@maniclang/workbench 0.1.11

package/examples/inscribed-angle-short.manic

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// inscribed-angle-short — 9:16 quiz Short (~23s): the inscribed angle theorem.
+// Central angle 140° in gold, mystery inscribed angle in cyan; the half-rule
+// answer stamps in at the reveal.
+title("The Inscribed Angle Rule");
+canvas("9:16");
+template("black");
+
+creator(me, "@anish2good name=Science_Lab yt=zarigatongy x=@anish2good web=8gwifi.org/manic footer=social accent=cyan");
+
+quiz(q, `Central angle $\angle AOB = 140^\circ$. What is the inscribed angle at $C$?`, "layout=media-first");
+option(q, "40°");
+option(q, "70°", correct);
+option(q, "100°");
+option(q, "140°");
+timing(q, "ask=4 options=4 think=8 reveal=3 hold=4");
+explain(q, `The inscribed angle is always HALF its central angle: $140^\circ \div 2 = 70^\circ$.`);
+
+// ---------- the figure ----------
+point(O, (cx, 900), "O"); size(O.label, 30); hidden(O);
+point(A, (cx + 174, 837), "A"); size(A.label, 34); hidden(A);
+point(B, (cx - 174, 837), "B"); size(B.label, 34); hidden(B);
+point(C, (cx, 1085), "C"); size(C.label, 34); hidden(C);
+circle2(circ, O, A); outlined(circ); stroke(circ, 3); untraced(circ);
+segment(oa, O, A); stroke(oa, 4); color(oa, gold); untraced(oa);
+segment(ob, O, B); stroke(ob, 4); color(ob, gold); untraced(ob);
+segment(ca, C, A); stroke(ca, 4); color(ca, cyan); untraced(ca);
+segment(cb, C, B); stroke(cb, 4); color(cb, cyan); untraced(cb);
+anglemark(mo, A, O, B); color(mo, gold); hidden(mo);
+anglemark(mi, A, C, B); color(mi, cyan); hidden(mi);
+text(l140, (cx, 830), "140°"); size(l140, 32); color(l140, gold); hidden(l140);
+text(l70, (cx, 1038), "70°"); size(l70, 32); color(l70, cyan); hidden(l70);
+
+socials(me);
+
+// ================= timeline =================
+par {
+  run(q);
+  seq {
+    wait(0.8);
+    show(O, 0.4);
+    draw(circ, 1.2);
+    par { show(A, 0.4); show(B, 0.4); }
+    par { draw(oa, 0.8); draw(ob, 0.8); }
+    par { show(mo, 0.4); show(l140, 0.4); }
+    show(C, 0.4);
+    par { draw(ca, 0.9); draw(cb, 0.9); }
+    show(mi, 0.4);
+    pulse(mi, 0.8);
+    // hold through the countdown; the answer stamps in at the reveal (t = 16s)
+    wait(8.1);
+    show(l70, 0.4);
+    flash(mi, cyan);
+    cue(pop);
+  }
+}
+wait(0.5);

package/examples/integral-sqrt-tanx.manic

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+// ============================================================================
+//  integral-sqrt-tanx.manic — ∫ √(tan P) dP by PURE GEOMETRY
+//  Companion to sqrt-tanx.manic. Storyboard: the handwritten circle+hyperbola
+//  derivation (x²+y²=2 meets x²−y²=2; A(t)−H(t) recovers the integrand).
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//  THE PROBLEM: √(tan P) is a length. What is its antiderivative?
+//
+//  THE GEOMETRY (one diagram, two curves of "radius" √2):
+//   · circle   x² + y² = 2     →   A(t) = arcsin(√2 sin t)
+//   · hyperbola x² − y² = 2    →   H(t) = arcosh(√2 cos t)
+//   · substitution  P = t + π/4  (so t ∈ (0, π/4) ⇒ P ∈ (π/4, π/2))
+//
+//  THE TRUTH:
+//      dA − dH  =  √2 · √(tan P) · dP
+//  therefore
+//      ∫ √(tan P) dP  =  (1/√2)(A(t) − H(t)) + C
+//
+//  Colours (expanded palette): teal = circle/A, coral = hyperbola/H,
+//  violet = the integral, mint = the moving point, gold = the hook.
+//
+//    manic examples/integral-sqrt-tanx.manic
+//    manic examples/integral-sqrt-tanx.manic --still 20
+// ============================================================================
+
+title("∫ √(tan P) dP — Circle Meets Hyperbola");
+canvas("16:9");
+template("blank");
+
+// ---- stage ----
+circle(well, (cx, 400), 360);
+filled(well);
+gradient(well, panel, void, radial);
+opacity(well, 0.5);
+
+// ============================================================================
+//  THE DIAGRAM — circle x²+y²=2 and hyperbola x²−y²=2
+//  Screen: origin at (ox,oy), scale s px per unit. Radius √2 ≈ 1.414.
