@litfamily/litcodex 1.0.0

package/marketplace/plugins/litcodex/skills/lit-code/references/rust/libraries.md

@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+# Library Defaults — Full Decision Tree
+
+The opinionated, audited-in-prod stack for 2026 Rust. Every entry has a one-line rationale and a canonical code snippet so the agent does not have to relearn each library's idioms.
+
+## Async runtime — `tokio`
+
+The default. Use `tokio` for new work. Multi-thread runtime unless you have a measured reason to go single-thread.
+
+```rust
+#[tokio::main(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 8)]
+async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt::init();
+    run().await
+}
+```
+
+Avoid:
+- `async-std` — unmaintained, last release ages ago. crates.io download counts are misleading because of historical inertia.
+- `smol` — fine for embedded-ish niches; outside that, the ecosystem is on tokio.
+- Mixing runtimes in one binary. Pick one and stay.
+
+## Errors — `anyhow` (apps) + `thiserror` (libs)
+
+Application boundaries get `anyhow::Error` with `.context("...")` at every layer that adds meaning. Libraries expose `#[derive(thiserror::Error)]` enums with `#[non_exhaustive]`.
+
+```rust
+// Application code
+use anyhow::Context as _;
+
+pub async fn load_config(path: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<Config> {
+    let text = tokio::fs::read_to_string(path)
+        .await
+        .with_context(|| format!("reading config from {}", path.display()))?;
+    let cfg: Config = toml::from_str(&text)
+        .with_context(|| format!("parsing config at {}", path.display()))?;
+    Ok(cfg)
+}
+
+// Library code
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum ParseError {
+    #[error("expected {expected}, found {found} at position {position}")]
+    Mismatch { expected: &'static str, found: String, position: usize },
+    #[error("unexpected end of input after {context}")]
+    UnexpectedEof { context: &'static str },
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Io(#[from] std::io::Error),
+}
+```
+
+`#[non_exhaustive]` on enums prevents downstream `match` from breaking when you add variants. `#[error(transparent)]` on a wrapper variant forwards Display + cause to the inner error.
+
+## CLI — `clap` with derive
+
+```rust
+use clap::{Parser, Subcommand};
+
+#[derive(Parser, Debug)]
+#[command(author, version, about, long_about = None)]
+struct Cli {
+    /// Path to the config file
+    #[arg(short, long, env = "MYAPP_CONFIG", default_value = "config.toml")]
+    config: PathBuf,
+
+    /// Enable verbose output (-v, -vv, -vvv)
+    #[arg(short, long, action = clap::ArgAction::Count)]
+    verbose: u8,
+
+    #[command(subcommand)]
+    command: Command,
+}
+
+#[derive(Subcommand, Debug)]
+enum Command {
+    /// Run the server
+    Serve {
+        #[arg(short, long, default_value_t = 8080)]
+        port: u16,
+    },
+    /// Migrate the database
+    Migrate {
+        #[arg(long)]
+        dry_run: bool,
+    },
+}
+```
+
+Avoid `structopt` (deprecated, merged into clap), `argh` (less ergonomic), `pico-args` (only when binary size matters more than DX).
+
+## Logging — `tracing` + `tracing-subscriber`
+
+Not `log` + `env_logger`. `tracing` supports spans (structured context that follows async tasks) and structured fields - `log` cannot.
+
+```rust
+use tracing::{info, instrument, warn, Level};
+use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
+
+fn init_tracing() {
+    let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info,sqlx=warn,hyper=warn"));
+    fmt()
+        .with_env_filter(filter)
+        .with_target(false)
+        .with_thread_ids(true)
+        .with_line_number(true)
+        .compact()
+        .init();
+}
+
+#[instrument(skip(db), fields(user_id = %user.id))]
+async fn process_user(db: &Pool, user: &User) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    info!("processing user");
+    if user.is_banned() {
+        warn!(reason = "banned", "skipping");
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    // ... body ...
