@graphty/graph-io 0.3.47 → 0.3.49

package/src/formats/json/styles.ts

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
  * - Cytoscape.js: the stylesheet (an array or a CSS-like text) over the raw element JSON, through graph-io's
  *   Cytoscape.js engine, with Cytoscape.js's defaults beneath it; an element's own `style` is a bypass. Cytoscape
  *   desktop's export without a stylesheet gets Cytoscape desktop's default style instead.
- * - graphology: the keys sigma.js draws (`color`, `size`, `label`, `hidden`), with sigma's defaults. Gephi's JSON
+ * - graphology: the keys sigma.js draws (`color`, `size` (a radius), `label`), with sigma's defaults. Gephi's JSON
  *   export for sigma.js is read the same way.
  * - vis.js: the keys vis-network draws, `options.nodes` and `options.edges` as declared defaults and
  *   `options.groups` as group rules, with vis-network's defaults, its palette for groups the file does not define,
@@ -36,11 +36,12 @@ import {
 import { CYJS_EDGE_PROPERTIES, CYJS_NODE_PROPERTIES } from "../../styles/cyjs/mappers.js";
 import { toolDefaults } from "../../styles/defaults.js";
 import { StyleApproximations } from "../../styles/io/approximations.js";
-import { blockStyles, parseStyleBlock, STYLE_BLOCK_NAME } from "../../styles/io/block.js";
+import { parseStyleBlock, STYLE_BLOCK_NAME } from "../../styles/io/block.js";
+import { takeFromBlock } from "../../styles/io/round-trip.js";
 import type { ExporterStyleInput } from "../../styles/io/writer.js";
 import { StyleNotes } from "../../styles/notes.js";
 import { styleFingerprint } from "../../styles/plan/features.js";
-import { plainCell, resolveStyles } from "../../styles/plan/resolve.js";
+import { plainCell } from "../../styles/plan/resolve.js";
 import type {
     ColumnRef,
     EdgeStyleProperty,
@@ -81,10 +82,23 @@ export interface JsonStyleSource {
     readonly groups?: unknown;
     /** graphology: whether the document is Gephi's JSON export (`id` instead of `key`). */
     readonly gephi?: boolean;
+    /** graphology: the sigma.js settings the drawing uses (the `sigmaSettings` import option). */
+    readonly sigma?: SigmaSettings;
     /** node-link: whether the document has NetworkX's `directed`, `multigraph` and `graph` keys. */
     readonly networkx?: boolean;
 }
 
+/** The sigma.js settings that change what graph-io reads from a graphology document; the rest are the application's. */
+export interface SigmaSettings {
+    /** Whether sigma draws edge labels (`renderEdgeLabels`, off by default). */
+    readonly renderEdgeLabels: boolean;
+    /** Whose edge labels it draws (`edgeLabelAnchors`): between two labeled nodes ("nodeLabels", the default), or every edge's. */
+    readonly edgeLabelAnchors: "nodeLabels" | "allNodes";
+}
+
+/** sigma.js's own settings. */
+export const SIGMA_DEFAULT_SETTINGS: SigmaSettings = { renderEdgeLabels: false, edgeLabelAnchors: "nodeLabels" };
+
 /** The writable values of one row. */
 type Row = Record<string, StyleValue | null>;
 /** Per-property values of one target, by element index. */
@@ -316,14 +330,17 @@ function graphologyStyles(snapshot: GraphSnapshot, src: JsonStyleSource, context
     const notes = new StyleNotes();
     const out: Record<StyleTarget, Values> = { node: {}, edge: {} };
     const readFrom: Record<StyleTarget, string[]> = { node: [], edge: [] };
+    const edgeLabel = sigmaEdgeLabels(snapshot, src.sigma ?? SIGMA_DEFAULT_SETTINGS);
     for (const target of TARGETS) {
         const n = target === "node" ? snapshot.nodeCount : snapshot.edgeCount;
         const { values, put } = valuesOf(n);
         const keys: SigmaKeys = {
             color: cells(snapshot, target, "color"),
             size: cells(snapshot, target, "size"),
+            // sigma 4's default styles bind nothing else: it draws an element marked `hidden: true` (sigma 3's key)
+            // or `visibility: "hidden"` (its own display-data name) like any other (specimen sheets
+            // graphology-specimen-node-sizes-opacity, -edges-lines)
             label: cells(snapshot, target, "label"),
-            hidden: cells(snapshot, target, "hidden"),
         };
         readFrom[target].push(...Object.entries(keys).flatMap(([name, c]) => (c === null ? [] : [name])));
         for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
@@ -334,7 +351,7 @@ function graphologyStyles(snapshot: GraphSnapshot, src: JsonStyleSource, context
                 element: i,
                 budget: context.budget,
             });
-            readSigmaRow(keys, target, i, put, site);
+            readSigmaRow(keys, target, target === "node" || edgeLabel(i), i, put, site);
         }
         out[target] = values;
     }
@@ -352,18 +369,42 @@ function graphologyStyles(snapshot: GraphSnapshot, src: JsonStyleSource, context
     };
 }
 
+/**
+ * Which edges sigma.js draws the label of: none unless `renderEdgeLabels` is on; then, under `edgeLabelAnchors`
+ * "nodeLabels", only an edge whose two end nodes show a label.
+ * @param snapshot - the graph
+ * @param settings - sigma's settings
+ * @returns whether edge `i`'s label is drawn
+ */
+function sigmaEdgeLabels(snapshot: GraphSnapshot, settings: SigmaSettings): (i: number) => boolean {
+    if (!settings.renderEdgeLabels) {
+        return () => false;
+    }
+    if (settings.edgeLabelAnchors === "allNodes") {
+        return () => true;
+    }
+    // ponytail: a node "shows" its label when it has one; sigma also hides labels by its label grid and
+    // labelRenderedSizeThreshold, which depend on its framing. Model those once graphty frames a sigma file as sigma does.
+    const label = cells(snapshot, "node", "label");
+    const shows = (node: number): boolean => {
+        const text = label?.(node);
+        return typeof text === "string" ? text !== "" : text !== null && text !== undefined;
+    };
+    return (i) => shows(snapshot.edgeSource(i)) && shows(snapshot.edgeTarget(i));
+}
+
 /** The cell readers of the keys sigma.js draws, null for a key the graph does not have. */
 interface SigmaKeys {
     readonly color: ((i: number) => unknown) | null;
     readonly size: ((i: number) => unknown) | null;
     readonly label: ((i: number) => unknown) | null;
-    readonly hidden: ((i: number) => unknown) | null;
 }
 
 /**
  * Reads one element's sigma.js keys.
  * @param keys - the cell readers
  * @param target - nodes or edges
+ * @param labeled - whether sigma draws the element's label
  * @param i - the element
  * @param put - the setter
  * @param site - where a value of a property was read
@@ -371,32 +412,61 @@ interface SigmaKeys {
 function readSigmaRow(
     keys: SigmaKeys,
     target: StyleTarget,
+    labeled: boolean,
     i: number,
     put: (p: string, i: number, v: StyleValue | null) => void,
     site: (property: string) => CanonSite,
 ): void {
-    const { color, size, label, hidden } = keys;
+    const { color, size, label } = keys;
     if (color !== null) {
         const [fill, opacity] = target === "node" ? ["fill", "fillOpacity"] : ["color", "opacity"];
         putColor(put, fill, opacity, i, color(i), site(fill));
     }
     if (size !== null) {
-        const v = canonNumber(size(i), site("width"));
-        put("width", i, v);
-        if (target === "node") {
-            put("height", i, v);
-        }
+        putSigmaSize(put, target, i, size(i), site);
     }
-    if (label !== null) {
-        put("label", i, canonText(label(i), site("label")));
+    // an edge's label is drawn only under sigma's renderEdgeLabels setting, which a document never carries (the
+    // `sigmaSettings` import option); otherwise it is data (graphology-specimen-edge-labels, -p2, -p3)
+    if (label !== null && labeled) {
+        const text = canonText(label(i), site("label"));
+        // sigma draws a label with the canvas's fillText, which draws each ASCII whitespace as a space: one line
+        // (graphology-specimen-labels, label-multiline)
+        put("label", i, text === null ? null : text.replaceAll(/[\t\n\f\r]/g, " "));
     }
-    if (hidden !== null && canonBoolean(hidden(i), site("visible")) === true) {
-        put("visible", i, false);
+}
+
+/**
+ * One element's sigma.js size, as its width (and a node's height).
+ * @param put - the setter
+ * @param target - nodes or edges
+ * @param i - the element
+ * @param raw - the size value
+ * @param site - where a value of a property was read
+ */
+function putSigmaSize(
+    put: (p: string, i: number, v: StyleValue | null) => void,
+    target: StyleTarget,
+    i: number,
+    raw: unknown,
+    site: (property: string) => CanonSite,
+): void {
+    if (target === "node") {
+        // sigma draws a node's size as its radius, and a node of negative size not at all
+        // (graphology-specimen-node-sizes-opacity, size-negative)
+        const v = Number(raw) < 0 ? 0 : canonNumber(raw, site("width"));
+        const d = v === null ? null : v * 2;
+        put("width", i, d);
+        put("height", i, d);
+    } else {
+        // sigma's edge shader draws an edge half as wide as a node of the same size is in radius: size 6 draws
+        // 3 px where a node of size 6 is 5.8 px in radius (graphology-specimen-arrows edge-size-6)
+        const w = canonNumber(raw, site("width"));
+        put("width", i, w === null ? null : w / 2);
     }
 }
 
 /**
- * A CSS color into a property and its opacity.
+ * A color as sigma.js reads it, into a property and its opacity.
  * @param put - the setter
  * @param property - the color property
  * @param opacity - its opacity property, or null when it has none
@@ -412,10 +482,11 @@ function putColor(
     raw: unknown,
     site: CanonSite,
 ): void {
-    if (raw === null || raw === undefined || raw === "") {
+    // sigma draws a missing color with its default, and any string it cannot read ("" too) black
+    if (raw === null || raw === undefined) {
         return;
     }
-    const c = canonColor(raw, "css", site);
+    const c = canonColor(raw, "graphology", site);
     if (c === null) {
         return;
     }
@@ -475,25 +546,8 @@ function exactFromBlock(
     written: Written,
     holdsExactly?: (target: StyleTarget, property: string, value: StyleValue) => boolean,
 ): void {
-    if (text === null) {
-        return;
-    }
-    const parsed = parseStyleBlock(text, styleFingerprint(snapshot));
-    const ex = parsed.ok ? blockStyles(parsed.block, snapshot, "json") : null;
-    if (ex === null) {
-        return;
-    }
-    for (const target of TARGETS) {
+    takeFromBlock(snapshot, text, "json", (target, block, ex) => {
         const n = target === "node" ? snapshot.nodeCount : snapshot.edgeCount;
-        const cache = new Map<string, readonly (StyleValue | null)[]>();
-        const resolved = (p: string): readonly (StyleValue | null)[] => {
-            let r = cache.get(p);
-            if (r === undefined) {
-                r = resolveStyles(ex, target, p as never, snapshot);
-                cache.set(p, r);
-            }
-            return r;
-        };
         if (holdsExactly !== undefined) {
             const properties = new Set(
                 ex.styles.rules
@@ -502,42 +556,19 @@ function exactFromBlock(
             );
             for (const property of properties) {
                 const held = (w: StyleValue): boolean => holdsExactly(target, property, w);
-                takeUnheld(values[target], property, resolved(property), n, held);
+                takeUnheld(values[target], property, block(target, property), n, held);
             }
         }
-        for (const [property, write] of Object.entries(written[target] ?? {})) {
-            takeWritten(values[target], property, n, resolved, write, snapshot);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Takes the block's value of a property wherever the native value is what the writer writes for the block's values.
- * @param column - the native values of the target, changed in place
- * @param property - the property
- * @param n - the element count
- * @param resolved - the block's values of a property
- * @param write - what the writer writes for an element, from the block's values
- * @param snapshot - the graph
- */
-function takeWritten(
-    column: Values,
-    property: string,
-    n: number,
-    resolved: (p: string) => readonly (StyleValue | null)[],
-    write: (want: (p: string) => StyleValue | null, i: number, snapshot: GraphSnapshot) => StyleValue | null,
-    snapshot: GraphSnapshot,
-): void {
-    const want = resolved(property);
-    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        const w = want[i];
-        const native = column[property]?.[i] ?? null;
-        // a native value the writer made from the block's other values (vis.js's one size for a width) is the
-        // block's own value, none included
-        if (native !== w && native !== null && native === write((p) => resolved(p)[i], i, snapshot)) {
-            setValue(column, property, n, i, w);
-        }
-    }
+        const writes = written[target] ?? {};
+        return {
+            values: values[target],
+            properties: Object.keys(writes),
+            // a native value the writer made from the block's other values (vis.js's one size for a width) is the
+            // block's own value, none included
+            readBack: (i, want) => (property) => writes[property](want, i, snapshot),
+            take: (_property, _wanted, native) => native !== null,
+        };
+    });
 }
 
 /**
@@ -592,6 +623,19 @@ const VIS_SIZED: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set([
     "icon",
 ]);
 
+/** vis-network's node shapes sized by their label, as the `labelFit` facts of each (vis-network 9.1.9 `resize`). */
+const VIS_LABEL_FIT: ReadonlyMap<string, { readonly square: boolean; readonly ellipse: boolean }> = new Map([
+    ["box", { square: false, ellipse: false }],
+    ["text", { square: false, ellipse: false }],
+    ["circle", { square: true, ellipse: false }],
+    ["database", { square: true, ellipse: false }],
+    ["ellipse", { square: false, ellipse: true }],
+]);
+
+/** vis-network's default `margin` and font size (vis-network.esm.js NodesHandler defaults). */
+const VIS_MARGIN = 5;
+const VIS_FONT_SIZE = 14;
+
 /**
  * vis-network's palette for a group the file does not define, in the order groups first appear (vis-network
  * 10.1.2, `Groups._defaultGroups`): border, background.
@@ -619,6 +663,10 @@ const VIS_GROUP_PALETTE: readonly (readonly [string, string])[] = [
     ["#EE0000", "#990000"],
 ];
 
+/** vis-network's node colors where nothing sets them (vis-network 9.1.9 `NodesHandler` defaults `color`). */
+const VIS_NODE_FILL = "#97C2FC";
+const VIS_NODE_BORDER = "#2B7CE9";
+
 /** vis-network's edge color when an edge inherits none (vis-network 10.1.2, `color.color`). */
 const VIS_EDGE_COLOR = "#848484";
 