+// ============================================================================
+let ox = 340;
+let oy = 400;
+let s = 130;                 // px per math-unit
+let R = s*sqrt(2);           // circle radius = √2
+// a friendly t inside (0, π/4): t = 0.40 rad ≈ 23°
+let t = 0.40;
+let P = t + pi/4;            // ≈ 1.185 rad ≈ 68°
+// point C on the circle: (√2 cos t, √2 sin t)
+let Cx = ox + s*sqrt(2)*cos(t);
+let Cy = oy - s*sqrt(2)*sin(t);
+// foot on the x-axis and the "hyperbola x" = √2 cosh u with cosh u = √2 cos t?
+// From notes: X = √2 cos t = cosh H, so the hyperbola vertex is at x=√2.
+// Point on right branch with x = √2 cos t... wait cosh H = √2 cos t, so
+// x_hyp = cosh H = √2 cos t (in math units where a=1 for cosh param form
+// of x²−y²=1). Our hyperbola is x²−y²=2 = (x/√2)² − (y/√2)², so
+// parametric: x = √2 cosh u, y = √2 sinh u. And cosh H = √2 cos t? Notes say
+// cosh(H) = X = √2 cos t — that would require cosh H ≤ √2, H = arcosh(√2 cos t).
+// For the diagram, mark the circle point and the matching hyperbola x.
+
+// axes
+line(axX, (ox - R - 40, oy), (ox + R + 120, oy));
+color(axX, dim); stroke(axX, 1.5); untraced(axX); hidden(axX);
+line(axY, (ox, oy + R + 50), (ox, oy - R - 60));
+color(axY, dim); stroke(axY, 1.5); untraced(axY); hidden(axY);
+
+// circle x² + y² = 2 — OUTLINED only. `circle` defaults to filled; a solid
+// disc hides axes and labels underneath (engine-test: never fill constructions).
+circle(circ, (ox, oy), R);
+outlined(circ); outline(circ, teal); stroke(circ, 3.5); untraced(circ); hidden(circ);
+
+// hyperbola x² − y² = 2  →  a = b = √2  (in math units) → a_px = R
+hyperbola(hyp, (ox, oy), R, R, 1.15);
+color(hyp, coral); stroke(hyp, 3); untraced(hyp);
+hidden(hyp.r); hidden(hyp.l);
+
+// origin: thin open ring (tiny r + thick stroke reads as a filled blob)
+circle(O, (ox, oy), 7);
+outlined(O); color(O, fg); stroke(O, 1.5); hidden(O);
+
+// contact point C: dashed open circle so circle + projections show through.
+// Keep radius >> stroke so the interior stays empty (textbook marker).
+circle(C, (Cx, Cy), 12);
+outlined(C); color(C, mint); stroke(C, 2); dashed(C, 3.5, 2.8); untraced(C); hidden(C);
+
+// radius toward C — a LINE, not an arrow: arrowheads are filled discs and
+// hide the open marker at the contact point (engine-test visibility rule)
+line(ray, (ox, oy), (Cx, Cy));
+color(ray, mint); stroke(ray, 2.5); untraced(ray); hidden(ray);
+
+// horizontal from C to y-axis? notes have Y = √2 sin t as height
+line(ht, (ox, Cy), (Cx, Cy));
+color(ht, violet); stroke(ht, 2); dashed(ht, 8, 6); untraced(ht); hidden(ht);
+// vertical drop to x-axis
+line(vt, (Cx, oy), (Cx, Cy));
+color(vt, teal); stroke(vt, 2); dashed(vt, 8, 6); untraced(vt); hidden(vt);
+
+// angle mark — textbook style: a thin ARC, never a filled disc (fills hide axes)
+arc(wedge, (ox, oy), R*0.38, 0, -t*180/pi);
+color(wedge, violet); stroke(wedge, 2.5); untraced(wedge); hidden(wedge);
+
+// labels on the diagram
+text(labO, (ox - 16, oy + 22), "O"); size(labO, 18); color(labO, dim); hidden(labO);
+text(labC, (Cx + 22, Cy - 22), "C(t)"); size(labC, 20); color(labC, mint); hidden(labC);
+text(labT, (ox + 42, oy - 22), "t"); size(labT, 22); color(labT, violet); hidden(labT);
+text(labCirc, (ox - 20, oy - R - 24), "x² + y² = 2"); size(labCirc, 20); color(labCirc, teal); hidden(labCirc);
+text(labHyp, (ox + R + 55, oy + 40), "x² − y² = 2"); size(labHyp, 20); color(labHyp, coral); hidden(labHyp);
+
+// region hint: dashed circle (not a filled disc, not just a short arc)
+circle(zone, (ox + R*0.42, oy - R*0.18), R*0.38);
