@k2works/claude-code-booster 2.7.1 → 3.1.0

package/lib/assets/docs/article/functional-desgin-ppp/scala/18-concurrency-system.md

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+# 第18章: 並行処理システム
+
+## はじめに
+
+本章では、Scala の並行処理プリミティブを使った並行処理システムを学びます。電話通話システムを状態機械パターンで実装し、イベント駆動アーキテクチャの基礎を理解します。
+
+この問題を通じて以下の概念を学びます：
+
+- Scala の並行処理プリミティブ（AtomicReference、TrieMap）
+- 状態機械パターンの実装
+- イベント駆動アーキテクチャ
+- Pub/Sub パターン
+
+## 1. Scala の並行処理モデル
+
+Scala/JVM は複数の並行処理プリミティブを提供します：
+
+| プリミティブ | 特徴 | 用途 |
+|------------|------|------|
+| AtomicReference | CAS 操作、ロックフリー | 単一値の安全な更新 |
+| TrieMap | 並行安全なマップ | 共有状態の管理 |
+| Future/Promise | 非同期計算 | 並行タスクの実行 |
+
+```plantuml
+@startuml
+title Scala の並行処理プリミティブ
+
+rectangle "AtomicReference" {
+  card "CAS操作" as a1
+  card "ロックフリー" as a2
+  card "compareAndSet" as a3
+}
+
+rectangle "TrieMap" {
+  card "並行安全" as t1
+  card "ロックフリー" as t2
+  card "更新操作" as t3
+}
+
+rectangle "Future/Promise" {
+  card "非同期計算" as f1
+  card "コールバック" as f2
+  card "合成可能" as f3
+}
+
+note bottom
+  本章ではAtomicReferenceとTrieMapを使用して
+  状態機械とイベントバスを実装します
+end note
+@enduml
+```
+
+## 2. 状態機械パターン
+
+### 電話通話の状態遷移
+
+```plantuml
+@startuml
+title 電話通話の状態機械
+
+[*] --> Idle
+
+state Idle {
+}
+
+state Calling {
+}
+
+state Dialing {
+}
+
+state WaitingForConnection {
+}
+
+state Talking {
+}
+
+Idle --> Calling : Call
+Idle --> WaitingForConnection : Ring
+
+Calling --> Dialing : Dialtone
+
+Dialing --> WaitingForConnection : Ringback
+
+WaitingForConnection --> Talking : Connected
+
+Talking --> Idle : Disconnect
+Idle --> [*] : Disconnect
+
+@enduml
+```
+
+### 状態機械の定義
+
+```scala
+/**
+ * 電話の状態
+ */
+enum PhoneState:
+  case Idle
+  case Calling
+  case Dialing
+  case WaitingForConnection
+  case Talking
+
+/**
+ * 電話イベント
+ */
+enum PhoneEvent:
+  case Call
+  case Ring
+  case Dialtone
+  case Ringback
+  case Connected
+  case Disconnect
+
+/**
+ * アクションタイプ
+ */
+enum ActionType:
+  case CallerOffHook
+  case CalleeOffHook
+  case Dial
+  case Talk
+  case None
+
+/**
+ * 状態遷移結果
+ */
+case class Transition(
+  nextState: PhoneState,
+  action: ActionType
+)
+
+/**
+ * 状態機械の定義
+ */
+object PhoneStateMachine:
+  import PhoneState.*
+  import PhoneEvent.*
+  import ActionType.*
+
+  private val transitions: Map[(PhoneState, PhoneEvent), Transition] = Map(
+    (Idle, Call) -> Transition(Calling, CallerOffHook),
+    (Idle, Ring) -> Transition(WaitingForConnection, CalleeOffHook),
+    (Idle, Disconnect) -> Transition(Idle, None),
+    (Calling, Dialtone) -> Transition(Dialing, Dial),
+    (Dialing, Ringback) -> Transition(WaitingForConnection, None),
+    (WaitingForConnection, Connected) -> Transition(Talking, Talk),
+    (Talking, Disconnect) -> Transition(Idle, None)
+  )
+
+  def transition(state: PhoneState, event: PhoneEvent): Option[Transition] =
+    transitions.get((state, event))
+
+  def isValidTransition(state: PhoneState, event: PhoneEvent): Boolean =
+    transitions.contains((state, event))
+```
+
+## 3. アクションハンドラ
+
+```scala
+/**
+ * アクションハンドラ
+ */
+trait ActionHandler:
+  def handle(fromUser: UserId, toUser: UserId, action: ActionType): Unit
+
+/**
+ * ログ出力アクションハンドラ
+ */
+class LoggingActionHandler extends ActionHandler:
+  private var logs: List[String] = Nil
+
+  def handle(fromUser: UserId, toUser: UserId, action: ActionType): Unit =
+    val message = action match
+      case ActionType.CallerOffHook => s"$fromUser picked up the phone to call $toUser"
