@forgeax/engine-render 0.1.2

package/src/record/frame-lighting.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1183 @@
+// @forgeax/engine-runtime - RenderSystem record stage: per-frame lighting.
+// feat-20260704 M5/w31: further-split from frame.ts (AC-05 <=1500 lines/file).
+// Pure leaf helpers invoked once each from recordFrame; behavior verbatim.
+
+import { mat4, vec3 } from '@forgeax/engine-math';
+import {
+  type BindGroup,
+  type BindGroupLayout,
+  RhiError,
+  type TextureView,
+} from '@forgeax/engine-rhi';
+import { bin, type ClusterBinProfilePhase, type ClusterBinProfileRunner } from '../cluster-binner';
+import { environmentConsumerSnapshot } from '../environment/generation';
+import {
+  HdrpIndexListOverflowError,
+  HdrpLightBudgetExceededError,
+  PointShadowAtlasBoundsViolationError,
+  PointShadowAtlasUninitializedError,
+} from '../errors/render';
+import {
+  createHdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup,
+  createHdrpUnifiedBindGroup,
+  getOrCreateHdrpBuffers,
+  HDRP_UNIFORM_LIGHT_CAPACITY,
+  packClusterUniform,
+} from '../hdrp-buffers';
+import { DEFAULT_CLUSTER_GRID, LIGHT_INDEX_LIST_CAPACITY } from '../hdrp-pipeline';
+import {
+  LIGHT_ARRAY_HEADER_BYTES,
+  LIGHT_ARRAY_MAX_SLOTS,
+  POINT_LIGHT_STD430_BYTES,
+  packLightArrayHeader,
+  packLightSlot,
+  packPointLight,
+  packSpotLight,
+  SPOT_LIGHT_STD430_BYTES,
+} from '../light-buffer-layout';
+import type { PipelineState, RenderSystemInternals } from '../render-system';
+import type {
+  CameraSnapshot,
+  DirectionalLightSnapshot,
+  ExtractedLights,
+  RenderableSnapshot,
+  SkyboxSnapshot,
+  SkylightSnapshot,
+} from '../render-system-extract';
+import type { RenderHdrpClusterPhase } from '../renderer';
+import { ShadowAtlas } from '../shadow-atlas';
+import { getOrCreateSsaoBuffers } from '../ssao-buffers';
+import { getSsaoParameters } from '../ssao-config';
+import type { RecordProfileRunner } from './frame';
+import type { BindGroupCounts, RenderFrameState } from './frame-snapshot';
+import {
+  computeProjectionMatrix,
+  computeViewMatrix,
+  isLitMaterialSnapshot,
+  warnMultiLightDirectional,
+  warnMultiLightPoint,
+  warnMultiLightSpot,
+} from './helpers';
+import { getOrCreateFromChain, MESH_SSBO_BYTES, MESH_UBO_FULL_ARRAY_BYTES } from './mesh-ssbo';
+import { VIEW_UNIFORM_BYTES } from './view-ubo';
+
+export interface EnvironmentSunConsumerInput {
+  readonly generation: number;
+  readonly signature: string;
+  readonly direction: readonly [number, number, number];
+  readonly color: readonly [number, number, number];
+  readonly illuminance: number;
+  readonly atmosphere?:
+    | {
+        readonly turbidity: number;
+        readonly rayleigh: number;
+        readonly mieCoefficient: number;
+        readonly mieDirectionalG: number;
+        readonly sunAngularRadius: number;
+      }
+    | undefined;
+  readonly source?: { readonly worldId: number; readonly entity: number } | undefined;
+}
+
+export interface EnvironmentSunConsumerSnapshot {
+  readonly generation: number;
+  readonly signature: string;
+  readonly source: { readonly worldId: number; readonly entity: number } | undefined;
+  readonly consumers: readonly {
+    readonly kind: 'ibl' | 'direct' | 'csm' | 'background' | 'sun-disc';
+    readonly generation: number;
+  }[];
+  readonly ibl: {
+    readonly includesSunDisc: false;
+    readonly sunContribution: 0;
+  };
+  readonly direct: {
+    readonly direction: readonly [number, number, number];
+    readonly color: readonly [number, number, number];
+    readonly illuminance: number;
+    readonly secondarySunContribution: 0;
+  };
+  readonly csm: { readonly direction: readonly [number, number, number] };
+  readonly background: { readonly includesSunDisc: true };
+  readonly sunDisc: {
+    readonly direction: readonly [number, number, number];
+    readonly color: readonly [number, number, number];
+    readonly illuminance: number;
+  };
+  readonly atmosphere?: EnvironmentSunConsumerInput['atmosphere'];
+  readonly materials: { readonly mirrorSunCount: 1; readonly metalSunCount: 1 };
+}
+
+export function createEnvironmentConsumerSnapshot(
+  input: EnvironmentSunConsumerInput,
+): EnvironmentSunConsumerSnapshot {
+  const consumers = ['ibl', 'direct', 'csm', 'background', 'sun-disc'].map((kind) => ({
+    kind: kind as EnvironmentSunConsumerSnapshot['consumers'][number]['kind'],
+    generation: input.generation,
+  }));
+  return {
+    generation: input.generation,
+    signature: input.signature,
+    source: input.source,
+    consumers,
+    ibl: { includesSunDisc: false, sunContribution: 0 },
+    direct: {
+      direction: input.direction,
+      color: input.color,
+      illuminance: input.illuminance,
+      secondarySunContribution: 0,
+    },
+    // Keep the source-facing Sun vector in the immutable snapshot; the
+    // renderer's DirectionalLight/CSM consumers negate it at their existing
+    // outgoing-direction boundary.
