@heyai-rules/pilo-masterkit 1.2.2 → 3.1.0

package/.agent/skills/python-patterns/SKILL.md

@@ -1,441 +1,750 @@
 ---
 name: python-patterns
-description: Python development principles and decision-making. Framework selection, async patterns, type hints, project structure. Teaches thinking, not copying.
-allowed-tools: Read, Write, Edit, Glob, Grep
+description: Pythonic idioms, PEP 8 standards, type hints, and best practices for building robust, efficient, and maintainable Python applications.
+origin: ECC
 ---
 
-# Python Patterns
+# Python Development Patterns
 
-> Python development principles and decision-making for 2025.
-> **Learn to THINK, not memorize patterns.**
+Idiomatic Python patterns and best practices for building robust, efficient, and maintainable applications.
 
----
+## When to Activate
 
-## ⚠️ How to Use This Skill
+- Writing new Python code
+- Reviewing Python code
+- Refactoring existing Python code
+- Designing Python packages/modules
 
-This skill teaches **decision-making principles**, not fixed code to copy.
+## Core Principles
 
-- ASK user for framework preference when unclear
-- Choose async vs sync based on CONTEXT
-- Don't default to same framework every time
+### 1. Readability Counts
 
----
+Python prioritizes readability. Code should be obvious and easy to understand.
 
-## 1. Framework Selection (2025)
-
-### Decision Tree
-
-```
-What are you building?
-│
-├── API-first / Microservices
-│   └── FastAPI (async, modern, fast)
-│
-├── Full-stack web / CMS / Admin
-│   └── Django (batteries-included)
-│
-├── Simple / Script / Learning
-│   └── Flask (minimal, flexible)
-│
-├── AI/ML API serving
-│   └── FastAPI (Pydantic, async, uvicorn)
-│
-└── Background workers
-    └── Celery + any framework
-```
-
-### Comparison Principles
-
-| Factor | FastAPI | Django | Flask |
-|--------|---------|--------|-------|
-| **Best for** | APIs, microservices | Full-stack, CMS | Simple, learning |
-| **Async** | Native | Django 5.0+ | Via extensions |
-| **Admin** | Manual | Built-in | Via extensions |
-| **ORM** | Choose your own | Django ORM | Choose your own |
-| **Learning curve** | Low | Medium | Low |
-
-### Selection Questions to Ask:
-1. Is this API-only or full-stack?
-2. Need admin interface?
-3. Team familiar with async?
-4. Existing infrastructure?
+```python
+# Good: Clear and readable
+def get_active_users(users: list[User]) -> list[User]:
+    """Return only active users from the provided list."""
+    return [user for user in users if user.is_active]
 
----
 
-## 2. Async vs Sync Decision
+# Bad: Clever but confusing
+def get_active_users(u):
+    return [x for x in u if x.a]
+```
 
-### When to Use Async
+### 2. Explicit is Better Than Implicit
 
-```
-async def is better when:
-├── I/O-bound operations (database, HTTP, file)
-├── Many concurrent connections
-├── Real-time features
-├── Microservices communication
-└── FastAPI/Starlette/Django ASGI
+Avoid magic; be clear about what your code does.
 
-def (sync) is better when:
-├── CPU-bound operations
-├── Simple scripts
-├── Legacy codebase
-├── Team unfamiliar with async
-└── Blocking libraries (no async version)
-```
+```python
+# Good: Explicit configuration
+import logging
 
-### The Golden Rule
+logging.basicConfig(
+    level=logging.INFO,
+    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
+)
 
+# Bad: Hidden side effects
+import some_module
+some_module.setup()  # What does this do?
 ```
-I/O-bound → async (waiting for external)
-CPU-bound → sync + multiprocessing (computing)
 
-Don't:
-├── Mix sync and async carelessly
-├── Use sync libraries in async code
-└── Force async for CPU work
-```
+### 3. EAFP - Easier to Ask Forgiveness Than Permission
 
-### Async Library Selection
+Python prefers exception handling over checking conditions.
 
-| Need | Async Library |
-|------|---------------|
-| HTTP client | httpx |
-| PostgreSQL | asyncpg |
-| Redis | aioredis / redis-py async |
-| File I/O | aiofiles |
-| Database ORM | SQLAlchemy 2.0 async, Tortoise |
+```python
+# Good: EAFP style
+def get_value(dictionary: dict, key: str) -> Any:
+    try:
+        return dictionary[key]
+    except KeyError:
+        return default_value
 
----
+# Bad: LBYL (Look Before You Leap) style
+def get_value(dictionary: dict, key: str) -> Any:
+    if key in dictionary:
+        return dictionary[key]
+    else:
+        return default_value
+```
 
-## 3. Type Hints Strategy
+## Type Hints
 
-### When to Type
+### Basic Type Annotations
 
+```python
+from typing import Optional, List, Dict, Any
+
+def process_user(
+    user_id: str,
+    data: Dict[str, Any],
+    active: bool = True
+) -> Optional[User]:
+    """Process a user and return the updated User or None."""
+    if not active:
+        return None
+    return User(user_id, data)
 ```
-Always type:
-├── Function parameters
-├── Return types
-├── Class attributes
-├── Public APIs
 