+outlined(zone); color(zone, indigo); stroke(zone, 2); dashed(zone, 7, 5);
+untraced(zone); hidden(zone);
+
+// ============================================================================
+//  RIGHT — the algebraic spine, rewritten live
+// ============================================================================
+equation(eqP, (920, 150), `P=t+\tfrac{\pi}{4}`, 32);
+color(eqP, gold); hidden(eqP);
+
+equation(eqA, (920, 230), `A(t)=\sin^{-1}(\sqrt{2}\sin t)`, 28);
+color(eqA, teal); hidden(eqA);
+
+equation(eqH, (920, 300), `H(t)=\cosh^{-1}(\sqrt{2}\cos t)`, 28);
+color(eqH, coral); hidden(eqH);
+
+equation(eqD, (920, 390), `dA-dH=\sqrt{2}\,\sqrt{\tan P}\,dP`, 28);
+color(eqD, violet); hidden(eqD);
+
+equation(eqI, (920, 480), `\int\sqrt{\tan P}\,dP=\tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(A-H)+C`, 30);
+color(eqI, mint); hidden(eqI);
+
+// final closed form (boxed punchline)
+equation(eqF, (920, 580), `\tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\Big(\sin^{-1}(\sqrt{2}\sin(P-\tfrac{\pi}{4}))-\cosh^{-1}(\sqrt{2}\cos(P-\tfrac{\pi}{4}))\Big)+C`, 22);
+color(eqF, gold); hidden(eqF);
+
+// ============================================================================
+//  THE CURVE — √(tan x) on (π/4, ~1.4), then its antiderivative via ln-form of acosh
+// ============================================================================
+axes(ax, (920, 400), 300, 240);
+hidden(ax);
+// integrand (same spirit as the companion film)
+plot(integrand, (920, 400), 90, 70, "sqrt(tan(x))", (0.85, 1.45));
+stroke(integrand, 4); untraced(integrand); hidden(integrand);
+gradient(integrand, teal, violet, coral, 270);
+
+// antiderivative F(P) = (1/√2)(asin(√2 sin(P-π/4)) - acosh(√2 cos(P-π/4)))
+// acosh(u) = ln(u + sqrt(u*u - 1))
+plot(anti, (920, 400), 90, 55,
+  "(asin(sqrt(2)*sin(x-pi/4)) - ln(sqrt(2)*cos(x-pi/4) + sqrt(2*cos(x-pi/4)*cos(x-pi/4) - 1)))/sqrt(2)",
+  (0.85, 1.45));
+stroke(anti, 4); untraced(anti); hidden(anti);
+gradient(anti, mint, indigo, violet, 270);
+
+// ============================================================================
+//  TYPOGRAPHY
+// ============================================================================
+caption(q, "how do you integrate a square root of a tangent?", (cx, 52), 30, gold);
+equation(hook, (cx, 105), `\int\sqrt{\tan P}\,dP`, 42);
+color(hook, violet); hidden(hook);
+text(cap, (cx, h - 34), ""); size(cap, 20); color(cap, dim); display(cap);
+
+// ============================================================================
+//  SCRIPT
+// ============================================================================
+
+// 1 — HOOK
+say(cap, "√(tan P) is a length — we proved that. Now integrate it.", 0.4);
+wordpop(q, 0.14);
+wait(0.25);
+show(hook, 0.5);
+wait(0.6);
+
+// 2 — THE SUBSTITUTION
+say(cap, "one substitution opens the geometry: P = t + π/4", 0.4);
+show(eqP, 0.5);
+flash(eqP, gold);
+wait(0.7);
+
+// 3 — THE STAGE: two curves of the same "2"
+say(cap, "draw two curves that share the constant 2 — a circle and a hyperbola", 0.4);
+par { show(axX, 0.05); show(axY, 0.05); }
+par { draw(axX, 0.4); draw(axY, 0.4); }
+show(circ, 0.05); draw(circ, 1.0);
+show(labCirc, 0.3); show(O, 0.3); show(labO, 0.3);
+wait(0.3);
+show(hyp.r, 0.05); show(hyp.l, 0.05);
+draw(hyp.r, 1.0); draw(hyp.l, 1.0);
+show(labHyp, 0.3);
+wait(0.5);
+
+say(cap, "circle: x² + y² = 2.   hyperbola: x² − y² = 2.   Same 2 — intentional.", 0.4);
+pulse(circ); pulse(hyp.r);
+wait(0.7);
+
+// 4 — THE MOVING POINT
+say(cap, "park a point C(t) = (√2 cos t, √2 sin t) on the circle — t < π/4", 0.4);
