD 1612\\]'.  \nThe profession of faith appears in the centre of the obverse, running from top to bottom. In middle appear the initials (*alama*) and at the bottom ‘Abdallah al-Imam', the name of the prince who founded the dynasty. The circular inscription reproduces the end of Qur'anic verse 33 of Sura 33 ('The Factions'): 'God only wishes to take away from you the horror as people of His House and to purify you thoroughly'. The choice of the end of this verse, which from AH 992 / AD 1584 began to appear on coins, is another reminder of the Sharifian origin of the dynasty.  \nDespite the clumsiness of the strike, this coin is not free of decorative aspirations: the upstrokes of the cursive letters end in bevels and the texts are embellished with fleurons, small dots, stars and crescent moons scattered over its surface.  \nA new element appears on this coin: the initials or *alama*. This type of monogram with which Mulay Zaydan, like his father, signed official documents became the distinctive and hereditary mark of the dynasty. Consequently it was engraved on coins and cannon bronzes. Remarkable for its extent, these initials, also called *hamdala*, are reminiscent of the *tughra* used by the Persians and the Ottomans.","short_description":"Despite its clumsy minting, this coin has some decorative elements and an innovation: initials. Reminiscent of the *tughra* used by the Ottomans, this became a distinctive and hereditary mark of the dynasty, and was also engraved in cannons.","type":"Dinar, gold","holder":"Numismatic Museum of the Maghreb Bank.","initial_owner":"J.D. Brèthes.","dates":"Hegira 1020 / AD 1612.","location":"Rabat.","dimensions":"Diameter 2.6 cm, weight 4.53 g.","method_for_datation":"Inscription on the coin.","method_for_provenance":"Inscription on the coin.","obtention":"Purchased in 1987; part of the Brèthes collection. An enlightened numismatist, Brèthes lived in Morocco in the first half of the 20th century, and built up an important collection of coins found in Morocco from periods throughout its history, from Antiquity to 1940.","bibliography":"Brèthes, J. D., *Contribution à l'histoire du Maroc par les recherches numismatiques*, Casablanca, 1939.  \nCastries, H. de, “Les signes de validation des chérifs saadiens”, *Hespéris*, Rabat, 1921, I, fasc. 3, pp.231–52.","workshop":"Striking workshop in Marrakesh.","author":"Naima El Khatib-Boujibar","copy_editor":"Margot Cortez","translator":"Laurence Nunny","translation_copy_editor":"Monica Allen","keywords":["epigraphy","floral decoration","geometric decoration","numismatics","Religion","trade"],"materials":["Cast and struck gold."]},"d8485705-6651-5c21-827a-734aefe3094a":{"name":"Quarter of a piaster","description":"Quarter of a piaster. On obverse, in the middle within a circle of dots: \"al-husayn bin 'Ali\" (\"Al-Hussein bin Ali\"). Marginal legend: \"*amara bi-ta'amul 'abduhu wa-ibn 'abdihi / sana 8*\" (\"It is ordered to deal with, God’s Servant and son of God’s Servant, Year 8\"). On reverse, in the middle within a circle of dots: \"*duriba bi-makka al-mukarrama 1334*\" (\"Minted at Makka al-Mukarrama 1334\"). Marginal Legend: \"*al-hukuma al-'arabiyya al-hashimiyya qurush bi-dakhiki murabba\\`*\" (\"Arab Hashemite Government, one piaster and number 1 is a square\").","type":"Coin, currency","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1922","location":"Amman","provenance":"Mecca","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"de5960cd-4eb0-5c36-b22c-4aa0328a3cbc":{"name":"Giftcoin","short_description":"This unique silver presentation coin of the Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil (AD 847– 861) is of seminal importance. The only surviving example in the world, it is now in the Coin Collection of the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Following Sassanian coin typology, the obverse features an en face portrait of the caliph, the reverse a standing man holding a dromedary. The inscription reads: \"In the name of God, Muhammad is his messenger, al-Mutawakkil bi-Allah\", and on the reverse: \"In the year \\[AH\\] 241 \\[AD 855/6\\] al-Mu\\`tazz bi-Allah\".  \nSuch commemorating coins were distributed among the populace on special occasions. We know that al-Mutawakkil had five million silver coins minted to distribute like rose petals among the assembled guests. This coin may also have been devised as a commemorative coin as its reverse commemorated the submission of the camel-riding Biğāh from the Sudan.","type":"Coin","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum","dates":"Hegira 3rd century / AD 9th century","location":"Vienna","dimensions":"4.35g, 30mm","method_for_datation":"Dating on coin: Year 241 Hegira = AD 855","method_for_provenance":"Documented in the inventory of museum records","provenance":"Iraq?","bibliography":"Haag, Sabine (ed), *Meisterwerke des Münzkabinetts, Kurzführer durch das Kunsthistorische Museum*, Band 10, Wien/Mailand: Kunsthistorisches Museum, 2009: Nr. 27b.","author":"M. Alram","copy_editor":"Liz Cooper","keywords":["Abbasid coinage","Abbasids","al Mutawakkil","al-Mu`tazz bi-Allah","al-Mutawakkil bi-Allah","Coin","Coinage","commemorative coins","Figurative representation","Gift coin","mint","numismatics","Sassanian coinage"],"materials":["Silver"]},"de79e1c8-f7fb-5e5c-8cba-6385718388c1":{"name":"One Su‘udi Riyal","type":"Coin","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage Collection","owner":"Khalili Collections","dates":"1348 AH (1929–30 AD)","location":"London","dimensions":"Diameter 37mm","place_of_production":"struck at Makkah","provenance":"Saudi Arabia","catalogue_holding_link":"https://khalilicollections.org/collections/hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage/khalili-collection-hajj-and-the-arts-of-pilgrimage-one-suudi-riyal-ar2629/","keywords":["Coinage","Currency","mint"],"materials":["Minted coin"]},"df86393e-c508-5ae4-9acc-14d37c1a879f":{"name":"Coin (*dinar*).","description":"A gold coin worth a *dinar*. Inscriptions in *kufic* script appear on the obverse and on the reverse. The centre, obverse, holds a five-line inscription that reads: 'To God / Muhammad / Prophet / of God / Sanctioned by God'. The margin, obverse, bears a circular inscription that reads: 'Muhammad, the Prophet of God. It is he who has sent his messenger with guidance and the religion of truth to prevail it over all religion even though it is hated by the pagans'. On the reverse, the coin bears at its centre four lines of inscription that reads: 'There is no God except / the One God / Who has no Partners / Authorised by God'. On the outer margin, reverse, there is a circular Qur'anic inscription (Chapter 30, 'Romans', verses 4 and 5): 'With Allah is the Decision in the Past and in the Future. On that day will the Believers rejoice with the help of God'. Along the interior margin, reverse, a circular inscription states: 'In the name of God this coin was struck in Egypt the year 268 AH' (AD 881).  \nWhen Ahmad ibn Tulun ruled as Governor of Egypt (r. AH 254–70 / AD 868–84), he aimed toward the unity of the Islamic provinces, and in AH 266 / AD 880 was able to establish a large Islamic State. Due to the fact that numismatics was the most important insignia of authority and dominion, he undertook the enterprise of minting coinage in his name in order to affirm his power over the State. The Abbasid coinage, which was struck in the name of the Abbasid caliphs, was in circulation in Egypt at the time of the establishment of the Tulunid state. This type of coinage continued in use in the period of Ibn Tulun where Arabic inscriptions and the name of the contemporary Abbasid caliph appeared on the reverse of the coin. In view of the fact that Ibn Tulun did not contest the legitimacy of the Abbasid caliphate, the name of Ahmad ibn Tulun was included under the name of the Abbasid caliph.  \nIbn Tulun was instrumental in purifying gold and raising the standard measure of the Ahmadi *dinar* to the point where it was accepted as the basis of transactions to the exclusion of all other currencies. Likewise, the Ahmadi *dinar* continued to be the model that other currencies followed. No alterations occurred subsequently in later caliphates to its standard measure or its inscriptions except for the substitution of the names of the contemporary Abbasid caliph and Tulunid ruler.","short_description":"Coin minting as a sign of power and sovereignty was practised under the Muslim caliphs and sultans, who put their names on the coins. This piece bears the name of the Abbasid caliph and under it we find the name of Ahmad ibn Tulun, the ruler of Egypt.","type":"Coin, dinar, gold","holder":"Museum of Islamic Art","dates":"Hegira 3rd century / AD 9th century.","location":"Cairo","dimensions":"Diameter 1.2 cm, weight 3.45 g.","method_for_datation":"The coin has a date engraved on the reverse: 'In the name of God this coin was struck in Egypt the year 268' (881).","method_for_provenance":"Egypt has been narrowed down as the city where the coin was minted in view of the fact that Egypt is named as the place where the coin was struck.","provenance":"Egypt.","obtention":"The coin was bought in 1961 from an antiquities dealer in Alexandria, Bouy Obeer.","bibliography":"Fahmi, Abd al-Rahman, *Al-Nukud al-Arabiya: Madiha wa Hadiruha \\[Arab Currency: Its Past and Present\\],* Cairo, 1964.  \nFahmi, Abd al-Rahman, *Fajr al-Saka al-Arabiya: Mawsua' al-Nukud al-Arabiya wa 'ilm al-Numiyat \\[The Beginnings of Arabic Minting: An Encyclopaedia of Arabic Currency and the Science of Numismatics\\],* Cairo, 1965.  \nAl-Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din Abi al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Ali (d. 845 / 1442), *Al-mawā'iz wa'l-i'tibār bi-dhikr al-khiţaţ wa'l-āthār \\[Exhortations and Contemplation of the Recollection of Plans and Monuments\\],* Vol. 3*,* Cairo, Egypt, 1853.  \nMarzuq, Muhammad Abd al-Aziz, *Al-Funun al-Zukhrufiya al-Islamiya fi Masr qabl 'asr al-Fatimiyyin \\[Islamic Decorative Arts in Egypt before the Fatimids\\],* Cairo, 1974.  \nYasin, Abd al-Nasir, *Al-Funun al-Zukhrufiya al-Islamiya fi Masr mundu al-Fath al-'Arabi hatta nihayat al-'Asr al-Fatimi – Dirasa Athariya lil Ta'thirat al-Faniya al-Wafida \\[Islamic Decorative Arts in Egypt from the Islamic Conquest until the End of the Fatimid Period – An Archaeological Study on Outside Artistic Influences\\],* Alexandria, 2002.","author":"Al-Sayyed Muhammad Khalifa Hammad","copy_editor":"Majd Musa","translator":"Amal Sachedina (from the Arabic).","translation_copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","keywords":["Coin","Coinage","Currency","Dinar","gold","kufic script","numismatics"],"materials":["Gold cast in a mould."]},"e15b363b-7e55-5b65-9aa0-eba13a995967":{"name":"Hamidiye Hijaz Railway Medal","description":"Obverse: Within a wreath, the inscription El Gazi and the imperial tughra; below, a depiction of a locomotive.  \nReverse: Inscribed “Souvenir of the official opening of the Maʿan section of the Hamidiye Hejaz Railway, 1322 AH.","type":"Medal","holder":"İstanbul Archaeological Museums","dates":"AH 1322 / AD 1905","location":"Istanbul","dimensions":"Diameter: 5,1 cm; weight: 141,47 g","materials":["Gold"]},"e2ed7029-baf0-5a6c-b94c-553bba5ed68d":{"name":"Medal commemorating the opening of the Suez Canal","description":"This silver medal designed by O. Roty was struck in 1869, to mark the opening of the Suez Canal, which was built to connect the Mediterranean directly to the Red Sea. On the obverse of the medal is depicted a seated female figure holding the light of Progress in front of the standing figure of Industry. Beyond there is a sketched route of the Suez Canal. In the centre and on the margin of the reverse there are two inscriptions: “Le 17 novembre 1869 le canale maritime a été ouvert à la grande navigation” (On the 17th November 1869 the maritime canal was opened for heavy navigation) and “Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez” (Universal Company of the Suez Maritime Canal). On the coin’s rim is inscribed “L’epargne française prepare la paix du monde” (The French thrift prepares the world peace).","type":"Medal","holder":"National Museum of Romanian History","dates":"1869","location":"Bucharest"},"e3bfc26f-8bee-5688-a4c2-f5a33020ddd2":{"name":"Maria Theresa Dollar","description":"This large silver coin is known as the Maria Theresia Dollar. It shows a portrait of the Austrian Empress Maria Theresia on the obverse and the Imperial double-headed eagle of the Habsburgs on the reverse. Originally minted in 1741, the Austrian Maria Theresia dollar became extremely important for Levant trade and was eventually  declared official trade coinage in 1857, one year before it ceased as currency in Austria itself. In the Arab peninsula, and especially in the lower Gulf and Oman, it remained the favoured currency until 1920, highly regarded for its high silver content. Those involved in the pearling trade, including captains of the pearling ships plying the Gulf, preferred to receive their money in Maria Theresia Dollars.","type":"Silver coin; money","holder":"Sharjah Heritage Museum/ Sharjah Museums Department","dates":"Hegira 13th century / AD 19th century","location":"Sharjah","provenance":"Austria","author":"Ulrike Al-Khamis"},"e41aaf26-c6bd-574f-9c43-894434363d66":{"name":"Order of the lion and the Sun, presented to Sir John Kinneir MacDonald, the East India Company’s envoy to Iran (1824–30)","short_description":"In 1807, under European influence and modelled on the Légion d’Honneur, Fath ‘Ali Shah instituted The Order of the Sun, which he awarded to the French ambassador General Claude Mathieu Gardane. In 1809 the British envoy Sir Harford Jones refused to be awarded with the same insignia because of the hostilities with the French. As a consequence, in 1810, Fath ‘Ali Shah modified the Order of the Sun and created the new Order of the Lion and Sun, which was presented to John Malcolm, the envoy of the East India Company. The Khalili Order of the Lion and Sun was awarded by Fath ‘Ali Shah to Sir John Kinneir MacDonald (1782–1830), the East India Company’s envoy to Iran from 1824 to 1830, for his commitment in arranging a peace treaty with Russia. The insignia consists of a plaque, a collar and a star.  \nThe plaque, which is decorated with a crouching lion-and-sun, bears the signature of Muhammad Ja‘far, a leading artist in painted enamels at the Qajar court, and the date AH 1242 (AD 1826–7). The collar consists of a double chain with eight enamelled plaques, eight small rosettes, the ‘Kayanid’ crown and a pendant. The star is decorated with an enamelled circular panel with the lion-and-sun and surrounded by a large number of facet-cut diamonds, emeralds and spinels.","type":"Badge, collar and star; gold, enamel; precious gems","holder":"Khalili Family Trust – Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art","dates":"Dated Hejira 1242 / AD 1826–7","location":"London","dimensions":"Badge: 8 x 9cm; collar: 35.6 x 25.4cm; star: 15.2 x 12.5cm","method_for_datation":"Date and provenance are based on the signature and date on one of the pieces, as well as historical records.","provenance":"Iran, Tehran","bibliography":"Piotrovsky, M.B., and J.M. Rogers (eds), *Heaven on earth. Art from Islamic Lands*, exhibition catalogue, Munich: Prestel, 2004: no.128. p.178.  \nRogers, J.M., *The Arts of Islam. Masterpieces from the Khalili Collection*, London: Thames & Hudson, 2010: no.459. pp.378–9.  \nVernoit, S., *Occidentalism*, London: The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, volume 23, 1997: cat.56, p.102.","keywords":["crown","Enamel","gold","Iran","jewellery","lion","lion-and-sun","precious gems","Qajar"],"materials":["Gold","precious stones","translucent and opaque enamels"]},"e6cf18df-e25d-5b11-980d-12274cacd23c":{"name":"Syrian Kingdom dinar","description":"In March 8, 1920 the general Syrian congress met in Damascus and declared Syria and Palestine independent, with Faisal as king of the Arab Kingdom of Syria and Palestine. On that occasion a gold dinar was struck. In obverse field is “Faisal al-Awwal” written in Divan Jali script, surrounded by a wreath, on top seven pointed stars and the date 1338 (AH) below, all are within a circle of dots. On the reverse, a seven-pointed star and a shield surmounted by a crown and leaning on a wreath, with the date 1920 below. The marginal legend has the word \"dinar\" on the right, \"*al-mamlaka*\" on the top and \"*al-suriya*\" on the left, all are within a circle of dots. It is considered a rare coin.","type":"Coin, currency","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1920","location":"Amman","provenance":"Damascus","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"ea68ca74-8e7f-519d-98cf-82fb84aa3d58":{"name":"Medal to commemorate the inauguration of Ma'an station","description":"A nickel medal issued in AH 1322 / AD 1904 to commemorate the inauguration of Ma'an station along the route of the Hijaz Railway. On the obverse is the *tuğra* of Sultan ‘Abd al-Hamid II with the inscription “al-Ghazi” and the image of a locomotive. On the reverse is the date (AH) 1322.","type":"Honorary medal","holder":"Numismatic Museum (Ahli Bank)","dates":"1904","location":"Amman","provenance":"Turkey, Istanbul","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"f055e40d-1750-5d91-b228-ce1475837c25":{"name":"Theresian thaler","description":"The Maria Theresian Thaler, a large silver coin originally created by Queen (Empress) Maria Theresia, minted in Austria until 1890. It was used in the Arabic Peninsula as a means of payment. This coin was countersigned at the Arabian mint of Ras Bab el Mandeb in 1890.","type":"Coin","holder":"Kunsthistorisches Museum, Coin Cabinet","dates":"1780","location":"Vienna","copy_editor":"Daniel de la Vega"},"f8e91c25-98ab-5b7c-8cb2-16ce5beb2795":{"name":"25 Syrian Piastres","description":"This 25 piastres bank note was printed by Bradbury Wilkinson and Co (BWC) without a watermark.","type":"Banknote; money","holder":"Bank Audi","dates":"1 August 1919","location":"Beirut","provenance":"Lebanon","author":"Jeff El-Msanne","copy_editor":"Flaminia Baldwin"},"feb05415-c114-5cb2-91ec-a718e42d10ce":{"name":"*Dirham*.","description":"This silver *dirham*, issued under the reign of Idris II, ruler of the country from AH 188 to AH 213 (AD 803–28), is a prototype of Idrisid coinage struck using models of Abbasid coins with the name 'Ali' (Ibn Abi Talib), son-in-law of the Prophet and ancestor of the Idrisids, added to the name of the reigning prince. This round coin is marked exclusively with archaic *kufic* script in the centre and around the rim. The profession of faith is proclaimed and the name of Ali is added in the centre of the obverse side, which is surrounded by two circles the second of which is decorated on the outside with five double rings. On the edge, an inscription reads 'There is no god but Allah alone, who has no equal, Ali', which is surrounded by another inscription stating, after the *bismala* (consecration formula), the location of the workshop and the date of issue: 'In the name of God, this *dirham* was issued at Watit, in the year 202' (AD 818).  \nOn the reverse, in the centre, the name of the reigning prince 'Idris' (for Idris II) appears, as does the prophetic mission 'Mohammad God's prophet' again with the name of Ali. The ninth verse from the Qur'an Sura 61, *Assaf* (The ranks), appears on the rim between two circles, in beautiful *kufic* script: 'He it is who sent His Apostle with guidance and the religion of truth to set it above all religion; averse although the idolaters may be'.","short_description":"This silver *dirham* is the prototype for Idrisid coins. It was minted using an Abbasid model with the name 'Ali, son-in-law of the Prophet and ancestor of the Idrisids, added to that of the reigning prince.","type":"Dirham, silver","holder":"Numismatic Museum of the al-Maghreb Bank.","initial_owner":"J.D. Brèthes.","dates":"Hegira 202 / AD 818.","location":"Rabat","dimensions":"Diameter 22 mm, weight 2.2 g.","method_for_datation":"The date is shown in the circular part of the obverse of the coin.","method_for_provenance":"The place of minting is shown on the coin.","provenance":"Morocco.","obtention":"This coin was bought along with the entire Brèthes collection. An enlightened numismatist, Brèthes lived in Morocco in the first half of the 20th century, and built up an important collection of coins found in Morocco from periods throughout its history, from Antiquity to 1940.","bibliography":"Brèthes, J. D., *Contribution à l'histoire du Maroc par les recherches numismatiques*, Casablanca, 1939.  \nEustache, D., *Corpus des dirhams idrissides et contemporains, collection de la Banque du Maroc*, Rabat, 1970–1.  \nEustache, D., “Les ateliers monétaires au Maroc”, *Hespéris*, 1970, pp.95–102.","workshop":"Workshop, Watit, Morocco.","linkcatalogs":"IAM_MA_EN_001","author":"Naima El Khatib-Boujibar","copy_editor":"Margot Cortez","translator":"Laurence Nunny","translation_copy_editor":"Monica Allen","keywords":["Coin","Coinage","numismatics","religious epigraphy","trade"],"materials":["Cast and struck silver."]}}

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+{"01db1c07-82e0-567a-891f-8a16068181cd":{"name":"Moneda (dirham)","description":"Tras conquistar Siria e Irán, los musulmanes estimaron oportuno adoptar los sistemas administrativo y monetario de dichos países. Por eso, en un principio, imitaron las monedas de oro bizantinas y las monedas de plata sasánidas. La moneda árabe-sasánida, llamada *pehlevi* ('persa medio'), se distingue porque contiene leyendas en árabe, el retrato del rey sasánida en el anverso y, en el reverso, el altar de fuego de Zoroastro flanqueado por dos sacerdotes.  \nEsta moneda en concreto, acuñada por Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. 65-86 / 685-707), es una imitación de un dirham sasánida.  \nEl anverso presenta el busto del rey sasánida Yazdgard III, un rey barbado y de cabellos rizados recogidos hacia atrás. El rey mira a la derecha y lleva una diadema adornada con dos filas de perlas, coronada con una cresta formada por dos alas extendidas. Se lee el nombre del califa Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, así como una invocación en *pehlevi*: “AFZUT/GDH” ('Que su reinado prospere'). También aparece en el borde la leyenda “en el nombre de Allah” en árabe.  \nEn el centro del reverso está representado el altar de fuego sasánida. Está al final de tres escalones y tiene un sacerdote (*mobedh*) a cada lado, de pie y de frente. Abajo, a la derecha, se lee una inscripción en *pehlevi*: “DA” (Darabjird). En la parte inferior izquierda, también en *pehlevi*, se lee la fecha “shest”, que es el año 60 del calendario de Yazdayird.","short_description":"Dirham de plata de tipo árabe-sasánida que presenta en el anverso el busto del rey sasánida Yazdgard III, el nombre de Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r. 65-86/685-707) y la leyenda árabe “en el nombre de Alá”. En el reverso se ven la ceca (Darabjird) y la fecha (año 60 del calendario Yazdgard).","holder":"Museo Numismático del Banco Nacional de Jordania","dates":"72 de la Hégira / 692 d. C.","location":"Ammán","dimensions":"Diámetro 31 mm; peso 4,1 g.","method_for_datation":"En la parte inferior izquierda del reverso de la moneda aparece la fecha “shest” (en *pehlevi*), que es el año 60 del calendario Yazdgard (72 / 692). Este calendario fue creado en 632 d. C. por el rey Yazdgard III y continuó usándose hasta después de su muerte, en 651 d. C. Los musulmanes lo emplearon para poner las fechas en las monedas de imitación sasánida.","method_for_provenance":"En el reverso de la moneda se indica su lugar de acuñación: Darabjird (antigua Faris, Irán).","provenance":"Irán","obtention":"La moneda se compró a un anticuario en 1998.","bibliography":"العش.محمد، النقود العربية الإسلامية المحفوظة في متحف قطر الوطني, الدوحة, 1984, المجلد الأول ص 61, رقم 21, اللوحة الثانية رقم 21.  \nGoussous, N., *Umayyad Coinage of Bilad al-Sham*, Ammán, 1996, p. 37, objeto n.º 14.  \nWalker, J. A., *A Catalogue of the Arab-Sassanian Coins*, Londres, 1941, p. 28, n.º C3, lámina XXX1.7.","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","translator":"Yaiza Martínez","translation_copy_editor":"Lucía Rodríguez Corral","keywords":["calendario Yazdgard","califa","dirham","moneda","moneda de oro","numismática","sasánidas"],"materials":["Plata acuñada."]},"0ee82313-3b00-5065-9b57-8b032c634961":{"name":"Moneda de oro (dinar)","description":"Dinar del quinto califa fatimí, al-Aziz (r. 365-386 / 975-996), acuñada en Mahdia (Túnez) en 380 / 990. Presenta una inscripción en letra cúfica.  \nAnverso: centro: punto en relieve dentro de dos círculos concéntricos; primer círculo: “No hay más Dios que el único Dios y Muhammad es su mensajero. Ali es el mejor fruto de Dios”; segundo círculo: “Muhammad, el mensajero de Dios, ha sido enviado provisto de la dirección y de la verdadera religión para proclamarla sobre todas las religiones, a pesar de la objeción de los idólatras”.  \nReverso: centro: punto en relieve dentro de dos círculos concéntricos; primer círculo: “Abd Allah y aquel que lo apoya, el imam Al-Aziz Billah, comandante de los fieles”; segundo círculo: “En el nombre de Dios, este dinar se acuñó en Mahdia en el año 380 (990 d. C.)”.","short_description":"Dinar de oro encontrado en Ayla (Aqaba). En el reverso aparecen el nombre del quinto califa fatimí al-Aziz (r. 365-386 / 975-996), el lugar de acuñación (Mahdia, Túnez) y la fecha (380 / 990). En el anverso se menciona al profeta Muhammad. La leyenda está escrita en letra cúfica.","holder":"Museo Arqueológico de Aqaba","dates":"380 de la Hégira / 990 d. C.","location":"Aqaba","dimensions":"Diámetro 18 mm; peso 4 g.","method_for_datation":"En la moneda está grabada la fecha de acuñación, el año 380 (990 d. C.).","method_for_provenance":"El lugar de la acuñación figura en la moneda.","provenance":"Mahdia (Túnez)","obtention":"Moneda obtenida en una excavación arqueológica llevada a cabo en el emplazamiento de la histórica Ayla (Aqaba) en 1993-94.","bibliography":"Objeto inédito, para monedas similares véase:  \nPool, R. S., *The Coinage of Egypt: (AH 358–922) under the Fatimee Caliphs, the Ayyobees and the Mamlook Sultan*, clases XIV, XV y XVI, Londres, 1879, p. 17 (año 384 de la Hégira).  \nالعجابي. حامد، \"جامع المسكوكات العربية بإفريقية\", تونس،1988، ص 228، قطعة رقم 296، اللوحه 28.  \nداود. مايسه، \"المسكوكات الفاطمية بمجموعة متحف الفن الإسلامي بالقاهرة\"، دار الفكر العربي، القاهرة، ص 53-55.","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","translator":"Yaiza Martínez","translation_copy_editor":"Lucía Rodríguez Corral","keywords":["al-Mahdiyya","escritura cúfica","moneda","numismática"],"materials":["Oro acuñado."]},"3a0d9391-5934-5a05-a66d-5b570463ddec":{"name":"Moneda.","description":"Dinar de oro islámico del Emir almorávide Ali Rin Yusuf (que reinó en 500–37/ 1106–43). La inscripción del centro del anverso incluye varias citas del Corán y el nombre del gobernante: “No existe más deidad que Dios (XLVII, 19). No tiene igual (VI, 163). Mahoma es su apóstol (XLVIII, 29). Comandante de los musulmanes, Ali bin Yusuf.” La leyenda circular central también es una cita coránica: “Aquel que elija otra religión que no sea el Islam no será aceptado y en el futuro, estará entre los perdedores (III, 85)”.  \nLa leyenda circular del reverse de la moneda recoge la fecha y el lugar donde fue acuñada: “¡En el nombre de Dios! Esta moneda fue acuñada en Ishbiliya en el año quinientos dieciséis.” La inscripción central del reverso se refiere al califa abasí de Bagdad, al-Mustarshid (que reinó entre el 512–29/ 1118–35) y a quién denomina “Imán Abdallah”.","short_description":"Dinar de oro islámico del emir almorávide ‘Ali bin Yusuf. Las inscripciones incluyen inscripciones coránicas y el nombre del emir. La leyenda del centro del reverso de la moneda indica el lugar y la fecha donde se acuñó esta moneda en Ishbiliya en el año 516/ 1123.","holder":"Gabinete Real de la Moneda.","dates":"Año 516 de la Hégira / 1123 d.C.","location":"Estocolmo","dimensions":"Diámetro 2.5 cm., peso 4 g.","method_for_datation":"Datada en el reverso.","method_for_provenance":"La inscripción del reverso incluye el nombre del lugar donde fue acuñada, Ishbiliya, Sevilla.","provenance":"Sevilla (Ishbiliya), España.","obtention":"Formaba parte del tesoro encontrado en Gotland, en la parroquia de Visby, Suecia, depositado en este museo en 1844.","bibliography":"Brisholm, K., “An Archival Study on Medieval Islamic Coinage”, *Nordisk Numismatisk Unions Medlemsblad* 9, 1986, 209–17.  \nHazard, H. W., *The Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa*, Numismatic Studies 8, American Numismatic Society, Nueva York, 1952.  \nTornberg, C. J., *Numi Cufici*, Uppsala, 1848.","author":"Friederike Voigt (all information provided by the Royal Coin Cabinet).","translator":"Lucía Arias","translation_copy_editor":"Jackeline Herrera Merlos Kott","keywords":["comercio","moneda"],"materials":["Oro acuñado."]