@litfamily/litcodex 1.0.0

package/marketplace/plugins/litcodex/skills/lit-code/references/rust/axum-stack.md

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+# axum + sqlx + tracing + tower — HTTP API Stack
+
+The canonical production HTTP service in Rust 2026.
+
+## Cargo.toml dependencies
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+axum = { version = "0.8", features = ["macros", "tracing", "ws", "multipart"] }
+tokio = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }
+tower = "0.5"
+tower-http = { version = "0.6", features = [
+    "trace", "compression-gzip", "compression-br",
+    "timeout", "cors", "request-id", "sensitive-headers",
+    "limit", "set-header",
+] }
+
+# Errors / observability
+anyhow = "1"
+thiserror = "2"
+tracing = "0.1"
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["env-filter", "json"] }
+color-eyre = "0.6"
+
+# Database
+sqlx = { version = "0.8", features = [
+    "runtime-tokio-rustls", "postgres", "uuid", "macros",
+    "migrate", "json",
+] }
+
+# Serialization / validation
+serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = "1"
+validator = { version = "0.18", features = ["derive"] }
+
+# Types
+uuid = { version = "1", features = ["v4", "v7", "serde"] }
+jiff = { version = "0.1", features = ["serde"] }
+
+# Config
+config = { version = "0.14", features = ["toml", "yaml"] }
+secrecy = { version = "0.10", features = ["serde"] }
+
+# OpenAPI (optional but recommended)
+utoipa = { version = "5", features = ["axum_extras", "uuid", "chrono"] }
+utoipa-axum = "0.1"
+utoipa-swagger-ui = { version = "8", features = ["axum"] }
+```
+
+## Project structure
+
+```
+src/
+  main.rs            # binary entry
+  lib.rs             # re-exports + app builder
+  config.rs          # Settings type + loader
+  state.rs           # AppState (shared via Arc)
+  routes/
+    mod.rs           # Router::new() composition
+    health.rs
+    users.rs
+  middleware/
+    mod.rs
+    auth.rs
+    request_id.rs
+  models/
+    mod.rs
+    user.rs
+  error.rs           # AppError + IntoResponse impl
+  db/
+    mod.rs
+    migrations/
+migrations/          # sqlx migrations
+```
+
+## Error type
+
+```rust
+// src/error.rs
+use axum::{http::StatusCode, response::{IntoResponse, Response}, Json};
+use serde_json::json;
+
+#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+pub enum AppError {
+    #[error("not found")]
+    NotFound,
+    #[error("unauthorized")]
+    Unauthorized,
+    #[error("validation: {0}")]
+    Validation(String),
+    #[error("conflict: {0}")]
+    Conflict(String),
+    #[error("internal")]
+    Internal(#[from] anyhow::Error),
+    #[error("database")]
+    Database(#[from] sqlx::Error),
+}
+
+impl IntoResponse for AppError {
+    fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+        let (status, code, message) = match &self {
+            AppError::NotFound => (StatusCode::NOT_FOUND, "not_found", self.to_string()),
+            AppError::Unauthorized => (StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED, "unauthorized", "unauthorized".into()),
+            AppError::Validation(m) => (StatusCode::UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY, "validation", m.clone()),
+            AppError::Conflict(m) => (StatusCode::CONFLICT, "conflict", m.clone()),
+            AppError::Database(e) => {
+                tracing::error!(error = ?e, "database error");
+                (StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "database", "internal".into())
+            }
+            AppError::Internal(e) => {
+                tracing::error!(error = ?e, "internal error");
+                (StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, "internal", "internal".into())
+            }
+        };
+        (status, Json(json!({"error": {"code": code, "message": message}}))).into_response()
+    }
+}
+
+pub type AppResult<T> = std::result::Result<T, AppError>;
+```
+
+Pattern: business errors return `AppResult<T>`; the `IntoResponse` impl translates them to HTTP. `sqlx::Error` and `anyhow::Error` auto-convert via `From`. Internal-bucket errors are logged but never leak their `Debug` representation to clients.