+show(wedge, 0.05); draw(wedge, 0.45); show(labT, 0.3);
+show(ray, 0.05); draw(ray, 0.7);
+show(C, 0.05); draw(C, 0.4); show(labC, 0.3);
+show(ht, 0.05); show(vt, 0.05);
+draw(ht, 0.5); draw(vt, 0.5);
+show(zone, 0.05); draw(zone, 0.6);
+wait(0.6);
+
+// 5 — A(t) FROM THE CIRCLE
+say(cap, "from the y-coordinate: A(t) = arcsin(√2 sin t) — an angle on that circle", 0.4);
+show(eqA, 0.5);
+flash(eqA, teal);
+wait(0.8);
+
+// 6 — H(t) FROM THE HYPERBOLA
+say(cap, "from the x-coordinate: H(t) = arcosh(√2 cos t) — a hyperbolic angle", 0.4);
+show(eqH, 0.5);
+flash(eqH, coral);
+wait(0.8);
+
+// 7 — THE DIFFERENTIAL IDENTITY
+say(cap, "differentiate both — their difference IS the integrand", 0.4);
+show(eqD, 0.6);
+flash(eqD, violet);
+wait(0.5);
+say(cap, "dA − dH = √2 · √(tan P) · dP   — geometry differentiated", 0.4);
+wait(1.0);
+
+// 8 — INTEGRATE
+recolor(cap, mint);
+say(cap, "integrate both sides — the √2 cancels into the prefactor", 0.4);
+show(eqI, 0.6);
+pulse(eqI);
+wait(0.9);
+
+// 9 — CLOSED FORM
+recolor(cap, violet);
+say(cap, "substitute t = P − π/4 back — the antiderivative in closed form", 0.4);
+show(eqF, 0.7);
+flash(eqF, violet);
+wait(1.0);
+
+// 10 — SEE IT: integrand then antiderivative
+recolor(cap, dim);
+say(cap, "the integrand √(tan x) climbing toward π/2", 0.4);
+par {
+  fade(eqA, 0.35); fade(eqH, 0.35); fade(eqD, 0.35); fade(eqI, 0.35); fade(eqF, 0.35);
+  fade(eqP, 0.35);
+}
+show(ax, 0.4);
+show(integrand, 0.05); draw(integrand, 1.8);
+wait(0.5);
+
+say(cap, "and its antiderivative — (1/√2)(A − H) — the circle minus the hyperbola", 0.4);
+show(anti, 0.05); draw(anti, 2.0);
+flash(anti, mint);
+wait(0.8);
+
+// 11 — POINT
+recolor(cap, teal);
+say(cap, "a hard integral, solved because two curves of the same 2 were waiting", 0.4);
+wait(1.8);

package/examples/integrals.manic

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+title("Ways to Integrate");
+canvas(1280, 720);
+template("black");
+
+// ---------- layout constants ----------
+let gx = cx - 340;   // graph origin (math x = 0)
+let gy = h - 160;    // graph baseline (math y = 0)
+let sx = 170;        // px per x-unit
+let sy = 100;        // px per y-unit
+
+// ---------- HUD: headings & captions (sticky = survive camera moves) ----------
+text(head, (cx, 60), "Ways to Integrate"); display(head); cursor(head); sticky(head);
+text(t1, (cx, 122), "1. Riemann - slice the domain"); size(t1, 30); color(t1, cyan); hidden(t1); sticky(t1);
+text(t2, (cx, 122), "2. Lebesgue - slice the range"); size(t2, 30); color(t2, gold); hidden(t2); sticky(t2);
+text(t3, (cx, 122), "3. Henstock-Kurzweil - slice with a gauge"); size(t3, 30); color(t3, magenta); hidden(t3); sticky(t3);
+
+caption(in1, "Riemann - vertical strips of equal width", (cx, cy - 70), 32, cyan); hidden(in1);
+caption(in2, "Lebesgue - horizontal layers weighed by measure", (cx, cy), 32, gold); hidden(in2);
+caption(in3, "Henstock-Kurzweil - strip widths set by a gauge", (cx, cy + 70), 32, magenta); hidden(in3);
+
+text(cap, (cx, h - 42), ""); size(cap, 26); sticky(cap);
+
+// ---------- act wipes: glowing verticals that sweep the frame between acts ----------
+line(wipe1, (-40, 140), (-40, h - 90)); stroke(wipe1, 4); color(wipe1, gold); glow(wipe1, 14);
+line(wipe2, (-40, 140), (-40, h - 90)); stroke(wipe2, 4); color(wipe2, magenta); glow(wipe2, 14);
+line(wipe3, (-40, 140), (-40, h - 90)); stroke(wipe3, 4); glow(wipe3, 14);
+
+// ---------- axes ----------
+arrow(xax, (gx - 30, gy), (gx + 4*sx + 50, gy)); untraced(xax); stroke(xax, 3);