+    csm: { direction: input.direction },
+    background: { includesSunDisc: true },
+    sunDisc: {
+      direction: input.direction,
+      color: input.color,
+      illuminance: input.illuminance,
+    },
+    ...(input.atmosphere === undefined ? {} : { atmosphere: input.atmosphere }),
+    materials: { mirrorSunCount: 1, metalSunCount: 1 },
+  };
+}
+
+export interface EnvironmentWorldConsumerInput {
+  readonly worldId: number;
+  readonly resourceOwner: boolean;
+  readonly directionalLightCount: number;
+  readonly atmosphere?: EnvironmentSunConsumerSnapshot | undefined;
+}
+
+export function consumeEnvironmentWorlds(worlds: readonly EnvironmentWorldConsumerInput[]): {
+  readonly atmosphereSunConsumptions: number;
+  readonly ordinaryDirectionalLightCount: number;
+} {
+  const owner = worlds.find((world) => world.resourceOwner && world.atmosphere !== undefined);
+  return {
+    atmosphereSunConsumptions: owner === undefined ? 0 : 1,
+    ordinaryDirectionalLightCount: worlds
+      .filter((world) => world.atmosphere === undefined)
+      .reduce((total, world) => total + world.directionalLightCount, 0),
+  };
+}
+
+function runHdrpClusterProfilePhase<T>(
+  runner: RecordProfileRunner | undefined,
+  phase: RenderHdrpClusterPhase,
+  action: () => T,
+): T {
+  return runner === undefined ? action() : runner(phase, action);
+}
+
+/**
+ * feat-20260704 M3/w18: per-frame bind-group cache resolution, extracted
+ * verbatim from `recordFrame`. Walks the handle-identity WeakMap caches
+ * (feat-20260531 M2 + feat-20260622 M3) to resolve or lazily create the view
+ * (@group 0), mesh (@group 2), and — when HDRP is active — HDRP-unified cluster
+ * bind groups. Returns all three (null when `hasValidated` is false, the Case E
+ * clear-pass-only path). No new mutable state: `bindGroupCounts` accounting +
+ * cache maps are threaded through explicitly.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+export function buildPerFrameBindGroups(
+  internals: RenderSystemInternals,
+  frameState: RenderFrameState,
+  pipelineState: PipelineState,
+  hasValidated: boolean,
+  bindGroupCounts: BindGroupCounts,
+  graphTargets?: {
+    readonly directionalShadow?: TextureView | undefined;
+    readonly spotShadow?: TextureView | undefined;
+  },
+  includeView = true,
+): {
+  viewBindGroup: BindGroup | null;
+  meshBindGroup: BindGroup | null;
+  hdrpClusterBindGroup: BindGroup | null;
+  hdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup: BindGroup | null;
+} {
+  // View main (#1) chain = b0(viewUniformBuffer), b1(pointLightsBuffer),
+  // b2(spotLightsBuffer), b3(graph shadowDepth view or
+  // shadowFallbackTextureView), b4(shadowSampler), b5(atlas view), b6
+  // (shadowParams); variant 'view-main'.
+  // Mesh (#2) chain = inner b0 buffer (meshStorageBuffer.buffer); variant 'mesh'.
+  let viewBindGroup: BindGroup | null = null;
+  let meshBindGroup: BindGroup | null = null;
+  // feat-20260609-hdrp-cluster-fragment-ggx M4 / w19: HDRP unified group(2)
+  // BindGroup. Non-null when `frameState.isHdrpActive` AND HDRP buffer
+  // allocation succeeded; consumed by recordMainPass at `setBindGroup(2, ...)`.
+  let hdrpClusterBindGroup: BindGroup | null = null;
+  const hdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup: BindGroup | null = frameState.isHdrpActive
+    ? frameState.hdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup
+    : null;
+  if (hasValidated) {
+    // Shadow atlas view comes from the typed graph target.
+    // Graph owns the texture lifecycle; record-stage reads the resolved
+    // view each frame (D-2 SSOT). When the graph has not allocated the
+    // target (castShadow:false or shadowMapSize=0),
+    // `getColorTargetView` returns undefined and we fall through to the
+    // 1x1 fallback view that keeps the BGL satisfied.
+    if (includeView) {
+      const graphShadowView = graphTargets?.directionalShadow;
+      const b3View =
+        graphShadowView !== undefined ? graphShadowView : pipelineState.shadowFallbackTextureView;
+      // feat-20260612-point-light-shadows-urp-hdrp Round-2 F-1: bind the real
+      // ShadowAtlas cube_array view when point shadows are active in this
+      // frame; otherwise the 1x1x6 fallback (cleared to 1.0 = fully lit).
+      const pointShadowAtlas = frameState.pointShadowAtlas;
+      const atlasViewMaybe = pointShadowAtlas?.isAllocated()
+        ? pointShadowAtlas.getAtlasView()
+        : null;
+      const b5View =
+        atlasViewMaybe !== null ? atlasViewMaybe : pipelineState.shadowAtlasFallbackTextureView;
+      // feat-20260625-spot-light-shadow-mapping M2 / w21 (D-1 fragment side +
+      // D-5): bind the real `spotShadowDepth` 2D atlas view (graph-owned) when
+      // spot shadows run this frame; otherwise the 1x1 depth fallback cleared to
+      // 1.0 (fully lit) — same `texture_depth_2d` shape as binding 3, so it
+      // satisfies the BGL without a dedicated spot fallback allocation. binding
+      // 9 always binds the real spotLightViewProj UBO (zeroed lanes are safe via
+      // the shadowAtlasTile >= 0 shader gate).
+      const graphSpotShadowView = graphTargets?.spotShadow;
+      const b8View =
+        graphSpotShadowView !== undefined
+          ? graphSpotShadowView
+          : pipelineState.shadowFallbackTextureView;
+      viewBindGroup = getOrCreateFromChain(
+        frameState.viewBindGroupCache,
+        [
+          pipelineState.viewUniformBuffer,
+          pipelineState.pointLightsBuffer,
+          pipelineState.spotLightsBuffer,
+          b3View,
+          pipelineState.perPassResources.shadowSampler,
+          b5View,
+          pipelineState.shadowParamsBuffer,
+          b8View,
+        ],
+        'view-main',
+        () => {
+          const viewBindGroupResult = internals.device.createBindGroup({
+            label: 'pbr-view-bg',
+            layout: pipelineState.viewBindGroupLayout,
+            entries: [
+              {
+                binding: 0,
+                resource: {
+                  kind: 'buffer',
+                  value: { buffer: pipelineState.viewUniformBuffer, size: VIEW_UNIFORM_BYTES },
+                },
+              },
+              {
+                binding: 1,
+                resource: {
+                  kind: 'buffer',
+                  value: { buffer: pipelineState.pointLightsBuffer },
+                },
+              },
+              {
+                binding: 2,
+                resource: {
+                  kind: 'buffer',
+                  value: { buffer: pipelineState.spotLightsBuffer },
+                },
+              },
+              {
+                binding: 3,
+                resource: {
+                  kind: 'textureView',
+                  value: b3View,
+                },
+              },
+              {
+                binding: 4,
+                resource: {
+                  kind: 'sampler',
+                  value: pipelineState.perPassResources.shadowSampler,
+                },
+              },
+              // feat-20260612-point-light-shadows-urp-hdrp Round-2 F-1:
+              // cube_array shadow atlas view (real ShadowAtlas when point
+              // shadows are active; else 1x1x6 fallback).