+
+## AppState
+
+```rust
+// src/state.rs
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use sqlx::PgPool;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct AppState {
+    pub db: PgPool,
+    pub config: Arc<crate::config::Settings>,
+    pub http: reqwest::Client,
+}
+
+impl AppState {
+    pub async fn new(config: crate::config::Settings) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let db = sqlx::postgres::PgPoolOptions::new()
+            .max_connections(config.db.max_connections)
+            .acquire_timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(3))
+            .connect(config.db.url.expose_secret())
+            .await?;
+        sqlx::migrate!("./migrations").run(&db).await?;
+        let http = reqwest::Client::builder()
+            .timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(15))
+            .user_agent(concat!(env!("CARGO_PKG_NAME"), "/", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")))
+            .build()?;
+        Ok(Self { db, config: Arc::new(config), http })
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Route handler
+
+```rust
+// src/routes/users.rs
+use axum::{
+    extract::{Path, State},
+    Json,
+};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use uuid::Uuid;
+use validator::Validate;
+
+use crate::{error::{AppError, AppResult}, state::AppState};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize, Validate)]
+pub struct CreateUser {
+    #[validate(email)]
+    pub email: String,
+    #[validate(length(min = 1, max = 100))]
+    pub name: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, sqlx::FromRow)]
+pub struct User {
+    pub id: Uuid,
+    pub email: String,
+    pub name: String,
+    pub created_at: jiff::Timestamp,
+}
+
+#[tracing::instrument(skip(state, body))]
+pub async fn create_user(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    Json(body): Json<CreateUser>,
+) -> AppResult<(axum::http::StatusCode, Json<User>)> {
+    body.validate().map_err(|e| AppError::Validation(e.to_string()))?;
+
+    let id = Uuid::now_v7();
+    let user = sqlx::query_as!(
+        User,
+        r#"INSERT INTO users (id, email, name, created_at)
+           VALUES ($1, $2, $3, NOW())
+           RETURNING id, email, name, created_at as "created_at: jiff::Timestamp""#,
+        id, body.email, body.name
+    )
+    .fetch_one(&state.db)
+    .await
+    .map_err(|e| match &e {
+        sqlx::Error::Database(db) if db.code().as_deref() == Some("23505") =>
+            AppError::Conflict("email already exists".into()),
+        _ => AppError::Database(e),
+    })?;
+
+    Ok((axum::http::StatusCode::CREATED, Json(user)))
+}
+
+#[tracing::instrument(skip(state))]
+pub async fn get_user(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    Path(id): Path<Uuid>,
+) -> AppResult<Json<User>> {
+    sqlx::query_as!(
+        User,
+        r#"SELECT id, email, name, created_at as "created_at: jiff::Timestamp"
+           FROM users WHERE id = $1"#,
+        id
+    )
+    .fetch_optional(&state.db)
+    .await?
+    .map(Json)
+    .ok_or(AppError::NotFound)
+}
+```
+
+## Router assembly
+
+```rust
+// src/routes/mod.rs
+use axum::{routing::{get, post}, Router};
+use tower_http::{
+    compression::CompressionLayer,
+    cors::CorsLayer,
+    request_id::{MakeRequestUuid, PropagateRequestIdLayer, SetRequestIdLayer},
+    sensitive_headers::SetSensitiveHeadersLayer,
+    timeout::TimeoutLayer,
+    trace::{DefaultMakeSpan, DefaultOnResponse, TraceLayer},
+};
+use std::time::Duration;
+use crate::state::AppState;
+
+mod health;
+mod users;
+
+pub fn router(state: AppState) -> Router {
+    let api = Router::new()
+        .route("/health", get(health::handler))
+        .route("/users", post(users::create_user))
+        .route("/users/:id", get(users::get_user))
+        .with_state(state);
+
+    Router::new()
+        .nest("/api/v1", api)
+        .layer(
+            tower::ServiceBuilder::new()
+                .layer(SetSensitiveHeadersLayer::new([
+                    axum::http::header::AUTHORIZATION,
+                    axum::http::header::COOKIE,
+                ]))
+                .layer(SetRequestIdLayer::x_request_id(MakeRequestUuid))
+                .layer(
+                    TraceLayer::new_for_http()
+                        .make_span_with(DefaultMakeSpan::new().include_headers(false))
+                        .on_response(DefaultOnResponse::new().latency_unit(tower_http::LatencyUnit::Millis)),
+                )
+                .layer(PropagateRequestIdLayer::x_request_id())
+                .layer(TimeoutLayer::new(Duration::from_secs(30)))
+                .layer(CompressionLayer::new())
+                .layer(CorsLayer::permissive()), // tighten in production
+        )
+}
+```
+
+Order matters: outermost layer wraps the request first. Trace before timeout so timeouts get logged. Compression after trace so trace sees the original body size.