@@ -690,20 +738,65 @@ interface VisLayer {
     border?: unknown;
     shape?: unknown;
     size?: unknown;
+    value?: unknown;
+    scalingMin?: unknown;
+    scalingMax?: unknown;
     borderWidth?: unknown;
     opacity?: unknown;
     hidden?: unknown;
     label?: unknown;
     title?: unknown;
+    /** edges: whether `font` was given as text, which leaves the edge's label off the canvas (visValues) */
+    fontText?: unknown;
+    /** `font.multi`: whether the label's text holds html or markdown markup (visLabelText) */
+    fontMulti?: unknown;
+    fontStrokeWidth?: unknown;
+    fontStrokeColor?: unknown;
+    fontBackground?: unknown;
+    fontAlign?: unknown;
     fontColor?: unknown;
     fontSize?: unknown;
     fontFace?: unknown;
+    /** `font.vadjust`: how far down the label's text is drawn */
+    fontVadjust?: unknown;
+    /** `font.bold`, `font.ital`, `font.boldital` and `font.mono`: each font modifier's own options */
+    fontMods?: unknown;
+    margin?: unknown;
+    /** `widthConstraint` (a number) or its `maximum`: the width the label's lines wrap at */
+    wrapWidth?: unknown;
+    /** `scaling.label`: the label's font size from `value` when enabled */
+    scalingLabel?: unknown;
+    /** nodes: `shapeProperties.borderDashes` */
+    borderDashes?: unknown;
+    /** nodes: `shapeProperties.borderRadius`, a box's corner radius */
+    borderRadius?: unknown;
+    widthMin?: unknown;
+    heightMin?: unknown;
+    /** nodes: `heightConstraint.valign` */
+    valign?: unknown;
     width?: unknown;
     dashes?: unknown;
     arrows?: unknown;
     edgeColor?: unknown;
     edgeOpacity?: unknown;
     inherit?: unknown;
+    background?: unknown;
+    smooth?: unknown;
+    selfReference?: unknown;
+    selfReferenceSize?: unknown;
+    physics?: unknown;
+    image?: unknown;
+    brokenImage?: unknown;
+    useImageSize?: unknown;
+    useBorderWithImage?: unknown;
+    interpolation?: unknown;
+    imagePadding?: unknown;
+    coordinateOrigin?: unknown;
+    iconCode?: unknown;
+    iconFace?: unknown;
+    iconSize?: unknown;
+    iconColor?: unknown;
+    iconWeight?: unknown;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -730,7 +823,14 @@ function visLayer(o: unknown, target: StyleTarget): VisLayer {
     set("hidden", o.hidden);
     set("label", o.label);
     set("title", o.title);
+    set("wrapWidth", isJsonObject(o.widthConstraint) ? o.widthConstraint.maximum : o.widthConstraint);
+    if (isJsonObject(o.scaling)) {
+        set("scalingLabel", o.scaling.label);
+    }
     visFontLayer(o.font, set);
+    if (target === "edge" && o.font !== undefined && o.font !== null) {
+        set("fontText", typeof o.font === "string");
+    }
     return layer;
 }
 