-Can skip:
-├── Local variables (let inference work)
-├── One-off scripts
-├── Tests (usually)
+### Modern Type Hints (Python 3.9+)
+
+```python
+# Python 3.9+ - Use built-in types
+def process_items(items: list[str]) -> dict[str, int]:
+    return {item: len(item) for item in items}
+
+# Python 3.8 and earlier - Use typing module
+from typing import List, Dict
+
+def process_items(items: List[str]) -> Dict[str, int]:
+    return {item: len(item) for item in items}
 ```
 
-### Common Type Patterns
+### Type Aliases and TypeVar
 
 ```python
-# These are patterns, understand them:
+from typing import TypeVar, Union
 
-# Optional → might be None
-from typing import Optional
-def find_user(id: int) -> Optional[User]: ...
+# Type alias for complex types
+JSON = Union[dict[str, Any], list[Any], str, int, float, bool, None]
 
-# Union → one of multiple types
-def process(data: str | dict) -> None: ...
+def parse_json(data: str) -> JSON:
+    return json.loads(data)
 
-# Generic collections
-def get_items() -> list[Item]: ...
-def get_mapping() -> dict[str, int]: ...
+# Generic types
+T = TypeVar('T')
 
-# Callable
-from typing import Callable
-def apply(fn: Callable[[int], str]) -> str: ...
+def first(items: list[T]) -> T | None:
+    """Return the first item or None if list is empty."""
+    return items[0] if items else None
 ```
 
-### Pydantic for Validation
+### Protocol-Based Duck Typing
 
-```
-When to use Pydantic:
-├── API request/response models
-├── Configuration/settings
-├── Data validation
-├── Serialization
+```python
+from typing import Protocol
 
-Benefits:
-├── Runtime validation
-├── Auto-generated JSON schema
-├── Works with FastAPI natively
-└── Clear error messages
+class Renderable(Protocol):
+    def render(self) -> str:
+        """Render the object to a string."""
+
+def render_all(items: list[Renderable]) -> str:
+    """Render all items that implement the Renderable protocol."""
+    return "\n".join(item.render() for item in items)
 ```
 
----
+## Error Handling Patterns
 
-## 4. Project Structure Principles
+### Specific Exception Handling
 
-### Structure Selection
+```python
+# Good: Catch specific exceptions
+def load_config(path: str) -> Config:
+    try:
+        with open(path) as f:
+            return Config.from_json(f.read())
+    except FileNotFoundError as e:
+        raise ConfigError(f"Config file not found: {path}") from e
+    except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
+        raise ConfigError(f"Invalid JSON in config: {path}") from e
+
+# Bad: Bare except
+def load_config(path: str) -> Config:
+    try:
+        with open(path) as f:
+            return Config.from_json(f.read())
+    except:
+        return None  # Silent failure!
+```
+
+### Exception Chaining
 
+```python
+def process_data(data: str) -> Result:
+    try:
+        parsed = json.loads(data)
+    except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
+        # Chain exceptions to preserve the traceback
+        raise ValueError(f"Failed to parse data: {data}") from e
 ```
-Small project / Script:
-├── main.py
-├── utils.py
-└── requirements.txt
 
-Medium API:
-├── app/
-│   ├── __init__.py
-│   ├── main.py
-│   ├── models/
-│   ├── routes/
-│   ├── services/
-│   └── schemas/
-├── tests/
-└── pyproject.toml
+### Custom Exception Hierarchy
 
-Large application:
-├── src/
-│   └── myapp/
-│       ├── core/
-│       ├── api/
-│       ├── services/
-│       ├── models/
-│       └── ...
-├── tests/
-└── pyproject.toml
+```python
+class AppError(Exception):
+    """Base exception for all application errors."""
+    pass
+
+class ValidationError(AppError):
+    """Raised when input validation fails."""
+    pass
+
+class NotFoundError(AppError):
+    """Raised when a requested resource is not found."""
+    pass
+
+# Usage
+def get_user(user_id: str) -> User:
+    user = db.find_user(user_id)
+    if not user:
+        raise NotFoundError(f"User not found: {user_id}")
+    return user
 ```
 