+
+## Main + graceful shutdown
+
+```rust
+// src/main.rs
+use my_app::{config::Settings, routes, state::AppState};
+
+#[tokio::main]
+async fn main() -> color_eyre::Result<()> {
+    color_eyre::install()?;
+    init_tracing();
+
+    let config = Settings::load()?;
+    let state = AppState::new(config.clone()).await?;
+    let app = routes::router(state);
+
+    let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind(&config.bind).await?;
+    tracing::info!(addr = %config.bind, "listening");
+
+    axum::serve(listener, app)
+        .with_graceful_shutdown(shutdown_signal())
+        .await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn init_tracing() {
+    use tracing_subscriber::{fmt, EnvFilter};
+    let filter = EnvFilter::try_from_default_env()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| EnvFilter::new("info,sqlx=warn,hyper=warn,tower_http=info"));
+    fmt().with_env_filter(filter).with_target(false).json().init();
+}
+
+async fn shutdown_signal() {
+    let ctrl_c = async { tokio::signal::ctrl_c().await.expect("ctrl_c handler"); };
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    let terminate = async {
+        tokio::signal::unix::signal(tokio::signal::unix::SignalKind::terminate())
+            .expect("signal handler").recv().await;
+    };
+    #[cfg(not(unix))]
+    let terminate = std::future::pending::<()>();
+
+    tokio::select! { _ = ctrl_c => {}, _ = terminate => {} }
+    tracing::info!("shutting down");
+}
+```
+
+## Middleware: bearer auth example
+
+```rust
+// src/middleware/auth.rs
+use axum::{
+    extract::{Request, State},
+    http::header::AUTHORIZATION,
+    middleware::Next,
+    response::Response,
+};
+use crate::{error::AppError, state::AppState};
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct AuthUser { pub id: uuid::Uuid }
+
+pub async fn require_auth(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    mut request: Request,
+    next: Next,
+) -> Result<Response, AppError> {
+    let token = request.headers()
+        .get(AUTHORIZATION)
+        .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
+        .and_then(|s| s.strip_prefix("Bearer "))
+        .ok_or(AppError::Unauthorized)?;
+
+    let claims = verify_jwt(token, &state.config.jwt_secret)?;
+    request.extensions_mut().insert(AuthUser { id: claims.sub });
+    Ok(next.run(request).await)
+}
+```
+
+Apply with `.route_layer(middleware::from_fn_with_state(state.clone(), require_auth))` on the subroutes that need it.
+
+## Testing handlers
+
+```rust
+// tests/users.rs
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn creates_user() {
+    let pool = test_db().await;          // helper that spins up a transactional DB
+    let state = AppState::new_test(pool).await.unwrap();
+    let app = my_app::routes::router(state);
+
+    let request = axum::http::Request::builder()
+        .uri("/api/v1/users")
+        .method("POST")
+        .header("content-type", "application/json")
+        .body(axum::body::Body::from(
+            serde_json::to_vec(&serde_json::json!({"email": "a@b.com", "name": "A"})).unwrap()
+        )).unwrap();
+
+    let response = tower::ServiceExt::oneshot(app, request).await.unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), 201);
+    let bytes = axum::body::to_bytes(response.into_body(), 1 << 20).await.unwrap();
+    let user: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&bytes).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(user["email"], "a@b.com");
+}
+```
+
+`tower::ServiceExt::oneshot` calls the router directly without binding a socket. Tests run in parallel without port collisions.