@@ -754,8 +854,146 @@ function visNodeLayer(o: Record<string, unknown>, set: SetLayer): void {
     }
     set("shape", o.shape);
     set("size", o.size);
+    set("value", o.value);
+    if (isJsonObject(o.scaling)) {
+        set("scalingMin", o.scaling.min);
+        set("scalingMax", o.scaling.max);
+    }
     set("borderWidth", o.borderWidth);
     set("opacity", o.opacity);
+    set("margin", o.margin);
+    set("widthMin", isJsonObject(o.widthConstraint) ? o.widthConstraint.minimum : o.widthConstraint);
+    set("heightMin", isJsonObject(o.heightConstraint) ? o.heightConstraint.minimum : o.heightConstraint);
+    set("valign", isJsonObject(o.heightConstraint) ? o.heightConstraint.valign : undefined);
+    set("image", isJsonObject(o.image) ? o.image.unselected : o.image);
+    set("brokenImage", o.brokenImage);
+    set("imagePadding", o.imagePadding);
+    if (isJsonObject(o.icon)) {
+        set("iconCode", o.icon.code);
+        set("iconFace", o.icon.face);
+        set("iconSize", o.icon.size);
+        set("iconColor", o.icon.color);
+        set("iconWeight", o.icon.weight);
+    }
+    if (isJsonObject(o.shapeProperties)) {
+        set("useImageSize", o.shapeProperties.useImageSize);
+        set("useBorderWithImage", o.shapeProperties.useBorderWithImage);
+        set("interpolation", o.shapeProperties.interpolation);
+        set("coordinateOrigin", o.shapeProperties.coordinateOrigin);
+        set("borderDashes", o.shapeProperties.borderDashes);
+        set("borderRadius", o.shapeProperties.borderRadius);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * What a vis-network `image` or `circularImage` node draws (vis-network 9.1.9 `Image`, `CircularImage`,
+ * `CircleImageBase._resizeImage`): its picture, the broken image in its place when it has none, with its shorter
+ * side across the node's `2 * size` square (or at its own pixels with `shapeProperties.useImageSize`); an `image`
+ * node is the picture alone, reaching past that square, or over a box of its background with
+ * `shapeProperties.useBorderWithImage`; a `circularImage` is cut to a circle and ringed by its border. Its
+ * `imagePadding` keeps the picture that far inside the node's box on each side, stretched to what is left
+ * (`_drawImageAtPosition`); the node's `opacity` fades the picture too; with `shapeProperties.coordinateOrigin`
+ * "top-left" an `image` node with no box of its own draws its picture with its top left corner at the node's position.
+ * @param layer - the node's merged layer
+ * @param shape - its vis-network shape
+ * @param box - the node's width and height, in the file's units
+ * @param box.width - its width
+ * @param box.height - its height
+ * @returns the values, none for another shape or a node with no picture
+ */
+function visImage(layer: VisLayer, shape: string, box: { width: number; height: number }): Row {
+    const text = (v: unknown): string | null => (typeof v === "string" && v !== "" ? v : null);
+    const [own, broken] = [text(layer.image), text(layer.brokenImage)];
+    const src = own ?? broken;
+    if ((shape !== "image" && shape !== "circularImage") || src === null) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    const circular = shape === "circularImage";
+    const row: Row = {
+        image: src,
+        ...(own !== null && broken !== null ? { imageFallback: broken } : {}),
+        imageFit: layer.useImageSize === true ? "none" : "cover",
+        imageClip: circular ? "node" : "none",
+        shape: "ellipse",
+    };
+    if (!circular) {
+        row.shape = layer.useBorderWithImage === true ? "rectangle" : "none";
+    }
+    if (layer.interpolation === false) {
+        row.imageSmoothing = false;
+    }
+    const opacity = typeof layer.opacity === "number" && layer.opacity >= 0 && layer.opacity < 1 ? layer.opacity : null;
+    if (opacity !== null) {
+        row.imageOpacity = opacity;
+    }
+    visImagePlace(row, layer, box);
+    return row;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Where a vis-network picture sits in its node's box: inside its `imagePadding`, and from the top left corner under
+ * `shapeProperties.coordinateOrigin` "top-left" (visImage).
+ * @param row - the picture's values so far, written in place
+ * @param layer - the node's merged layer
+ * @param box - the node's width and height, in the file's units
+ * @param box.width - its width
+ * @param box.height - its height
+ */
+function visImagePlace(row: Row, layer: VisLayer, box: { width: number; height: number }): void {
+    const pad = visImagePadding(layer.imagePadding);
+    if (pad !== null && layer.useImageSize !== true) {
+        row.imageFit = "none";
+        row.imageWidth = Math.max(0, box.width - pad.left - pad.right);
+        row.imageHeight = Math.max(0, box.height - pad.top - pad.bottom);
+        row.imageOffsetX = (pad.left - pad.right) / 2;
+        row.imageOffsetY = (pad.top - pad.bottom) / 2;
+    }
+    if (layer.coordinateOrigin === "top-left" && row.shape === "none") {
+        row.imageOffsetX = box.width / 2 + (typeof row.imageOffsetX === "number" ? row.imageOffsetX : 0);
+        row.imageOffsetY = box.height / 2 + (typeof row.imageOffsetY === "number" ? row.imageOffsetY : 0);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * What a vis-network `icon` node draws (vis-network 9.1.9 `Icon`): its `icon.code` in `icon.face` (FontAwesome
+ * unless given) at `icon.size` (50) pixels and `icon.weight`, in `icon.color` (#2B7CE9), centered on the node; no
+ * code draws nothing.
+ * @param layer - the node's merged layer
+ * @param site - where a bad color is noted
+ * @returns the values, none for an icon with no code
+ */
+function visIcon(layer: VisLayer, site: CanonSite): Row {
+    const code = typeof layer.iconCode === "string" && layer.iconCode !== "" ? layer.iconCode : null;
+    if (code === null) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    const size = typeof layer.iconSize === "number" && layer.iconSize >= 0 ? layer.iconSize : 50;
+    const color = typeof layer.iconColor === "string" ? canonColor(layer.iconColor, "vis", site) : null;
+    const weight = layer.iconWeight;
+    const bold = weight === "bold" || weight === "bolder" || (typeof weight === "number" && weight >= 600);
+    return {
+        glyph: code,
+        glyphFont: typeof layer.iconFace === "string" && layer.iconFace !== "" ? layer.iconFace : "FontAwesome",
+        glyphSize: size,
+        glyphColor: color?.color ?? "#2b7ce9",
+        glyphWeight: bold ? "bold" : "normal",
+    };
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis-network's `imagePadding`: one number for every side, or `{ top, right, bottom, left }` (each 0 unless given).
+ * @param raw - the option
+ * @returns the four sides, or null for no padding
+ */
+function visImagePadding(raw: unknown): { top: number; right: number; bottom: number; left: number } | null {
+    const side = (v: unknown): number => (typeof v === "number" && Number.isFinite(v) && v > 0 ? v : 0);
+    let pad: { top: number; right: number; bottom: number; left: number } | null = null;
+    if (typeof raw === "number") {
+        pad = { top: side(raw), right: side(raw), bottom: side(raw), left: side(raw) };
+    } else if (isJsonObject(raw)) {
+        pad = { top: side(raw.top), right: side(raw.right), bottom: side(raw.bottom), left: side(raw.left) };
+    }
+    return pad === null || pad.top + pad.right + pad.bottom + pad.left === 0 ? null : pad;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -775,8 +1013,18 @@ function visEdgeLayer(o: Record<string, unknown>, set: SetLayer): void {
         set("inherit", own ? false : color.inherit);
     }
     set("width", o.width);
+    set("value", o.value);
+    if (isJsonObject(o.scaling)) {
+        set("scalingMin", o.scaling.min);
+        set("scalingMax", o.scaling.max);
+    }
     set("dashes", o.dashes);
     set("arrows", o.arrows);
+    set("background", o.background);
+    set("smooth", o.smooth);
+    set("selfReference", o.selfReference);
+    set("selfReferenceSize", o.selfReferenceSize);
+    set("physics", o.physics);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -786,9 +1034,19 @@ function visEdgeLayer(o: Record<string, unknown>, set: SetLayer): void {
  */
 function visFontLayer(font: unknown, set: SetLayer): void {
     if (isJsonObject(font)) {
+        set("fontMulti", font.multi);
+        set("fontStrokeWidth", font.strokeWidth);
+        set("fontStrokeColor", font.strokeColor);
+        set("fontBackground", font.background);
+        set("fontAlign", font.align);
         set("fontColor", font.color);
         set("fontSize", font.size);
         set("fontFace", font.face);
+        set("fontVadjust", font.vadjust);
+        const mods = ["bold", "ital", "boldital", "mono"].filter((m) => font[m] !== undefined && font[m] !== null);
+        if (mods.length > 0) {
+            set("fontMods", Object.fromEntries(mods.map((m) => [m, font[m]])));
+        }
     } else if (typeof font === "string") {
         const m = /^\s*(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)(?:px)?\s+(\S+)(?:\s+(\S+))?/.exec(font.slice(0, 256));
         if (m !== null) {
@@ -814,7 +1072,7 @@ function visValues(layer: VisLayer, target: StyleTarget, site: (property: string
             out[p] = v;
         }
     };
-    const color = (p: string, opacity: string | null, raw: unknown): void => {
+    const color: PutColor = (p, opacity, raw) => {
         if (raw === undefined || raw === null || raw === "") {
             return;
         }
@@ -828,29 +1086,508 @@ function visValues(layer: VisLayer, target: StyleTarget, site: (property: string
     };
     if (target === "node") {
         color("fill", "fillOpacity", layer.fill);
-        color("borderColor", null, layer.border);
+        color("borderColor", "borderOpacity", layer.border);
         visNodeValues(layer, sized, put, site);
     } else {
         color("color", "opacity", layer.edgeColor);
         visEdgeValues(layer, put, site);
+        visEdgeBackground(layer, put, color);
     }
     if (layer.hidden !== undefined && canonBoolean(layer.hidden, site("visible")) === true) {
         put("visible", false);
     }
-    if (layer.label !== undefined) {
-        put("label", canonText(layer.label, site("label")));
+    visLabelValues(layer, target, put, color, site);
+    return out;
+}
+
+/**
+ * An edge's background: a band `size` wide under the line, its outline beyond the line. vis-network draws it only
+ * under a smooth (bezier) edge (BezierEdgeBase._bezierCurve calls drawBackground; StraightEdge never does).
+ * @param layer - the layer
+ * @param put - the row's setter
+ * @param color - the row's color setter
+ */
+function visEdgeBackground(layer: VisLayer, put: PutRow, color: PutColor): void {
+    // ponytail: `smooth` is read from this layer alone, else vis-network's default (smooth)
+    if (!isJsonObject(layer.background)) {
+        return;
     }
-    if (layer.title !== undefined) {
-        put("tooltip", canonText(layer.title, site("tooltip")));
+    const bg = layer.background;
+    const straight = layer.smooth === false || (isJsonObject(layer.smooth) && layer.smooth.enabled === false);
+    color("outlineColor", "outlineOpacity", bg.color);
+    if (bg.enabled !== undefined) {
+        const size = typeof bg.size === "number" ? bg.size : 10;
+        const width = typeof layer.width === "number" ? layer.width : 1;
+        put("outlineWidth", bg.enabled === true && !straight ? Math.max(0, size - width) : 0);
     }
-    color("labelColor", null, layer.fontColor);
+    const band = visBandStyle(bg, false);
+    if (band !== null) {
+        put("outlineStyle", band);
+    }
+}
+
+/** Puts a color of a row, and its alpha as an opacity when it has one (visValues). */
+type PutColor = (p: string, opacity: string | null, raw: unknown) => void;
+
+/**
+ * The label values of a vis.js layer: its text (markup read), wrap width, font, outline, background and, for an edge,
+ * where on the line it sits.
+ * @param layer - the layer
+ * @param target - nodes or edges
+ * @param put - the row's setter
+ * @param color - the row's color setter
+ * @param site - where its values are read
+ */
+function visLabelValues(
+    layer: VisLayer,
+    target: StyleTarget,
+    put: PutRow,
+    color: PutColor,
+    site: (property: string) => CanonSite,
+): void {
     if (layer.fontSize !== undefined) {
         put("labelSize", canonNumber(layer.fontSize, site("labelSize")));
     }
     if (layer.fontFace !== undefined) {
         put("labelFont", canonText(layer.fontFace, site("labelFont")));
     }
-    return out;
+    if (layer.label !== undefined) {
+        visLabelText(layer, target, put, site);
+    }
+    // vis-network wraps a label's lines at `widthConstraint.maximum` (or a number), margins not taken off:
+    // Label.adjustSizes subtracts them only under constrainWidth, which nothing sets. LabelSplitter keeps each blank
+    // as a word of its own and joins words with a blank (getLongestFit), so a blank between two words counts three.
+    if (typeof layer.wrapWidth === "number" && Number.isFinite(layer.wrapWidth) && layer.wrapWidth > 0) {
+        put("labelWrapWidth", layer.wrapWidth);
+        put("labelWrapSpaceCount", 3);
+    }
+    if (layer.title !== undefined) {
+        put("tooltip", canonText(layer.title, site("tooltip")));
+    }
+    // a label drawn under `scaling.label.drawThreshold - 1` px on screen is not drawn (Label.draw)
+    const threshold = isJsonObject(layer.scalingLabel) ? layer.scalingLabel.drawThreshold : undefined;
+    if (typeof threshold === "number" && Number.isFinite(threshold)) {
+        put("labelMinScreenSize", Math.max(0, threshold - 1));
+    }
+    visLabelLook(layer, target, put, color, site);
+}
+
+/**
+ * The text of a vis.js layer's label, its markup read into runs.
+ * @param layer - the layer
+ * @param target - nodes or edges
+ * @param put - the row's setter
+ * @param site - where its values are read
+ */
+function visLabelText(layer: VisLayer, target: StyleTarget, put: PutRow, site: (property: string) => CanonSite): void {
+    // vis-network 9.1.9 draws no edge label whose `font` is text: Edge.drawLabel reads `options.font.align` (undefined
+    // on a string) as not horizontal and moves the context to the label point, while the label module, which
+    // parsed the text, still draws at the absolute point, so the label lands off the canvas
+    const text = target === "edge" && layer.fontText === true ? "" : canonText(layer.label, site("label"));
+    const marked = typeof text === "string" ? visMarkup(text, layer.fontMulti) : null;
+    put("label", marked?.text ?? text);
+    if (marked !== null) {
+        const runs = visRuns(marked.runs, layer, site("labelRuns"));
+        put("labelRuns", runs);
+        if (runs !== null) {
+            put("labelRunAlign", visRunAlign(layer, target));
+        }
+    }
+    // after the face: a label all in mono is drawn in the mono face
+    for (const [p, v] of Object.entries(VIS_MOD_VALUES[marked?.mod ?? "normal"] ?? {})) {
+        put(p, v);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The look of a vis.js layer's label: its color, background box, letter outline and, for an edge, where on the line
+ * it sits.
+ * @param layer - the layer
+ * @param target - nodes or edges
+ * @param put - the row's setter
+ * @param color - the row's color setter
+ * @param site - where its values are read
+ */
+function visLabelLook(
+    layer: VisLayer,
+    target: StyleTarget,
+    put: PutRow,
+    color: PutColor,
+    site: (property: string) => CanonSite,
+): void {
+    color("labelColor", null, layer.fontColor);
+    // font.background "none" (vis-network's default) draws no box
+    color("labelBackground", null, layer.fontBackground === "none" ? undefined : layer.fontBackground);
+    // the box is the words' own: as wide as the text and one font size tall a line (Label._drawBackground: getSize)
+    if (typeof layer.fontBackground === "string" && layer.fontBackground !== "none") {
+        put("labelPadding", 0);
+        put("labelLineHeight", 1);
+    }
+    // a stroke with no color of its own is vis-network's default, white (font.strokeColor "#ffffff")
+    const stroked = typeof layer.fontStrokeWidth === "number" && layer.fontStrokeWidth > 0;
+    color("labelOutlineColor", null, layer.fontStrokeColor ?? (stroked ? "#ffffff" : undefined));
+    if (layer.fontStrokeWidth !== undefined) {
+        put("labelOutlineWidth", canonNumber(layer.fontStrokeWidth, site("labelOutlineWidth")));
+    }
+    if (target === "edge" && typeof layer.fontAlign === "string") {
+        // vis-network draws an edge label on the line ("horizontal", "middle"), above it ("top") or below it ("bottom")
+        put("labelPosition", layer.fontAlign === "top" || layer.fontAlign === "bottom" ? layer.fontAlign : "center");
+    } else if (target === "node" && typeof layer.fontAlign === "string") {
+        // a node label's lines are centered on one another, or flush left or right in the label's box (Label._drawText:
+        // any align but center and right draws flush left); an edge label's lines are always centered
+        put("labelTextAlign", { center: "center", right: "right" }[layer.fontAlign] ?? "left");
+    }
+    // the text is drawn `font.vadjust` lower than its place (Label._drawText: y + block.vadjust)
+    if (typeof layer.fontVadjust === "number" && Number.isFinite(layer.fontVadjust) && layer.fontVadjust !== 0) {
+        put("labelOffsetY", layer.fontVadjust);
+    }
+}
+
+/** The label values of a label whose every word has one vis.js font modifier; vis-network's mono face is monospace. */
+const VIS_MOD_VALUES: Readonly<Record<string, Row>> = {
+    bold: { labelWeight: "bold" },
+    ital: { labelItalic: true },
+    boldital: { labelWeight: "bold", labelItalic: true },
+    mono: { labelFont: "monospace" },
+};
+
+/**
+ * Whether vis-network's node `opacity` replaces a color's alpha: a hex color of 3 or 6 digits or an `rgb()` color, and
+ * vis-network's own default (overrideOpacity; hexToRGB reads no other text).
+ * @param color - the color as the file gives it, or undefined for vis-network's default
+ * @returns true when the opacity applies
+ */
+function visTakesOpacity(color: unknown): boolean {
+    if (color === undefined) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    return (
+        typeof color === "string" &&
+        !color.includes("rgba") &&
+        (color.includes("rgb") || /^#?(?:[0-9a-f]{3}|[0-9a-f]{6})$/i.test(color.trim()))
+    );
+}
+
+/**
+ * The line style of an edge's background band: stroked `size` wide (10 by default) in its own dashes, [5, 5] for true
+ * (EdgeBase.drawBackground, setStrokeDashed), with the canvas's line caps.
+ * @param bg - the edge's `background`
+ * @param round - whether the canvas draws round caps by then (see visStyles' edge loop)
+ * @returns the line style, or null for a band with no dashes
+ */
+function visBandStyle(bg: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>, round: boolean): string | null {
+    if (bg.dashes === undefined || bg.dashes === false) {
+        return null;
+    }
+    return visDashStyle(bg.dashes === true ? [5, 5] : bg.dashes, typeof bg.size === "number" ? bg.size : 10, round);
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis.js dashes (`dashes`, `shapeProperties.borderDashes`) as the line style they draw at a width, read as a dash
+ * array is read anywhere: with round caps each dash a width longer and each gap a width shorter; then gaps under a
+ * tenth of the pattern are solid, dashes no longer than 1.5 widths are dotted, dashes of which the longest is twice
+ * the shortest dash-dot, others dashed; false is solid.
+ * @param dashes - false, or the dash array (dash, gap, dash, gap ...; an odd one repeats)
+ * @param width - the line's width
+ * @param round - whether the dashes have round caps
+ * @returns the line style
+ */
+function visDashStyle(dashes: unknown, width: number, round: boolean): string {
+    if (!Array.isArray(dashes)) {
+        return dashes === false ? "solid" : "dashed";
+    }
+    const lengths = dashes.filter((d): d is number => typeof d === "number" && Number.isFinite(d));
+    const pairs = lengths.length % 2 === 1 ? [...lengths, ...lengths] : lengths;
+    const grow = round ? width : 0;
+    const on = pairs.filter((_d, i) => i % 2 === 0).map((d) => Math.max(0, d) + grow);
+    const off = pairs.filter((_d, i) => i % 2 === 1).map((d) => Math.max(0, d - grow));
+    const sum = (xs: number[]): number => xs.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0);
+    // a gap of exactly a tenth still shows (mappings-bypass edge-default: [5, 5] at width 4)
+    if (on.length === 0 || sum(off) < 0.1 * (sum(on) + sum(off))) {
+        return "solid";
+    }
+    if (on.every((d) => d <= 1.5 * Math.max(1, width))) {
+        return "dotted";
+    }
+    return Math.max(...on) >= 2 * Math.min(...on) ? "dash-dot" : "dashed";
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis.js label markup (`font.multi`): true or "html" reads `<b>`, `<i>` and `<code>` and the entities `&lt;` and
+ * `&amp;`; "markdown" or "md" reads `*bold*`, `_ital_` and `` `mono` `` at word edges, with `\` escaping a mark
+ * (vis-network 9.1.9 `LabelSplitter.splitHtmlBlocks`, `splitMarkdownBlocks`). The text without its markup, and the
+ * one font modifier every word has when they share one.
+ * @param text - the label
+ * @param multi - `font.multi`
+ * @returns the plain text and the shared modifier, or null when the label is not read as markup
+ */
+function visMarkup(
+    text: string,
+    multi: unknown,
+): { text: string; mod: string | null; runs: { text: string; mod: string }[] } | null {
+    const system = VIS_MARKUP_SYSTEM.get(multi);
+    if (system === undefined) {
+        return null;
+    }
+    const state: VisMarkState = { bold: false, ital: false, mono: false };
+    const runs: { text: string; mod: string }[] = [];
+    const source = text.slice(0, 4096);
+    let i = 0;
+    while (i < source.length) {
+        const tagged = visMarkTag(source, i, system, state);
+        if (tagged > 0) {
+            i += tagged;
+            continue;
+        }
+        const [ch, next] = visMarkChar(source, i, system);
+        runs.push({ text: ch, mod: visMarkMod(state) });
+        i = next;
+    }
+    const mods = new Set(runs.filter((r) => /\S/.test(r.text)).map((r) => r.mod));
+    const only = mods.size === 1 ? [...mods][0] : null;
+    // the characters in runs of one modifier each, as vis-network draws its blocks
+    const merged: { text: string; mod: string }[] = [];
+    for (const r of runs) {
+        const last = merged.at(-1);
+        if (last?.mod === r.mod) {
+            last.text += r.text;
+        } else {
+            merged.push({ ...r });
+        }
+    }
+    return { text: runs.map((r) => r.text).join(""), mod: only === "normal" ? null : only, runs: merged };
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis-network's own options of each font modifier (vis-network 9.1.9 `NodesHandler` defaults, `font.mono`); an option
+ * a modifier does not set is the label's own (Label.propagateFonts).
+ */
+const VIS_MOD_DEFAULTS: Readonly<Record<string, { mod: string; face?: string; size?: number; vadjust?: number }>> = {
+    bold: { mod: "bold" },
+    ital: { mod: "italic" },
+    boldital: { mod: "bold italic" },
+    mono: { mod: "", face: "monospace", size: 15, vadjust: 2 },
+};
+
+/**
+ * vis.js multi-font runs as the neutral `labelRuns`: each run's font as vis-network draws it (its modifier's own
+ * `font.bold`, `font.ital`, `font.boldital` or `font.mono` options, an object or text like "16px arial black", over
+ * the label's font; mono is 15 px monospace unless given), each field only where it differs from the label's own, and
+ * `shift`: how much lower than the label's own words its modifier's `vadjust` draws the run (mono's is 2 unless given;
+ * the others' are the label's).
+ * @param runs - the runs, each with its modifier
+ * @param layer - the element's layer
+ * @param site - where a bad color is noted
+ * @returns the runs as JSON, or null when every run is drawn in the label's own font
+ */
+function visRuns(runs: readonly { text: string; mod: string }[], layer: VisLayer, site: CanonSite): string | null {
+    const own = {
+        face: typeof layer.fontFace === "string" ? layer.fontFace : "arial",
+        size: typeof layer.fontSize === "number" ? layer.fontSize : VIS_FONT_SIZE,
+        color: typeof layer.fontColor === "string" ? layer.fontColor : null,
+        vadjust: typeof layer.fontVadjust === "number" && Number.isFinite(layer.fontVadjust) ? layer.fontVadjust : 0,
+    };
+    const mods = isJsonObject(layer.fontMods) ? layer.fontMods : {};
+    let differs = false;
+    const out = runs.map((r) => {
+        const run: Record<string, unknown> = { text: r.text };
+        const base = VIS_MOD_DEFAULTS[r.mod];
+        if (base === undefined) {
+            return run;
+        }
+        const given = visModOptions(mods[r.mod]);
+        const modText = typeof given.mod === "string" ? given.mod : base.mod;
+        const face = typeof given.face === "string" ? given.face : (base.face ?? own.face);
+        const size = typeof given.size === "number" ? given.size : (base.size ?? own.size);
+        const vadjust = typeof given.vadjust === "number" ? given.vadjust : (base.vadjust ?? own.vadjust);
+        const color = typeof given.color === "string" ? canonColor(given.color, "vis", site)?.color : null;
+        if (modText.includes("bold")) {
+            run.weight = "bold";
+        }
+        if (modText.includes("italic")) {
+            run.italic = true;
+        }
+        if (face !== null && face !== own.face) {
+            run.font = face;
+        }
+        if (size !== own.size) {
+            run.size = size;
+        }
+        if (Number.isFinite(vadjust) && vadjust !== own.vadjust) {
+            run.shift = vadjust - own.vadjust;
+        }
+        if (typeof color === "string") {
+            run.color = color;
+        }
+        differs ||= Object.keys(run).length > 1;
+        return run;
+    });
+    return differs ? JSON.stringify(out) : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Where vis-network sets the runs of a label on a line: each block is drawn at the line's place with the label's
+ * `textBaseline` (Label._drawText): "hanging" below a node sized by `size` (ShapeBase._drawShape), "middle" inside
+ * one sized by its label and on an edge's line, "alphabetic" above an edge (`font.align` top) and "hanging" below it.
+ * @param layer - the element's merged layer
+ * @param target - nodes or edges
+ * @returns the neutral run alignment
+ */
+function visRunAlign(layer: VisLayer, target: StyleTarget): "baseline" | "hanging" | "middle" {
+    if (target === "edge") {
+        return (
+            ({ top: "baseline", bottom: "hanging" } as Record<string, "baseline" | "hanging">)[
+                String(layer.fontAlign)
+            ] ?? "middle"
+        );
+    }
+    const shape = typeof layer.shape === "string" ? layer.shape : "ellipse";
+    return VIS_SIZED.has(shape) ? "hanging" : "middle";
+}
+
+/**
+ * How much lower than a neutral `bottom` label vis-network draws the label of a node sized by `size`: it hangs the
+ * text's top 4 + size / 2 below the outline, whatever the line count (ShapeBase._drawShape puts the label half its
+ * height below the node and Label.calculateLabelSize moves its first line up by that again, then down 4 and half a
+ * font size more), where a `bottom` label's words start about 2 + size / 3 below it (a small gap, then the space
+ * above the capitals in a line's box). Measured on the vis-network labels sheet, font sizes 6 to 40.
+ * @param size - the label's font size
+ * @returns the extra distance down
+ */
+function visBelowGap(size: number): number {
+    // ponytail: a fixed fit of the renderer's gap and line box; a neutral "hang the text's top here" anchor would remove it
+    return 2 + size / 6;
+}
+
+/**
+ * How much farther below a node sized by `size` vis-network draws a label in runs than one in its own font alone:
+ * half of what its lines are taller (each line as tall as its largest run, Label: line.height) than one font size each
+ * (ShapeBase._drawShape centers the label half its height below the node, then draws its first line at the top).
+ * @param runs - the label's runs, as `visRuns` writes them
+ * @param size - the label's font size
+ * @returns the distance, 0 for runs no larger than the label's font
+ */
+function visRunsDrop(runs: string, size: number): number {
+    let parsed: unknown;
+    try {
+        parsed = JSON.parse(runs);
+    } catch {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (!Array.isArray(parsed)) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    const lines: number[] = [size];
+    for (const run of parsed as { text?: unknown; size?: unknown }[]) {
+        const runSize = typeof run.size === "number" ? run.size : size;
+        (typeof run.text === "string" ? run.text : "").split("\n").forEach((piece, i) => {
+            if (i > 0) {
+                lines.push(size);
+            }
+            if (piece !== "") {
+                lines[lines.length - 1] = Math.max(lines.at(-1) ?? size, runSize);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+    return lines.reduce((sum, h) => sum + h - size, 0) / 2;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A vis.js font modifier's options: an object, or text like "16px arial black" (size, face, color).
+ * @param raw - `font.bold`, `font.ital`, `font.boldital` or `font.mono`
+ * @returns the options
+ */
+function visModOptions(raw: unknown): Record<string, unknown> {
+    if (isJsonObject(raw)) {
+        return raw;
+    }
+    if (typeof raw === "string") {
+        const m = /^\s*(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)(?:px)?\s+(\S+)(?:\s+(\S+))?/.exec(raw.slice(0, 256));
+        if (m !== null) {
+            return { size: Number(m[1]), face: m[2], ...(m[3] === undefined ? {} : { color: m[3] }) };
+        }
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
+/** vis-network's markup systems by `font.multi`. */
+const VIS_MARKUP_SYSTEM: ReadonlyMap<unknown, "html" | "md"> = new Map<unknown, "html" | "md">([
+    [true, "html"],
+    ["html", "html"],
+    ["markdown", "md"],
+    ["md", "md"],
+]);
+
+/** Which font modifiers are on, part way through a label. */
+interface VisMarkState {
+    bold: boolean;
+    ital: boolean;
+    mono: boolean;
+}
+
+/** Each system's marks and the modifier each turns on or off. */
+const VIS_MARKS: Readonly<Record<"html" | "md", Readonly<Record<string, keyof VisMarkState>>>> = {
+    html: { "<b>": "bold", "</b>": "bold", "<i>": "ital", "</i>": "ital", "<code>": "mono", "</code>": "mono" },
+    md: { "*": "bold", _: "ital", "`": "mono" },
+};
+
+/**
+ * Reads a mark at a place in a label, turning its modifier on or off: an html tag opens a modifier that is off and
+ * closes one that is on; a markdown mark opens at the start of a word and closes a modifier that is on.
+ * @param source - the label
+ * @param i - the place
+ * @param system - the markup system
+ * @param state - the modifiers on, changed in place
+ * @returns how many characters the mark takes, 0 for no mark
+ */
+function visMarkTag(source: string, i: number, system: "html" | "md", state: VisMarkState): number {
+    const marks = VIS_MARKS[system];
+    const tag = Object.keys(marks).find((m) => source.startsWith(m, i));
+    if (tag === undefined) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    const key = marks[tag];
+    const toggles =
+        system === "html" ? state[key] === tag.startsWith("</") : state[key] || i === 0 || /\s/.test(source[i - 1]);
+    if (!toggles) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    state[key] = !state[key];
+    return tag.length;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The character at a place in a label, an html entity (`&lt;`, `&amp;`) or a markdown escape read as the character it
+ * stands for.
+ * @param source - the label
+ * @param i - the place
+ * @param system - the markup system
+ * @returns the character and the place after it
+ */
+function visMarkChar(source: string, i: number, system: "html" | "md"): [string, number] {
+    if (system === "md") {
+        return source[i] === "\\" && i + 1 < source.length ? [source[i + 1], i + 2] : [source[i], i + 1];
+    }
+    const entity = [
+        ["&lt;", "<"],
+        ["&amp;", "&"],
+    ].find(([e]) => source.startsWith(e, i));
+    return entity === undefined ? [source[i], i + 1] : [entity[1], i + entity[0].length];
+}
+
+/**
+ * The font modifier the modifiers on make: mono over the others, bold and italic together boldital.
+ * @param state - the modifiers on
+ * @returns the modifier
+ */
+function visMarkMod(state: VisMarkState): string {
+    if (state.mono) {
+        return "mono";
+    }
+    if (state.bold) {
+        return state.ital ? "boldital" : "bold";
+    }
+    return state.ital ? "ital" : "normal";
 }
 