+              {
+                binding: 5,
+                resource: {
+                  kind: 'textureView',
+                  value: b5View,
+                },
+              },
+              // feat-20260612-point-light-shadows-urp-hdrp Round-2 F-1:
+              // shadowParams UBO (`array<vec4<f32>, 4>` = 64 B). Lane N
+              // stores `(near, far, 1/(far-near), 0)` for the point light
+              // with shadowAtlasLayer === N. Updated per frame from
+              // `pointShadowSnapshots` below.
+              {
+                binding: 6,
+                resource: {
+                  kind: 'buffer',
+                  value: { buffer: pipelineState.shadowParamsBuffer },
+                },
+              },
+              // feat-20260613-csm-cascaded-shadow-maps M5 / w28 (rebased to
+              // binding 7 on 2026-06-13 to make room for point-shadow 5/6):
+              // forward shaders declare binding 7 in common.wgsl (shared
+              // view BGL) but never reference it; only shadow_caster.wgsl
+              // reads it. Host writes a stable singleton buffer so every
+              // forward bind group entry stays populated.
+              {
+                binding: 7,
+                resource: {
+                  kind: 'buffer',
+                  value: { buffer: pipelineState.shadowCasterCascadeBuffer },
+                },
+              },
+              // feat-20260625-spot-light-shadow-mapping M3 / w21 (D-5):
+              // spot shadow 2D atlas (real spotShadowDepth view when spot
+              // shadows run this frame, else the 1x1 depth fallback). Always-on.
+              {
+                binding: 8,
+                resource: {
+                  kind: 'textureView',
+                  value: b8View,
+                },
+              },
+              // feat-20260625-spot-light-shadow-mapping w25: the per-spot
+              // fragment-read lightViewProj matrices fold into the View UBO
+              // (binding 0, `view.spotLightViewProj`) — no standalone binding 9
+              // (WebGL2 fragment uniform-buffer budget). binding 8 is the last.
+            ],
+          });
+          if (!viewBindGroupResult.ok) throw viewBindGroupResult.error;
+          return viewBindGroupResult.value;
+        },
+        bindGroupCounts,
+      );
+    }
+
+    // M3 / w10 (D-3 hard constraint): use the inner `.buffer` as the
+    // WeakMap chain key so the cache tracks the underlying GPU buffer
+    // identity. The wrapper object's identity is stable across grow
+    // events; using the wrapper would defeat AC-07 cache invalidation.
+    meshBindGroup = getOrCreateFromChain(
+      frameState.meshBindGroupCache,
+      [pipelineState.meshStorageBuffer.buffer],
+      'mesh',
+      () => {
+        // bug-20260610: WebGL2 fallback path needs the binding to cover the
+        // whole `array<Mesh, 128>` uniform buffer (14336 B) instead of a
+        // single dynamic-offset slot (112 B). `caps.storageBuffer === false`
+        // is the same proxy createRenderer uses to pick the uniform variant.
+        const meshBindSize = internals.device.caps.storageBuffer
+          ? MESH_SSBO_BYTES
+          : MESH_UBO_FULL_ARRAY_BYTES;
+        const meshBindGroupResult = internals.device.createBindGroup({
+          label: 'pbr-mesh-bg',
+          layout: pipelineState.meshBindGroupLayout,
+          entries: [
+            {
+              binding: 0,
+              resource: {
+                kind: 'buffer',
+                value: {
+                  buffer: pipelineState.meshStorageBuffer.buffer,
+                  offset: 0,
+                  size: meshBindSize,
+                },
+              },
+            },
+          ],
+        });
+        if (!meshBindGroupResult.ok) throw meshBindGroupResult.error;
+        return meshBindGroupResult.value;
+      },
+      bindGroupCounts,
+    );
+
+    // feat-20260609-hdrp-cluster-fragment-ggx M4 / w19: when HDRP is active,
+    // build the unified group(2) BindGroup that carries the mesh SSBO at
+    // binding 0 + the 4 cluster buffers at bindings 3..6. The bindGroup
+    // shares the mesh SSBO with URP's `meshBindGroup` (same `meshStorageBuffer.buffer`
+    // + same per-entity stride), so the dynamic offset issued at
+    // `setBindGroup(2, ...)` covers binding 0 of either layout. Cached
+    // alongside `meshBindGroupCache` keyed on the mesh SSBO + cluster
+    // buffer identities; cache invalidates on a buffer-grow event the same
+    // way the mesh path does (handle id rotation).
+    if (frameState.isHdrpActive) {
+      const hdrpBuffers = getOrCreateHdrpBuffers(
+        internals,
+        frameState.installedPipelineConfig?.clusterGrid,
+      );
+      if (hdrpBuffers !== null) {
+        // D-3: buffer dimension uses the inner `.buffer` (same constraint
+        // as the mesh path) so a grow event rotates the chain key.