+    Ok(())
+}
+```
+
+Replace `println!` with `info!`/`warn!`/`error!`. Replace `eprintln!` with `tracing::error!`.
+
+## Error reporting (binaries) — `color-eyre`
+
+For binary `main()`, hook `color-eyre` to give pretty panics + nice `Result` printing:
+
+```rust
+fn main() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt::init();
+    real_main()
+}
+```
+
+Library code stays on `anyhow`/`thiserror`. `color-eyre` is purely a display layer for the binary.
+
+## Serialization — `serde` + `serde_json`
+
+The default for any data crossing a process boundary (file, network, IPC, database column).
+
+```rust
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
+#[serde(deny_unknown_fields, rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub struct ApiResponse {
+    pub user_id: UserId,
+    pub created_at: jiff::Timestamp,
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub display_name: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    pub extra: HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>,
+}
+```
+
+`deny_unknown_fields` catches typos in inputs. `rename_all = "snake_case"` aligns with REST/JSON conventions while keeping idiomatic Rust field names. `#[serde(flatten)]` for forward-compatible extra fields.
+
+Alternatives:
+- `serde_yaml` (YAML — note: YAML's "deserialize anything" surface is a security trap; prefer JSON/TOML where possible)
+- `toml` (config files)
+- `rmp-serde` (MessagePack — binary, fast)
+- `ciborium` (CBOR)
+- `bincode 2` (binary, smaller; no serde required in v2 but interop fine)
+
+## HTTP client — `reqwest`
+
+```rust
+let client = reqwest::Client::builder()
+    .timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(30))
+    .user_agent(concat!(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"), "/", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")))
+    .https_only(true)
+    .pool_max_idle_per_host(8)
+    .build()?;
+
+#[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
+struct Repo { full_name: String, stargazers_count: u64 }
+
+let repo: Repo = client
+    .get("https://api.github.com/repos/rust-lang/rust")
+    .send().await?
+    .error_for_status()?
+    .json().await?;
+```
+
+`error_for_status()?` turns 4xx/5xx into `Err`. Always include a User-Agent. `https_only(true)` is a soundness toggle - prevents accidental http:// downgrade.
+
+## Web framework — `axum`
+
+```rust
+use axum::{Router, routing::get, extract::State, response::Json};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct AppState { db: sqlx::PgPool }
+
+async fn health(State(state): State<Arc<AppState>>) -> Json<serde_json::Value> {
+    let ok = sqlx::query_scalar!("SELECT 1::int4").fetch_one(&state.db).await.is_ok();
+    Json(serde_json::json!({ "ok": ok }))
+}
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    tracing_subscriber::fmt::init();
+    let state = Arc::new(AppState { db: sqlx::PgPool::connect(&env_db()).await? });
+    let app = Router::new()
+        .route("/health", get(health))
+        .with_state(state)
+        .layer(tower_http::trace::TraceLayer::new_for_http())
+        .layer(tower_http::compression::CompressionLayer::new());
+    let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("0.0.0.0:8080").await?;
+    axum::serve(listener, app).await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+```
+
+Avoid `actix-web` (legacy patterns, separate runtime model), `warp` (filter explosion in non-trivial apps), `rocket` (slow release cadence). Pair `axum` with `tower-http` for middleware (trace, compression, CORS, timeout, request-id).
+
+## Database — `sqlx` (compile-time checked SQL)
+
+```rust
+use sqlx::PgPool;
+
+#[derive(Debug, sqlx::FromRow)]
+pub struct User { pub id: uuid::Uuid, pub email: String, pub created_at: jiff::Timestamp }
+
+pub async fn find_user(pool: &PgPool, email: &str) -> Result<Option<User>, sqlx::Error> {
+    sqlx::query_as!(
+        User,
+        r#"SELECT id, email, created_at as "created_at: jiff::Timestamp"
+           FROM users WHERE email = $1"#,
+        email
+    )
+    .fetch_optional(pool)
+    .await
+}
+```
+
+`query_as!` checks the SQL against the live database at compile time. To work without a live DB during builds, generate offline metadata: `cargo sqlx prepare`. Commit the resulting `.sqlx/` directory.