 /** Sets a value of a row when it is not null. */
@@ -866,17 +1603,41 @@ type PutRow = (p: string, v: StyleValue | null) => void;
 function visNodeValues(layer: VisLayer, sized: boolean, put: PutRow, site: (property: string) => CanonSite): void {
     if (layer.shape !== undefined) {
         put("shape", canonEnum("shape", layer.shape, "vis", site("shape")));
+        // vis-network draws a label inside the shapes sized by their label and below the shapes sized by `size`
+        if (typeof layer.shape === "string") {
+            put("labelPosition", VIS_SIZED.has(layer.shape) ? "bottom" : "center");
+        }
     }
     if (sized && layer.size !== undefined) {
+        // vis-network draws `size` as a radius: a dot of size 25 is 50 across
         const v = canonNumber(layer.size, site("width"));
-        put("width", v);
-        put("height", v);
+        put("width", v === null ? null : 2 * v);
+        put("height", v === null ? null : 2 * v);
     }
     if (layer.borderWidth !== undefined) {
         put("borderWidth", canonNumber(layer.borderWidth, site("borderWidth")));
     }
+    visNodeOpacityAndDashes(layer, put, site);
+}
+
+/**
+ * A vis.js node's opacity and border dashes (visNodeValues).
+ * @param layer - the layer
+ * @param put - the row's setter
+ * @param site - where its values are read
+ */
+function visNodeOpacityAndDashes(layer: VisLayer, put: PutRow, site: (property: string) => CanonSite): void {
     if (layer.opacity !== undefined) {
-        put("opacity", canonOpacity(layer.opacity, "vis", site("opacity")));
+        // vis-network's node opacity replaces the alpha of its border color and its background color alike, but only of
+        // a hex or rgb() color: overrideOpacity leaves rgba() and any other text (a name) as it is (Node.getFormattingValues)
+        const opacity = canonOpacity(layer.opacity, "vis", site("opacity"));
+        put("opacity", visTakesOpacity(layer.fill) ? opacity : null);
+        put("borderOpacity", visTakesOpacity(layer.border) ? opacity : null);
+    }
+    if (layer.borderDashes !== undefined) {
+        // vis-network's default border dashes are [5, 15]
+        const width = typeof layer.borderWidth === "number" ? layer.borderWidth : 1;
+        put("borderStyle", visDashStyle(layer.borderDashes === true ? [5, 15] : layer.borderDashes, width, false));
     }
 }
 
@@ -894,25 +1655,76 @@ function visEdgeValues(layer: VisLayer, put: PutRow, site: (property: string) =>
         put("width", canonNumber(layer.width, site("width")));
     }
     if (layer.dashes !== undefined) {
-        put("lineStyle", layer.dashes === false || layer.dashes === "false" ? "solid" : "dashed");
+        // vis-network's default dashes are [5, 5]
+        const width = typeof layer.width === "number" ? layer.width : 1;
+        const dashes = layer.dashes === true ? [5, 5] : layer.dashes;
+        // vis-network draws an edge with round caps (EdgeBase: lineCap "round"), each dash a width longer
+        put("lineStyle", layer.dashes === "false" ? "solid" : visDashStyle(dashes, width, true));
     }
     if (layer.arrows !== undefined) {
-        const [to, from] = visArrows(layer.arrows, site);
+        const [to, from, middle] = visArrows(layer.arrows, site);
         put("targetArrow", to);
         put("sourceArrow", from);
+        put("midTargetArrow", middle);
+        // One neutral size for every end: the target's scaleFactor, else the source's, else the middle's.
+        const scaled = (name: string): unknown => {
+            const a = isJsonObject(layer.arrows) ? layer.arrows[name] : undefined;
+            return isJsonObject(a) ? a.scaleFactor : undefined;
+        };
+        const scale = scaled("to") ?? scaled("from") ?? scaled("middle");
+        if (scale !== undefined) {
+            put("arrowSize", canonNumber(scale, site("arrowSize")));
+        }
+        visArrowImages(layer.arrows, put, site);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The pictures of vis.js `image` arrows (`{ to: { type: "image", src, imageWidth, imageHeight } }`), each with the
+ * size it is drawn at where the file gives one (vis-network 9.1.9 `Image.draw`: `imageWidth` across the line,
+ * `imageHeight` along it, else the picture's own).
+ * @param arrows - the `arrows` value
+ * @param put - the row's setter
+ * @param site - where its values are read
+ */
+function visArrowImages(arrows: unknown, put: PutRow, site: (property: string) => CanonSite): void {
+    if (!isJsonObject(arrows)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    for (const [name, property] of [
+        ["to", "targetArrow"],
+        ["from", "sourceArrow"],
+        ["middle", "midTargetArrow"],
+    ] as const) {
+        const a = arrows[name];
+        if (!isJsonObject(a) || a.type !== "image" || typeof a.src !== "string" || a.src === "") {
+            continue;
+        }
+        put(`${property}Image`, a.src);
+        if (a.imageWidth !== undefined) {
+            put(`${property}ImageWidth`, canonNumber(a.imageWidth, site(`${property}ImageWidth`)));
+        }
+        if (a.imageHeight !== undefined) {
+            put(`${property}ImageHeight`, canonNumber(a.imageHeight, site(`${property}ImageHeight`)));
+        }
     }
 }
 
 /**
- * vis.js `arrows` as the target and source arrows: `"to"`, `"to, from"`, or `{ to: true | { enabled, type } }`.
+ * vis.js `arrows` as the target, source and middle arrows: `"to"`, `"to, from"`, `"middle"`, or
+ * `{ to: true | { enabled, type } }`. The middle one points toward the target.
  * @param arrows - the value
  * @param site - where it is read
- * @returns the target arrow and the source arrow
+ * @returns the target arrow, the source arrow and the middle arrow
  */
-function visArrows(arrows: unknown, site: (property: string) => CanonSite): [string | null, string | null] {
-    const end = (name: string, property: string): string | null => {
+function visArrows(
+    arrows: unknown,
+    site: (property: string) => CanonSite,
+): [string | null, string | null, string | null] {
+    // a middle arrow the file does not mention is no rule at all, so a file that names only its ends carries none
+    const end = (name: string, property: string, absent: "none" | null = "none"): string | null => {
         if (typeof arrows === "string") {
-            return new RegExp(String.raw`\b${name}\b`).test(arrows.slice(0, 256)) ? "triangle" : "none";
+            return new RegExp(String.raw`\b${name}\b`).test(arrows.slice(0, 256)) ? "triangle" : absent;
         }
         if (!isJsonObject(arrows)) {
             return null;
@@ -921,12 +1733,15 @@ function visArrows(arrows: unknown, site: (property: string) => CanonSite): [str
         if (a === true) {
             return "triangle";
         }
+        if (a === undefined) {
+            return absent;
+        }
         if (!isJsonObject(a) || a.enabled === false) {
             return "none";
         }
         return canonEnum("arrow", a.type ?? "arrow", "vis", site(property));
     };
-    return [end("to", "targetArrow"), end("from", "sourceArrow")];
+    return [end("to", "targetArrow"), end("from", "sourceArrow"), end("middle", "midTargetArrow", null)];
 }
 
 /**
@@ -959,68 +1774,444 @@ function visStyles(snapshot: GraphSnapshot, src: JsonStyleSource, context: Style
     const { groupLayers, paletteRows } = visGroupLayers(n, groupOf, visGroupDefs(src, options));
     context.budget.spend("node", n);
 