+
+## Config
+
+```rust
+// src/config.rs
+use secrecy::{Secret, ExposeSecret};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, serde::Deserialize)]
+pub struct Settings {
+    pub bind: String,
+    pub db: Database,
+    pub jwt_secret: Secret<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, serde::Deserialize)]
+pub struct Database {
+    pub url: Secret<String>,
+    pub max_connections: u32,
+}
+
+impl Settings {
+    pub fn load() -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
+        let cfg = config::Config::builder()
+            .add_source(config::File::with_name("config/default").required(false))
+            .add_source(config::File::with_name(&format!(
+                "config/{}", std::env::var("APP_ENV").unwrap_or_else(|_| "dev".into())
+            )).required(false))
+            .add_source(config::Environment::with_prefix("APP").separator("__"))
+            .build()?;
+        Ok(cfg.try_deserialize()?)
+    }
+}
+```
+
+`Secret<T>` from the `secrecy` crate hides the value in `Debug`/`Display` to prevent accidental log leakage. Access via `.expose_secret()` only where needed.
+
+## OpenAPI (optional)
+
+Add `utoipa` derive macros on your DTOs and handlers, mount Swagger UI at `/swagger-ui`:
+
+```rust
+use utoipa::OpenApi;
+use utoipa_axum::router::OpenApiRouter;
+use utoipa_swagger_ui::SwaggerUi;
+
+#[derive(OpenApi)]
+#[openapi(
+    paths(routes::users::create_user, routes::users::get_user),
+    components(schemas(routes::users::User, routes::users::CreateUser))
+)]
+struct ApiDoc;
+
+let (router, api) = OpenApiRouter::with_openapi(ApiDoc::openapi())
+    .routes(utoipa_axum::routes!(routes::users::create_user, routes::users::get_user))
+    .split_for_parts();
+
+let app = router.merge(SwaggerUi::new("/swagger-ui").url("/api-docs/openapi.json", api));
+```
+
+## Production checklist
+
+- Bind to `0.0.0.0` in containers, `127.0.0.1` for local-only services.
+- Set `RUST_LOG=info,sqlx=warn` (or use `EnvFilter` defaults as shown).
+- Send logs to stdout in JSON. Ingest via Vector / Fluent Bit / Loki.
+- Run migrations on startup (`sqlx::migrate!` block). Fail fast on schema mismatch.
+- Health endpoint **must hit the DB** (so load balancers know if the pool is dead).
+- Add `tower::limit::RateLimitLayer` or token-bucket middleware for public endpoints.
+- Set `tower_http::limit::RequestBodyLimitLayer` to bound request size.
+- Compress with brotli + gzip via `CompressionLayer`.
+- Tighten CORS, do not ship `CorsLayer::permissive()` to production.
+- Strip sensitive headers from traces via `SetSensitiveHeadersLayer`.
+- Set up SIGTERM-driven `with_graceful_shutdown` so deploys roll without dropping requests.
+- Containerize with `cargo chef` for incremental Docker builds.
+
+## Common mistakes
+
+1. **Forgetting `error_for_status()?` on outbound `reqwest`** — 4xx silently succeeds.
+2. **Returning `Result<T, sqlx::Error>` from handlers** — leak DB details to clients. Always go through `AppError`.
+3. **`Json<T>` extractor before validation** — invalid JSON returns axum's default 422 with no body shape. Wrap in a `ValidatedJson<T>` extractor that runs `validator` and returns `AppError`.
+4. **Holding DB connections across `.await` on slow external calls** — exhausts the pool. Acquire late, release early.
+5. **Skipping `tracing::instrument`** on handlers — losing per-request span correlation.
+6. **No `RequestBodyLimitLayer`** — DoS surface. Default axum has no limit.