+
+Avoid `diesel` (sync-first, heavy DSL), raw `tokio-postgres` (loses type checks), `sea-orm` (more magic, less control).
+
+For migrations: `sqlx migrate add <name>` + `sqlx::migrate!("./migrations").run(&pool).await?`.
+
+## Time — `jiff`
+
+The 2025+ choice. Single crate, sane defaults, civil time / instant / span distinction.
+
+```rust
+use jiff::{Timestamp, Span, ToSpan, Zoned};
+
+let now: Timestamp = Timestamp::now();
+let in_one_hour = now.checked_add(1.hour())?;
+let local: Zoned = now.in_tz("Asia/Seoul")?;
+let span: Span = local - some_earlier.in_tz("Asia/Seoul")?;
+```
+
+Avoid `chrono` (old API, generic-heavy, time zone story still painful), `time` crate (split ecosystem, weaker docs). `jiff` is the post-`chrono` consolidation.
+
+## UUID — `uuid` with v7
+
+```rust
+use uuid::Uuid;
+
+// v7 for IDs (sortable, time-ordered, monotonic-ish, RFC 9562)
+let id = Uuid::now_v7();
+```
+
+v4 is fine for nonces, v7 for primary keys (better index locality). Never v1 (leaks MAC). Cargo features: `uuid = { version = "1", features = ["v4", "v7", "serde"] }`.
+
+## DataFrames / analytics — `polars`
+
+For columnar data, joins, group-by, lazy plans:
+
+```rust
+use polars::prelude::*;
+
+let df = LazyCsvReader::new("events.csv")
+    .finish()?
+    .group_by([col("user_id")])
+    .agg([col("amount").sum().alias("total")])
+    .sort(["total"], Default::default())
+    .collect()?;
+```
+
+The Rust API mirrors the Python one. Use the lazy API by default; materialize with `.collect()` at the end.
+
+## Channels
+
+- Single-producer single-consumer or bounded MPSC → `tokio::sync::mpsc` (async) or `flume` (sync + async).
+- Broadcast → `tokio::sync::broadcast`.
+- Watch (latest-value pubsub) → `tokio::sync::watch`.
+- Oneshot → `tokio::sync::oneshot`.
+
+Avoid raw `std::sync::mpsc` (sync only, fewer features), `crossbeam-channel` (good but heavier; use only if you need rendezvous semantics).
+
+## Coordinate spaces / 2D math — `euclid`
+
+```rust
+use euclid::{Point2D, Size2D, default::Box2D};
+struct ScreenSpace;
+struct WorldSpace;
+
+type ScreenPoint = Point2D<f32, ScreenSpace>;
+type WorldPoint  = Point2D<f32, WorldSpace>;
+
+let cursor: ScreenPoint = Point2D::new(120.0, 240.0);
+let player: WorldPoint  = Point2D::new(3.5, 1.2);
+
+// let mistake = cursor + player; // ❌ type error
+```
+
+Generalize the pattern to your own domains (see `references/type-state.md`).
+
+## Property tests — `proptest`
+
+```rust
+use proptest::prelude::*;
+
+proptest! {
+    #[test]
+    fn parse_roundtrips(s in r"[a-zA-Z0-9_-]{1,50}") {
+        let parsed = parse(&s).unwrap();
+        let back = parsed.to_string();
+        prop_assert_eq!(back, s);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Avoid `quickcheck` (older, less ergonomic). proptest gives shrinking + regression corpus + integration with `criterion`.
+
+## Snapshot tests — `insta`
+
+```rust
+#[test]
+fn renders_help() {
+    let output = render(&example_input());
+    insta::assert_snapshot!(output);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn serializes_well() {
+    insta::assert_json_snapshot!(serializable_value());
+}
+```
+
+`cargo insta review` (after `cargo install cargo-insta`) — interactive review of changed snapshots.