-    // what vis-network draws per node: its own keys over its group over options.nodes
-    const node = valuesOf(n);
-    const records = nodeRecords(snapshot);
-    const rawShape = (layer: VisLayer): string | null => (typeof layer.shape === "string" ? layer.shape : null);
+    // what vis-network draws per node: its own keys over its group over options.nodes
+    const node = valuesOf(n);
+    const shapes: string[] = [];
+    const rawRecords = elementRaw(snapshot, "node");
+    const range = visNodeValueRange(n, groupOf, rawRecords, groupLayers, nodeDefaults);
+    const ownGroup = visOwnGroup(groupLayers, visGroupDefs(src, options));
+    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+        const g = groupOf(i);
+        const raw = rawRecords(i);
+        const own = visLayer(raw, "node");
+        const group = g === null ? {} : ownGroup(g, raw);
+        const shape = visShapeOf(own) ?? visShapeOf(group) ?? visShapeOf(nodeDefaults) ?? "ellipse";
+        shapes.push(shape);
+        const site = (property: string): CanonSite => ({
+            notes,
+            target: "node",
+            property,
+            element: i,
+            budget: context.budget,
+        });
+        const merged = visMergedNode(nodeDefaults, group, own, g !== null && raw.color !== undefined);
+        for (const [p, v] of Object.entries(visNodeRow(merged, shape, range, site))) {
+            node.put(p, i, v);
+        }
+    }
+    const declaredNode = visValues(nodeDefaults, "node", ruleSite("node"), true);
+    if (Object.keys(declaredNode).length > 0) {
+        nodeRules.push(rule("node.vis.defaults", "node", "defaults", "declared", { all: true }, declaredNode));
+    }
+    visGroupRules(n, groupOf, groupLayers, paletteRows, ruleSite("node"), nodeRules, nodeColumns);
+
+    const toolNode = toolDefaults("vis-network")?.node;
+    const borderOf = (i: number): StyleValue =>
+        node.values.borderColor?.[i] ?? (toolNode?.borderColor?.value as StyleValue | undefined) ?? "#2b7ce9";
+    const geometry = visGeometry(snapshot, node.values, shapes);
+    const edge = visEdges(snapshot, visLayer(options.edges, "edge"), borderOf, geometry, notes, context);
+    const values = { node: node.values, edge: edge.values };
+    exactFromBlock(snapshot, src.block, values, visWritten(snapshot, values.edge));
+    return {
+        canonical: true,
+        dialect: "vis",
+        tool: "vis-network",
+        opacityInColor: true,
+        units: "px",
+        node: { values: values.node, rules: nodeRules, columns: nodeColumns },
+        edge: { values: values.edge, rules: edge.rules, columns: edge.columns },
+        notes: notes.list(),
+        block: src.block,
+        readFrom: {
+            node: VIS_KEYS.node.filter((x) => snapshot.nodes.has(x)),
+            edge: VIS_KEYS.edge.filter((x) => snapshot.edges.has(x)),
+        },
+    };
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: a layer's own shape.
+ * @param layer - the layer
+ * @returns its `shape`, or null when it gives none
+ */
+function visShapeOf(layer: VisLayer): string | null {
+    return typeof layer.shape === "string" ? layer.shape : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: the smallest and largest `value` of the nodes, each its own over its group's over `options.nodes`.
+ * @param n - the node count
+ * @param groupOf - each node's group
+ * @param rawRecords - each node's own keys
+ * @param groupLayers - each group's layer (visGroupLayers)
+ * @param nodeDefaults - `options.nodes`
+ * @returns the range, or null when no node has a value
+ */
+function visNodeValueRange(
+    n: number,
+    groupOf: (i: number) => string | null,
+    rawRecords: (i: number) => Record<string, unknown>,
+    groupLayers: ReadonlyMap<string, VisLayer>,
+    nodeDefaults: VisLayer,
+): readonly [number, number] | null {
+    return visValueRange(n, (i) => {
+        const g = groupOf(i);
+        const own = visLayer(rawRecords(i), "node").value;
+        const value = own ?? (g === null ? undefined : groupLayers.get(g)?.value) ?? nodeDefaults.value;
+        return typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value) ? value : null;
+    });
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: one node's layer, its own keys over its group's over `options.nodes`.
+ * @param nodeDefaults - `options.nodes`
+ * @param group - its group's layer
+ * @param own - its own layer
+ * @param ownColorInGroup - whether it is in a group and gives a color of its own
+ * @returns the merged layer
+ */
+function visMergedNode(nodeDefaults: VisLayer, group: VisLayer, own: VisLayer, ownColorInGroup: boolean): VisLayer {
+    const merged: VisLayer = { ...nodeDefaults, ...group, ...own };
+    if (ownColorInGroup) {
+        // a color of the node's own fills its gaps from options.nodes and vis-network's defaults, never its group's
+        merged.fill ??= VIS_NODE_FILL;
+        merged.border ??= VIS_NODE_BORDER;
+    }
+    return merged;
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: the values one node draws, from its merged layer: its colors and label, then its shape's own.
+ * @param merged - the node's merged layer
+ * @param shape - its vis-network shape
+ * @param range - the smallest and largest `value` of the graph's nodes (visValueRange)
+ * @param site - where its values are read
+ * @returns the values
+ */
+function visNodeRow(
+    merged: VisLayer,
+    shape: string,
+    range: readonly [number, number] | null,
+    site: (property: string) => CanonSite,
+): Row {
+    const sized = VIS_SIZED.has(shape);
+    const row = visValues(merged, "node", site, sized);
+    const shaped = sized
+        ? visSizedShape(merged, shape, visRadius(merged, range, site), site)
+        : visFitShape(merged, shape);
+    if (sized && merged.label !== undefined) {
+        const size =
+            visLabelScaled(merged, range) ?? (typeof merged.fontSize === "number" ? merged.fontSize : VIS_FONT_SIZE);
+        // a label in runs below the node hangs lower by half of what its larger runs make its lines taller
+        const drop = typeof row.labelRuns === "string" ? visRunsDrop(row.labelRuns, size) : 0;
+        const below = typeof row.labelOffsetY === "number" ? row.labelOffsetY : 0;
+        row.labelOffsetY = below + drop + visBelowGap(size);
+    }
+    // the shape's own label place, then font.vadjust below it
+    for (const p of ["labelOffsetX", "labelOffsetY"] as const) {
+        const [a, b] = [row[p], shaped[p]];
+        if (typeof a === "number" && typeof b === "number") {
+            shaped[p] = a + b;
+        }
+    }
+    Object.assign(row, shaped);
+    const labelSize = visLabelScaled(merged, range);
+    if (labelSize !== null) {
+        row.labelSize = labelSize;
+    }
+    return row;
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: one rule per node group with values, over a column marking the group's nodes; a group the file does not
+ * define is the tool's palette.
+ * @param n - the node count
+ * @param groupOf - each node's group
+ * @param groupLayers - each group's layer (visGroupLayers)
+ * @param paletteRows - the palette values of the groups the file does not define
+ * @param site - where a group's values are read
+ * @param rules - the node rules, appended to
+ * @param columns - the node columns, written to
+ */
+function visGroupRules(
+    n: number,
+    groupOf: (i: number) => string | null,
+    groupLayers: ReadonlyMap<string, VisLayer>,
+    paletteRows: ReadonlyMap<string, Row>,
+    site: (property: string) => CanonSite,
+    rules: StyleRule[],
+    columns: Map<string, StyleColumn>,
+): void {
+    let k = 0;
+    for (const [g, layer] of groupLayers) {
+        const set = paletteRows.get(g) ?? visValues(layer, "node", site, true);
+        if (Object.keys(set).length === 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const key = `group.${String(k)}`;
+        columns.set(
+            key,
+            Array.from({ length: n }, (_v, i) => (groupOf(i) === g ? true : null)),
+        );
+        const origin = paletteRows.has(g) ? "tool" : "declared";
+        const r = rule(`node.vis.group.${String(k++)}`, "node", "group", origin, { has: { style: key } }, set);
+        rules.push({ ...r, facts: { names: [[key, g]] } });
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: what a node of a shape sized by `size` draws besides its colors: its box from its radius, its picture or
+ * glyph, and triangleDown turned over.
+ * @param merged - the node's merged layer
+ * @param shape - its vis-network shape
+ * @param radius - its radius (visRadius)
+ * @param site - where its values are read
+ * @returns the values
+ */
+function visSizedShape(merged: VisLayer, shape: string, radius: number, site: (property: string) => CanonSite): Row {
+    // vis-network's hexagon is regular, its corners `size` from its center on the left and right (drawHexagon): it is
+    // 2 * size wide and sqrt(3) * size tall, where the neutral hexagon fills its box
+    const row: Row = { width: 2 * radius, height: 2 * radius };
+    if (shape === "hexagon") {
+        // its label still hangs below the 2 * size square (ShapeBase._drawShape: y + 0.5 * height + half the label)
+        row.height = Math.sqrt(3) * radius;
+        row.labelOffsetY = ((2 - Math.sqrt(3)) * radius) / 2;
+    }
+    Object.assign(row, visImage(merged, shape, { width: 2 * radius, height: 2 * radius }));
+    if (shape === "icon") {
+        // an icon node is its glyph alone: vis-network draws no body, no fill and no border for it (Icon.draw)
+        Object.assign(row, { shape: "none" }, visIcon(merged, site("glyphColor")));
+    }
+    // vis-network's triangleDown: its triangle turned over, a corner down
+    if (shape === "triangleDown") {
+        row.shape = "polygon";
+        row.shapePoints = "-1,1 0,-1 1,1";
+    }
+    return row;
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: what a node of a shape sized by its label draws besides its colors: its growth round its label, nothing at
+ * all with a margin of 0, and its label at the top or bottom under `heightConstraint.valign`.
+ * @param merged - the node's merged layer
+ * @param shape - its vis-network shape
+ * @returns the values
+ */
+function visFitShape(merged: VisLayer, shape: string): Row {
+    const row = visLabelFit(merged, shape);
+    // a margin of 0 leaves vis-network's margins undefined (`_setMargins` tests `if (options.margin)`), so the node's
+    // size is NaN and neither it nor its label is drawn
+    if (merged.margin === 0 && (shape === "box" || shape === "circle" || shape === "database")) {
+        row.visible = false;
+    }
+    // heightConstraint.valign moves the label to the top or the bottom of a node taller than it (Label._drawText)
+    if (merged.valign === "top" || merged.valign === "bottom") {
+        row.labelPosition = `inside-${merged.valign}`;
+    } else if (shape === "database") {
+        // a database draws its label at its top, its top margin down (Database.draw: this.top + margin.top), not in
+        // the middle of the square it grows to
+        const m = merged.margin;
+        const top = isJsonObject(m) ? m.top : m;
+        row.labelPosition = "inside-top";
+        row.labelOffsetY = typeof top === "number" && Number.isFinite(top) && top >= 0 ? top : VIS_MARGIN;
+    }
+    // a box's corners are rounded at `shapeProperties.borderRadius`, at most half its shorter side (drawRoundRect)
+    if (shape === "box" && typeof merged.borderRadius === "number" && Number.isFinite(merged.borderRadius)) {
+        row.cornerRadius = Math.max(0, merged.borderRadius);
+    }
+    return row;
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: how a node of a shape sized by its label grows to hold it (each shape's `resize`): its label's box, at
+ * least `widthConstraint.minimum` by `heightConstraint.minimum`, plus the `margin` on each side is the node's width
+ * and height; a circle and a database stay as wide as they are tall; an ellipse is the box's height taller and
+ * wider instead of the margin (`width + height` by twice the height).
+ * @param layer - the node's merged layer
+ * @param shape - its vis-network shape
+ * @returns the values, none for a shape not sized by its label
+ */
+function visLabelFit(layer: VisLayer, shape: string): Row {
+    const fit = VIS_LABEL_FIT.get(shape);
+    if (fit === undefined) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    const length = (v: unknown): number | null => (typeof v === "number" && Number.isFinite(v) && v >= 0 ? v : null);
+    const fontSize = length(layer.fontSize) ?? VIS_FONT_SIZE;
+    const lines = typeof layer.label === "string" ? Math.max(1, layer.label.split("\n").length) : 1;
+    const minW = length(layer.widthMin) ?? 0;
+    const minH = length(layer.heightMin) ?? 0;
+    let padX: number;
+    let padY: number;
+    let offset: Row = {};
+    if (fit.ellipse) {
+        padX = Math.max(lines * fontSize, minH) / 2;
+        padY = padX;
+    } else {
+        ({ padX, padY, offset } = visMarginPads(layer.margin, fit.square));
+    }
+    // a node with no label text is sized as if its label were 14 x 14 (NodeBase.getDimensionsFromLabel)
+    const empty = typeof layer.label !== "string" || layer.label === "";
+    const [boxW, boxH] = empty ? [Math.max(minW, 14), Math.max(minH, 14)] : [minW, minH];
+    if (empty && fit.ellipse) {
+        padX = boxH / 2;
+        padY = padX;
+    }
+    const row: Row = {
+        ...offset,
+        labelFit: "bounds",
+        labelPaddingX: padX,
+        labelPaddingY: padY,
+        width: boxW > 0 ? boxW + 2 * padX : 0,
+        height: boxH > 0 ? boxH + 2 * padY : 0,
+    };
+    if (fit.square) {
+        row.labelFitSquare = true;
+    }
+    return row;
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: the padding a node's `margin` puts round its label (visLabelFit). A box or text node draws its label its
+ * left and top margins in from its corner (Box.draw, Text.draw), off center by half the difference of opposite
+ * margins.
+ * @param m - the `margin`: one number for every side, or `{ top, right, bottom, left }`
+ * @param square - whether the shape stays as wide as it is tall
+ * @returns the horizontal and vertical padding, and the label's offset
+ */
+function visMarginPads(m: unknown, square: boolean): { padX: number; padY: number; offset: Row } {
+    const length = (v: unknown): number | null => (typeof v === "number" && Number.isFinite(v) && v >= 0 ? v : null);
+    const side = (key: string): number => (isJsonObject(m) ? length(m[key]) : length(m)) ?? VIS_MARGIN;
+    const offset: Row = {};
+    if (!square && side("left") !== side("right")) {
+        offset.labelOffsetX = (side("left") - side("right")) / 2;
+    }
+    if (!square && side("top") !== side("bottom")) {
+        offset.labelOffsetY = (side("top") - side("bottom")) / 2;
+    }
+    return { padX: (side("left") + side("right")) / 2, padY: (side("top") + side("bottom")) / 2, offset };
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis.js `scaling.label`: with `enabled`, the font size of an element with a `value`, mapped as its size is from the
+ * value range onto `scaling.label.min` .. `max` (14 .. 30) (vis-network 9.1.9 `Node.setValueRange`, `Edge.setValueRange`).
+ * @param layer - the element's merged layer
+ * @param range - the value range, or null
+ * @returns the font size, or null when the label is not scaled
+ */
+function visLabelScaled(layer: VisLayer, range: readonly [number, number] | null): number | null {
+    const value = finiteValue(layer.value);
+    const label = layer.scalingLabel;
+    if (value === null || range === null || !isJsonObject(label) || label.enabled !== true) {
+        return null;
+    }
+    const min = typeof label.min === "number" ? label.min : 14;
+    const max = typeof label.max === "number" ? label.max : 30;
+    return visScaled(value, range, min, max);
+}
+
+/** vis-network's default node size, a radius (`size: 25`, vis-network.esm.js NodesHandler defaults). */
+const VIS_SIZE = 25;
+/** vis-network's default `scaling.min` and `scaling.max`, the radii `value` is mapped onto. */
+const VIS_SCALING: readonly [number, number] = [10, 30];
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: the smallest and largest `value` of the nodes that have one, as vis-network's
+ * `_updateValueRange` takes them; null when no node has one.
+ * @param n - the node count
+ * @param valueOf - each node's value
+ * @returns the range
+ */
+function visValueRange(n: number, valueOf: (i: number) => number | null): readonly [number, number] | null {
+    let min = Infinity;
+    let max = -Infinity;
     for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-        const g = groupOf(i);
-        const own = records(i);
-        const group = g === null ? {} : (groupLayers.get(g) ?? {});
-        const shape = rawShape(own) ?? rawShape(group) ?? rawShape(nodeDefaults) ?? "ellipse";
-        const site = (property: string): CanonSite => ({
-            notes,
-            target: "node",
-            property,
-            element: i,
-            budget: context.budget,
-        });
-        const merged = { ...nodeDefaults, ...group, ...own };
-        for (const [p, v] of Object.entries(visValues(merged, "node", site, VIS_SIZED.has(shape)))) {
-            node.put(p, i, v);
+        const v = valueOf(i);
+        if (v !== null) {
+            min = Math.min(min, v);
+            max = Math.max(max, v);
         }
     }
-    const declaredNode = visValues(nodeDefaults, "node", ruleSite("node"), true);
-    if (Object.keys(declaredNode).length > 0) {
-        nodeRules.push(rule("node.vis.defaults", "node", "defaults", "declared", { all: true }, declaredNode));
+    return min <= max ? [min, max] : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A `value` that is a finite number, else null.
+ * @param value - the value
+ * @returns the number, or null
+ */
+const finiteValue = (value: unknown): number | null =>
+    typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value) ? value : null;
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: `value` mapped linearly from the value range onto `min` .. `max`, the middle when every value is the same
+ * (vis-network's default `customScalingFunction`).
+ * @param value - the element's value
+ * @param range - the value range
+ * @param min - `scaling.min`
+ * @param max - `scaling.max`
+ * @returns the scaled value
+ */
+function visScaled(value: number, range: readonly [number, number], min: number, max: number): number {
+    const [lo, hi] = range;
+    const scale = hi === lo ? 0.5 : Math.max(0, (value - lo) / (hi - lo));
+    return min + scale * (max - min);
+}
+
+/** vis-network's default edge `scaling.min` and `scaling.max`, the widths `value` is mapped onto. */
+const VIS_EDGE_SCALING: readonly [number, number] = [1, 15];
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: the width vis-network draws an edge at once any edge has a `value`. Its `_updateValueRange` then sets every
+ * edge's width: one with a value to the value mapped onto `scaling`, one without to the width it was created with,
+ * which is `options.edges.width` -- an edge's own `width` is dropped (`Edge.baseWidth` is read before the edge's own
+ * options are applied, and nothing updates it).
+ * @param layer - the edge's merged layer
+ * @param defaults - `options.edges`
+ * @param range - the value range over the edges, or null when no edge has a value
+ * @param site - where its values are read
+ * @returns the width, or nothing when no edge has a value (the edge's own width holds)
+ */
+function visEdgeWidth(
+    layer: VisLayer,
+    defaults: VisLayer,
+    range: readonly [number, number] | null,
+    site: (property: string) => CanonSite,
+): { width?: number } {
+    if (range === null) {
+        return {};
     }
-    let k = 0;
-    for (const [g, layer] of groupLayers) {
-        const set = paletteRows.get(g) ?? visValues(layer, "node", ruleSite("node"), true);
-        if (Object.keys(set).length === 0) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        const key = `group.${String(k)}`;
-        nodeColumns.set(
-            key,
-            Array.from({ length: n }, (_v, i) => (groupOf(i) === g ? true : null)),
-        );
-        const origin = paletteRows.has(g) ? "tool" : "declared";
-        const r = rule(`node.vis.group.${String(k++)}`, "node", "group", origin, { has: { style: key } }, set);
-        nodeRules.push({ ...r, facts: { names: [[key, g]] } });
+    const value = finiteValue(layer.value);
+    if (value !== null) {
+        const min = typeof layer.scalingMin === "number" ? layer.scalingMin : VIS_EDGE_SCALING[0];
+        const max = typeof layer.scalingMax === "number" ? layer.scalingMax : VIS_EDGE_SCALING[1];
+        return { width: visScaled(value, range, min, max) };
     }
+    return { width: (defaults.width === undefined ? null : canonNumber(defaults.width, site("width"))) ?? 1 };
+}
 