+      case ActionType.CalleeOffHook => s"$fromUser answered the call from $toUser"
+      case ActionType.Dial => s"$fromUser is dialing $toUser"
+      case ActionType.Talk => s"$fromUser is now talking with $toUser"
+      case ActionType.None => ""
+
+    if message.nonEmpty then
+      logs = logs :+ message
+      println(message)
+
+  def getLogs: List[String] = logs
+  def clear(): Unit = logs = Nil
+
+/**
+ * サイレントアクションハンドラ（テスト用）
+ */
+class SilentActionHandler extends ActionHandler:
+  private var actions: List[(UserId, UserId, ActionType)] = Nil
+
+  def handle(fromUser: UserId, toUser: UserId, action: ActionType): Unit =
+    if action != ActionType.None then
+      actions = actions :+ (fromUser, toUser, action)
+
+  def getActions: List[(UserId, UserId, ActionType)] = actions
+  def clear(): Unit = actions = Nil
+```
+
+## 4. ユーザーエージェント
+
+AtomicReference を使用してスレッドセーフな状態管理を実現します。
+
+```scala
+/**
+ * ユーザー状態
+ */
+case class UserState(
+  userId: UserId,
+  state: PhoneState = PhoneState.Idle,
+  peer: Option[UserId] = None
+)
+
+/**
+ * ユーザーエージェント
+ */
+class UserAgent(val userId: UserId, actionHandler: ActionHandler):
+  private val stateRef = new AtomicReference(UserState(userId))
+
+  def getState: PhoneState = stateRef.get().state
+  def getPeer: Option[UserId] = stateRef.get().peer
+  def getUserState: UserState = stateRef.get()
+
+  /**
+   * イベントを送信（CAS操作で安全に状態遷移）
+   */
+  def sendEvent(event: PhoneEvent, peer: Option[UserId] = None): Boolean =
+    var success = false
+    var done = false
+    while !done do
+      val current = stateRef.get()
+      PhoneStateMachine.transition(current.state, event) match
+        case Some(trans) =>
+          val newPeer = peer.orElse(current.peer)
+          val newState = current.copy(state = trans.nextState, peer = newPeer)
+          if stateRef.compareAndSet(current, newState) then
+            if trans.action != ActionType.None then
+              actionHandler.handle(userId, newPeer.getOrElse("unknown"), trans.action)
+            success = true
+            done = true
+        case None =>
+          done = true
+    success
+
+  def reset(): Unit =
+    stateRef.set(UserState(userId))
+```
+
+```plantuml
+@startuml
+title ユーザーエージェントによる状態遷移
+
+participant "Client" as client
+participant "UserAgent" as agent
+participant "AtomicReference" as ref
+participant "StateMachine" as sm
+participant "ActionHandler" as handler
+
+client -> agent : sendEvent(Call)
+activate agent
+
+agent -> ref : get()
+ref --> agent : current state
+
+agent -> sm : transition(state, event)
+sm --> agent : Some(Transition)
+
+agent -> ref : compareAndSet(current, new)
+ref --> agent : true
+
+agent -> handler : handle(action)
+handler --> agent : done
+
+deactivate agent
+
+note right of ref
+  CAS操作により
+  スレッドセーフな
+  状態更新を実現
+end note
+@enduml
+```
+
+## 5. 電話システム
+
+```scala
+/**
+ * 電話システム
+ */
+class PhoneSystem(actionHandler: ActionHandler = new LoggingActionHandler):
+  private val users = TrieMap.empty[UserId, UserAgent]
+
+  def createUser(userId: UserId): UserAgent =
+    val agent = new UserAgent(userId, actionHandler)
+    users.put(userId, agent)
+    agent
+
+  def getUser(userId: UserId): Option[UserAgent] =
+    users.get(userId)
+
+  /**
+   * 電話をかける
+   */
+  def makeCall(callerId: UserId, calleeId: UserId): Boolean =
+    (for
+      caller <- users.get(callerId)
+      callee <- users.get(calleeId)
+    yield