},"423ba8e5-2a5f-5713-a133-86900cda8eda":{"name":"Dinar.","description":"Moneda de oro o dinar con tres líneas horizontales de caligrafía una circular que las rodea en cada. Las inscripciones, en letra cúfica, no mencionan el nombre del califa ni la ceca de acuñación, pero sí indica la fecha y reproduce la *shahada* o profesión de fe islámica.  \nLa moneda es importante porque forma parte del primer grupo de monedas acuñadas por el califa omeya Abd al-Malik (65-87 / 685-706) tras su reforma monetaria en el año 76 / 696. Hasta ese momento, las monedas incluían representaciones figurativas, como los modelos bizantinos en que se inspiraban; a partir de entonces, la figuración será sustituida por inscripciones, tomadas generalmente del Corán. Junto con los cambios en el diseño, se modificaron también los patrones de peso: de los 4,55 g de las monedas bizantinas se pasó a los 4,25 g, medida conocida como *mizqal*.  \nCasi sin excepción, las monedas siguieron acuñándose sin figuración hasta el siglo VII / XIII. La prohibición de figuras humanas o animales afectaba también a los edificios religiosos omeyas, como demuestran los mosaicos con representaciones de edificios y árboles que decoran la Mezquita Omeya de Damasco (87 / 706).","short_description":"Dinar perteneciente a la primera emisión del califa omeya Abd al-Malik tras su reforma monetaria del año 76 / 696. Las nuevas monedas carecían de decoración figurativa, únicamente se decoraban con caligrafía. El texto solía incluir palabras del Corán y el nombre del gobernante.","holder":"Museo Británico.","dates":"Año 77 de la Hégira  / 696-97 d. C.","location":"Londres.","dimensions":"Diámetro 1,9 cm.","method_for_datation":"La moneda lleva inscrita la fecha.","method_for_provenance":"Acuñada probablemente en Damasco, centro político de la dinastía omeya.","provenance":"Damasco (Siria).","obtention":"Donada por E. T. Rogers en 1874.","bibliography":"Album, S., *A Checklist of Islamic Coins*, 2ª ed., Santa Rosa, 1998, pp. 20–21.  \nBroome, M., *A Handbook of Islamic Coins*, London, 1985, cap. 1.  \nWalker, J., *A Catalogue of the Muhammadan Coins in the British Museum*, Vol. II: Arab-Byzantine and Post-Reform Umaiyad Coins, Londres, 1956, pp. 84ss.  \nWilliams J. M. (ed.), *Money: A History*, Londres, 1997, p. 90, fig. 135.","author":"Emily Shovelton","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","translator":"Lucía Arias","translation_copy_editor":"Miguel Garcia","keywords":["caligrafía","moneda","numismática"],"materials":["Oro."]},"49f2b6a3-b42a-59a2-b31f-cd0aa20c6df8":{"name":"Dinar.","description":"Esta pieza circular, con escritura en relieve en estilo cúfico aglabí simple, presenta una línea de base circular en el contorno y horizontal en el centro. Un círculo estriado enmarca el texto.  \nAnverso: “En nombre de Allah. Este dinar fue acuñado en el año 192. Muhammad es el enviado de Allah. Galaba”.  \nReverso: “Es Él quien envió a su mensajero con el buen camino y la religión verdadera, para que triunfe sobre las demás religiones. No existe más dios que Allah el Único. No tiene semejante”.  \nEste dinar nombra al emir en el poder y acuña el emblema del emirato, la palabra *galaba*, que perdurará en las monedas aglabíes hasta la llegada de los fatimíes. Por ello, a pesar de mantener las características típicas de las monedas abbasíes, esta pieza evidencia la autonomía de la nueva dinastía. La moneda acuñada por los aglabíes se convirtió en un referente en los intercambios comerciales de la cuenca mediterránea. La técnica más usual para el grabado de moneda era el clavado o hundimiento; el entallado probablemente sólo se utilizó en monedas que requerían una mayor delicadeza para el dibujo de los motivos.","short_description":"A pesar de poseer las características típicas de las monedas abbasíes, este dinar difiere por contener el emblema del emirato y el nombre del emir reinante. La moneda es circular. La escritura en relieve, en estilo cúfico, está enmarcada en un círculo estriado.","holder":"Museo de Arte Islámico","dates":"192 de la Hégira / 808 d. C.","location":"Raqqada, Kairuán","dimensions":"Diámetro 1,9 cm; peso 4,2 g.","method_for_datation":"En el texto de la inscripción se menciona el año 192 (808 d. C.).","method_for_provenance":"El texto alude a la naturaleza de la moneda (dinar), el año de acuñación y el lema del emirato aglabí (*galaba* o *galib*).","provenance":"Kairuán.","obtention":"Con ocasión de la inauguración del Museo de Arte Islámico de Raqqada, en 1986, se eligió esta pieza, entre otras, para crear una sala de monedas.","author":"Mourad Rammah","copy_editor":"Margot Cortez","translator":"Laura Tortosa Rey-Stolle","translation_copy_editor":"Rosalía Aller","keywords":["aglabí","economía","epigrafía","moneda","numismática"],"materials":["Oro grabado."]},"4a8d9ff0-728a-5330-bca2-3801640f6f98":{"name":"Dinar.","description":"Esta moneda circular lleva en sus caras las siguientes inscripciones en caracteres cúficos:  \nAnverso  \nEn la grafila: *Wa man yabtagi gayr al-islam dinan falan yuqbala minhu wa huwa fi al-ajirati min al-jasirin* (“Si alguien desea una religión diferente del Islam, ésta no se le aceptará, y en la otra vida estará entre los perdedores.” Corán, III, 85, trad. de J. Cortés).  \nEn el centro, el texto se distribuye en cinco líneas: *La illaha illa Allah / Muhammad rasul Allah / amir al-muslimin Ali ben / Yusuf walie ahdih / al-amir Tashfin* (“No hay más dios que Dios / Muhammad es el mensajero de Dios. / El emir de los musulmanes Ali ibn Yusuf, cuyo sucesor es el emir Tashfin”).  \nReverso:  \nEn la grafila: *Bism Allah doriba hadha al-dainar bil-maria sanat sabu wa thalathine wa khamsimiya* (“En el nombre de Dios, este dinar fue acuñado en Almería el año 537 \\[1142 d. C.\\]).  \nEn el centro, el texto se compone en cuatro líneas de la siguiente manera: *Al imam / abdu / allah / amir al-mu’minin* (“El imam Abdullah, príncipe de los creyentes”).  \nEsta moneda fue acuñada en Almería durante el gobierno de Ali ibn Yusuf (500-537 / 1106-1143). La existencia de talleres de acuñación de monedas fuera de la capital Marrakech, como en Granada, Sevilla, Valencia y Tlemcen, refleja el poder, la extensión y la riqueza de la dinastía de los almorávides. Generalmente, las monedas en oro de Ali ibn Yusuf se caracterizan por su pureza, que oscila entre el 76% y el 96%, y por la mención del título de *amir al-muslimin* (‘emir de los musulmanes’).*Señalemos que en el año 495 / 1101, Yusuf ibn Tachufin proclamó sucesor a su hijo Ali.*","short_description":"Esta moneda, un dinar, presenta en ambas caras inscripciones en caracteres cúficos; fue acuñada en Almería durante el gobierno del almorávide Ali ibn Yusuf. Estas monedas se caracterizan por la pureza del oro utilizado y la aparición del título de *amir al-muslimin*, ‘emir de los musulmanes’.","holder":"Museo Nacional de Antigüedades y Arte Islámico","dates":"537 de la Hégira / 1142 d. C.","location":"Argel","dimensions":"Diámetro 2,6 cm; peso 4 g.","method_for_datation":"El año consta en la moneda.","method_for_provenance":"La ciudad de Almería está indicada en la moneda.","provenance":"Almería (España).","obtention":"Adquirida en 1993.","bibliography":"Benguerba, S., *Al-maskukat al-magribiya min al-fath ila suqut dawlat Bani Hammad \\[La numismática magrebí desde la conquista musulmana hasta la caída del reino de los Banu Hammad\\]*, Argel, 1986.  \nDrias, L., Drias, Y., y Doubabi, H., *Yamia al-maskukat al-arabiya al-islamiya bil matahif al-yazairiya \\[Corpus de la numismática árabo-musulmana de los museos argelinos\\], vol. II, Argel, 2000.  \nHazard, H. W., *The Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa*, Nueva York, 1952.  \nLavoix, H., *Catalogue des monnaies musulmanes de la Bibliothèque nationale, Cabinet des médailles*, t. I, París, 1887.*","author":"Ali Benbella","copy_editor":"Margot Cortez","translator":"Sakina Missoum","translation_copy_editor":"Rosalía Aller","keywords":["Ali ibn Yusuf","Almería","cúfico","economía","moneda","numismática","oro","Yusuf ibn Tashfin"],"materials":["Oro acuñado."]},"541b09ae-62ac-5f8d-bf31-c3e32a645e1e":{"name":"Dinar (*solidus*).","description":"Este hermoso dinar de oro bien ejecutado se encuentra entre las primeras y más originales monedas omeyas. Emitido en la Ifriqiya de Sulayman, presenta las características en la acuñación introducidas por su padre, Abd al-Malik: institución del dinar como moneda oficial, eliminación de las representaciones iconográficas y empleo exclusivo de la epigrafía árabe.  \nSiguiendo la tradición de la época, en las partes más visibles de la moneda –el centro de cada cara– figuran, en caracteres cúficos arcaicos, las profesiones de fe islámica: *La ilaha illa allah* (No hay más dios que Dios) y *Muhammad Rasul Allah* (Mohamed es el Profeta de Dios).  \nNo obstante, contrariamente al uso en vigor, las leyendas circulares del anverso y del reverso están inscritas en caracteres latinos abreviados, como las monedas bizantinas de África: en el contorno del anverso se indica el valor monetario, *solidus* (dinar), el lugar de acuñación, *Feritus in Africa* (hecho en África) y el año hegiriano de emisión, *Anno XCVIII* (98).  \nLas leyendas circulares del reverso proclaman la unidad de Dios en latín: *In nomine Domini* (En nombre de Dios), *Non deus nisi solus Deus* (No hay más dios que el Dios único), *Non Deo Socius* (Dios no tiene semejante). De ello se deduce que, en este período, la provincia de Ifriqiya no estaba completamente arabizada ni islamizada, pues una parte de su población sólo hablaba latín.  \nEsta debió ser la razón que obligó a los dirigentes locales, o gobernadores designados por los omeyas, a acuñar dinares con inscripciones latino-árabes y a emplear un idioma diferente al árabe para divulgar la religión musulmana. Un instrumento comercial se convertía así en soporte del proselitismo religioso.","short_description":"En este dinar se aprecian las normas instauradas para las monedas musulmanas: eliminación de las representaciones iconográficas, inscripción en árabe de la profesión de fe, el latín se mantiene para indicar el valor monetario, la fecha y la unicidad de Dios. En este bilingüismo al servicio de la propaganda religiosa reside la originalidad de la pieza.","holder":"Museo Numismático del Banco de Marruecos.","dates":"98 de la Hégira/715-716 d. C.","location":"Rabat","dimensions":"Diámetro 1,2 cm; peso 4,28 g.","method_for_datation":"El año figura en cifras romanas en el contorno del anverso del dinar.","method_for_provenance":"La inscripción circular del anverso menciona el lugar de emisión de la moneda.","provenance":"Marruecos.","obtention":"Dinar comprado por el Bank al-Magrib (Banco de Marruecos), junto con el resto de monedas marroquíes de la colección Brèthes. Este ilustrado numismático, que residió en Marruecos durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, reunió una importante colección de monedas halladas en yacimientos arqueológicos de Marruecos y que reconstruyen toda su historia, desde la Antigüedad hasta 1940.","bibliography":"Brèthes, J.D., *Contribution à l’histoire du Maroc par les recherches numismatiques*, Casablanca, 1939.","author":"Naima El Khatib-Boujibar","copy_editor":"Margot Cortez","translator":"Laura Tortosa Rey-Stolle","translation_copy_editor":"Miguel Garcia","keywords":["caligrafía","comercio","moneda","numismática","religión"],"materials":["acuñado.","moldeado","Oro"]},"5702c937-55b7-5f65-adc4-2d6ddc8a7f83":{"name":"Moneda de oro (dinar).","description":"El dinar es uno de los tipos de moneda que manejaban los musulmanes. Era, por principio, de oro, y por tanto de mayor valor que el dirham, de plata, y el felús, de cobre. Su peso rondaba los cuatro gramos.  \nEsta moneda es un dinar ayyubí de tipo fatimí, es decir, que su inscripción está dispuesta en círculos concéntricos. Los primeros en usar este estilo fueron los fatimíes en el siglo IV / X; difiere mucho del estilo cúfico anterior, que presentaba el texto distribuido en una banda circular que corría paralela al borde y tres o cuatro líneas horizontales en el centro. La dinastía fatimí, que profesaba el shiísmo, decidió introducir este cambio radical en la acuñación en un intento de diferenciarse de los sunníes omeyas, abbasíes y de Asia central, que usaron el estilo cúfico antes que ellos. Hubo gobernantes posteriores, como Salah al-Din, que mantuvieron este diseño.  \nEsta moneda se atribuye al califato del abbasí al-Mustadi (r. 566-575 / 1170-1180), en concreto a la época del soberano ayyubí Saladino. Se acuñó en El Cairo en 574 / 1178. En las dos caras de la moneda se lee una inscripción en letra *nasji* cuya traducción es la siguiente:  \nAnverso  \n1.ª banda: “En el nombre de Dios, el misericordioso y compasivo, este dinar se acuñó en El Cairo en el año quinientos setenta y cuatro”.  \n2.ª banda: “No hay más Dios que Allah, que no tiene compañero. Abu Muhammad” (el califa abbasí al-Mustadi).  \n3.ª banda: “al-Mustadi bi-amr Allah, Comandante de los Fieles”.  \n4.ª banda: “al-Imam al-Hasan”.  \nReverso  \n1.ª banda: “Muhammad, el Mensajero de Dios, ha sido enviado provisto de la dirección y de la verdadera religión para proclamarla sobre todas las religiones”.  \n2.ª banda: “aunque los politeístas lo desprecien. Que Dios lo bendiga a él \\[el profeta Muhammad\\] y a su familia”.  \n3.ª banda: “al-Malik al-Nasir Alim”.  \n4.ª banda: “Yusuf ibn Ayyub”.","short_description":"Esta moneda de oro, un dinar, fue acuñada por los ayyubíes en El Cairo siguiendo el modelo fatimí, que presentaba inscripciones dispuestas en tres círculos concéntricos.","holder":"Museo Nacional de Damasco.","initial_owner":"Al-Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (Saladino, r. 569-589 / 1174-1193).","dates":"574 de la Hégira / 1178 d. C.","dimensions":"Diámetro 2 cm; peso 3,85 g.","method_for_datation":"En la inscripción de la moneda se indica que se acuñó en 574 (1178 d. C.).","method_for_provenance":"En la inscripción de la moneda se indica que se acuñó en El Cairo (Egipto).","provenance":"El Cairo (Egipto).","obtention":"Las fuerzas de seguridad confiscaron la moneda, que fue registrada en el museo en 1992.","bibliography":"Delpont, E. (ed.), *L’Orient de Saladin: l’art des Ayyoubides*, París, 2001, p. 36.","author":"Mona al-Moadin","copy_editor":"Zena Takieddine","translator":"Lucía Rodríguez Corral","translation_copy_editor":"Miguel Garcia","keywords":["califa al-Mustadi","Damasco","dinar","El Cairo","moneda","numismática","oro","Saladino"],"materials":["Oro acuñado."]},"5956a116-f2da-52fd-9a46-aa5a243e3598":{"name":"Moneda (dinar).","description":"Este dinar, acuñado en la ceca egipcia, puede datarse en la época del soberano al-Hakim bi-Amrillah (386-411 / 996-1021). La moneda presenta inscripciones en caracteres cúficos tanto en el anverso como en el reverso, dispuestas en cuatro renglones. En el anverso puede leerse: *Ali la ila illa Allah wahda-hu la sharik la-hu Muhammad rasul Allah wali Allah* (“No hay más Dios que Alá, el Único, no tiene igual. Muhammad es el Mensajero de Dios”); mientras que en el borde reza la inscripción: *Muhammad rasul Allah arsala-hu bi-l-huda wa al-haqq li-yuzhira-hu ala al-din kulli-hi wa la-hu kariha al-mushrikun* (“Mahoma es el Mensajero de Dios. Él es quien ha enviado a su Mensajero con la guía recta y la Religión Verdadera para que prevalezca sobre todas las religiones, incluso a pesar de los idólatras”).  \nEn el centro del reverso puede leerse: *Abd Allah wuliya al-Mansur Abu Ali al-imam al-Hakim bi-Amrillah amir al-mu’minin*, mientras que en el borde aparece la inscripción: *Bismillah duriba hada-l-l-dinar bi-Misr sana talat wa arba maya* (“Este dinar fue acuñado en el nombre de Dios en Egipto en el año tres y cuatrocientos \\[403\\]”).","short_description":"Este dinar –nombre derivado del *denarius* bizantino del que provenía este tipo de moneda– está adornado con inscripciones en caracteres cúficos. Se acuñó en época del califa al-Hakim (386-411 / 996-1021).","holder":"Museo de Civilizaciones | Museo de Arte Oriental “Giuseppe Tucci”","dates":"Año 403 de la Hégira / 1012 d. C.","location":"Roma","dimensions":"Diámetro 20 cm, peso 4,17 g.","method_for_datation":"Inscripción en el borde del anverso.","method_for_provenance":"Inscripción en el borde del reverso.","provenance":"Egipto.","obtention":"Adquisición.","bibliography":"Lane-Poole, S., *Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British Museum*, IV, Londres, 1879, 21, fig. 85.","author":"Paola Torre","copy_editor":"Pier Paolo Racioppi","translator":"Carmen Mata","translation_copy_editor":"Miguel Garcia","keywords":["al-Hakim","caligrafía","dinar","fatimíes","moneda","numismática"],"materials":["acuñación.","Oro"]},"603d37ce-f178-5cd4-9e44-f5656d6bd87a":{"name":"Moneda de diez dinares.","description":"Esta medalla de diez dinares de oro luce las características de las monedas de esta dinastía, algo inusual en el monedaje almohade. En efecto, tras la conquista de Marrakech, en 1146, Abd al-Mumin se afanó en acuñar una divisa diferente a la de sus predecesores. Introdujo la forma cuadrada, codificó los textos de las leyendas y su disposición, y modificó el estilo gráfico. Por ello, en el cuadrado del anverso de esta pieza, tras la *basmala* y las bendiciones para Él y sus discípulos, se lee la profesión de fe de la unidad de Dios y la misión profética de Muhammad. En los segmentos figura el nombre del príncipe que emitió la moneda, seguido del nombre de su padre.  \nDentro del cuadrado del reverso se proclama el imanato del *mahdi* (el enviado) delante del nombre de Abd al-Mumin Ibn Ali, el califa guía de los creyentes, primer monarca almohade. Aparecen también el nombre de los antecesores del soberano que ordenó la emisión junto con sus títulos: el califa, jefe de los creyentes, Abu Hafs al-Murtada (1248-1266), hijo de Ibn Ibrahim, nieto de Abu Yaqub, bisnieto de Abd al-Mumin. Como manda la tradición en este tipo de monedas, no se menciona la fecha. Conforme al nuevo código, los caracteres se escriben en cursiva con un trazado, nítido y sobrio, típico del arte almohade. En los cuadrados, las letras se engalanan con anillas; en los segmentos, los florones, zarcillos y palmetas lisas convierten este ejemplar en un objeto delicado y elegante. No sorprende pues que se haya soldado una anilla para transformarla en joya. Estas monedas de oro, denominadas *masmudia*, eran muy apreciadas en los reinos católicos de España por su peso y la pureza de su oro, tanto que se siguieron utilizando en los intercambios tras la caída de los almohades.","short_description":"Esta medalla de diez dinares de oro presenta las características de las monedas de la dinastía que introdujo en el monedaje la forma cuadrada y regló los textos y la ubicación de las leyendas, cambiando asimismo su estilo gráfico. Dada su originalidad y elegancia fue transformada en joya.","holder":"Museo Numismático del Banco de Marruecos.","dates":"646-665 de la Hégira/1248-1266 d. C.","location":"Rabat","dimensions":"Diámetro 65 mm., peso 49,4 g., grosor 1,5 mm","method_for_datation":"La inscripción da el nombre del soberano, al-Murtada: 646-665/1248-1269.","obtention":"Adquisición, colección Brèthes.","bibliography":"Brèthes, J. D., *Contribution à l’histoire du Maroc par les recherches numismatiques*, Casablanca, 1939.  \nTerrasse, H., *Histoire du Maroc*, t. I., Casablanca, 1950.","workshop":"Ceca de Marrakech.","author":"Naima El Khatib-Boujibar","copy_editor":"Margot Cortez","translator":"Laura Tortosa Rey-Stolle","translation_copy_editor":"Miguel Garcia","keywords":["comercio","decoración geométrica","decoración vegetal","epigrafía","moneda","numismática","religión"],"materials":["acuñado.","moldeado","Oro"]},"69654e77-fcb8-5e56-8ab2-fb9b8b39f35b":{"name":"Moneda de bronce (felús)","description":"Moneda omeya de bronce (felús) perteneciente al periodo que siguió a la reforma del sistema de acuñación llevada a cabo por Abd al-Malik en 77 / 696 y que se distingue por la declaración de fe (*shahadah*) y el estilo puramente epigráfico que incorpora versículos coránicos. Esta moneda se acuñó en Yerash, que formó parte del Yund al-Urdun (una de las cinco provincias militares y administrativas de principios del periodo islámico).  \nEn el anverso aparece la segunda parte de la *shahadah*, dentro de una serie de círculos concéntricos, escrita en caracteres cúficos que se leen de derecha a izquierda: “Sólo hay un Dios y Muhammad es su Profeta” (*La ilaha illa Allah*).  \nEn el reverso, dentro de un círculo de puntos, hay otra leyenda, también en letra cúfica, que reza: “Muhammad es el mensajero de Dios» (*Muhammad rasul Allah*).  \nLa leyenda del margen, situada entre dos círculos, dice: “En el nombre de Dios, este felús fue acuñado en Yerash” (*bism Allah duriba hada al-fils bi Yerash*).","short_description":"Felús de bronce con leyenda cúfica en el anverso: *La ilaha illa Allah* (“Sólo hay un Dios y Muhammad es su Profeta”). En el reverso se lee *Muhammad rasul Allah* (“Muhammad es el mensajero de Dios”) y *bism Allah duriba hada al-fils bi Yerash* (“En el nombre de Dios, este felús fue acuñado en Yerash”).","holder":"Museo Numismático del Banco Nacional de Jordania","dates":"Sin fecha. Alrededor del año 77 de la Hégira / 696-97 d. C.","location":"Ammán","dimensions":"Diámetro 22 mm; peso 3,5 g.","method_for_datation":"El nombre del lugar de acuñación (Yerash) solamente se indica en las monedas de bronce acuñadas durante el periodo islámico de los omeyas; esta práctica desaparece con el ocaso de la dinastía. Además, la moneda no presenta imágenes figurativas, sino inscripciones epigráficas, lo que significa que se acuñó después de las reformas administrativas llevadas a cabo por Abd al-Malik en 77 / 696-97.","method_for_provenance":"La procedencia de la moneda se indica en la inscripción, que menciona el lugar de acuñación (Yerash).","provenance":"Yerash (Jordania)","obtention":"El objeto se compró a un anticuario en 1998.","bibliography":"القسوس. نايف، نميات نحاسية أموية جديدة من مجموعة خاصة: متحف البنك الأهلي الأردني للنميات، عمان، 2004، ص.394.  \n  \nNaghawy, A., “Umayyad Filses Minted at Jerash”, *Jerash Archaeological Project 1984–1988*, Vol. II, París, 1989, pp. 219-220.","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","translator":"Yaiza Martínez","translation_copy_editor":"Lucía Rodríguez Corral","keywords":["Corán","escritura cúfica","foro","numismática","representación figurativa"],"materials":["Bronce acuñado."]},"7959f13a-40f0-5501-8335-12c91669bced":{"name":"Dirham","description":"Dirham de plata de 2,74 g de peso, acuñado en Sivas (Turquía) en nombre de Qilij Arslan IV (r. 646–654 / 1248–1257), mencionado en el anverso: “El grandísimo sultán Izz al-Dunya wa al-Din Qiliy Arslan hijo de Kayjusrau, compañero del comandante de los fieles”. La inscripción rodea la representación de un arquero a caballo, como en una moneda mongola del gran jan Ulush Beg (642–43 / 1244–45). Los selyuquíes pagaban un tributo anual a sus señores nominales, los mongoles. En el reverso de la moneda aparece inscrito el nombre del califa: al-Mustasim, el último califa abbasí de Bagdad. Este es un ejemplo inusual dentro de las monedas islámicas por la presencia de decoración figurativa.","short_description":"Dirham de plata con el nombre de Rukn al-Dunya wa al-Din, Qiliy Arslan IV, quien gobernó en la Anatolia selyuquí en los años 646-654  / 1248–1257. La representación de un arquero a caballo no es habitual y deriva de un modelo mongol.","holder":"Museo Británico","dates":"646-7 de la Hégira / 1248-9 d.C.","location":"Londres, Inglaterra","dimensions":"Diámetro 2,2 cm.","method_for_datation":"La moneda está fechada en 646-47 / 1248-49.","method_for_provenance":"Esta moneda se acuñó en Sivas, en la Anatolia central (Turquía).","provenance":"Sivas, Anatolia central (Turquía).","obtention":"Adquirida en 1853.","bibliography":"Lane-Poole, S., *Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British Museum*, I–X, Londres, 1875–1890 (n.º 1877, n.º de catálogo 216: una moneda del mismo cuño).  \nPorter, V., *Mightier than the Sword. Arabic Script: Beauty and Meaning*, catálogo de exposición, Australia, 2003 (p. 27, n.º 16n: una moneda del mismo cuño).  \nPorter, V., *Mightier than the Sword. Arabic Script: Beauty and Meaning*, catálogo de exposición, Malasia, 2004 (p. 112, n.º 38n: una moneda del mismo cuño).","author":"Emily Shovelton","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","translator":"Lucía Arias","translation_copy_editor":"Miguel Garcia","keywords":["equitación","moneda","numismática","tiro con arco"],"materials":["Plata."]},"a0dd981d-e256-57f4-ba5c-7f37591cb8b5":{"name":"Moneda (dirham).","description":"Esta moneda omeya acuñada durante el califato de al-Walid I (86-96 / 705-715) presenta en el centro del anverso una inscripción que reza: *La ila illa Allah wahda-hu la sharik la-hu* (“No hay más Dios que Allah, el Único, no tiene igual”), mientras que en el borde se puede leer: *Bismillah duriba hada-l-dirham bi fi sanat ihda wa tis in* (“En nombre de Dios fue acuñado este dirham en Sistan en el año uno y noventa \\[91\\]”).  \nEn el reverso presenta dos inscripciones, una en el centro y otra en el borde. En la inscripción central se lee: *Allah ahad Allah al-samad lam yalid wa lam yulad wa lam yakun la-hu kufu’ an ahad* (“Él, Dios, es uno, Dios el Eterno. No engendró ni fue engendrado, y no hay otro como Él”). La del borde reza: *Muhammad rasul Allah arsala-hu bi-l-huda wa al-haqq li-yuzhira-hu ala al-din kulli-hi wa la-hu kariha al-mushrikun* (“Mahoma es el Mensajero de Dios. Él ha enviado a su Mensajero con la guía rectal y la Religión Verdadera para que prevalezca sobre todas las religiones, incluso a pesar de los idólatras).","short_description":"Dirham acuñado en la época de al-Walid I (r. 86-96 / 705-715). Fue la moneda básica en el mundo árabe hasta la llegada de los mongoles y su nombre deriva del dracma griego. Solía pesar 2,97 gramos.","holder":"Museo de Civilizaciones | Museo de Arte Oriental “Giuseppe Tucci”","dates":"91 de la Hégira / 709 d. C.","location":"Roma","dimensions":"Diámetro 2,6 cm, peso 2,88 g.","method_for_datation":"Inscripción del borde del anverso.","method_for_provenance":"Inscripción del borde del anverso.","provenance":"Sistan (Irán).","obtention":"Donación.","bibliography":"Walker, J., *A Catalogue of the Arab-Byzantine and Post Reform Umayyad Coins*, Londres, 1956, p. 159.","author":"Paola Torre","copy_editor":"Pier Paolo Racioppi","translator":"Carmen Mata","translation_copy_editor":"Miguel Garcia","keywords":["al-Walid I","moneda","numismática","omeyas"],"materials":["acuñación.","Plata"]},"c05416d9-806c-5e25-8cf9-7445bc244f42":{"name":"Dinar.","description":"Esta moneda circular lleva, sobre las dos caras, las siguientes inscripciones en caracteres cúficos:  \nAnverso:  \nEn la grafila: *Muhammad rasul Allah arsalahu bi l-huda wa din al-haq liyutirahu ala al-din kullihi* (“Muhammad es el enviado de Dios, Él es Quien lo ha mandado con la Guía y con la religión verdadera para que prevalezca sobre toda otra religión”, Corán, IX, 33) \\[trad. de Julio Cortés\\].  \nEn el centro, el texto se compone de tres líneas: “La illaha illa / Allah wahdahu / la sharika lahu” (No hay más dios que / Dios / Él no tiene asociados).  \nReverso:  \nEn la grafila: *Bismi allah duriba hadha al-dinar sanat sitta wa thamanin wa miatain* (“En el nombre de Dios, este dinar fue acuñado en el año 286” \\[899 d. C.\\]).  \nEn el centro, el texto se divide en cinco líneas de la manera siguiente: *Galaba / Muhammad / rasul / Allah / Ibrahim* (“Vencer / Muhammad / Enviado / de Dios / Ibrahim”).  \nEsta moneda fue acuñada durante el gobierno de Ibrahim ibn Ahmad al-Aglabi (261-289 / 874-902), apodado Abu Isaac Ibrahim II, fundador en 263 / 876 de la ciudad de Raqqada, al sur de Kairuán.  \nLas monedas de oro aglabíes de esta época se caracterizan por su forma circular, la ausencia de indicación del lugar de acuñación y el uso del lema *galaba* (“vencer”), que los aglabíes utilizaban para diferenciarse de otras dinastías, como los rustamíes de Tahert y los idrisíes de Fez. Estos dinares se distinguen también por la pureza del oro empleado en su fabricación, entre el 98% y el 99%, y su peso, que puede alcanzar los 4,5 g.","short_description":"Moneda circular de oro que lleva, sobre ambas caras, una inscripción en caracteres cúficos. En el anverso, la inscripción es de carácter religioso, mientras que en el reverso, después de la fórmula de alabanza a Dios, figura la fecha de acuñación, en tiempos de Ibrahim ibn Ahmad al-Aglabi.","holder":"Museo Nacional de Antigüedades y Arte Islámico","dates":"286 de la Hégira / 899 d. C.","location":"Argel","dimensions":"Diámetro 1,8 cm; peso 4,3 g.","method_for_datation":"La fecha de acuñación está inscrita en la moneda.","obtention":"Adquirida en 1993.","bibliography":"Benguerba, S., *Al-maskukat al-magribiya min al-fath ila suqut dawlat Bani Hammad \\[La numismática magrebí desde la conquista musulmana hasta la caída del reino de los Banu Hammad\\]*, Argel, 1986.  \nDrias, L., Drias, Y., y Doubabi, H., *Yami’a al-maskukat al-arabiya al-islamiya bil matahif al-yazairiya \\[Corpus de la numismática arabo-musulmana de los museos argelinos\\]*, vol. II, Argel, 2000.  \nHazard, H. W., *The Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa*, Nueva York, 1952.  \nLavoix, H., *Catalogue des monnaies musulmanes de la bibliothèque nationale, cabinet des médailles*, t. I, París, 1887.","author":"Ali Benbella","copy_editor":"Margot Cortez","translator":"Sakina Missoum","translation_copy_editor":"Rosalía Aller","keywords":["aglabíes","cúfico","economía","moneda","numismática","oro"],"materials":["Oro acuñado."]},"cfc7015e-ba7b-5103-9a4b-43fffe552d24":{"name":"Moneda de cobre (felús).","description":"Los musulmanes, por lo general, usaban tres tipos de metales para acuñar distintas monedas: el oro para el dinar, la plata para el dirham y el cobre para el felús *(fils)*.  \nEsta es una moneda estilo bizantino que parece, concretamente, un felús del emperador Constantino X (r. 451-59 / 1059-1067). Se atribuye al mandato del soberano zangí Nur al-Din Mahmud. La moneda presenta imágenes figurativas e inscripciones en letra cúfica, como se describe a continuación:  \nAnverso: se ve a una persona de pie con una aureola alrededor de la cabeza. En la parte inferior izquierda se lee la frase “El rey de príncipes” y, a la derecha, el nombre del rey, “Mahmud”.  \nReverso: presenta un texto inscrito en un marco rectangular con los títulos “el justo” *(al-Adi)* y “luz de la religión” *(Nur al-Din)*.  \nEl cuño de esta moneda se asemeja al de las monedas bizantinas, por lo que los expertos en numismática suponen que circuló tanto entre los musulmanes como en las zonas bizantinas adyacentes a los territorios musulmanes.","short_description":"Esta moneda de cobre, un felús *(fils)*, fue acuñada por Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn al-Zangi. Posee, al tiempo, características árabes y bizantinas, una combinación propia de la época atabeg.","holder":"Museo Nacional de Damasco.","initial_owner":"Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn Zangi (r. 541-569 / 1146-1174).","dates":"541-569 de la Hégira / 1146-1174 d. C.","dimensions":"Diámetro 2,5 cm; peso 3,55 g.","method_for_datation":"La moneda se atribuye a la época del mandato de Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn al-Zangi (541-569 / 1146-1174).","method_for_provenance":"La moneda se encontró en la ciudad de al-Raqqa y forma parte de un conjunto de monedas de cobre con un peso total de 50 k. En la moneda no se indica el lugar de acuñación, pero se sabe que Nur al-Din acuñó feluses en Damasco.","provenance":"Al-Raqqa y posiblemente Damasco (Siria).","obtention":"Esta moneda procede de un conjunto de monedas de cobre que encontró por casualidad un vecino de al-Raqqa y que fue entregado a la Dirección General de Antigüedades en 1955.","bibliography":"Delpont, E. (ed.), *L’Orient de Saladin: l’art des Ayyoubides*, París, 2001, p. 34.  \nSayles, W., y Spengler, W., *Turkoman Figural Bronze Coins and their Iconography*, vol. II, Lodi (Wisconsin), 1996, p. 57.","author":"Mona al-Moadin","copy_editor":"Zena Takieddine","translator":"Lucía Rodríguez Corral","translation_copy_editor":"Miguel Garcia","keywords":["al-Raqqa","bizantinos","cobre","Constantino X","cuño","Damasco","felús","fils","moneda","numismática","Nur al-Din Mahmud ibn al-Zangi","zangíes"],"materials":["Cobre acuñado."]},"d3cd72eb-4da3-52ee-8fe8-e450b2d00a90":{"name":"Moneda de oro (dinar).","description":"Moneda de oro de los cruzados con el valor de un dinar. Aunque los cruzados llegaron a la zona como combatientes contra el islam, se establecieron allí y emprendieron una importante actividad comercial. Para que su dinero tuviera valor y fuera admisible mercantilmente, acuñaron monedas con texto en árabe, similares a las de la zona. Esta moneda sigue el patrón fatimí, ya que su inscripción está dispuesta en tres círculos concéntricos. Se acuñó en Acre en 1251 (649 de la Hégira), durante el reinado de Luis IX (m. 1270), el rey de Francia que encabezó la séptima y la octava cruzadas. El instigador de la acuñación de este tipo de monedas fue un legislador papal de los estados latinos que, en la primavera de 1250, consideró que usar monedas con los nombres de los profetas musulmanes y los califas gobernantes era una blasfemia. Prohibió de inmediato su acuñación y las remplazó por monedas que presentaban símbolos cristianos y textos escritos deliberadamente en árabe, aunque con faltas.  \nEsta moneda contiene las siguientes inscripciones escritas en letra *nasji*.  \nAnverso  \nCentro: se lee la frase “Dios es uno”, pero la palabra “Dios” en árabe, *Ilah*, está mal escrita.  \nAnillo interior: “El Padre, el Hijo y el Espíritu Santo”.  \nAnillo exterior: “Acuñada en Acre, en el año mil doscientos cincuenta y uno de la encarnación de nuestro Señor”. Esta frase va seguida de una cruz con dos puntos a los lados.  \nReverso  \nCentro: en medio del círculo hay una cruz con puntos en diagonal, uno arriba a la izquierda y otro abajo a la derecha.  \nAnillo interior: se ve una cruz pequeña con un par de puntos a cada lado. La inscripción dice así: “Nuestra resurrección, nuestra salvación está en Él, protéjanos”.  \nAnillo exterior: en el perímetro se aprecia una figura que parece una cruz con un punto a cada lado y la frase “Estamos orgullosos de la cruz de nuestro Señor Jesucristo, en Él está nuestra paz”.  \nCabe mencionar que hay varias palabras mal escritas y que el texto contiene numerosos errores lingüísticos, lo que dificulta su lectura.","short_description":"Esta moneda de oro, un dinar, fue acuñada por los cruzados en Acre. Para que circulase sin problemas, los cruzados usaron el estilo numismático islámico siguiendo el prototipo local fatimí, con inscripciones árabes dispuestas en tres círculos concéntricos y una cruz central.","holder":"Museo Nacional de Damasco.","dates":"649 de la Hégira / 1251 d. C.","dimensions":"Diámetro 2,3 cm; peso 3,17 g.","method_for_datation":"En la inscripción de la cara de la moneda se indica la fecha, 1251.","method_for_provenance":"En la inscripción del anverso se dice que se acuñó en Acre.","provenance":"Acre (Palestina).","obtention":"Adquirida en 1948.","bibliography":"Delpont, E. (ed.), *L’Orient de Saladin: l’art des Ayyoubides*, París, 2001, p. 105, fig. 84.","author":"Mona al-Moadin","copy_editor":"Zena Takieddine","translator":"Lucía Rodríguez Corral","translation_copy_editor":"Miguel Garcia","keywords":["Acre","acuñación","cruz","Cruzado","dinar","moneda","numismática","oro","rey Luis IX"],"materials":["Oro acuñado."]},"d4bd63d5-45fe-58a2-9476-795fe33754f5":{"name":"Moneda de cobre (felús).","description":"Moneda de cobre (felús) del tipo “califa de pie” perteneciente al periodo de transición (74-78 / 694-698) que precedió a la reforma en la acuñación de monedas de Abd al-Malik en 77 / 696. A partir de dicha reforma dejaron de acuñarse monedas con imágenes y comenzó a usarse la declaración de fe (*shahadah*) y un estilo puramente epigráfico que incorporaba versículos coránicos.  \nEn el anverso de la moneda aparece la figura de un califa de pie, vestido con una larga túnica, con la mano derecha sobre la espada y la cabeza cubierta con un tocado árabe. La leyenda del margen, que empieza en el borde superior y continúa en el sentido de las agujas del reloj, está en letra cúfica y menciona el rango y el nombre del califa Abd Allah Abd al-Malik, comandante de los fieles.  \nEn el reverso hay una cruz modificada, con la parte superior en forma de globo, colocada sobre cuatro escalones. A su izquierda se ve una estrella, mientras que a su derecha figura el lugar de acuñación (Ammán), que era una de las ciudades del Yund Dimashq, una de las cinco provincias militares y administrativas establecidas al inicio del periodo islámico.  \nLa leyenda del borde está en árabe, en letra cúfica invertida. Comienza en la parte inferior y sigue el sentido de las agujas del reloj con la segunda parte de la *shahadah*: “Sólo hay un Dios y Muhammad es su Profeta” (*La ilaha illa-Allah*).","short_description":"Felús de cobre del foro de Ammán, del tipo “califa de pie” perteneciente al periodo de transición previo a la reforma del sistema monetario (77 / 696) de Abd al-Malik. En el anverso se leen el cargo y nombre de Abd Allah Abd al-Malik, comandante de los fieles. En el reverso aparece el lugar de acuñación, Ammán.","holder":"Museo Arqueológico de Jordania","dates":"74-78 de la Hégira / 694-98 d. C.","location":"Ammán","dimensions":"Diámetro 18 mm; peso 4,59 g.","method_for_datation":"Este tipo de moneda pertenece al periodo de transición (74-78 / 694-698) que precedió a la reforma del sistema de acuñación llevada a cabo por Abd al-Malik en 77 / 696.","method_for_provenance":"La moneda se encontró en una excavación arqueológica del foro de Ammán; el nombre del lugar de acuñación (Ammán) aparece inscrito en ella.","provenance":"Ammán (Jordania)","obtention":"La moneda se recuperó en unas excavaciones arqueológicas que el Ministerio de Antigüedades llevó a cabo en tres fases en el foro de Ammán entre 1965 y 1967.","bibliography":"الحديدي. عدنان، فلوس نحاسية اموية من عمان، حولية دائرة الاثار الاردنية، المجلد 20، 1975، ص 9-14، لوحة 7 و 8 رقم 11.  \nالقسوس. نايف، نميات نحاسية اموية جديدة من مجموعة خاصة: متحف البنك الاهلي الاردني، عمان، 2004، ص 363، مسكوكة رقم 405.  \nWalker, J., *A Catalogue of the Arab-Byzantine and Post-Reform Umayyad Coins*, Londres, 1956, Vol. II, p. 29, n.º cat. 96.","author":"Aida Naghawy","copy_editor":"Mandi Gomez","translator":"Yaiza Martínez","translation_copy_editor":"Lucía Rodríguez Corral","keywords":["Corán","escritura cúfica","foro","moneda","numismática","representación figurativa"],"materials":["Cobre fundido acuñado."]