+
+## Benchmarks — `criterion`
+
+Stable Rust friendly (no nightly `#[bench]`).
+
+```rust
+use criterion::{black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
+
+fn bench_parse(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let input = std::fs::read_to_string("samples/large.txt").unwrap();
+    c.bench_function("parse_large", |b| b.iter(|| parse(black_box(&input))));
+}
+
+criterion_group!(benches, bench_parse);
+criterion_main!(benches);
+```
+
+Run with `cargo bench`. HTML reports under `target/criterion/`. Pair with `cargo bench -- --save-baseline main` then `--baseline main` for comparison.
+
+## Concurrency model — `loom`
+
+For lock-free or atomic-heavy code (channels, refcounts, hazard pointers). See `references/concurrency.md` for the full pattern.
+
+## Arena allocator — `bumpalo`
+
+```rust
+use bumpalo::Bump;
+
+let bump = Bump::new();
+let node = bump.alloc(Node { value: 42, next: None });
+let s: &str = bump.alloc_str("hello");
+// All allocations freed at once when `bump` drops.
+```
+
+For parser nodes, AST construction, per-request scratch. Outperforms heap allocation for short-lived owned data by an order of magnitude.
+
+## Web client (browser, WASM-bound) — `gloo` ecosystem
+
+If targeting WASM browser, use `gloo-net` for fetch and `gloo-storage` for localStorage; not `web-sys` directly unless you need DOM-level APIs.
+
+## Lazy statics — `std::sync::LazyLock` (since 1.80)
+
+```rust
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
+static CONFIG: LazyLock<Config> = LazyLock::new(|| Config::load_from_env().unwrap());
+```
+
+Avoid `lazy_static!` (macro-heavy, predates std), `once_cell` (now in std as `LazyLock`/`OnceLock`).
+
+## Hash maps — `std::collections::HashMap` + `ahash` for hot paths
+
+```rust
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use ahash::RandomState;
+
+type FastMap<K, V> = HashMap<K, V, RandomState>;
+let mut counters: FastMap<String, u64> = FastMap::default();
+```
+
+`HashMap` defaults to SipHash (DoS-resistant). For internal hot loops where you trust the keys, `ahash` is 2-5x faster.
+
+For sorted iteration, use `BTreeMap`. For small keys with known small N, `Vec<(K, V)>` may beat both.
+
+## File I/O — `tokio::fs` (async) or `std::fs` (sync utility)
+
+```rust
+let contents = tokio::fs::read_to_string("data.json").await?;
+```
+
+For large files: `tokio::fs::File` + `tokio::io::BufReader`. For random access, `memmap2` (with the unsafe-discipline wrappers).
+
+## Decision tree
+
+```
+Need to ship the thing?
+├── HTTP server         → axum + sqlx + tracing + jiff + tokio
+├── HTTP client         → reqwest (+ tokio)
+├── CLI                 → clap + color-eyre + tracing + indicatif (progress) + dialoguer (prompts)
+├── TUI                 → ratatui + crossterm
+├── Background worker   → tokio + ETL → polars + duckdb
+├── Game / graphics     → wgpu + winit + euclid (or bevy if you want the engine)
+├── WASM front-end      → leptos (or dioxus / yew) + wasm-bindgen + gloo
+├── Embedded            → embassy (async on bare metal)
+├── FFI to C / Python   → cxx (C++) / pyo3 (Python) / cbindgen (header gen)
+└── Just a script       → rust-script (see one-liners.md)
+```
+
+When in doubt, search crates.io for the latest version, then check:
+1. Is it maintained? (`cargo deny check` will scream if it's yanked or unmaintained)
+2. Does it have `serde` feature? (boundary types should always serde)
+3. Does it have `tokio` integration? (avoid runtime mixing)
+4. Is it on `tokio::io::AsyncRead`/`AsyncWrite` (the std for async I/O)?
+5. Are there safety-critical `unsafe` regions? If yes, has the author shipped miri proofs?