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@k2works/claude-code-booster 2.7.1 → 3.1.0

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package/lib/assets/docs/article/functional-desgin-ppp/elixir/17-video-rental-system.md ADDED Viewed

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+# 第17章: ビデオレンタルシステム
+## はじめに
+ビデオレンタルシステムは、Martin Fowler の「Refactoring」で有名なサンプルコードを Elixir で関数型に再実装したものです。Strategy パターンに相当する価格計算を、パターンマッチングと関数の合成で実現します。
+## 1. 映画と価格設定
+### Movie 構造体
+```elixir
+defmodule Movie do
+  @type price_code :: :regular | :new_release | :children
+  defstruct [:title, :price_code]
+  def new(title, price_code) do
+    %__MODULE__{title: title, price_code: price_code}
+  end
+  def regular(title), do: new(title, :regular)
+  def new_release(title), do: new(title, :new_release)
+  def children(title), do: new(title, :children)
+end
+```
+### 価格計算モジュール
+```elixir
+defmodule Pricing do
+  @doc "レンタル料金を計算"
+  def calculate_amount(movie, days_rented) do
+    case movie.price_code do
+      :regular -> regular_price(days_rented)
+      :new_release -> new_release_price(days_rented)
+      :children -> children_price(days_rented)
+    end
+  end
+  defp regular_price(days) do
+    if days > 2, do: 2.0 + (days - 2) * 1.5, else: 2.0
+  end
+  defp new_release_price(days) do
+    days * 3.0
+  end
+  defp children_price(days) do
+    if days > 3, do: 1.5 + (days - 3) * 1.5, else: 1.5
+  end
+end
+```
+### ポイント計算
+```elixir
+def calculate_points(movie, days_rented) do
+  base_points = 1
+  bonus = if movie.price_code == :new_release and days_rented > 1, do: 1, else: 0
+  base_points + bonus
+end
+```
+## 2. レンタル管理
+### Rental 構造体
+```elixir
+defmodule Rental do
+  defstruct [:movie, :days_rented]
+  def new(movie, days_rented) do
+    %__MODULE__{movie: movie, days_rented: days_rented}
+  end
+  def amount(rental) do
+    Pricing.calculate_amount(rental.movie, rental.days_rented)
+  end
+  def points(rental) do
+    Pricing.calculate_points(rental.movie, rental.days_rented)
+  end
+end
+```
+## 3. 明細生成
+### Statement モジュール
+```elixir
+defmodule Statement do
+  @doc "テキスト形式の明細を生成"
+  def generate(customer_name, rentals) do
+    {total, points, lines} = calculate_statement(rentals)
+    header = "Rental Record for #{customer_name}\n"
+    body = Enum.join(lines, "\n")
+    footer = """
+    Amount owed is #{format_currency(total)}
+    You earned #{points} frequent renter points
+    """
+    header <> body <> footer
+  end
+  defp calculate_statement(rentals) do
+    Enum.reduce(rentals, {0.0, 0, []}, fn rental, {total, points, lines} ->
+      amount = Rental.amount(rental)
+      rental_points = Rental.points(rental)
+      line = "\t#{rental.movie.title}\t#{format_currency(amount)}"
+      {total + amount, points + rental_points, lines ++ [line]}
+    end)
+  end
+  defp format_currency(amount) do
+    :io_lib.format("~.2f", [amount]) |> to_string()
+  end
+end
+```
+### HTML 形式の明細
+```elixir
+def generate_html(customer_name, rentals) do
+  {total, points, rows} = calculate_html_statement(rentals)
+  """
+  <html>
+  <head><title>Rental Statement</title></head>
+  <body>
+  <h1>Rental Record for #{customer_name}</h1>
+  <table>
+  <tr><th>Title</th><th>Amount</th></tr>
+  #{Enum.join(rows, "\n")}
+  </table>
+  <p>Amount owed is <strong>#{format_currency(total)}</strong></p>
+  <p>You earned <strong>#{points}</strong> frequent renter points</p>
+  </body>
+  </html>
+  """
+end
+```
+## 4. 顧客管理
+### Customer モジュール
+```elixir
+defmodule Customer do
+  defstruct [:name, rentals: []]
+  def new(name) do
+    %__MODULE__{name: name}
+  end