-### FastAPI Structure Principles
+## Context Managers
+
+### Resource Management
 
+```python
+# Good: Using context managers
+def process_file(path: str) -> str:
+    with open(path, 'r') as f:
+        return f.read()
+
+# Bad: Manual resource management
+def process_file(path: str) -> str:
+    f = open(path, 'r')
+    try:
+        return f.read()
+    finally:
+        f.close()
 ```
-Organize by feature or layer:
 
-By layer:
-├── routes/ (API endpoints)
-├── services/ (business logic)
-├── models/ (database models)
-├── schemas/ (Pydantic models)
-└── dependencies/ (shared deps)
+### Custom Context Managers
+
+```python
+from contextlib import contextmanager
 
-By feature:
-├── users/
-│   ├── routes.py
-│   ├── service.py
-│   └── schemas.py
-└── products/
-    └── ...
+@contextmanager
+def timer(name: str):
+    """Context manager to time a block of code."""
+    start = time.perf_counter()
+    yield
+    elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
+    print(f"{name} took {elapsed:.4f} seconds")
+
+# Usage
+with timer("data processing"):
+    process_large_dataset()
 ```
 
----
+### Context Manager Classes
+
+```python
+class DatabaseTransaction:
+    def __init__(self, connection):
+        self.connection = connection
 
-## 5. Django Principles (2025)
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self.connection.begin_transaction()
+        return self
 
-### Django Async (Django 5.0+)
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        if exc_type is None:
+            self.connection.commit()
+        else:
+            self.connection.rollback()
+        return False  # Don't suppress exceptions
 
+# Usage
+with DatabaseTransaction(conn):
+    user = conn.create_user(user_data)
+    conn.create_profile(user.id, profile_data)
 ```
-Django supports async:
-├── Async views
-├── Async middleware
-├── Async ORM (limited)
-└── ASGI deployment
 
-When to use async in Django:
-├── External API calls
-├── WebSocket (Channels)
-├── High-concurrency views
-└── Background task triggering
+## Comprehensions and Generators
+
+### List Comprehensions
+
+```python
+# Good: List comprehension for simple transformations
+names = [user.name for user in users if user.is_active]
+
+# Bad: Manual loop
+names = []
+for user in users:
+    if user.is_active:
+        names.append(user.name)
+
+# Complex comprehensions should be expanded
+# Bad: Too complex
+result = [x * 2 for x in items if x > 0 if x % 2 == 0]
+
+# Good: Use a generator function
+def filter_and_transform(items: Iterable[int]) -> list[int]:
+    result = []
+    for x in items:
+        if x > 0 and x % 2 == 0:
+            result.append(x * 2)
+    return result
 ```
 
-### Django Best Practices
+### Generator Expressions
+
+```python
+# Good: Generator for lazy evaluation
+total = sum(x * x for x in range(1_000_000))
 
+# Bad: Creates large intermediate list
+total = sum([x * x for x in range(1_000_000)])
 ```
-Model design:
-├── Fat models, thin views
-├── Use managers for common queries
-├── Abstract base classes for shared fields
 
-Views:
-├── Class-based for complex CRUD
-├── Function-based for simple endpoints
-├── Use viewsets with DRF
+### Generator Functions
+
+```python
+def read_large_file(path: str) -> Iterator[str]:
+    """Read a large file line by line."""
+    with open(path) as f:
+        for line in f:
+            yield line.strip()
 
-Queries:
-├── select_related() for FKs
-├── prefetch_related() for M2M
-├── Avoid N+1 queries
-└── Use .only() for specific fields
+# Usage
+for line in read_large_file("huge.txt"):
+    process(line)
 ```
 
----
+## Data Classes and Named Tuples
 
-## 6. FastAPI Principles
+### Data Classes
 
-### async def vs def in FastAPI
+```python
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from datetime import datetime
 
-```
-Use async def when:
-├── Using async database drivers
-├── Making async HTTP calls
-├── I/O-bound operations
-└── Want to handle concurrency
+@dataclass
+class User:
+    """User entity with automatic __init__, __repr__, and __eq__."""
+    id: str
+    name: str
+    email: str
+    created_at: datetime = field(default_factory=datetime.now)
+    is_active: bool = True
 