+        hdrpClusterBindGroup = getOrCreateFromChain(
+          frameState.meshBindGroupCache,
+          [
+            pipelineState.meshStorageBuffer.buffer,
+            hdrpBuffers.lightDataBuffer,
+            hdrpBuffers.clusterGridBuffer,
+            hdrpBuffers.lightIndexListBuffer,
+            hdrpBuffers.clusterUniformBuffer,
+          ],
+          'hdrp-unified',
+          () => {
+            const bg = createHdrpUnifiedBindGroup(
+              internals,
+              hdrpBuffers,
+              pipelineState.meshStorageBuffer.buffer,
+            );
+            if (bg === null) {
+              throw new RhiError({
+                code: 'webgpu-runtime-error',
+                expected: 'HDRP unified BindGroup creation succeeds when HDRP is active',
+                hint: 'inspect prior errorRegistry events for createBindGroup failure detail',
+              });
+            }
+            return bg;
+          },
+          bindGroupCounts,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return { viewBindGroup, meshBindGroup, hdrpClusterBindGroup, hdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup };
+}
+
+/**
+ * feat-20260704 M3/w18: per-frame lighting preparation, extracted verbatim from
+ * `recordFrame`. (1) URP-only multi-light warn-once (directional / point / spot
+ * over `LIGHT_ARRAY_MAX_SLOTS`; HDRP gated off — 256 SSBO lights). (2) pin the
+ * point + spot shadow snapshot lists onto frameState for the URP shadow caster
+ * pass closures + lazy-allocate the point-shadow cube_array atlas on first
+ * non-empty frame (AC-09 zero-shadow zero-alloc). (3) destructure ExtractedLights
+ * into the directional-fallback `light` (zero-intensity Case C default), point /
+ * spot arrays, and totalLightCount.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+export function prepareFrameLighting(
+  internals: RenderSystemInternals,
+  frameState: RenderFrameState,
+  lights: ExtractedLights,
+  environmentSun: EnvironmentSunConsumerSnapshot | undefined = environmentConsumerSnapshot(
+    frameState.environmentGeneration,
+  ),
+): {
+  light: DirectionalLightSnapshot;
+  pointLights: ExtractedLights['point'];
+  spotLights: ExtractedLights['spot'];
+  totalLightCount: number;
+} {
+  if (lights.directionalCount > 1) {
+    warnMultiLightDirectional(frameState, lights.directionalCount);
+  }
+  // feat-20260621-merge-directionallightshadow-into-directionallight M3 / m3-t2:
+  // the AC-04/AC-22 "shadow disabled by missing component" once-warn is gone.
+  // After merging DirectionalLightShadow into DirectionalLight there is no
+  // orphan-shadow / missing-companion configuration to warn about -- castShadow
+  // defaults true on the single component, so the warn condition can never
+  // arise. The error class + RuntimeErrorCode member have been removed in M4 (m4-t2).
+
+  // feat-20260608-cluster-lighting M6 / w23 (F-4 fix): URP-only multi-light
+  // warn. HDRP supports 256 punctual lights via SSBO; the 4-slot first-slice
+  // cap is irrelevant under HDRP, so gate on `!isHdrpActive` to silence noise.
+  // Sibling tweak-20260608-rhi-hdr-renderable-caps-and-warn-once (#320)
+  // extracted the warn into warnMultiLight{Point,Spot} helpers (warn-once
+  // dedup); we keep the helpers and add the HDRP gate on top.
+  if (!frameState.isHdrpActive) {
+    if (lights.point.length > LIGHT_ARRAY_MAX_SLOTS) {
+      warnMultiLightPoint(frameState, lights.point.length);
+    }
+    if (lights.spot.length > LIGHT_ARRAY_MAX_SLOTS) {
+      warnMultiLightSpot(frameState, lights.spot.length);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // feat-20260612-point-light-shadows-urp-hdrp M3 / T-M3-2 (plan-strategy §D-1):
+  // project lights.pointShadow onto frameState so the URP point shadow caster
+  // pass can read the snapshot list during graph execute. Lazy-allocate the
+  // cube_array atlas on first non-empty frame; zero-shadow scenes never
+  // touch the GPU here (AC-09). The snapshot list is stable for the
+  // duration of recordFrame; its count is part of the typed topology key.
+  frameState.pointShadowSnapshots = lights.pointShadow;
+  // feat-20260625-spot-light-shadow-mapping M2 / w9 (D-2): pin the spot
+  // snapshots for the spotShadowDepth caster pass closure. The spot atlas is
+  // a graph-owned typed target, not a runtime ShadowAtlas, so graph compilation
+  // owns the depth texture lifetime.
+  frameState.spotShadowSnapshots = lights.spot;
+  if (lights.pointShadow.length > 0) {
+    if (frameState.pointShadowAtlas === null) {
+      const firstSnap = lights.pointShadow[0];
+      const faceSize = firstSnap?.mapSize ?? 512;
+      frameState.pointShadowAtlas = new ShadowAtlas(internals.device, {
+        faceSize,
+        layers: 4,
+      });
+    }
+    try {
+      frameState.pointShadowAtlas.ensure();
+    } catch (e) {
+      if (
+        e instanceof PointShadowAtlasUninitializedError ||
+        e instanceof PointShadowAtlasBoundsViolationError
+      ) {
+        internals.errorRegistry.fire(e);
+      } else {
+        throw e;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // ExtractedLights three-arm consumption (R-10 preparation; M2 / w16):
+  //
+  //   - lights.directional : feeds the View UBO at slot [16..23]
+  //                          (lightDir + lightColor; existing path).
+  //   - lights.point[]     : packed into pointLightsBuffer (std430).
+  //   - lights.spot[]      : packed into spotLightsBuffer (std430).
+  //
+  // Each variant carries the discriminant `kind` so the record-time packing
+  // call sites can run exhaustive switch (charter P2 + AC-03).
+  const directionalLight: DirectionalLightSnapshot | undefined =
+    environmentSun === undefined
+      ? lights.directional
+      : {
+          kind: 'directional',
+          direction: vec3.create(
+            -(environmentSun.direct.direction[0] ?? 0),
+            -(environmentSun.direct.direction[1] ?? 0),
+            -(environmentSun.direct.direction[2] ?? 0),
+          ),
+          color: vec3.create(
+            environmentSun.direct.color[0] * environmentSun.direct.illuminance,
+            environmentSun.direct.color[1] * environmentSun.direct.illuminance,
+            environmentSun.direct.color[2] * environmentSun.direct.illuminance,
+          ),
+          // The extracted environment snapshot keeps raw sun colour + one
+          // illuminance fact. Collapse that product exactly once here so the
+          // existing view UBO path matches the analytic producer radiometry.
+          intensity: 1,
+        };
+  const pointLights = lights.point;
+  const spotLights = lights.spot;
+
+  // Case C: 0 DirectionalLight = legitimate scene; the View UBO falls
+  // back to a zero-intensity directional payload so the shader's
+  // `view.lightDir * view.lightColor` term contributes nothing
+  // (physically-correct black under standard, untouched under unlit).