},"d51234d9-acea-5958-8ec2-7b7f65e568cb":{"name":"Dinar.","description":"Esta pieza acuñada por Mulay Zidan (r. 1012-1037/1603-1627) es un prototipo de moneda saadí de los hijos de al-Mansur. Tiene cuatro círculos concéntricos, uno de ellos ribeteado, pero no está ni bien centrada ni bien recortada.  \nEn el centro del reverso figuran inscritos el nombre, el linaje y la ascendencia sharifí del príncipe: “Príncipe de los creyentes, hijo del imam Ahmad al-Mansur, príncipe de los creyentes, el sharif Hasani”. En la leyenda circular están marcados el nombre de la ceca (Marrakech) y la fecha: “Acuñado en la ciudad de Marrakech, que Dios la proteja, en el año 1020 \\[1612 d. C.\\]”.  \nEn el centro del anverso, de arriba abajo: la profesión de fe; en el medio, la rúbrica (*alama*) “Abdallah al-Imam”, nombre del príncipe fundador de esta dinastía; sobre la leyenda circular, el final de la aleya 33 de la sura XXXIII, “Las facciones”:  \n“Dios sólo quiere, ¡oh gente de la Casa del Profeta!, evitaros la deshonra y purificaros por completo”. La elección de este texto, que a partir de 992/1584 empezó a grabarse en las monedas, es otro indicio del origen sharifí de la dinastía.  \nA pesar de las imperfecciones de la acuñación, esta pieza posee muestras evidentes de decoración: las astas de las letras cursivas rematadas en bisel y los textos engalanados con florones, puntitos, estrellas y medias lunas esparcidos por toda su superficie.  \nUn elemento nuevo aparece en esta moneda: la rúbrica o *alama*. Este tipo de monograma con el que Mulay Zidan, como su padre, firmaba los documentos oficiales se convirtió en el símbolo distintivo y hereditario de la dinastía. De ahí que se grabara en todas las monedas y en el bronce de los cañones.  \nDestacadas por la amplitud de su diseño, estas rúbricas, denominadas también *hamdala*, presentan reminiscencias de la *tugra* utilizada por persas y otomanos.","short_description":"A pesar de las imperfecciones de la acuñación, esta moneda presenta elementos decorativos y una novedad: la rúbrica. Similar a la *tugra* de los otomanos, se convirtió en signo distintivo y hereditario de la dinastía y se grababa incluso sobre cañones.","holder":"Museo Numismático del Banco de Marruecos.","dates":"1020 de la Hégira/1612 d. C.","location":"Rabat","dimensions":"Diámetro 2,6 cm; peso 4,53 gr.","method_for_datation":"Inscripción en la moneda.","obtention":"Adquirida en 1987; forma parte de la colección Brèthes.","bibliography":"Brèthes, J.D., *Contribution à l’histoire du Maroc par les recherches numismatiques*, Casablanca, 1939.  \nCastries, H. de, “Les signes de validation des chérifs saadiens”, *Hespéris*, Rabat, 1921, I, fasc. 3, pp. 231-252.","workshop":"Ceca de Marrakech.","author":"Naima El Khatib-Boujibar","copy_editor":"Margot Cortez","translator":"Laura Tortosa Rey-Stolle","translation_copy_editor":"Miguel Garcia","keywords":["comercio","decoración floral","decoración geométrica","epigrafía","numismática","religión"],"materials":["acuñado.","moldeado","Oro"]},"df86393e-c508-5ae4-9acc-14d37c1a879f":{"name":"Dinar.","description":"Moneda de oro por valor de un dinar. En el anverso y el reverso presenta inscripciones en letra cúfica. En el centro del anverso se leen cinco líneas: \"A Dios / Muhammad / Profeta / de Dios / sancionado por Dios\"; en el margen, una inscripción circular que reza: \"Muhammad, el Profeta de Dios. Él es el que ha enviado a su mensajero provisto de la orientación y de la verdadera religión, para elevarla por encima de todas las religiones, a pesar del odio de los paganos\". En el reverso hay una inscripción de cuatro líneas: \"No hay más Dios que / el Dios único / que no tiene compañeros / autorizados por Dios\"; el margen presenta una inscripción coránica circular (sura 30, aleyas 4-5): \"Todo es decisión de Allah, en el presente y en el futuro. Ese día los creyentes se regocijarán con ayuda de Dios\"; en el margen interior, una inscripción circular dice: \"Esta moneda se acuñó en el nombre de Dios en Egipto, en el año 268 \\[881\\]\".  \nCuando Ahmad ibn Tulun gobernó Egipto (254-270 / 868-884), trató de unificar las provincias islámicas y, en 266 / 880, instauró un gran Estado islámico. Puesto que la moneda era la señal de autoridad y dominio más importante, decidió acuñar monedas con su nombre para afirmar su poder. En el momento de la creación del Estado tuluní, circulaban en Egipto las monedas acuñadas con el nombre de los califas abbasíes. Este tipo de monedas, que presentaban inscripciones en árabe y el nombre del califa del momento en el reverso, siguió usándose en la época de Ibn Tulun. En vista de que Ibn Tulun no impugnaba la legitimidad del califato abbasí, se añadió el nombre de Ahmad ibn Tulun bajo el nombre del califa abbasí.  \nIbn Tulun desempeñó un papel clave para aumentar la pureza del oro y elevar el peso del dinar ahmadí, que se aceptó como base de transacciones y originó la exclusión de todas las demás monedas. Además, el dinar ahmadí siguió siendo el modelo de las monedas en califatos posteriores, que no alteraron su medida normalizada ni sus inscripciones, salvo los nombres del califa abbasí y del gobernante tuluní.","short_description":"Los califas y sultanes musulmanes acuñaban monedas con su nombre como símbolo de poder y soberanía. Esta pieza lleva el nombre del califa abbasí y, debajo, el de Ahmad ibn Tulun, el soberano de Egipto.","holder":"Museo de Arte Islámico","dates":"Siglo III de la Hégira / IX d. C.","location":"El Cairo","dimensions":"Diámetro 1,2 cm; peso 3,45 g.","method_for_datation":"La fecha está grabada en el reverso.","method_for_provenance":"En la moneda se menciona Egipto como lugar de acuñación.","provenance":"Egipto.","obtention":"Adquirida en 1961 al anticuario de Alejandría Bouy Obeer.","bibliography":"Fahmi, Abd al-Rahman, *Al-nukud al-arabiya: madiha wa hadiruha \\[Las monedas árabes: pasado y presente\\]*, El Cairo, 1964.  \nFahmi, Abd al-Rahman, *Fayr al-saka al-arabiya: mawsua al-nukud al-arabiya wa ilm al-numiyat \\[Los inicios de la acuñación de monedas árabes: enciclopedia de monedas árabes y la ciencia de la numismática\\]*, El Cairo, 1965.  \nAl-Maqrizi, Taqi al-Din Ahmad (m. 845 /1442), *Al-mawaiz wa al-itibar bi dikr al-jitat wa al-azar \\[Exhortaciones y observación de la recopilación de planos y monumentos\\]*, 2 volúmenes, El Cairo, 1853.  \nMarzuq, Muhammad Abd al-Aziz, *Al-funun al-zujrufiya al-islamiya fi Masr qabla asr al-fatimiyyin \\[Las artes decorativas islámicas anteriores al periodo fatimí\\]*, El Cairo, 1974.  \nYasin, Abd al-Nasir, *Al-funun al-zujrufiya al-islamiyya fi Masr mundu al-fath al-arabi hatta nihayat al-asr al-fatimi: dirasa azariya wa hadariya lil-tazirat al-wafida \\[Las artes decorativas islámicas en Egipto desde la época de las conquistas árabes hasta el final del periodo fatimí: un estudio arqueológico de las influencias artísticas externas\\]*, Alejandría, 2002.","author":"Al-Sayyed Muhammad Khalifa Hammad","copy_editor":"Majd Musa","translator":"Lucía Rodríguez Corral","translation_copy_editor":"Miguel Garcia","keywords":["acuñación","caligrafía cúfica","dinar","moneda","numismática","oro"],"materials":["Oro fundido en molde."]},"feb05415-c114-5cb2-91ec-a718e42d10ce":{"name":"Dirham.","description":"Este dirham de plata, emitido durante el gobierno de Idris II (188-213/803-828), es un ejemplar de moneda idrisí acuñada con el modelo de las monedas abbasíes. Al nombre del príncipe reinante se añade el nombre de “Ali” (ibn Abu Talib), yerno del Profeta y antepasado de los idrisíes.  \nUnas simples inscripciones con caracteres cúficos arcaicos, distribuidas entre el centro y el contorno, decoran esta pieza redonda.  \nEn la superficie central del anverso, un doble círculo, el segundo decorado exteriormente con cinco anillas dobles, enmarca la profesión de fe junto con el nombre de Ali. En el contorno, una inscripción reza: “No hay más Divinidad que Dios único, que no tiene semejante, Ali”, ceñida por otra que, tras la *basmala* (fórmula de consagración), informa de la ceca y la fecha de emisión: “En nombre de Dios, este dirham fue acuñado en Watit en el año 202” (818).  \nEn el centro del reverso figuran el nombre del príncipe, “Idris” (Idris II) y la misión profética “Muhammad, Profeta de Dios”, junto con el nombre de “Ali”. El contorno contiene, inscrito entre dos círculos, el verso 9 de la sura LXI, *Asaf* (Las filas) en elegantes caracteres cúficos: “Es Él quien envió a su apóstol con la Religión verdadera como guía para que triunfe sobre cualquier religión, en contra de los que idolatran a otros dioses.”","short_description":"Este dirham de plata es el prototipo de moneda idrisí. Está acuñado según el patrón de las monedas abbasíes, añadiendo al nombre del príncipe reinante el de “Ali”, yerno del Profeta y antepasado de los idrisíes.","holder":"Museo Numismático del Banco de Marruecos.","dates":"202 de la Hégira/818 d. C.","location":"Rabat","dimensions":"Diámetro 2,2 cm, peso 2,2 g.","method_for_datation":"La fecha y el lugar de emisión figuran en la parte circular del anverso de la moneda (“En nombre de Dios, este dirham fue acuñado en Watit en el año 202”).","provenance":"Marruecos.","obtention":"Esta moneda se compró junto con toda la colección Brèthes.","bibliography":"Brèthes, J. D., *Contribution à l'histoire du Maroc par les recherches numismatiques*, Casablanca, 1939.  \nEustache, D., *Corpus des dirhams idrissides et contemporains, collection de la Banque du Maroc*, Rabat, 1970-71.  \nEustache, D., “Les Ateliers monétaires au Maroc”, *Hespéris*, 1970, pp. 95-102.","author":"Naima El Khatib-Boujibar","copy_editor":"Margot Cortez","translator":"Laura Tortosa Rey-Stolle","translation_copy_editor":"Miguel Garcia","keywords":["comercio","epigrafía","moneda","numismática","religión"],"materials":["acuñación.","moldeado","Plata"]}}