+arrow(yax, (gx, gy + 30), (gx, 175)); untraced(yax); stroke(yax, 3);
+text(xl0, (gx, gy + 26), "0"); size(xl0, 22); color(xl0, dim); hidden(xl0);
+text(xl4, (gx + 4*sx, gy + 26), "4"); size(xl4, 22); color(xl4, dim); hidden(xl4);
+
+// ---------- the smooth bump (acts 1 & 2) ----------
+plot(fplot, (gx, gy), sx, sy, "3*exp(-((x-2)^2))", (0, 4));
+untraced(fplot); stroke(fplot, 4); gradient(fplot, blue, cyan, gold, 270);
+dot(rider, (gx, gy), 7); color(rider, gold); glow(rider, 8); hidden(rider);
+
+// Riemann: 8 coarse strips (declared 26px low, they RISE into place)
+// + the SAMPLE DOTS f(x_i*) riding the curve top - the star of the definition
+for i in 0..8 {
+  let xm = (i + 0.5)*0.5;
+  let hgt = 3*exp(-((xm - 2)^2));
+  rect(rc{i}, (gx + xm*sx, gy - hgt*sy/2 + 26), 0.5*sx - 3, hgt*sy);
+  color(rc{i}, cyan); opacity(rc{i}, 0.55); tag(rc{i}, coarse);
+  dot(sm{i}, (gx + xm*sx, gy - hgt*sy), 5);
+  color(sm{i}, cyan); glow(sm{i}, 6); tag(sm{i}, samples);
+}
+hidden(coarse); hidden(samples);
+
+// Riemann: 32 fine strips
+for i in 0..32 {
+  let xm = (i + 0.5)*0.125;
+  let hgt = 3*exp(-((xm - 2)^2));
+  rect(rf{i}, (gx + xm*sx, gy - hgt*sy/2), 0.125*sx - 2, hgt*sy);
+  color(rf{i}, cyan); opacity(rf{i}, 0.7); tag(rf{i}, fine);
+}
+hidden(fine);
+
+// the limit: swept exact area + live integral readout
+area(ar, fplot, 0, 0); color(ar, cyan); opacity(ar, 0.35);
+integral(intg, fplot, 0, 0, (gx + 4*sx - 40, 265)); hidden(intg);
+
+// the pivot strip: one vertical slice that ROTATES into a horizontal one
+rect(pv, (gx + 2*sx, gy - 1.5*sy), 42, 3*sy); color(pv, cyan); opacity(pv, 0.7); hidden(pv);
+
+// Lebesgue: 10 horizontal layers (declared offset sideways, they SLIDE in alternating)
+for j in 0..10 {
+  let ym = (j + 0.5)*0.3;
+  let hf = sqrt(ln(3/ym));
+  let jm = j - 2*floor(j/2);
+  let xoff = 180*jm - 90;
+  rect(ls{j}, (gx + 2*sx - xoff, gy - ym*sy), 2*hf*sx, 0.3*sy - 2);
+  color(ls{j}, gold); opacity(ls{j}, 0.55); tag(ls{j}, layers);
+}
+hidden(layers);
+// the level scanner: a dashed line that sweeps UP through the layers
+line(lev, (gx, gy - 0.15*sy), (gx + 4*sx, gy - 0.15*sy));
+dashed(lev); color(lev, gold); stroke(lev, 2); hidden(lev);
+
+// ---------- the spiky function (act 3) ----------
+plot(gplot, (gx, gy), sx, sy, "1.1+1.7*exp(-40*((x-3)^2))", (0, 4));
+untraced(gplot); stroke(gplot, 4); gradient(gplot, teal, magenta, 270);
+dot(rider2, (gx, gy), 7); color(rider2, magenta); glow(rider2, 8); hidden(rider2);
+
+// the gauge ITSELF, drawn as a real function: delta(x) dips where f spikes
+plot(dplot, (gx, gy), sx, 60, "0.55-0.45*exp(-20*((x-3)^2))", (0, 4));
+untraced(dplot); dashed(dplot); stroke(dplot, 2); color(dplot, magenta); opacity(dplot, 0.7);
+text(dlab, (gx + 4*sx + 34, gy - 33), `$\delta(x)$`); size(dlab, 24); color(dlab, magenta); hidden(dlab);
+
+// uniform cells first (they rise in) - two of them will FAIL at the spike
+for i in 0..8 {
+  let xm = (i + 0.5)*0.5;
+  let hgt = 1.1 + 1.7*exp(-40*((xm - 3)^2));
+  rect(hku{i}, (gx + xm*sx, gy - hgt*sy/2 + 26), 0.5*sx - 3, hgt*sy);
+  color(hku{i}, teal); opacity(hku{i}, 0.5); tag(hku{i}, hk);
+}
+hidden(hk);
+
+// gauge-fine cells + their TAG POINTS t_i pinned on the curve
+for i in 0..10 {
+  let xm = 2.5 + (i + 0.5)*0.1;
+  let hgt = 1.1 + 1.7*exp(-40*((xm - 3)^2));
+  rect(nk{i}, (gx + xm*sx, gy - hgt*sy/2), 0.1*sx - 2, hgt*sy);
+  color(nk{i}, magenta); opacity(nk{i}, 0.75); tag(nk{i}, gauge); tag(nk{i}, hk);
+  dot(tg{i}, (gx + xm*sx, gy - hgt*sy), 3);
+  color(tg{i}, magenta); glow(tg{i}, 5); tag(tg{i}, tgd);
+}