-Use def when:
-├── Blocking operations
-├── Sync database drivers
-├── CPU-bound work
-└── FastAPI runs in threadpool automatically
+# Usage
+user = User(
+    id="123",
+    name="Alice",
+    email="alice@example.com"
+)
 ```
 
-### Dependency Injection
+### Data Classes with Validation
 
-```
-Use dependencies for:
-├── Database sessions
-├── Current user / Auth
-├── Configuration
-├── Shared resources
+```python
+@dataclass
+class User:
+    email: str
+    age: int
 
-Benefits:
-├── Testability (mock dependencies)
-├── Clean separation
-├── Automatic cleanup (yield)
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        # Validate email format
+        if "@" not in self.email:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid email: {self.email}")
+        # Validate age range
+        if self.age < 0 or self.age > 150:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid age: {self.age}")
 ```
 
-### Pydantic v2 Integration
+### Named Tuples
 
 ```python
-# FastAPI + Pydantic are tightly integrated:
+from typing import NamedTuple
 
-# Request validation
-@app.post("/users")
-async def create(user: UserCreate) -> UserResponse:
-    # user is already validated
-    ...
+class Point(NamedTuple):
+    """Immutable 2D point."""
+    x: float
+    y: float
 
-# Response serialization
-# Return type becomes response schema
+    def distance(self, other: 'Point') -> float:
+        return ((self.x - other.x) ** 2 + (self.y - other.y) ** 2) ** 0.5
+
+# Usage
+p1 = Point(0, 0)
+p2 = Point(3, 4)
+print(p1.distance(p2))  # 5.0
 ```
 
----
+## Decorators
 
-## 7. Background Tasks
+### Function Decorators
 
-### Selection Guide
+```python
+import functools
+import time
 
-| Solution | Best For |
-|----------|----------|
-| **BackgroundTasks** | Simple, in-process tasks |
-| **Celery** | Distributed, complex workflows |
-| **ARQ** | Async, Redis-based |
-| **RQ** | Simple Redis queue |
-| **Dramatiq** | Actor-based, simpler than Celery |
+def timer(func: Callable) -> Callable:
+    """Decorator to time function execution."""
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        start = time.perf_counter()
+        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+        elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
+        print(f"{func.__name__} took {elapsed:.4f}s")
+        return result
+    return wrapper
 
-### When to Use Each
+@timer
+def slow_function():
+    time.sleep(1)
 
+# slow_function() prints: slow_function took 1.0012s
 ```
-FastAPI BackgroundTasks:
-├── Quick operations
-├── No persistence needed
-├── Fire-and-forget
-└── Same process
 
-Celery/ARQ:
-├── Long-running tasks
-├── Need retry logic
-├── Distributed workers
-├── Persistent queue
-└── Complex workflows
+### Parameterized Decorators
+
+```python
+def repeat(times: int):
+    """Decorator to repeat a function multiple times."""
+    def decorator(func: Callable) -> Callable:
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            results = []
+            for _ in range(times):
+                results.append(func(*args, **kwargs))
+            return results
+        return wrapper
+    return decorator
+
+@repeat(times=3)
+def greet(name: str) -> str:
+    return f"Hello, {name}!"
+
+# greet("Alice") returns ["Hello, Alice!", "Hello, Alice!", "Hello, Alice!"]
 ```
 
----
+### Class-Based Decorators
+
+```python
+class CountCalls:
+    """Decorator that counts how many times a function is called."""
+    def __init__(self, func: Callable):
+        functools.update_wrapper(self, func)
+        self.func = func
+        self.count = 0
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.count += 1
+        print(f"{self.func.__name__} has been called {self.count} times")
+        return self.func(*args, **kwargs)
 
-## 8. Error Handling Principles
+@CountCalls
+def process():
+    pass
 
-### Exception Strategy
+# Each call to process() prints the call count
+```
+
+## Concurrency Patterns
+
+### Threading for I/O-Bound Tasks
+
+```python
+import concurrent.futures
+import threading
+
+def fetch_url(url: str) -> str:
+    """Fetch a URL (I/O-bound operation)."""
+    import urllib.request
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as response:
+        return response.read().decode()
+
+def fetch_all_urls(urls: list[str]) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Fetch multiple URLs concurrently using threads."""
+    with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=10) as executor:
+        future_to_url = {executor.submit(fetch_url, url): url for url in urls}
+        results = {}
+        for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(future_to_url):
+            url = future_to_url[future]
+            try:
+                results[url] = future.result()
+            except Exception as e:
+                results[url] = f"Error: {e}"
+    return results
+```
+
+### Multiprocessing for CPU-Bound Tasks
+
+```python
+def process_data(data: list[int]) -> int:
+    """CPU-intensive computation."""
+    return sum(x ** 2 for x in data)
 