-    const toolNode = toolDefaults("vis-network")?.node;
-    const borderOf = (i: number): StyleValue =>
-        node.values.borderColor?.[i] ?? (toolNode?.borderColor?.value as StyleValue | undefined) ?? "#2b7ce9";
-    const edge = visEdges(snapshot, visLayer(options.edges, "edge"), borderOf, notes, context);
-    const values = { node: node.values, edge: edge.values };
-    exactFromBlock(snapshot, src.block, values, VIS_WRITTEN);
-    return {
-        canonical: true,
-        dialect: "vis",
-        tool: "vis-network",
-        opacityInColor: true,
-        units: "px",
-        node: { values: values.node, rules: nodeRules, columns: nodeColumns },
-        edge: { values: values.edge, rules: edge.rules, columns: edge.columns },
-        notes: notes.list(),
-        block: src.block,
-        readFrom: {
-            node: VIS_KEYS.node.filter((x) => snapshot.nodes.has(x)),
-            edge: VIS_KEYS.edge.filter((x) => snapshot.edges.has(x)),
-        },
-    };
+/**
+ * vis.js: the radius vis-network draws a node of a sized shape at: its `value` mapped linearly from the value range
+ * onto `scaling.min` .. `scaling.max` (the middle when every value is the same), else its `size`, else 25
+ * (vis-network's `setValueRange` and `customScalingFunction`).
+ * @param layer - the node's merged layer
+ * @param range - the value range over the nodes
+ * @param site - where its values are read
+ * @returns the radius
+ */
+function visRadius(
+    layer: VisLayer,
+    range: readonly [number, number] | null,
+    site: (property: string) => CanonSite,
+): number {
+    const value = finiteValue(layer.value);
+    if (value !== null && range !== null) {
+        const min = typeof layer.scalingMin === "number" ? layer.scalingMin : VIS_SCALING[0];
+        const max = typeof layer.scalingMax === "number" ? layer.scalingMax : VIS_SCALING[1];
+        return visScaled(value, range, min, max);
+    }
+    const size = layer.size === undefined ? null : canonNumber(layer.size, site("width"));
+    return size ?? VIS_SIZE;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1068,12 +2259,49 @@ function visGroupLayers(
     return { groupLayers, paletteRows };
 }
 
+/**
+ * vis.js: the group layer one node takes. vis-network merges a group's options into a node only for the keys the node
+ * does not set itself, each key whole (vis-network 9.1.9 `Node.updateGroupOptions`: every option of the node's own is
+ * skipped, `font` always), so a node with a `color` of its own takes none of its group's colors, not even a border it
+ * leaves out.
+ * @param groupLayers - each group's whole layer (visGroupLayers)
+ * @param groupDefs - the group definitions the file gives
+ * @returns the layer of a group for a node of the given own keys
+ */
+function visOwnGroup(
+    groupLayers: ReadonlyMap<string, VisLayer>,
+    groupDefs: Record<string, unknown>,
+): (g: string, own: Record<string, unknown>) => VisLayer {
+    const cache = new Map<string, VisLayer>();
+    return (g, own) => {
+        const whole = groupLayers.get(g) ?? {};
+        const def = Object.hasOwn(groupDefs, g) ? groupDefs[g] : null;
+        // a group the file does not define is vis-network's palette color, which a color of the node's own replaces
+        const skip = Object.keys(own).filter(
+            (k) => k !== "font" && (isJsonObject(def) ? Object.hasOwn(def, k) : k === "color"),
+        );
+        if (skip.length === 0) {
+            return whole;
+        }
+        const key = `${g}\u0000${skip.join("\u0000")}`;
+        let layer = cache.get(key);
+        if (layer === undefined) {
+            layer = isJsonObject(def)
+                ? visLayer(Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(def).filter(([k]) => !skip.includes(k))), "node")
+                : {};
+            cache.set(key, layer);
+        }
+        return layer;
+    };
+}
+
 /**
  * vis.js edges: their own keys over `options.edges`; an edge without a color of its own takes its source node's
  * border color (its target's under `inherit: "to"`).
  * @param snapshot - the graph
  * @param edgeDefaults - `options.edges`
  * @param borderOf - each node's drawn border color
+ * @param geometry - the nodes' positions and boxes, for the edges' routes
  * @param notes - where problems are noted
  * @param context - the work budget
  * @returns the edge values, rules and style columns
@@ -1082,6 +2310,7 @@ function visEdges(
     snapshot: GraphSnapshot,
     edgeDefaults: VisLayer,
     borderOf: (node: number) => StyleValue,
+    geometry: VisGeometry,
     notes: StyleNotes,
     context: StyleReadContext,
 ): { values: Values; rules: StyleRule[]; columns: Map<string, StyleColumn> } {
@@ -1090,9 +2319,17 @@ function visEdges(
     const edgeRecords = elementRecords(snapshot, "edge");
     const inherited: (StyleValue | null)[] = new Array<StyleValue | null>(m).fill(null);
     let inheriting = 0;
+    const range = visValueRange(m, (e) => finiteValue({ ...edgeDefaults, ...edgeRecords(e) }.value));
+    // vis-network sets round caps to draw a dashed line (EdgeBase._drawDashedLine) and never sets them back, so every
+    // band drawn with or after a dashed edge, in the file's order, has round caps, which close gaps narrower than the
+    // band
+    let roundCaps = false;
     for (let e = 0; e < m; e++) {
         const own = edgeRecords(e);
-        const merged = { ...edgeDefaults, ...own };
+        // an array of `options.edges.dashes` reaches the edge through bridgeObject as a plain object, no longer an
+        // array, so vis-network draws its default [5, 5] (EdgeBase.setStrokeDashed)
+        const bridged = own.dashes === undefined && Array.isArray(edgeDefaults.dashes) ? { dashes: true } : {};
+        const merged = { ...edgeDefaults, ...own, ...bridged };
         const site = (property: string): CanonSite => ({
             notes,
             target: "edge",
@@ -1100,24 +2337,83 @@ function visEdges(
             element: e,
             budget: context.budget,
         });
-        const vals = visValues(merged, "edge", site, true);
+        const [s, t] = [snapshot.edgeSource(e), snapshot.edgeTarget(e)];
+        const vals: Row = {
+            ...visValues(merged, "edge", site, true),
+            ...visEdgeWidth(merged, edgeDefaults, range, site),
+            ...visRoute(edgeDefaults, own, s, t, geometry),
+            ...visEdgeLabel(merged, range, geometry.at(s), geometry.at(t)),
+        };
+        // a dashed edge sets them before it draws its own band (BezierEdgeBase._bezierCurve draws the band first)
+        roundCaps ||= merged.hidden !== true && ![undefined, false, "false"].includes(merged.dashes as never);
+        const band = roundCaps && isJsonObject(merged.background) ? visBandStyle(merged.background, true) : null;
+        if (band !== null) {
+            vals.outlineStyle = band;
+        }
+        const from = visEdgeInherit(vals, own.inherit ?? edgeDefaults.inherit ?? "from", borderOf, s, t);
         for (const [p, v] of Object.entries(vals)) {
             edge.put(p, e, v);
         }
-        const inherit = own.inherit ?? edgeDefaults.inherit ?? "from";
-        if (inherit === false || inherit === "false") {
-            if (vals.color === undefined) {
-                edge.put("color", e, VIS_EDGE_COLOR);
-            }
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (inherit === "both") {
-            notes.add(STYLE_ISSUE.GRADIENT, "edge", "color", { sample: "inherit both", element: e });
+        if (from !== null) {
+            inherited[e] = from;
+            inheriting++;
         }
-        inherited[e] = borderOf(inherit === "to" ? snapshot.edgeTarget(e) : snapshot.edgeSource(e));
-        inheriting++;
     }
     context.budget.spend("edge", m);
+    const { rules, columns } = visEdgeRules(edgeDefaults, notes, inherited, inheriting);
+    return { values: edge.values, rules, columns };
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: an edge's `inherit`, applied to its values: an edge that inherits draws its node's border color, not a
+ * color `options.edges` gives (that only stops inheriting there), and under "both" a gradient between its nodes'; one
+ * that does not inherit and has no color draws vis-network's default.
+ * @param vals - the edge's values, written in place
+ * @param inherit - its `inherit`
+ * @param borderOf - each node's drawn border color
+ * @param s - its source node
+ * @param t - its target node
+ * @returns the color it inherits, or null for none
+ */
+function visEdgeInherit(
+    vals: Row,
+    inherit: unknown,
+    borderOf: (node: number) => StyleValue,
+    s: number,
+    t: number,
+): StyleValue | null {
+    const inherits = inherit !== false && inherit !== "false";
+    if (inherits) {
+        delete vals.color;
+    }
+    if (inherit === "both") {
+        // vis-network: a linear gradient from the source node's border color to the target's
+        vals.gradientKind = "linear";
+        vals.gradientColors = `${String(borderOf(s))} ${String(borderOf(t))}`;
+    }
+    if (!inherits) {
+        if (vals.color === undefined) {
+            vals.color = VIS_EDGE_COLOR;
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+    return borderOf(inherit === "to" ? t : s);
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: the edge rules: `options.edges` as declared, and the colors edges inherit from their nodes.
+ * @param edgeDefaults - `options.edges`
+ * @param notes - where problems are noted
+ * @param inherited - each edge's inherited color, or null
+ * @param inheriting - how many edges inherit one
+ * @returns the rules and their style columns
+ */
+function visEdgeRules(
+    edgeDefaults: VisLayer,
+    notes: StyleNotes,
+    inherited: (StyleValue | null)[],
+    inheriting: number,
+): { rules: StyleRule[]; columns: Map<string, StyleColumn> } {
     const edgeRules: StyleRule[] = [];
     const edgeColumns = new Map<string, StyleColumn>();
     const declaredEdge = visValues(edgeDefaults, "edge", (property) => ({ notes, target: "edge", property }), true);
@@ -1139,24 +2435,462 @@ function visEdges(
             facts: { elements: inheriting, reason: "SOURCE_NODE_COLOR" },
         });
     }
-    return { values: edge.values, rules: edgeRules, columns: edgeColumns };
+    return { rules: edgeRules, columns: edgeColumns };
 }
 
-/** The vis.js keys the reader reads, per target. */
-const VIS_KEYS: Readonly<Record<StyleTarget, readonly string[]>> = {
-    node: ["color", "shape", "size", "borderWidth", "opacity", "hidden", "label", "title", "font"],
-    edge: ["color", "width", "dashes", "arrows", "hidden", "label", "title", "font"],
-};
+/** What a vis.js edge's route is drawn from: its nodes' positions and boxes. */
+interface VisGeometry {
+    /** A node's position as vis-network draws it (`parseInt` of `x` and `y`, y down), or null. */
+    readonly at: (i: number) => readonly [number, number] | null;
+    /** A node's half width, half height, border width and vis-network shape, or null for a node sized by its label. */
+    readonly box: (i: number) => VisBox | null;
+}
+
+/** A node's half width, half height, border width and vis-network shape. */
+type VisBox = readonly [number, number, number, string];
 