+hidden(gauge); hidden(tgd);
+bracelabel(bnar, (gx + 2.5*sx, gy + 16), (gx + 3.5*sx, gy + 16), `gauge $\delta(x)$ shrinks here`, 14);
+color(bnar, magenta); hidden(bnar);
+
+// ---------- equations (each one LIVES: it rewrites, then turns to dust) ----------
+equation(eqR, (cx, 190), `S_{8} \;=\; \sum_{i=1}^{8} f(x_i^{*})\,\textcolor{cyan}{\Delta x}`, 40); hidden(eqR); sticky(eqR);
+equation(eqL, (cx, 190), `\text{layer}_j \;=\; \textcolor{gold}{\mu\{\,f > t_j\,\}}\cdot\Delta t`, 40); hidden(eqL); sticky(eqL);
+equation(eqH, (cx, 190), `\sum_i f(\textcolor{magenta}{t_i})\,\Delta x_i`, 38); hidden(eqH); sticky(eqH);
+equation(eqS, (cx, 250), `\textcolor{cyan}{\text{Riemann}} \;\subsetneq\; \textcolor{gold}{\text{Lebesgue}} \;\subsetneq\; \textcolor{magenta}{\text{Henstock-Kurzweil}}`, 44); hidden(eqS); sticky(eqS); z(eqS, 10);
+
+// ---------- finale confetti + triptych reprise of the three motifs ----------
+circle(confbox, (cx, 290), 90); hidden(confbox);
+particles(conf, confbox, 24, 4, 11, "ring"); color(conf, gold); hidden(conf);
+
+let mxr = cx - 380;
+let mxh = cx + 380;
+let myb = 490;
+// mini Riemann: a tiny staircase of vertical strips
+for i in 0..6 {
+  let xm = (i + 0.5)/3;
+  let hgt = 76*exp(-2*((xm - 1)^2));
+  rect(mr{i}, (mxr - 110 + xm*110, myb - hgt/2), 34, hgt);
+  color(mr{i}, cyan); opacity(mr{i}, 0.6); tag(mr{i}, minir);
+}
+// mini Lebesgue: a tiny layer cake
+for j in 0..5 {
+  let wd = 200 - 34*j;
+  rect(ml{j}, (cx, myb - 9 - j*17), wd, 14);
+  color(ml{j}, gold); opacity(ml{j}, 0.6); tag(ml{j}, minil);
+}
+// mini Henstock-Kurzweil: coarse cells, then a burst of fine ones at the spike
+for i in 0..3 {
+  rect(mw{i}, (mxh - 90 + i*42, myb - 19), 40, 38);
+  color(mw{i}, teal); opacity(mw{i}, 0.6); tag(mw{i}, minih);
+}
+for k in 0..5 {
+  let hgt = 38 + 52*exp(-0.7*((k - 2)^2));
+  rect(mn{k}, (mxh + 10 + (k + 0.5)*11, myb - hgt/2), 9, hgt);
+  color(mn{k}, magenta); opacity(mn{k}, 0.75); tag(mn{k}, minih);
+}
+rect(mt, (mxh + 88, myb - 19), 40, 38); color(mt, teal); opacity(mt, 0.6); tag(mt, minih);
+hidden(minir); hidden(minil); hidden(minih);
+
+caption(ms1, "slice the domain", (mxr, 560), 26, cyan); hidden(ms1);
+caption(ms2, "slice the range", (cx, 560), 26, gold); hidden(ms2);
+caption(ms3, "slice by a gauge", (mxh, 560), 26, magenta); hidden(ms3);
+
+// ================= timeline =================
+
+// ---- cold open: title types on, the three names POP word by word
+type(head, 1.2);
+stagger(0.5) { wordpop(in1, 0.05); wordpop(in2, 0.05); wordpop(in3, 0.05); }
+wait(1.2);
+par { fade(in1, 0.4); fade(in2, 0.4); fade(in3, 0.4); }
+
+// ---- act 1: RIEMANN ----------------------------------------------------
+cue(whoosh);
+show(t1, 0.5);
+par { draw(xax, 0.6); draw(yax, 0.6); show(xl0, 0.6); show(xl4, 0.6); }
+show(rider, 0.2);
+par { draw(fplot, 1.5); travel(rider, fplot, 1.5, smooth); }
+fade(rider, 0.3);
+say(cap, "Slice the domain into equal strips; each SAMPLE DOT sets its strip's height", 0.5);
+stagger(0.08) { for i in 0..8 { par { show(rc{i}, 0.3); shift(rc{i}, (0, -26), 0.4, out); show(sm{i}, 0.3); } } }
+show(eqR, 0.6);
+wait(1.2);
+
+// push IN while the strips refine, equation rewrites underneath
+say(cap, "Refine: quadruple the strips - the staircase hugs the curve", 0.5);
+par { cam((cx, gy - 1.2*sy), 1.1, smooth); zoom(1.45, 1.1, smooth); }
+par { fade(coarse, 0.5); fade(samples, 0.5); stagger(0.02) { for i in 0..32 { show(rf{i}, 0.22); } } }
+cue(tick);
+rewrite(eqR, `S_{32} \;=\; \sum_{i=1}^{32} f(x_i^{*})\,\textcolor{cyan}{\Delta x}`, 0.8);
+wait(0.9);