+  const light: DirectionalLightSnapshot = directionalLight ?? {
+    kind: 'directional' as const,
+    direction: vec3.create(0, -1, 0),
+    color: vec3.create(0, 0, 0),
+    intensity: 0,
+  };
+
+  const totalLightCount =
+    (directionalLight !== undefined ? 1 : 0) + pointLights.length + spotLights.length;
+
+  return { light, pointLights, spotLights, totalLightCount };
+}
+
+/**
+ * feat-20260704 M3/w18: per-frame full rewrite of the PointLight + SpotLight
+ * std430 storage buffers, extracted verbatim from `recordFrame`.
+ *
+ * feat-20260519-light-casters-point-spot-pbr M3 / w20 (D-S1 + D-S2 + D-S6):
+ * header (16 B count u32 + 12 B pad) at offset 0 + first-slice cap N=4 slots
+ * packed sequentially. The N>4 fail-fast upstream ensures the counts are <= 4
+ * when the listener registry consumed the structured error; the slice keeps
+ * the buffer write bounded even if downstream listeners ignore the RhiError
+ * (charter P9 graceful degradation: surplus entities dropped, frame records).
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+export function writePointSpotLightBuffers(
+  internals: RenderSystemInternals,
+  pipelineState: PipelineState,
+  lights: ExtractedLights,
+): void {
+  const pointSlots =
+    lights.point.length <= LIGHT_ARRAY_MAX_SLOTS
+      ? lights.point
+      : lights.point.slice(0, LIGHT_ARRAY_MAX_SLOTS);
+  const pointHeader = packLightArrayHeader(pointSlots.length);
+  const pointHeaderUpload = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+    pipelineState.pointLightsBuffer,
+    0,
+    new Uint8Array(pointHeader),
+  );
+  if (!pointHeaderUpload.ok) throw pointHeaderUpload.error;
+  for (let i = 0; i < pointSlots.length; i++) {
+    const slot = pointSlots[i];
+    if (slot === undefined) continue;
+    const packed = packPointLight(slot);
+    const offset = LIGHT_ARRAY_HEADER_BYTES + i * POINT_LIGHT_STD430_BYTES;
+    const writeRes = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+      pipelineState.pointLightsBuffer,
+      offset,
+      packed,
+    );
+    if (!writeRes.ok) throw writeRes.error;
+  }
+  const spotSlots =
+    lights.spot.length <= LIGHT_ARRAY_MAX_SLOTS
+      ? lights.spot
+      : lights.spot.slice(0, LIGHT_ARRAY_MAX_SLOTS);
+  const spotHeader = packLightArrayHeader(spotSlots.length);
+  const spotHeaderUpload = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+    pipelineState.spotLightsBuffer,
+    0,
+    new Uint8Array(spotHeader),
+  );
+  if (!spotHeaderUpload.ok) throw spotHeaderUpload.error;
+  for (let i = 0; i < spotSlots.length; i++) {
+    const slot = spotSlots[i];
+    if (slot === undefined) continue;
+    const packed = packSpotLight(slot);
+    const offset = LIGHT_ARRAY_HEADER_BYTES + i * SPOT_LIGHT_STD430_BYTES;
+    const writeRes = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+      pipelineState.spotLightsBuffer,
+      offset,
+      packed,
+    );
+    if (!writeRes.ok) throw writeRes.error;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * feat-20260704 M3/w18: write the point-shadow params UBO (bound at viewBg
+ * binding 6), extracted verbatim from `recordFrame`.
+ *
+ * feat-20260612-point-light-shadows-urp-hdrp Round-2 F-1: 4 lanes x vec4<f32>;
+ * lane[shadowAtlasLayer] = (near, far, 1/(far-near), 0). Lanes for non-shadow
+ * slots stay zero (the WGSL sample path is gated by PointLight.shadowAtlasLayer
+ * >= 0). Always writes the full 64 B so stale non-zero lanes from a previous
+ * frame's allocation cannot poison the current frame.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+export function writeShadowParamsBuffer(
+  internals: RenderSystemInternals,
+  frameState: RenderFrameState,
+  pipelineState: PipelineState,
+): void {
+  const SHADOW_PARAMS_LANE_COUNT = 4;
+  const SHADOW_PARAMS_FLOATS_PER_LANE = 4;
+  const shadowParamsArr = new Float32Array(
+    SHADOW_PARAMS_LANE_COUNT * SHADOW_PARAMS_FLOATS_PER_LANE,
+  );
+  for (let i = 0; i < frameState.pointShadowSnapshots.length; i++) {
+    const ps = frameState.pointShadowSnapshots[i];
+    if (ps === undefined) continue;
+    const layer = ps.shadowAtlasLayer;
+    if (layer < 0 || layer >= SHADOW_PARAMS_LANE_COUNT) continue;
+    const base = layer * SHADOW_PARAMS_FLOATS_PER_LANE;
+    const near = ps.nearPlane;
+    const far = ps.farPlane;
+    const invSpan = far > near ? 1 / (far - near) : 0;
+    shadowParamsArr[base] = near;
+    shadowParamsArr[base + 1] = far;
+    shadowParamsArr[base + 2] = invSpan;
+    shadowParamsArr[base + 3] = 0;
+  }
+  const shadowParamsWriteRes = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+    pipelineState.shadowParamsBuffer,
+    0,
+    shadowParamsArr,
+  );
+  if (!shadowParamsWriteRes.ok) {
+    internals.errorRegistry.fire(shadowParamsWriteRes.error);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * feat-20260704 M3/w18: zero-light standard-material once-warn, extracted
+ * verbatim from `recordFrame`.