+      val callerSuccess = caller.sendEvent(PhoneEvent.Call, Some(calleeId))
+      val calleeSuccess = callee.sendEvent(PhoneEvent.Ring, Some(callerId))
+      callerSuccess && calleeSuccess
+    ).getOrElse(false)
+
+  /**
+   * 電話に出る
+   */
+  def answerCall(callerId: UserId, calleeId: UserId): Boolean =
+    (for
+      caller <- users.get(callerId)
+      callee <- users.get(calleeId)
+    yield
+      caller.sendEvent(PhoneEvent.Dialtone) &&
+      caller.sendEvent(PhoneEvent.Ringback) &&
+      caller.sendEvent(PhoneEvent.Connected) &&
+      callee.sendEvent(PhoneEvent.Connected)
+    ).getOrElse(false)
+
+  /**
+   * 電話を切る
+   */
+  def hangUp(callerId: UserId, calleeId: UserId): Boolean =
+    (for
+      caller <- users.get(callerId)
+      callee <- users.get(calleeId)
+    yield
+      caller.sendEvent(PhoneEvent.Disconnect) &&
+      callee.sendEvent(PhoneEvent.Disconnect)
+    ).getOrElse(false)
+```
+
+## 6. イベントバス
+
+```scala
+/**
+ * イベント
+ */
+case class Event(
+  eventType: EventType,
+  data: Map[String, Any],
+  timestamp: Long = System.currentTimeMillis()
+)
+
+/**
+ * イベントハンドラ
+ */
+type EventHandler = Event => Unit
+
+/**
+ * イベントバス
+ */
+class EventBus:
+  private val subscribers = TrieMap.empty[EventType, List[EventHandler]]
+  private var eventLog: List[Event] = Nil
+  private val logLock = new Object
+
+  /**
+   * イベントを購読
+   */
+  def subscribe(eventType: EventType, handler: EventHandler): Unit =
+    subscribers.updateWith(eventType) {
+      case Some(handlers) => Some(handlers :+ handler)
+      case None => Some(List(handler))
+    }
+
+  /**
+   * イベントを発行（同期）
+   */
+  def publish(eventType: EventType, data: Map[String, Any] = Map.empty): Event =
+    val event = Event(eventType, data)
+    logLock.synchronized {
+      eventLog = eventLog :+ event
+    }
+    subscribers.get(eventType).foreach { handlers =>
+      handlers.foreach { handler =>
+        try handler(event)
+        catch case e: Exception => println(s"Handler error: ${e.getMessage}")
+      }
+    }
+    event
+
+  /**
+   * イベントを発行（非同期）
+   */
+  def publishAsync(eventType: EventType, data: Map[String, Any] = Map.empty)
+                  (using ec: ExecutionContext): Future[Event] =
+    Future {
+      publish(eventType, data)
+    }
+
+  def getEventLog: List[Event] = logLock.synchronized { eventLog }
+```
+
+```plantuml
+@startuml
+title イベント駆動アーキテクチャ
+
+rectangle "Event Bus" as bus {
+  card "subscribers" as subs
+  card "event-log" as log
+}
+
+rectangle "Publishers" as pubs {
+  card "Component A" as pa
+  card "Component B" as pb
+}
+
+rectangle "Subscribers" as subs2 {
+  card "Handler 1" as h1
+  card "Handler 2" as h2
+  card "Handler 3" as h3
+}
+
+pa --> bus : publish("event-a")
+pb --> bus : publish("event-b")
+
+bus --> h1 : "event-a"
+bus --> h2 : "event-a"
+bus --> h3 : "event-b"
+
+note bottom of bus
+  イベントバスは
+  パブリッシャーとサブスクライバーを
+  疎結合にする
+end note
+@enduml
+```
+
+## 7. 汎用状態機械
+
+```scala
+/**
+ * 汎用状態機械
+ */
+class StateMachine[S, E](
+  initialState: S,
+  transitions: Map[(S, E), (S, Option[() => Unit])]
+):
+  private val stateRef = new AtomicReference(initialState)
+
+  def getState: S = stateRef.get()
+
+  def send(event: E): Boolean =
+    var success = false
+    var done = false
+    while !done do
+      val current = stateRef.get()
+      transitions.get((current, event)) match
+        case Some((nextState, action)) =>
+          if stateRef.compareAndSet(current, nextState) then