+par { cam((cx, cy), 1.0, smooth); zoom(1, 1.0, smooth); }
+
+// the limit: strips dissolve into the EXACT swept area, the number climbs
+cue(tick);
+rewrite(eqR, `\int_0^{4} f\,dx \;=\; \lim_{n\to\infty} S_n`, 0.9);
+say(cap, "In the limit, the sum becomes the exact area", 0.5);
+show(intg, 0.3);
+par { fade(fine, 1.2); to(ar, x, 4, 2.2, smooth); to(intg, x, 4, 2.2, smooth); }
+flash(intg, gold);
+wait(1.0);
+par { shift(wipe1, (w + 80, 0), 0.7, linear); fade(ar, 0.5); fade(intg, 0.5); disintegrate(eqR, 0.8); fade(t1, 0.5); }
+
+// ---- act 2: LEBESGUE ---------------------------------------------------
+cue(whoosh);
+show(t2, 0.5);
+say(cap, "Turn the slicing sideways: cut the range, not the domain", 0.5);
+show(pv, 0.3);
+par { rotate(pv, 90, 0.9, smooth); recolor(pv, gold, 0.9); }
+fade(pv, 0.4);
+show(eqL, 0.6);
+show(lev, 0.3);
+par {
+  stagger(0.1) { for j in 0..10 { par { show(ls{j}, 0.35); shift(ls{j}, (180*(j - 2*floor(j/2)) - 90, 0), 0.5, out); } } }
+  shift(lev, (0, -2.7*sy), 1.9, smooth);
+  zoom(1.06, 2.2, smooth);
+}
+// the stack breathes: a travelling wave rolls up through the layers
+par { for j in 0..10 { oscillate(ls{j}, y, 2.4, 3, j/10, 3.2); } pulse(ls4, 0.9); }
+say(cap, "A layer at height t sits over the set where f > t; its width is that set's measure", 0.5);
+cue(tick);
+rewrite(eqL, `\int f\,d\mu \;=\; \int_0^{\infty}\textcolor{gold}{\mu\{\,f > t\,\}}\,dt`, 0.9);
+wait(1.2);
+fade(lev, 0.4);
+par { shift(wipe2, (w + 80, 0), 0.7, linear); fade(layers, 0.5); disintegrate(eqL, 0.8); fade(t2, 0.5); fade(fplot, 0.5); zoom(1, 0.8, smooth); }
+
+// ---- act 3: HENSTOCK-KURZWEIL ------------------------------------------
+cue(whoosh);
+show(t3, 0.5);
+show(rider2, 0.2);
+par { draw(gplot, 1.4); travel(rider2, gplot, 1.4, smooth); }
+fade(rider2, 0.3);
+say(cap, "New function, old recipe: equal strips again...", 0.5);
+stagger(0.07) { for i in 0..8 { par { show(hku{i}, 0.3); shift(hku{i}, (0, -26), 0.4, out); } } }
+show(eqH, 0.6);
+wait(0.5);
+
+// push in on the spike: the uniform cells FAIL, flash red, shake, shatter
+par { cam((gx + 3*sx, gy - 1.3*sy), 1.1, smooth); zoom(1.6, 1.1, smooth); }
+say(cap, "The spike slips between samples - equal widths are too coarse here", 0.5);
+par { recolor(hku5, red, 0.3); recolor(hku6, red, 0.3); shake(hku5, 0.8); shake(hku6, 0.8); }
+cue(pop);
+par { disintegrate(hku5, 0.8); disintegrate(hku6, 0.8); }
+
+// the gauge appears AS A FUNCTION: it dips exactly where f is dangerous
+say(cap, `The gauge $\delta(x)$ is itself a function - watch it dip where f spikes`, 0.5);
+par { draw(dplot, 1.0); show(dlab, 0.6); }
+say(cap, `Tiny slices where f is wild - and every slice carries its tag point $t_i$`, 0.5);
+stagger(0.05) { for i in 0..10 { par { show(nk{i}, 0.22); show(tg{i}, 0.22); } } }
+show(bnar, 0.5);
+wait(0.8);
+par { cam((cx, cy), 1.0, smooth); zoom(1, 1.0, smooth); }
+cue(tick);
+rewrite(eqH, `\Delta x_i < \textcolor{magenta}{\delta(t_i)} \;\Longrightarrow\; \Big|\sum_i f(t_i)\,\Delta x_i - A\Big| < \varepsilon`, 0.9);
+flow(gplot, 1.5, forward, once);
+wait(1.2);
+
+// ---- finale: wipe to black, hierarchy + confetti + triptych reprise ------
+par {
+  shift(wipe3, (w + 80, 0), 0.7, linear);
+  fade(hk, 0.5); fade(tgd, 0.5); fade(gplot, 0.5); fade(dplot, 0.5); fade(dlab, 0.5);
+  fade(xax, 0.5); fade(yax, 0.5); fade(xl0, 0.5); fade(xl4, 0.5);
+  disintegrate(eqH, 0.8); fade(bnar, 0.5); fade(t3, 0.5);
+}
+cue(chime);
+show(eqS, 0.8);
+par {
+  breathe(eqS, 3, 0.05, 0, 7);
+  seq { show(conf, 0.1); burst(conf, 1.4); }
+  seq {
+    stagger(0.35) {