+def process_all(datasets: list[list[int]]) -> list[int]:
+    """Process multiple datasets using multiple processes."""
+    with concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor() as executor:
+        results = list(executor.map(process_data, datasets))
+    return results
 ```
-In FastAPI:
-├── Create custom exception classes
-├── Register exception handlers
-├── Return consistent error format
-└── Log without exposing internals
 
-Pattern:
-├── Raise domain exceptions in services
-├── Catch and transform in handlers
-└── Client gets clean error response
+### Async/Await for Concurrent I/O
+
+```python
+import asyncio
+
+async def fetch_async(url: str) -> str:
+    """Fetch a URL asynchronously."""
+    import aiohttp
+    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
+        async with session.get(url) as response:
+            return await response.text()
+
+async def fetch_all(urls: list[str]) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Fetch multiple URLs concurrently."""
+    tasks = [fetch_async(url) for url in urls]
+    results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks, return_exceptions=True)
+    return dict(zip(urls, results))
 ```
 
-### Error Response Philosophy
+## Package Organization
+
+### Standard Project Layout
 
 ```
-Include:
-├── Error code (programmatic)
-├── Message (human readable)
-├── Details (field-level when applicable)
-└── NOT stack traces (security)
+myproject/
+├── src/
+│   └── mypackage/
+│       ├── __init__.py
+│       ├── main.py
+│       ├── api/
+│       │   ├── __init__.py
+│       │   └── routes.py
+│       ├── models/
+│       │   ├── __init__.py
+│       │   └── user.py
+│       └── utils/
+│           ├── __init__.py
+│           └── helpers.py
+├── tests/
+│   ├── __init__.py
+│   ├── conftest.py
+│   ├── test_api.py
+│   └── test_models.py
+├── pyproject.toml
+├── README.md
+└── .gitignore
 ```
 
----
+### Import Conventions
+
+```python
+# Good: Import order - stdlib, third-party, local
+import os
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import requests
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+from mypackage.models import User
+from mypackage.utils import format_name
 
-## 9. Testing Principles
+# Good: Use isort for automatic import sorting
+# pip install isort
+```
+
+### __init__.py for Package Exports
+
+```python
+# mypackage/__init__.py
+"""mypackage - A sample Python package."""
 
-### Testing Strategy
+__version__ = "1.0.0"
 
-| Type | Purpose | Tools |
-|------|---------|-------|
-| **Unit** | Business logic | pytest |
-| **Integration** | API endpoints | pytest + httpx/TestClient |
-| **E2E** | Full workflows | pytest + DB |
+# Export main classes/functions at package level
+from mypackage.models import User, Post
+from mypackage.utils import format_name
 
-### Async Testing
+__all__ = ["User", "Post", "format_name"]
+```
+
+## Memory and Performance
+
+### Using __slots__ for Memory Efficiency
 
 ```python
-# Use pytest-asyncio for async tests
+# Bad: Regular class uses __dict__ (more memory)
+class Point:
+    def __init__(self, x: float, y: float):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
 
-import pytest
-from httpx import AsyncClient
+# Good: __slots__ reduces memory usage
+class Point:
+    __slots__ = ['x', 'y']
 
-@pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_endpoint():
-    async with AsyncClient(app=app, base_url="http://test") as client:
-        response = await client.get("/users")
-        assert response.status_code == 200
+    def __init__(self, x: float, y: float):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
 ```
 
-### Fixtures Strategy
+### Generator for Large Data
+
+```python
+# Bad: Returns full list in memory
+def read_lines(path: str) -> list[str]:
+    with open(path) as f:
+        return [line.strip() for line in f]
+
+# Good: Yields lines one at a time
+def read_lines(path: str) -> Iterator[str]:
+    with open(path) as f:
+        for line in f:
+            yield line.strip()
+```
+
+### Avoid String Concatenation in Loops
+
+```python
+# Bad: O(n²) due to string immutability
+result = ""
+for item in items:
+    result += str(item)
+
+# Good: O(n) using join
+result = "".join(str(item) for item in items)
 