 /**
- * Each node's own vis.js keys as a layer.
+ * vis.js: the positions and boxes of the nodes, for the routes of their edges.
  * @param snapshot - the graph
- * @returns the layer of a node
+ * @param nodeValues - the node values read so far (sizes and border widths)
+ * @param shapes - each node's vis-network shape
+ * @returns the geometry
+ */
+function visGeometry(snapshot: GraphSnapshot, nodeValues: Values, shapes: readonly string[]): VisGeometry {
+    const whole = (v: unknown): number => {
+        if (typeof v === "string") {
+            return Number.parseInt(v, 10);
+        }
+        return typeof v === "number" && Number.isFinite(v) ? Math.trunc(v) : Number.NaN;
+    };
+    const [xs, ys] = [cells(snapshot, "node", "x"), cells(snapshot, "node", "y")];
+    const num = (v: StyleValue | null | undefined): number | null => (typeof v === "number" && v > 0 ? v : null);
+    return {
+        at: (i) => {
+            const p = [whole(xs?.(i)), whole(ys?.(i))] as const;
+            return Number.isNaN(p[0]) || Number.isNaN(p[1]) ? null : p;
+        },
+        box: (i) => {
+            const [w, h] = [num(nodeValues.width?.[i]), num(nodeValues.height?.[i])];
+            const bw = nodeValues.borderWidth?.[i];
+            return w === null || h === null ? null : [w / 2, h / 2, typeof bw === "number" ? bw : 1, shapes[i]];
+        },
+    };
+}
+
+/** vis-network's `smooth` with every layer applied: booleans set `enabled`, objects their own fields. */
+interface VisSmooth {
+    enabled: boolean;
+    type: string;
+    roundness: number;
+    forceDirection: unknown;
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: an edge's `smooth` over `options.edges.smooth` over vis-network's defaults (dynamic, roundness 0.5).
+ * @param layers - the layers, the lowest first
+ * @returns the smooth options
+ */
+function visSmooth(...layers: unknown[]): VisSmooth {
+    const s: VisSmooth = { enabled: true, type: "dynamic", roundness: 0.5, forceDirection: "none" };
+    for (const l of layers) {
+        if (typeof l === "boolean") {
+            s.enabled = l;
+        } else if (isJsonObject(l)) {
+            s.enabled = typeof l.enabled === "boolean" ? l.enabled : s.enabled;
+            s.type = typeof l.type === "string" ? l.type : s.type;
+            s.roundness = typeof l.roundness === "number" && Number.isFinite(l.roundness) ? l.roundness : s.roundness;
+            s.forceDirection = l.forceDirection ?? s.forceDirection;
+        }
+    }
+    return s;
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: an edge label's size under `scaling.label` and its turn along the line.
+ * @param merged - the edge's merged layer
+ * @param range - the edges' value range
+ * @param a - the source node's center, or null
+ * @param b - the target node's center, or null
+ * @returns the values
+ */
+function visEdgeLabel(
+    merged: VisLayer,
+    range: readonly [number, number] | null,
+    a: VisPoint | null,
+    b: VisPoint | null,
+): Row {
+    const row: Row = {};
+    const size = visLabelScaled(merged, range);
+    if (size !== null) {
+        row.labelSize = size;
+    }
+    const turn = visLabelTurn(merged.fontAlign, a, b);
+    if (turn !== null) {
+        row.labelRotation = turn;
+    }
+    return row;
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: how far an edge label whose `font.align` is not "horizontal" is turned to run along its edge, kept readable
+ * (vis-network 9.1.9 `Edge._getRotation`), in degrees clockwise on screen.
+ * @param align - `font.align`
+ * @param a - the source node's center, or null
+ * @param b - the target node's center, or null
+ * @returns the turn, or null for a level label
+ */
+function visLabelTurn(align: unknown, a: VisPoint | null, b: VisPoint | null): number | null {
+    if (typeof align !== "string" || align === "horizontal" || a === null || b === null) {
+        return null;
+    }
+    const [dx, dy] = [a[0] - b[0], a[1] - b[1]];
+    let angle = Math.atan2(dy, dx);
+    if ((angle < -1 && dx < 0) || (angle > 0 && dx < 0)) {
+        angle += Math.PI;
+    }
+    const degrees = Math.round(((angle * 180) / Math.PI) * 1e4) / 1e4;
+    return degrees < 0 ? degrees + 360 : degrees;
+}
+
+/** A point, y down. */
+type VisPoint = readonly [number, number];
+
+/**
+ * vis-network's control point of a static smooth curve (9.1.9 `BezierEdgeStatic._getViaCoordinates`), from the two
+ * node centers.
+ * @param from - the source node's center
+ * @param to - the target node's center
+ * @param smooth - the smooth options
+ * @returns the control point
+ */
+function visStaticVia(from: VisPoint, to: VisPoint, smooth: VisSmooth): VisPoint {
+    const f = smooth.roundness;
+    const [fx, fy] = from;
+    const [tx, ty] = to;
+    const dx = Math.abs(fx - tx);
+    const dy = Math.abs(fy - ty);
+    // the step a discrete, diagonalCross or continuous curve takes from its source, toward its target in x and in y
+    // (away from it in y when level: `from.y >= to.y` steps up)
+    const step = f * Math.max(dx, dy);
+    const sx = step * (Math.sign(tx - fx) || 1);
+    const sy = step * (Math.sign(ty - fy) || -1);
+    // which way a cross, horizontal or vertical curve's point lies from the target, back toward the source
+    const backX = (1 - f) * dx * (Math.sign(fx - tx) || 1);
+    const backY = (1 - f) * dy * (Math.sign(fy - ty) || 1);
+    switch (smooth.type) {
+        case "discrete":
+            return visDiscreteVia(from, [fx + sx, fy + sy], dx, dy, f);
+        case "diagonalCross":
+            return [fx + sx, fy + sy];
+        case "straightCross":
+            return dx <= dy ? [tx, ty + backY] : [tx + backX, ty];
+        case "horizontal":
+            return [tx + backX, fy];
+        case "vertical":
+            return [fx, ty + backY];
+        case "curvedCW":
+            return visCurvedVia(from, to, f, f * 0.5 + 0.5);
+        case "curvedCCW":
+            return visCurvedVia(from, to, f, -f * 0.5 + 0.5);
+        default:
+            // continuous: the diagonal step, no farther than the target along the longer axis
+            return dx <= dy
+                ? [fx + Math.sign(sx) * Math.min(step, dx), fy + sy]
+                : [fx + sx, fy + Math.sign(sy) * Math.min(step, dy)];
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis-network's discrete curve: the diagonal step, kept at the source's x (or y) when the nodes are nearly in line.
+ * @param from - the source node's center
+ * @param diagonal - the diagonal step's point
+ * @param dx - the distance between the nodes in x
+ * @param dy - the distance in y
+ * @param f - the roundness
+ * @returns the control point
+ */
+function visDiscreteVia(from: VisPoint, diagonal: VisPoint, dx: number, dy: number, f: number): VisPoint {
+    if (dx <= dy) {
+        return [dx < f * dy ? from[0] : diagonal[0], diagonal[1]];
+    }
+    return [diagonal[0], dy < f * dx ? from[1] : diagonal[1]];
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis-network's curvedCW and curvedCCW: a point `(roundness / 2 + 1 / 2)` of the distance from the source, turned
+ * `turn` half turns from the line to the target (vis-network's sin / cos convention, y down).
+ * @param from - the source node's center
+ * @param to - the target node's center
+ * @param f - the roundness
+ * @param turn - the turn, in half turns
+ * @returns the control point
+ */
+function visCurvedVia(from: VisPoint, to: VisPoint, f: number, turn: number): VisPoint {
+    const ex = to[0] - from[0];
+    const ey = from[1] - to[1];
+    const r = (f * 0.5 + 0.5) * Math.hypot(ex, ey);
+    const angle = (Math.atan2(ey, ex) + turn * Math.PI) % (2 * Math.PI);
+    return [from[0] + r * Math.sin(angle), from[1] + r * Math.cos(angle)];
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis-network's two control points of a cubicBezier curve (9.1.9 `CubicBezierEdge._getViaCoordinates`): each
+ * `roundness` of the way across from its own end, horizontally when the nodes are farther apart in x or
+ * `forceDirection` is horizontal (or true), else vertically.
+ * @param from - the source node's center
+ * @param to - the target node's center
+ * @param smooth - the smooth options
+ * @returns the two control points
+ */
+function visCubicVia(from: VisPoint, to: VisPoint, smooth: VisSmooth): [VisPoint, VisPoint] {
+    const [dx, dy] = [from[0] - to[0], from[1] - to[1]];
+    const r = smooth.roundness;
+    const force = smooth.forceDirection;
+    const across = (Math.abs(dx) > Math.abs(dy) || force === true || force === "horizontal") && force !== "vertical";
+    return across
+        ? [
+              [from[0] - r * dx, from[1]],
+              [to[0] + r * dx, to[1]],
+          ]
+        : [
+              [from[0], from[1] - r * dy],
+              [to[0], to[1] + r * dy],
+          ];
+}
+
+/**
+ * A point as the neutral `bends` spell it: `along,across` relative to the line between two centers, y down in, y up
+ * out.
+ * @param a - the source center
+ * @param b - the target center
+ * @param p - the point
+ * @returns `along,across`
+ */
+function alongAcross(a: VisPoint, b: VisPoint, p: VisPoint): string {
+    const [dx, dy] = [b[0] - a[0], b[1] - a[1]];
+    const [qx, qy] = [p[0] - a[0], p[1] - a[1]];
+    const l2 = dx * dx + dy * dy;
+    return `${fraction((qx * dx + qy * dy) / l2)},${fraction((dy * qx - dx * qy) / l2)}`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A number rounded to four places for a bend, with no negative zero.
+ * @param v - the number
+ * @returns its text
+ */
+const fraction = (v: number): string => String(Math.round(v * 1e4) / 1e4 || 0);
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: the route vis-network draws an edge along. A smooth edge is one Bezier curve through its control points
+ * (`bendCurve: "bezier"`): a static type's one point, cubicBezier's two. A dynamic one (vis-network's default) is
+ * drawn through a support node the physics simulation moves; where it never moves (physics off for the network or
+ * the edge) it stays at the middle and the edge is straight. A self-loop is vis-network's circle of
+ * `selfReference.size` (20) centered on its node's outline at `selfReference.angle` (pi / 4).
+ * @param defaults - `options.edges`
+ * @param own - the edge's own keys
+ * @param s - its source node
+ * @param t - its target node
+ * @param g - the nodes' geometry
+ * @returns the route's values, none for a straight edge or a route the file does not decide
+ */
+function visRoute(defaults: VisLayer, own: VisLayer, s: number, t: number, g: VisGeometry): Row {
+    if (s === t) {
+        return visLoop(defaults, own, g.box(s));
+    }
+    const smooth = visSmooth(defaults.smooth, own.smooth);
+    const [a, b] = [g.at(s), g.at(t)];
+    // ponytail: a dynamic curve where physics runs is wherever the simulation left its support node; drawn straight
+    if (!smooth.enabled || smooth.type === "dynamic" || a === null || b === null || (a[0] === b[0] && a[1] === b[1])) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    const controls = smooth.type === "cubicBezier" ? visCubicVia(a, b, smooth) : [visStaticVia(a, b, smooth)];
+    return { curved: true, bendCurve: "bezier", bends: controls.map((p) => alongAcross(a, b, p)).join(" ") };
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: a self-loop, vis-network's circle (9.1.9 `EdgeBase._getCircleData`, `getSelfRefCoordinates`) of radius
+ * `selfReference.size` (or the older `selfReferenceSize`; 20) centered on the node's outline (visToBorder) along
+ * the ray at `selfReference.angle` (pi / 4, counterclockwise from the right). Written as bends at the corners of the
+ * square round the circle, drawn through their midpoints, which run along the circle.
+ * @param defaults - `options.edges`
+ * @param own - the edge's own keys
+ * @param box - the node's half width, half height, border width and shape, or null when unknown
+ * @returns the loop's values, none for a node whose size is not known here
+ */
+function visLoop(defaults: VisLayer, own: VisLayer, box: VisBox | null): Row {
+    if (box === null) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    const field = (layer: VisLayer, key: string): unknown =>
+        isJsonObject(layer.selfReference) ? layer.selfReference[key] : undefined;
+    const pick = (...vs: unknown[]): number | null =>
+        (vs.find((v) => typeof v === "number" && Number.isFinite(v)) as number | undefined) ?? null;
+    const radius =
+        pick(field(own, "size"), own.selfReferenceSize, field(defaults, "size"), defaults.selfReferenceSize) ?? 20;
+    const angle = pick(field(own, "angle"), field(defaults, "angle")) ?? Math.PI / 4;
+    const [hw, hh] = box;
+    const reach = visToBorder(box, angle);
+    // the circle's center relative to the node's, y up
+    const [cx, cy] = [Math.cos(angle) * reach, Math.sin(angle) * reach];
+    const behind = [field(own, "renderBehindTheNode"), field(defaults, "renderBehindTheNode")].find(
+        (v) => typeof v === "boolean",
+    );
+    if (behind === false) {
+        return visFrontArc(cx, cy, radius, angle, box);
+    }
+    // the node's farthest reach from its center: its radius when round, its corner otherwise
+    const round = box[3] === "dot" || box[3] === "circle" || box[3] === "circularImage";
+    if (reach + (round ? hw : Math.hypot(hw, hh)) < radius) {
+        return visRing(cx, cy, radius, angle, box);
+    }
+    // the corners of the square round the circle, the first the one facing the node and again last, so the curve
+    // through their midpoints runs the whole circle and its ends, out of and back into the node, bulge as it does
+    const corners: string[] = [];
+    for (let k = 0; k <= 4; k++) {
+        const a = angle + Math.PI + ((k % 4) * Math.PI) / 2;
+        const [x, y] = [cx + Math.SQRT2 * radius * Math.cos(a), cy + Math.SQRT2 * radius * Math.sin(a)];
+        corners.push(`${fraction(x / hw)},${fraction(y / hh)}`);
+    }
+    return { curved: true, bendCurve: "midpoints", bends: corners.join(" ") };
+}
+
+/** How many points a vis-network self-loop's circle is written through where it does not meet its node. */
+const VIS_RING_STEPS = 96;
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: a self-loop whose circle holds its whole node, so meets it nowhere (a small node, or a large
+ * `selfReference.size`): the circle alone, written as points round it from the side facing the node and back to it,
+ * the first and the last the same point, which graphty draws as that closed ring with no line to the node.
+ * @param cx - the circle's center across from the node's, y up
+ * @param cy - and up from it
+ * @param radius - its radius
+ * @param angle - the ray its center is on, counterclockwise from the right
+ * @param box - the node's half width and half height
+ * @returns the loop's values
+ */
+function visRing(cx: number, cy: number, radius: number, angle: number, box: VisBox): Row {
+    const [hw, hh] = box;
+    const points: string[] = [];
+    for (let k = 0; k <= VIS_RING_STEPS; k++) {
+        const a = angle + Math.PI + (2 * Math.PI * (k % VIS_RING_STEPS)) / VIS_RING_STEPS;
+        points.push(`${fraction((cx + radius * Math.cos(a)) / hw)},${fraction((cy + radius * Math.sin(a)) / hh)}`);
+    }
+    return { curved: false, bends: points.join(" ") };
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis.js: a self-loop drawn in front of its node (`selfReference.renderBehindTheNode: false`): only the arc of its
+ * circle between the two points vis-network 9.1.9 searches for (Edge._circle, `_findBorderPositionCircle`: ten
+ * halvings of a "position" between the angle and the angle plus pi, read as a fraction of a turn), clockwise on screen
+ * from the first to the second, written as points along it.
+ * @param cx - the circle's center across from the node's, y up
+ * @param cy - and up from it
+ * @param radius - its radius
+ * @param angle - `selfReference.angle`
+ * @param box - the node's half width, half height, border width and shape
+ * @returns the loop's values
+ */
+function visFrontArc(cx: number, cy: number, radius: number, angle: number, box: VisBox): Row {
+    // on screen, y down, the node's center at the origin
+    const [x, y] = [cx, -cy];
+    const search = (direction: -1 | 1): [number, number] => {
+        let [low, high] = [angle, angle + Math.PI];
+        let pos: [number, number] = [x, y];
+        for (let iteration = 0; low <= high && iteration < 10; iteration++) {
+            const middle = (low + high) * 0.5;
+            const turn = middle * 2 * Math.PI;
+            pos = [x + radius * Math.cos(turn), y - radius * Math.sin(turn)];
+            const difference = visToBorder(box, Math.atan2(-pos[1], -pos[0])) - Math.hypot(pos[0], pos[1]);
+            if (Math.abs(difference) < 0.05) {
+                break;
+            }
+            if (difference > 0 === direction > 0) {
+                low = middle;
+            } else {
+                high = middle;
+            }
+        }
+        return pos;
+    };
+    const [from, to] = [search(-1), search(1)];
+    const start = Math.atan2(from[1] - y, from[0] - x);
+    let end = Math.atan2(to[1] - y, to[0] - x);
+    if (end < start) {
+        end += 2 * Math.PI;
+    }
+    const [hw, hh] = box;
+    const steps = Math.max(2, Math.ceil(((end - start) / (2 * Math.PI)) * VIS_RING_STEPS));
+    const points: string[] = [];
+    for (let k = 0; k <= steps; k++) {
+        const a = start + ((end - start) * k) / steps;
+        points.push(`${fraction((x + radius * Math.cos(a)) / hw)},${fraction(-(y + radius * Math.sin(a)) / hh)}`);
+    }
+    return { curved: false, bends: points.join(" ") };
+}
+
+/**
+ * vis-network 9.1.9's `distanceToBorder` of a node, how far from its center its outline is along a ray: a dot its
+ * size, a circle or circularImage half its width, an ellipse its ellipse, all with no border; every other shape its
+ * box plus its border width (NodeBase._distanceToBorder, Box).
+ * @param box - the node's half width, half height, border width and shape
+ * @param angle - the ray, counterclockwise from the right
+ * @returns the distance
  */
-function nodeRecords(snapshot: GraphSnapshot): (i: number) => VisLayer {
-    return elementRecords(snapshot, "node");
+function visToBorder(box: VisBox, angle: number): number {
+    const [hw, hh, bw, shape] = box;
+    if (shape === "dot" || shape === "circle" || shape === "circularImage") {
+        return hw;
+    }
+    if (shape === "ellipse") {
+        return (hw * hh) / Math.hypot(Math.sin(angle) * hw, Math.cos(angle) * hh);
+    }
+    return Math.min(Math.abs(hw / Math.cos(angle)), Math.abs(hh / Math.sin(angle))) + bw;
 }
 