+            action.foreach(_())
+            success = true
+            done = true
+        case None =>
+          done = true
+    success
+
+  def reset(): Unit = stateRef.set(initialState)
+
+object StateMachine:
+  def builder[S, E](initialState: S): StateMachineBuilder[S, E] =
+    StateMachineBuilder(initialState, Map.empty)
+
+  case class StateMachineBuilder[S, E](
+    initialState: S,
+    transitions: Map[(S, E), (S, Option[() => Unit])]
+  ):
+    def addTransition(from: S, event: E, to: S, action: Option[() => Unit] = None): StateMachineBuilder[S, E] =
+      copy(transitions = transitions + ((from, event) -> (to, action)))
+
+    def build: StateMachine[S, E] =
+      new StateMachine(initialState, transitions)
+```
+
+## 8. Pub/Sub システム
+
+```scala
+/**
+ * トピック
+ */
+class Topic[T](name: String):
+  private val subscribers = TrieMap.empty[String, T => Unit]
+
+  def subscribe(subscriberId: String, handler: T => Unit): Unit =
+    subscribers.put(subscriberId, handler)
+
+  def unsubscribe(subscriberId: String): Unit =
+    subscribers.remove(subscriberId)
+
+  def publish(message: T): Unit =
+    subscribers.values.foreach { handler =>
+      try handler(message)
+      catch case e: Exception => println(s"Handler error: ${e.getMessage}")
+    }
+
+  def subscriberCount: Int = subscribers.size
+
+/**
+ * メッセージブローカー
+ */
+class MessageBroker:
+  private val topics = TrieMap.empty[String, Topic[Any]]
+
+  def getTopic[T](name: String): Topic[T] =
+    topics.getOrElseUpdate(name, new Topic[Any](name)).asInstanceOf[Topic[T]]
+
+  def topicNames: Set[String] = topics.keySet.toSet
+```
+
+## 9. タスクキュー
+
+```scala
+/**
+ * タスクキュー
+ */
+class TaskQueue[T](workers: Int = 4)(using ec: ExecutionContext):
+  private val queue = new java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue[Task[T]]()
+  @volatile private var running = false
+  private var workerThreads: List[Thread] = Nil
+
+  def submit(id: String, computation: () => T): Future[T] =
+    val task = Task(id, computation)
+    queue.put(task)
+    task.future
+
+  def start(): Unit =
+    if !running then
+      running = true
+      workerThreads = (1 to workers).map { i =>
+        val t = new Thread(() => {
+          while running do
+            try
+              val task = queue.poll(100, java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
+              if task != null then
+                try
+                  val result = task.computation()
+                  task.promise.success(result)
+                catch
+                  case e: Exception => task.promise.failure(e)
+            catch
+              case _: InterruptedException => ()
+        }, s"TaskQueue-Worker-$i")
+        t.start()
+        t
+      }.toList
+
+  def stop(): Unit =
+    running = false
+    workerThreads.foreach(_.interrupt())
+```
+
+## 10. 使用例
+
+### 電話通話のシミュレーション
+
+```scala
+import ConcurrencySystem.*
+
+// 電話システムを作成
+val handler = new SilentActionHandler
+val system = new PhoneSystem(handler)
+
+// ユーザーを作成
+val alice = system.createUser("Alice")
+val bob = system.createUser("Bob")
+
+// 初期状態の確認
+alice.getState // => PhoneState.Idle
+bob.getState   // => PhoneState.Idle
+
+// Alice が Bob に電話をかける
+system.makeCall("Alice", "Bob")
+alice.getState // => PhoneState.Calling
+bob.getState   // => PhoneState.WaitingForConnection
+
+// Bob が電話に出る
+system.answerCall("Alice", "Bob")
+alice.getState // => PhoneState.Talking