+# Good: Using StringIO for building
+from io import StringIO
+
+buffer = StringIO()
+for item in items:
+    buffer.write(str(item))
+result = buffer.getvalue()
 ```
-Common fixtures:
-├── db_session → Database connection
-├── client → Test client
-├── authenticated_user → User with token
-└── sample_data → Test data setup
+
+## Python Tooling Integration
+
+### Essential Commands
+
+```bash
+# Code formatting
+black .
+isort .
+
+# Linting
+ruff check .
+pylint mypackage/
+
+# Type checking
+mypy .
+
+# Testing
+pytest --cov=mypackage --cov-report=html
+
+# Security scanning
+bandit -r .
+
+# Dependency management
+pip-audit
+safety check
 ```
 
----
+### pyproject.toml Configuration
 
-## 10. Decision Checklist
+```toml
+[project]
+name = "mypackage"
+version = "1.0.0"
+requires-python = ">=3.9"
+dependencies = [
+    "requests>=2.31.0",
+    "pydantic>=2.0.0",
+]
 
-Before implementing:
+[project.optional-dependencies]
+dev = [
+    "pytest>=7.4.0",
+    "pytest-cov>=4.1.0",
+    "black>=23.0.0",
+    "ruff>=0.1.0",
+    "mypy>=1.5.0",
+]
 
-- [ ] **Asked user about framework preference?**
-- [ ] **Chosen framework for THIS context?** (not just default)
-- [ ] **Decided async vs sync?**
-- [ ] **Planned type hint strategy?**
-- [ ] **Defined project structure?**
-- [ ] **Planned error handling?**
-- [ ] **Considered background tasks?**
+[tool.black]
+line-length = 88
+target-version = ['py39']
 
----
+[tool.ruff]
+line-length = 88
+select = ["E", "F", "I", "N", "W"]
 
-## 11. Anti-Patterns to Avoid
+[tool.mypy]
+python_version = "3.9"
+warn_return_any = true
+warn_unused_configs = true
+disallow_untyped_defs = true
 
-### ❌ DON'T:
-- Default to Django for simple APIs (FastAPI may be better)
-- Use sync libraries in async code
-- Skip type hints for public APIs
-- Put business logic in routes/views
-- Ignore N+1 queries
-- Mix async and sync carelessly
+[tool.pytest.ini_options]
+testpaths = ["tests"]
+addopts = "--cov=mypackage --cov-report=term-missing"
+```
 
-### ✅ DO:
-- Choose framework based on context
-- Ask about async requirements
-- Use Pydantic for validation
-- Separate concerns (routes → services → repos)
-- Test critical paths
+## Quick Reference: Python Idioms
 
----
+| Idiom | Description |
+|-------|-------------|
+| EAFP | Easier to Ask Forgiveness than Permission |
+| Context managers | Use `with` for resource management |
+| List comprehensions | For simple transformations |
+| Generators | For lazy evaluation and large datasets |
+| Type hints | Annotate function signatures |
+| Dataclasses | For data containers with auto-generated methods |
+| `__slots__` | For memory optimization |
+| f-strings | For string formatting (Python 3.6+) |
+| `pathlib.Path` | For path operations (Python 3.4+) |
+| `enumerate` | For index-element pairs in loops |
+
+## Anti-Patterns to Avoid
 
-> **Remember**: Python patterns are about decision-making for YOUR specific context. Don't copy code—think about what serves your application best.
+```python
+# Bad: Mutable default arguments
+def append_to(item, items=[]):
+    items.append(item)
+    return items
+
+# Good: Use None and create new list
+def append_to(item, items=None):
+    if items is None:
+        items = []
+    items.append(item)
+    return items
+
+# Bad: Checking type with type()
+if type(obj) == list:
+    process(obj)
+
+# Good: Use isinstance
+if isinstance(obj, list):
+    process(obj)
+
+# Bad: Comparing to None with ==
+if value == None:
+    process()
+
+# Good: Use is
+if value is None:
+    process()
+
+# Bad: from module import *
+from os.path import *
+
+# Good: Explicit imports
+from os.path import join, exists
+
+# Bad: Bare except
+try:
+    risky_operation()
+except:
+    pass
+
+# Good: Specific exception
+try:
+    risky_operation()
+except SpecificError as e:
+    logger.error(f"Operation failed: {e}")
+```
+
+__Remember__: Python code should be readable, explicit, and follow the principle of least surprise. When in doubt, prioritize clarity over cleverness.