+/** The vis.js keys the reader reads, per target. */
+const VIS_KEYS: Readonly<Record<StyleTarget, readonly string[]>> = {
+    node: [
+        "color",
+        "shape",
+        "size",
+        "value",
+        "scaling",
+        "borderWidth",
+        "opacity",
+        "hidden",
+        "label",
+        "title",
+        "font",
+        "margin",
+        "widthConstraint",
+        "heightConstraint",
+        "image",
+        "brokenImage",
+        "imagePadding",
+        "icon",
+        "shapeProperties",
+    ],
+    edge: [
+        "color",
+        "width",
+        "value",
+        "scaling",
+        "dashes",
+        "arrows",
+        "hidden",
+        "label",
+        "title",
+        "font",
+        "background",
+        "smooth",
+        "selfReference",
+        "selfReferenceSize",
+        "physics",
+        "widthConstraint",
+    ],
+};
+
 /**
  * Each element's own vis.js keys as a layer, read from the graph's columns.
  * @param snapshot - the graph
@@ -1164,6 +2898,17 @@ function nodeRecords(snapshot: GraphSnapshot): (i: number) => VisLayer {
  * @returns the layer of an element
  */
 function elementRecords(snapshot: GraphSnapshot, target: StyleTarget): (i: number) => VisLayer {
+    const raw = elementRaw(snapshot, target);
+    return (i) => visLayer(raw(i), target);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Each element's own vis.js keys as the file gives them, read from the graph's columns.
+ * @param snapshot - the graph
+ * @param target - nodes or edges
+ * @returns the keys of an element
+ */
+function elementRaw(snapshot: GraphSnapshot, target: StyleTarget): (i: number) => Record<string, unknown> {
     const readers = VIS_KEYS[target]
         .map((name) => [name, cells(snapshot, target, name)] as const)
         .filter((x): x is readonly [string, (i: number) => unknown] => x[1] !== null);
@@ -1175,7 +2920,7 @@ function elementRecords(snapshot: GraphSnapshot, target: StyleTarget): (i: numbe
                 record[name] = v;
             }
         }
-        return visLayer(record, target);
+        return record;
     };
 }
 
@@ -1283,10 +3028,79 @@ const visSize = (want: (p: string) => StyleValue | null): StyleValue | null => {
     return VIS_SIZED.has(shape) ? oneSize(want) : null;
 };
 
+/**
+ * The vis.js shape a written node is read back as.
+ * @param want - the block's values of the element
+ * @returns the shape
+ */
+const visShapeBack = (want: (p: string) => StyleValue | null): string => {
+    const s = want("shape");
+    return typeof s === "string" ? visShape(s)[0] : "ellipse";
+};
+
+/**
+ * What a written vis.js node of a shape that changes what its size gives back reads as (visSizedShape, visFitShape):
+ * a hexagon's height and how far below its square its label hangs, a database's label at its top.
+ * @param property - the fact
+ * @returns the reading back of the element's values, null where the shape changes nothing
+ */
+const visShapeFactBack =
+    (property: "height" | "labelOffsetY") =>
+    (want: (p: string) => StyleValue | null): StyleValue | null => {
+        const shape = visShapeBack(want);
+        const size = visSize(want);
+        if (shape === "hexagon" && typeof size === "number") {
+            return property === "height" ? (Math.sqrt(3) * size) / 2 : ((2 - Math.sqrt(3)) * size) / 4;
+        }
+        return property === "labelOffsetY" && shape === "database" ? VIS_MARGIN : null;
+    };
+
+/**
+ * What the reader reads back for a fact of a node the writer wrote in a shape vis-network sizes by its label: the
+ * shape's own growth, from the label and font size written.
+ * @param property - the fact
+ * @returns the reading back of the element's values
+ */
+const visFitBack =
+    (property: string) =>
+    (want: (p: string) => StyleValue | null): StyleValue | null => {
+        const s = want("shape");
+        const shape = typeof s === "string" ? visShape(s)[0] : "ellipse";
+        return visLabelFit({ fontSize: want("labelSize"), label: want("label") }, shape)[property] ?? null;
+    };
+
+/**
+ * What reading a file graphty wrote in vis.js gives back: VIS_WRITTEN, and for a self-loop the route the reader draws
+ * it along (vis-network's circle, made from vis-network's own defaults and the node's size, never from the block).
+ * @param snapshot - the graph
+ * @param edgeValues - the edge values the reader read
+ * @returns the readings back
+ */
+function visWritten(snapshot: GraphSnapshot, edgeValues: Values): Written {
+    const loop =
+        (property: string) =>
+        (want: (p: string) => StyleValue | null, i: number): StyleValue | null =>
+            snapshot.edgeSource(i) === snapshot.edgeTarget(i) ? (edgeValues[property]?.[i] ?? null) : want(property);
+    return {
+        node: VIS_WRITTEN.node,
+        edge: { ...VIS_WRITTEN.edge, bends: loop("bends"), bendCurve: loop("bendCurve"), curved: loop("curved") },
+    };
+}
+
 const VIS_WRITTEN: Written = {
     node: {
-        width: visSize,
-        height: visSize,
+        width: (want) => visSize(want) ?? visFitBack("width")(want),
+        height: (want) => visShapeFactBack("height")(want) ?? visSize(want) ?? visFitBack("height")(want),
+        labelOffsetY: visShapeFactBack("labelOffsetY"),
+        labelFit: visFitBack("labelFit"),
+        labelPaddingX: visFitBack("labelPaddingX"),
+        labelPaddingY: visFitBack("labelPaddingY"),
+        labelFitSquare: visFitBack("labelFitSquare"),
+        // the writer writes hex colors, whose alpha vis-network's node opacity replaces, the border's too
+        borderOpacity: (want) => {
+            const opacity = want("opacity");
+            return typeof opacity === "number" ? opacity : want("borderOpacity");
+        },
         shape: (want) => {
             const s = want("shape");
             if (typeof s !== "string") {
@@ -1295,6 +3109,17 @@ const VIS_WRITTEN: Written = {
             const site = { notes: new StyleNotes(), target: "node" as const, property: "shape" };
             return canonEnum("shape", visShape(s)[0], "vis", site);
         },
+        labelPosition: (want) => {
+            const s = want("shape");
+            if (typeof s !== "string") {
+                return null;
+            }
+            const shape = visShape(s)[0];
+            if (shape === "database") {
+                return "inside-top";
+            }
+            return VIS_SIZED.has(shape) ? "bottom" : "center";
+        },
     },
     edge: {
         lineStyle: (want) => {
@@ -1302,7 +3127,12 @@ const VIS_WRITTEN: Written = {
             if (s === null) {
                 return null;
             }
-            return s === "solid" ? "solid" : "dashed";
+            // written as `dashes: true`, vis-network's [5, 5], which a wide edge's round caps close up
+            if (s === "solid") {
+                return "solid";
+            }
+            const width = want("width");
+            return visDashStyle([5, 5], typeof width === "number" ? width : 1, true);
         },
         targetArrow: (want) => arrowBack(want("targetArrow")),
         sourceArrow: (want) => arrowBack(want("sourceArrow")),
@@ -1355,8 +3185,8 @@ export const NATIVE: Readonly<
         edge: cyjsProperties(CYJS_EDGE_PROPERTIES, ["curved", "labelItalic", "visible"]),
     },
     graphology: {
-        node: ["fill", "fillOpacity", "width", "height", "label", "visible"],
-        edge: ["color", "opacity", "width", "label", "visible"],
+        node: ["fill", "fillOpacity", "width", "height", "label"],
+        edge: ["color", "opacity", "width", "label"],
     },
     vis: {
         node: [
@@ -1928,16 +3758,15 @@ function writeGraphology(
         writeKey(
             table,
             "size",
-            target === "node" ? nodeSizes(p("node", "width"), p("node", "height"), approximated) : p("edge", "width"),
+            target === "node"
+                ? nodeSizes(p("node", "width"), p("node", "height"), approximated).map((d) =>
+                      d === null ? null : d / 2,
+                  )
+                : // sigma draws an edge half as wide as its size (readSigmaRow)
+                  p("edge", "width").map((w) => (typeof w === "number" ? w * 2 : w)),
             replaced,
         );
         writeKey(table, "label", p(target, "label"), replaced);
-        writeKey(
-            table,
-            "hidden",
-            p(target, "visible").map((v) => (v === false ? true : null)),
-            replaced,
-        );
     }
 }
 
@@ -1948,6 +3777,24 @@ function writeGraphology(
  * @param approximated - where approximations are counted
  * @param replaced - where replaced data values are counted
  */
+/**
+ * vis.js: a scaling range of each written size for the elements with a `value`, which vis-network would otherwise
+ * map onto `scaling` instead of drawing the size written (a node's radius, an edge's width).
+ * @param table - the node or edge table being written
+ * @param sizes - each element's written size, or null
+ * @param replaced - the data values replaced so far
+ */
+function keepScaled(table: Table, sizes: readonly (StyleValue | null)[], replaced: Replaced): void {
+    const value = table.get("value");
+    if (value === null) {
+        return;
+    }
+    const scaling = sizes.map((v, i) =>
+        typeof v !== "number" || typeof plainCell(value.value(i)) !== "number" ? null : { min: v, max: v },
+    );
+    writeKey(table, "scaling", scaling, replaced);
+}
+
 function writeVis(
     out: ReturnType<GraphSnapshot["withColumns"]>,
     input: ExporterStyleInput,
@@ -2007,7 +3854,9 @@ function writeVis(
     );
     const sizes = nodeSizes(p("node", "width"), p("node", "height"), approximated);
     const shapes = p("node", "shape").map((s, i) => {
-        const [shape, exact] = typeof s === "string" ? visShape(s) : [null, true];
+        const [written, exact] = typeof s === "string" ? visShape(s) : [null, true];
+        // an ellipse with no size of its own is vis-network's label-sized `ellipse`, one with a size its `dot`
+        const shape = written === "dot" && s === "ellipse" && sizes[i] === null ? "ellipse" : written;
         if (!exact) {
             approximated.add("node", "shape", s);
         }
@@ -2017,7 +3866,11 @@ function writeVis(
         return shape;
     });
     writeKey(out.nodes, "shape", shapes, replaced);
-    writeKey(out.nodes, "size", sizes, replaced);
+    // vis-network draws `size` as a radius
+    const radii = sizes.map((d) => (d === null ? null : d / 2));
+    writeKey(out.nodes, "size", radii, replaced);
+    // a node's `value` would scale its size again on reading: a scaling range of its own radius keeps it
+    keepScaled(out.nodes, radii, replaced);
     writeKey(out.nodes, "borderWidth", p("node", "borderWidth"), replaced);
     writeKey(out.nodes, "opacity", p("node", "opacity"), replaced);
     label(out.nodes, "node");
@@ -2039,7 +3892,10 @@ function writeVis(
         }),
         replaced,
     );
-    writeKey(out.edges, "width", p("edge", "width"), replaced);
+    const widths = p("edge", "width");
+    writeKey(out.edges, "width", widths, replaced);
+    // an edge's `value` would scale its width again on reading: a scaling range of its own width keeps it
+    keepScaled(out.edges, widths, replaced);
     writeKey(
         out.edges,
         "dashes",