+bob.getState   // => PhoneState.Talking
+
+// 電話を切る
+system.hangUp("Alice", "Bob")
+alice.getState // => PhoneState.Idle
+bob.getState   // => PhoneState.Idle
+```
+
+### イベントシステムの使用
+
+```scala
+import ConcurrencySystem.*
+import scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer
+
+// イベントバスを作成
+val bus = new EventBus
+
+// ログを収集するリスト
+val logs = ListBuffer.empty[String]
+
+// ハンドラを登録
+bus.subscribe("user-logged-in", event =>
+  logs += s"User logged in: ${event.data}"
+)
+
+bus.subscribe("user-logged-in", event =>
+  logs += s"Sending welcome email to: ${event.data}"
+)
+
+// イベントを発行
+bus.publish("user-logged-in", Map("userId" -> "U001", "name" -> "Alice"))
+
+// ログの確認
+logs.toList
+// => List(
+//      "User logged in: Map(userId -> U001, name -> Alice)",
+//      "Sending welcome email to: Map(userId -> U001, name -> Alice)"
+//    )
+
+// イベントログの確認
+bus.getEventLog
+// => List(Event("user-logged-in", Map(...), timestamp))
+```
+
+## 11. Clojure との比較
+
+| 機能 | Clojure | Scala |
+|------|---------|-------|
+| 非同期状態 | Agent | AtomicReference + CAS |
+| 並行マップ | atom + {} | TrieMap |
+| 非同期送信 | send | Future |
+| 状態待機 | await | compareAndSet ループ |
+| エラー処理 | agent-error | try/catch |
+
+Clojure の Agent は非同期で `send` によりバックグラウンドで状態更新されますが、Scala では `AtomicReference` の CAS（Compare-And-Set）操作を使用して同期的にスレッドセーフな更新を行います。
+
+```scala
+// Scala: CAS操作による安全な更新
+while !done do
+  val current = stateRef.get()
+  transitions.get((current, event)) match
+    case Some((nextState, _)) =>
+      if stateRef.compareAndSet(current, newState) then
+        done = true
+    case None =>
+      done = true
+```
+
+```clojure
+;; Clojure: Agentによる非同期更新
+(send user-agent transition event event-data)
+(await user-agent)  ; 完了を待つ
+```
+
+## 12. シーケンス図
+
+```plantuml
+@startuml
+title 電話通話の完全なフロー
+
+participant "Alice\n(UserAgent)" as alice
+participant "Bob\n(UserAgent)" as bob
+participant "StateMachine" as sm
+
+== 発信 ==
+alice -> alice : sendEvent(Call)
+alice -> sm : transition(Idle, Call)
+sm --> alice : state = Calling
+
+bob -> bob : sendEvent(Ring)
+bob -> sm : transition(Idle, Ring)
+sm --> bob : state = WaitingForConnection
+
+== 応答 ==
+alice -> alice : sendEvent(Dialtone)
+alice -> sm : transition(Calling, Dialtone)
+sm --> alice : state = Dialing
+
+alice -> alice : sendEvent(Ringback)
+alice -> sm : transition(Dialing, Ringback)
+sm --> alice : state = WaitingForConnection
+
+alice -> alice : sendEvent(Connected)
+alice -> sm : transition(WaitingForConnection, Connected)
+sm --> alice : state = Talking
+
+bob -> bob : sendEvent(Connected)
+bob -> sm : transition(WaitingForConnection, Connected)
+sm --> bob : state = Talking
+
+== 終了 ==
+alice -> alice : sendEvent(Disconnect)
+alice -> sm : transition(Talking, Disconnect)
+sm --> alice : state = Idle
+
+bob -> bob : sendEvent(Disconnect)
+bob -> sm : transition(Talking, Disconnect)
+sm --> bob : state = Idle
+@enduml
+```
+
+## まとめ
+
+本章では、並行処理システムを通じて以下を学びました：
+
+1. **AtomicReference**: CAS 操作による安全な状態更新
+2. **状態機械パターン**: 宣言的な状態遷移定義
+3. **イベント駆動アーキテクチャ**: 疎結合なコンポーネント間通信
+4. **Pub/Sub パターン**: トピックベースのメッセージング
+5. **タスクキュー**: 並行タスクの管理
+
+Scala では Clojure の Agent と異なり、`AtomicReference` と CAS 操作を使用してスレッドセーフな状態管理を実現しました。これにより、同期的かつ決定的な動作が保証され、テストが容易になります。
+
+## 参考コード
+
+本章のコード例は以下のファイルで確認できます：
+
+- ソースコード: `apps/scala/part6/src/main/scala/ConcurrencySystem.scala`
+- テストコード: `apps/scala/part6/src/test/scala/ConcurrencySystemSpec.scala`