+  def add_rental(customer, rental) do
+    %{customer | rentals: customer.rentals ++ [rental]}
+  end
+  def statement(customer) do
+    Statement.generate(customer.name, customer.rentals)
+  end
+  def html_statement(customer) do
+    Statement.generate_html(customer.name, customer.rentals)
+  end
+  def total_amount(customer) do
+    customer.rentals
+    |> Enum.map(&Rental.amount/1)
+    |> Enum.sum()
+  end
+  def total_points(customer) do
+    customer.rentals
+    |> Enum.map(&Rental.points/1)
+    |> Enum.sum()
+  end
+end
+```
+## 5. リポジトリパターン
+### MovieRepository (Agent ベース)
+```elixir
+defmodule MovieRepository do
+  use Agent
+  def start_link(_opts \\ []) do
+    Agent.start_link(fn -> %{} end, name: __MODULE__)
+  end
+  def add(movie) do
+    Agent.update(__MODULE__, fn movies ->
+      Map.put(movies, movie.title, movie)
+    end)
+  end
+  def find(title) do
+    Agent.get(__MODULE__, fn movies ->
+      Map.get(movies, title)
+    end)
+  end
+  def all do
+    Agent.get(__MODULE__, fn movies ->
+      Map.values(movies)
+    end)
+  end
+  def clear do
+    Agent.update(__MODULE__, fn _ -> %{} end)
+  end
+end
+```
+## 6. レンタルサービス
+### サービス層
+```elixir
+defmodule RentalService do
+  @doc "映画をレンタル"
+  def rent_movie(customer, movie_title, days) do
+    case MovieRepository.find(movie_title) do
+      nil -> {:error, :movie_not_found}
+      movie ->
+        rental = Rental.new(movie, days)
+        {:ok, Customer.add_rental(customer, rental)}
+    end
+  end
+  @doc "複数映画を一括レンタル"
+  def rent_movies(customer, rentals_data) do
+    Enum.reduce_while(rentals_data, {:ok, customer}, fn {title, days}, {:ok, c} ->
+      case rent_movie(c, title, days) do
+        {:ok, updated} -> {:cont, {:ok, updated}}
+        {:error, _} = err -> {:halt, err}
+      end
+    end)
+  end
+  @doc "推奨映画を取得"
+  def recommend_movies(customer) do
+    rented_titles = MapSet.new(customer.rentals, & &1.movie.title)
+    MovieRepository.all()
+    |> Enum.reject(fn m -> MapSet.member?(rented_titles, m.title) end)
+    |> Enum.sort_by(& &1.title)
+  end
+end
+```
+## 7. 関数型リファクタリングのポイント
+### OOP との比較
+| OOP アプローチ | 関数型アプローチ |
+|--------------|---------------|
+| 継承による価格タイプの実装 | パターンマッチによる分岐 |
+| オブジェクトに状態を持つ | 構造体は不変、関数で変換 |
+| Repository クラス | Agent + 純粋関数 |
+| Statement クラスのメソッド | 独立した関数群 |
+### パイプラインによる明確な処理フロー
+```elixir
+# 顧客の明細生成
+customer
+|> Customer.add_rental(rental1)
+|> Customer.add_rental(rental2)
+|> Customer.statement()
+```
+### 変換の分離
+```elixir
+# 計算と表示の分離
+{total, points, lines} = calculate_statement(rentals)  # 純粋な計算
+format_statement(total, points, lines)                  # フォーマット
+```
+## 8. テストの例
+```elixir
+test "regular movie pricing" do
+  movie = Movie.regular("The Matrix")
+  assert Pricing.calculate_amount(movie, 1) == 2.0
+  assert Pricing.calculate_amount(movie, 2) == 2.0
+  assert Pricing.calculate_amount(movie, 3) == 3.5
+end
+test "customer statement" do
+  movie1 = Movie.regular("The Matrix")
+  movie2 = Movie.new_release("Avatar 2")
+  customer = Customer.new("John")
+              |> Customer.add_rental(Rental.new(movie1, 3))
+              |> Customer.add_rental(Rental.new(movie2, 2))
+  statement = Customer.statement(customer)
+  assert String.contains?(statement, "John")
+  assert String.contains?(statement, "The Matrix")
+  assert String.contains?(statement, "Avatar 2")
+end
+```
+## まとめ
+ビデオレンタルシステムは、OOP のクラシックな例題を関数型で書き直すことで、以下の洞察を得られます：
+1. **継承なしの多態性**: パターンマッチングで価格タイプごとの処理を実現
+2. **不変データ**: 顧客やレンタルは変更ではなく新しい値を生成
+3. **関数の合成**: 小さな純粋関数を組み合わせて複雑な処理を構築
+4. **責務の分離**: 計算、フォーマット、永続化が明確に分離
+関数型プログラミングにより、元のコードよりもテスタブルで保守しやすい設計になります。