+ *
+ * feat-20260520-skylight-ibl-cubemap M4 / t27 (AC-10): fires once per
+ * RenderSystem lifetime when the 0-light three-condition conjunction holds — no
+ * Skylight, 0 direct light (totalLightCount === 0), AND at least one builtin
+ * standard/PBR material (which renders black with no light). Custom shaders
+ * own their lighting contract and cannot be classified by this generic
+ * diagnostic. Suppressed under NODE_ENV=production.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+export function warnZeroLightStandard(
+  frameState: RenderFrameState,
+  renderables: readonly RenderableSnapshot[],
+  skylight: SkylightSnapshot | undefined,
+  totalLightCount: number,
+): void {
+  const hasStandardMaterial = renderables.some((r) => isLitMaterialSnapshot(r.material));
+  if (
+    skylight === undefined &&
+    totalLightCount === 0 &&
+    hasStandardMaterial &&
+    !frameState.warnedZeroLightStandard
+  ) {
+    frameState.warnedZeroLightStandard = true;
+    const env = (globalThis as { process?: { env?: { NODE_ENV?: string } } }).process;
+    if (env?.env?.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
+      console.warn(
+        '[forgeax] standard material renders black with 0 lights of any type (no Skylight, and directional + point + spot all empty); spawn at least one light (Skylight, DirectionalLight, PointLight, or SpotLight) or switch material to an unlit shader (Materials.unlit(...)). See AGENTS.md section Breaking changes 2026-05-19.',
+      );
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * feat-20260704 M3/w18: HDRP per-frame CPU cluster binning + light-data /
+ * cluster-grid / light-index-list / cluster-uniform / SSAO uniform buffer
+ * uploads. Extracted verbatim from `recordFrame`. Runs only when the HDRP
+ * pipeline is active and there is at least one punctual light; otherwise it is
+ * a no-op (URP / SSAO-off paths untouched).
+ *
+ * feat-20260608-cluster-lighting M5 / w21 + M6 / w23 + r2 fix-up: fail-soft
+ * semantics preserved verbatim — index-list-overflow and light-budget-exceeded
+ * fire once per frame (via `frameState.hdrpOncePerFrameFired`) and continue
+ * rendering.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+export function writeHdrpClusterAndSsaoBuffers(
+  internals: RenderSystemInternals,
+  frameState: RenderFrameState,
+  camera: CameraSnapshot,
+  pointLights: ExtractedLights['point'],
+  spotLights: ExtractedLights['spot'],
+  profilePhase?: RecordProfileRunner,
+  useGpuMembership = false,
+  membershipBindGroupLayout: BindGroupLayout | null = null,
+): void {
+  const hdrpLightCount = pointLights.length + spotLights.length;
+  const ssaoEnabled = frameState.installedPipelineConfig?.ssao?.enabled === true;
+  // ClusterUniform also carries the HDRP SSAO intensity. Keep the upload
+  // alive for a directional-light-only SSAO scene; the previous punctual-light
+  // gate left that lane at its zero-initialized intensity and made SSAO config
+  // changes visually inert.
+  if (!frameState.isHdrpActive || (hdrpLightCount === 0 && !ssaoEnabled)) return;
+  const HDRP_LIGHT_BUDGET = 256;
+  let effectivePointLights = pointLights;
+  let effectiveSpotLights = spotLights;
+  if (hdrpLightCount > HDRP_LIGHT_BUDGET) {
+    if (!frameState.hdrpOncePerFrameFired.has('hdrp-light-budget-exceeded')) {
+      frameState.hdrpOncePerFrameFired.add('hdrp-light-budget-exceeded');
+      internals.errorRegistry.fire(
+        new HdrpLightBudgetExceededError(hdrpLightCount, HDRP_LIGHT_BUDGET),
+      );
+    }
+    if (pointLights.length >= HDRP_LIGHT_BUDGET) {
+      effectivePointLights = pointLights.slice(0, HDRP_LIGHT_BUDGET);
+      effectiveSpotLights = [];
+    } else {
+      effectivePointLights = pointLights;
+      effectiveSpotLights = spotLights.slice(0, HDRP_LIGHT_BUDGET - pointLights.length);
+    }
+  }
+  const effectiveLightCount = effectivePointLights.length + effectiveSpotLights.length;
+  const configuredClusterGrid =
+    frameState.installedPipelineConfig?.clusterGrid ?? DEFAULT_CLUSTER_GRID;
+  let gpuMembership = useGpuMembership && membershipBindGroupLayout !== null;
+  if (
+    gpuMembership &&
+    membershipBindGroupLayout !== null &&
+    frameState.hdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup === null
+  ) {
+    const hdrpBuffers = getOrCreateHdrpBuffers(internals, configuredClusterGrid);
+    if (hdrpBuffers !== null) {
+      frameState.hdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup = createHdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup(
+        internals,
+        hdrpBuffers,
+        membershipBindGroupLayout,
+      );
+    }
+    gpuMembership = frameState.hdrpClusterMembershipBindGroup !== null;
+  }
+
+  let attemptedTotal = 0;
+  let overflow = false;
+  const { clusterGrid, gridX, gridY, gridZ, clusterGridBuf, lightIndexListBuf, lightIndexCount } =
+    runHdrpClusterProfilePhase(profilePhase, 'record/scene-state/hdrp-cluster/binner', () => {
+      const binnerProfile: ClusterBinProfileRunner | undefined =
+        profilePhase === undefined
+          ? undefined
+          : <T>(phase: ClusterBinProfilePhase, action: () => T): T =>
+              runHdrpClusterProfilePhase(
+                profilePhase,
+                `record/scene-state/hdrp-cluster/binner/${phase}` as RenderHdrpClusterPhase,
+                action,
+              );
+      const {
+        hdrpLights,
+        clusterGrid,
+        gridX,
+        gridY,
+        gridZ,
+        clusterGridBuf,
+        lightIndexListBuf,
+        projMatrix,
+        viewMatrix,
+      } = runHdrpClusterProfilePhase(
+        profilePhase,
+        'record/scene-state/hdrp-cluster/binner/input-preparation',
+        () => {
+          const hdrpLights: Array<{ position: Float32Array; range: number }> = [];
+          for (const pl of effectivePointLights) {
+            const range =
+              Number.isFinite(pl.invRangeSquared) && pl.invRangeSquared > 0
+                ? Math.sqrt(1 / pl.invRangeSquared)
+                : 1000;
+            hdrpLights.push({ position: pl.position as unknown as Float32Array, range });
+          }
+          for (const sl of effectiveSpotLights) {
+            const range =
+              Number.isFinite(sl.invRangeSquared) && sl.invRangeSquared > 0
+                ? Math.sqrt(1 / sl.invRangeSquared)
+                : 1000;