+      stagger(0.05) { for i in 0..6 { show(mr{i}, 0.25); } }
+      stagger(0.06) { for j in 0..5 { show(ml{j}, 0.25); } }
+      seq { stagger(0.04) { for i in 0..3 { show(mw{i}, 0.2); } } stagger(0.04) { for k in 0..5 { show(mn{k}, 0.2); } } show(mt, 0.2); }
+    }
+    stagger(0.3) { wordpop(ms1, 0.06); wordpop(ms2, 0.06); wordpop(ms3, 0.06); }
+  }
+}
+say(cap, "One area - three philosophies of slicing", 0.6);
+wait(2.5);
+
+equation(equation, (548, 548), `\int_{a}^{b} f(x)\,dx`, 48);
+color(equation, fg);

package/examples/inverse-derivatives.manic

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+title("Inverse-function derivatives — why the pairs mirror");
+canvas("16:9");
+
+// uniform scale (sx == sy) so a function and its inverse reflect correctly
+let ox = cx - 470;
+let oy = cy + 110;
+let s = 72;
+
+text(hdr, (cx, 52), "A function and its inverse: mirror curves, reciprocal slopes");
+size(hdr, 26); color(hdr, cyan); bold(hdr); display(hdr); hidden(hdr);
+
+// ---------------- the mirror plane ----------------
+axes(ax, (ox, oy), 470, 300, 1);
+color(ax, dim); untraced(ax);
+
+// y = x, the mirror line
+line(diag, (ox - 2.6*s, oy + 2.6*s), (ox + 3.8*s, oy - 3.8*s));
+color(diag, dim); untraced(diag);
+text(diaglab, (ox + 3.4*s, oy - 3.4*s - 22), "y = x");
+size(diaglab, 16); color(diaglab, dim); display(diaglab); hidden(diaglab);
+
+// e^x and its inverse ln x — reflections of each other
+plot(ef, (ox, oy), s, s, "exp(x)", (-2.6, 1.45));
+color(ef, cyan); stroke(ef, 3); untraced(ef);
+text(eflab, (ox + 1.45*s + 8, oy - 4.1*s), "e^x");
+size(eflab, 18); color(eflab, cyan); display(eflab); hidden(eflab);
+
+plot(lf, (ox, oy), s, s, "ln(x)", (0.075, 4.3));
+color(lf, magenta); stroke(lf, 3); untraced(lf);
+text(lflab, (ox + 4.2*s, oy - 1.45*s), "ln x");
+size(lflab, 18); color(lflab, magenta); display(lflab); hidden(lflab);
+
+// tangent + live slope at a point on e^x, and at its mirror point on ln x
+tangent(te, ef, 0.5, 150);
+color(te, cyan); hidden(te);
+slope(se, ef, 0.5);
+color(se, cyan); hidden(se);
+
+tangent(tl, lf, 1.65, 150);
+color(tl, magenta); hidden(tl);
+slope(sl, lf, 1.65);
+color(sl, magenta); hidden(sl);
+
+text(rec, (cx + 340, cy + 60), "slope x slope = 1");
+size(rec, 22); color(rec, lime); bold(rec); display(rec); hidden(rec);
+text(rec2, (cx + 340, cy + 96), "(1.65) x (0.61)");
+size(rec2, 18); color(rec2, dim); display(rec2); hidden(rec2);
+
+// ---------------- the four identity pairs ----------------
+text(t1, (cx + 340, cy - 190), "(e^x)' = e^x        (ln x)' = 1/x");
+size(t1, 17); color(t1, fg); display(t1); hidden(t1);
+text(t2, (cx + 340, cy - 150), "(sin x)' = sqrt(1-sin^2 x)   (arcsin x)' = 1/sqrt(1-x^2)");
+size(t2, 15); color(t2, fg); display(t2); hidden(t2);
+text(t3, (cx + 340, cy - 118), "(cos x)' = -sqrt(1-cos^2 x)  (arccos x)' = -1/sqrt(1-x^2)");
+size(t3, 15); color(t3, fg); display(t3); hidden(t3);
+text(t4, (cx + 340, cy - 86), "(tan x)' = 1+tan^2 x         (arctan x)' = 1/(1+x^2)");
+size(t4, 15); color(t4, fg); display(t4); hidden(t4);
+
+// ================= timeline =================
+show(hdr, 0.6);
+draw(ax, 0.7);
+draw(diag, 0.5);
+show(diaglab, 0.3);
+par {
+  draw(ef, 1.4);
+  draw(lf, 1.4);
+}
+par {
+  show(eflab, 0.4);
+  show(lflab, 0.4);
+}
+wait(0.3);
+
+// the reciprocal-slope check
+par {
+  show(te, 0.4);
+  show(se, 0.4);
+}
+par {
+  show(tl, 0.4);
+  show(sl, 0.4);
+}
+show(rec, 0.5);
+show(rec2, 0.4);
+flash(rec, lime);
+wait(0.4);
+
+// the four pairs it generates
+stagger(0.4) {
+  show(t1, 0.4);
+  show(t2, 0.4);
+  show(t3, 0.4);
+  show(t4, 0.4);
+}