+            hdrpLights.push({ position: sl.position as unknown as Float32Array, range });
+          }
+
+          const clusterGrid =
+            frameState.installedPipelineConfig?.clusterGrid ?? DEFAULT_CLUSTER_GRID;
+          const gridX = clusterGrid.x;
+          const gridY = clusterGrid.y;
+          const gridZ = clusterGrid.z;
+          const clusterCount = gridX * gridY * gridZ;
+
+          const projMatrix = computeProjectionMatrix(camera);
+          const viewMatrix = computeViewMatrix(camera);
+
+          const clusterGridBuf =
+            frameState.hdrpClusterGridScratch === null ||
+            frameState.hdrpClusterGridScratch.length < clusterCount * 2
+              ? new Uint32Array(clusterCount * 2)
+              : frameState.hdrpClusterGridScratch;
+          frameState.hdrpClusterGridScratch = clusterGridBuf;
+          const lightIndexListBuf =
+            frameState.hdrpLightIndexListScratch === null ||
+            frameState.hdrpLightIndexListScratch.length < LIGHT_INDEX_LIST_CAPACITY
+              ? new Uint32Array(LIGHT_INDEX_LIST_CAPACITY)
+              : frameState.hdrpLightIndexListScratch;
+          frameState.hdrpLightIndexListScratch = lightIndexListBuf;
+
+          return {
+            hdrpLights,
+            clusterGrid,
+            gridX,
+            gridY,
+            gridZ,
+            clusterGridBuf,
+            lightIndexListBuf,
+            projMatrix,
+            viewMatrix,
+          };
+        },
+      );
+
+      const binResult = runHdrpClusterProfilePhase(
+        profilePhase,
+        'record/scene-state/hdrp-cluster/binner/bin-core',
+        () =>
+          bin(
+            hdrpLights as unknown as Array<{
+              position: import('@forgeax/engine-math').Vec3;
+              range: number;
+            }>,
+            viewMatrix,
+            projMatrix,
+            { x: gridX, y: gridY, z: gridZ },
+            camera.near,
+            camera.far,
+            clusterGridBuf,
+            lightIndexListBuf,
+            LIGHT_INDEX_LIST_CAPACITY,
+            frameState.hdrpClusterBinScratch,
+            binnerProfile,
+            { writeMembership: !gpuMembership },
+          ),
+      );
+
+      if (!binResult.ok && !frameState.hdrpOncePerFrameFired.has('hdrp-index-list-overflow')) {
+        frameState.hdrpOncePerFrameFired.add('hdrp-index-list-overflow');
+        const detail = binResult.error.detail;
+        internals.errorRegistry.fire(
+          new HdrpIndexListOverflowError(detail.actual, detail.capacity),
+        );
+      }
+
+      // Falsify injection point: FORGEAX_HDRP_FALSIFY_CLUSTER_GRID_ZERO
+      // zeroes the cluster_grid buffer so every fragment culls every light.
+      // Used by hello-hdrp-lighting smoke FALSIFY=cluster-grid-zero to
+      // prove the smoke has discriminability (must FAIL vs baseline).
+      // Read process via globalThis to keep this file @types/node-free.
+      const envFalsify = (globalThis as { process?: { env?: Record<string, string | undefined> } })
+        .process?.env;
+      if (envFalsify?.FORGEAX_HDRP_FALSIFY_CLUSTER_GRID_ZERO) {
+        clusterGridBuf.fill(0);
+      }
+
+      attemptedTotal = binResult.ok ? binResult.value : binResult.error.detail.actual;
+      overflow = !binResult.ok;
+      return {
+        clusterGrid,
+        gridX,
+        gridY,
+        gridZ,
+        clusterGridBuf,
+        lightIndexListBuf,
+        lightIndexCount: binResult.ok ? binResult.value : 0,
+      };
+    });
+
+  if (internals.membershipTiming?.usesCpuControl() === true) {
+    const clusterValueCount = gridX * gridY * gridZ * 2;
+    internals.membershipTiming.recordMembershipOutput({
+      schemaVersion: 1,
+      lightCount: effectiveLightCount,
+      grid: { x: gridX, y: gridY, z: gridZ },
+      clusterOffsetsAndCounts: Array.from(clusterGridBuf.subarray(0, clusterValueCount)),
+      attemptedTotal,
+      writtenTotal: lightIndexCount,
+      capacity: LIGHT_INDEX_LIST_CAPACITY,
+      overflow,
+      lightIndexPrefix: Array.from(lightIndexListBuf.subarray(0, lightIndexCount)),
+    });
+  }
+
+  const hdrpPayload = runHdrpClusterProfilePhase(
+    profilePhase,
+    'record/scene-state/hdrp-cluster/payload-packing',
+    () => {
+      const hdrpBuffers = getOrCreateHdrpBuffers(internals, clusterGrid);
+      if (hdrpBuffers === null) return null;
+
+      const lightCapacity = hdrpBuffers.storageBuffer ? 256 : HDRP_UNIFORM_LIGHT_CAPACITY;
+      const lightDataPayload = new Float32Array(lightCapacity * 16);
+      let slotIdx = 0;
+      for (const pl of effectivePointLights) {
+        if (slotIdx >= lightCapacity) break;
+        // feat-20260612-point-light-shadows-urp-hdrp M4 / T-M4-4
+        // (plan-strategy §D-8): thread the optional shadow info through
+        // packLightSlot. PointLightSnapshot.shadowAtlasLayer is set by
+        // extract's join pass when the entity carries PointLightShadow;
+        // sentinel -1 means no shadow (unshadowed evalPoint path).
+        const layer = pl.shadowAtlasLayer;
+        const packed =
+          layer !== undefined &&
+          layer >= 0 &&
+          pl.shadowNear !== undefined &&
+          pl.shadowFar !== undefined
+            ? packLightSlot(pl, {
+                shadowAtlasLayer: layer,
+                near: pl.shadowNear,
+                far: pl.shadowFar,
+              })
+            : packLightSlot(pl);
+        lightDataPayload.set(packed, slotIdx * 16);
+        slotIdx += 1;
+      }
+      for (const sl of effectiveSpotLights) {
+        if (slotIdx >= lightCapacity) break;
+        // M2: the same 64B bytes serve storage and uniform fallback. The
+        // packer reads SpotLightSnapshot.shadowAtlasTile directly; no second
+        // tile allocation or transport-specific projection is allowed.
+        const packed = packLightSlot(sl);
+        lightDataPayload.set(packed, slotIdx * 16);
+        slotIdx += 1;
+      }
+
+      // scope-amend-webgl2-ubo: SSAO intensity is folded into the
+      // cluster_uniform .w lane (formerly pad), removing the dedicated
+      // @binding(9) UBO that pushed fragment-stage UBO count past
+      // WebGL2's max_uniform_buffers_per_shader_stage=11. Disabled-SSAO
+      // path writes 0 so `mix(1.0, ssao*ao, 0.0) = 1.0` in the lighting
+      // shader (no PSO recompile across enable/disable).
+      const clusterSsaoConfig = frameState.installedPipelineConfig?.ssao;
+      const clusterSsaoIntensity =
+        clusterSsaoConfig !== undefined && clusterSsaoConfig.enabled === true
+          ? (clusterSsaoConfig.intensity ?? 1.0)
+          : 0;
+      const clusterUniformPayload = packClusterUniform(
+        { x: gridX, y: gridY, z: gridZ },
+        camera.near,
+        camera.far,
+        clusterSsaoIntensity,
+        Math.min(effectivePointLights.length + effectiveSpotLights.length, lightCapacity),
+        lightCapacity,
+      );
+
+      return {
+        hdrpBuffers,
+        lightDataUploadPayload: lightDataPayload.subarray(0, slotIdx * 16),
+        clusterUniformPayload: new Uint8Array(clusterUniformPayload),
+      };
+    },
+  );
+
+  runHdrpClusterProfilePhase(profilePhase, 'record/scene-state/hdrp-cluster/buffer-upload', () => {
+    if (hdrpPayload !== null) {
+      const { hdrpBuffers, lightDataUploadPayload, clusterUniformPayload } = hdrpPayload;
+      if (gpuMembership) {
+        internals.membershipTiming?.recordGpuMembershipSource({
+          clusterGridBuffer: hdrpBuffers.clusterGridBuffer,
+          clusterGridBytes: gridX * gridY * gridZ * 2 * 4,
+          lightIndexListBuffer: hdrpBuffers.lightIndexListBuffer,
+          lightIndexListBytes: Math.max(4, lightIndexCount * 4),
+          lightCount: effectiveLightCount,
+          grid: { x: gridX, y: gridY, z: gridZ },
+          attemptedTotal,
+          writtenTotal: lightIndexCount,
+          capacity: LIGHT_INDEX_LIST_CAPACITY,
+          overflow,
+        });
+      }
+      const lightDataUpload = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+        hdrpBuffers.lightDataBuffer,
+        0,
+        lightDataUploadPayload,
+      );
+      if (!lightDataUpload.ok) internals.errorRegistry.fire(lightDataUpload.error);
+
+      if (hdrpBuffers.storageBuffer) {
+        if (gpuMembership) {
+          const lightBoundsUpload = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+            hdrpBuffers.lightBoundsBuffer,
+            0,
+            frameState.hdrpClusterBinScratch.lightBounds.subarray(0, effectiveLightCount * 6),
+          );
+          if (!lightBoundsUpload.ok) internals.errorRegistry.fire(lightBoundsUpload.error);
+        }
+        const clusterGridUpload = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+          hdrpBuffers.clusterGridBuffer,
+          0,
+          clusterGridBuf.subarray(0, gridX * gridY * gridZ * 2),
+        );
+        if (!clusterGridUpload.ok) internals.errorRegistry.fire(clusterGridUpload.error);
+
+        if (!gpuMembership && lightIndexCount > 0) {
+          const lightIndexListUpload = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+            hdrpBuffers.lightIndexListBuffer,
+            0,
+            lightIndexListBuf.subarray(0, lightIndexCount),
+          );
+          if (!lightIndexListUpload.ok) internals.errorRegistry.fire(lightIndexListUpload.error);
+        }
+      }
+
+      const clusterUniformUpload = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+        hdrpBuffers.clusterUniformBuffer,
+        0,
+        clusterUniformPayload,
+      );
+      if (!clusterUniformUpload.ok) internals.errorRegistry.fire(clusterUniformUpload.error);
+    }
+
+    // ── feat-20260612-hdrp-ssao M1 / w6 + M7 / w33 ───────────────
+    // Per-frame SSAO uniform write (plan-strategy D-1 + D-C):
+    //   view + projection + inverseProjection at offsets 0/64/128 +
+    //   intensityPad (vec4 — x=intensity, yzw padding) at offset 192;
+    //   total 256 B (matches host SSAO_UNIFORM_BYTES + WGSL struct).
+    // Single writeBuffer covers all four fields so one queue entry
+    // updates the entire UBO.
+    // Separate from View UBO (592 B invariant); does not affect
+    // material PSO bytecode.
+    //
+    // Writes when HDRP is active; config.ssao?.enabled guard comes in
+    // M4 / w19 after the config.ssao type narrowing is added.
+    {
+      const ssaoBufs = getOrCreateSsaoBuffers(internals);
+      if (ssaoBufs !== null) {
+        const sProj = computeProjectionMatrix(camera);
+        const sView = computeViewMatrix(camera);
+        // inverseProjection = inverse(projection): NDC -> view-space.
+        const invProjOnly = mat4.create();
+        mat4.invert(invProjOnly, sProj);
+
+        // Float32Array of 64 (256 B): 3 mat4 (48) + intensityPad vec4 (4)
+        // + 12 trailing padding floats. We only fill the declared region.
+        const ssaoUniformPayload = new Float32Array(64);
+        ssaoUniformPayload.set(sView as unknown as Float32Array, 0);
+        ssaoUniformPayload.set(sProj as unknown as Float32Array, 16);
+        ssaoUniformPayload.set(invProjOnly as unknown as Float32Array, 32);
+        // intensityPad carries intensity, radius, and bias in x/y/z. The
+        // graph calc pass writes the same payload again with any custom
+        // addSsaoPasses params; this early write keeps the shared UBO valid
+        // for the typed HDRP route before its fullscreen pass executes.
+        const ssaoConfig = frameState.installedPipelineConfig?.ssao;
+        const parameters = getSsaoParameters(
+          ssaoConfig !== undefined && ssaoConfig.enabled === true ? ssaoConfig : undefined,
+        );
+        ssaoUniformPayload[48] = parameters.intensity;
+        ssaoUniformPayload[49] = parameters.radius;
+        ssaoUniformPayload[50] = parameters.bias;
+
+        const ssaoUniformRes = internals.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+          ssaoBufs.uniformBuffer,
+          0,
+          ssaoUniformPayload,
+        );
+        if (!ssaoUniformRes.ok) internals.errorRegistry.fire(ssaoUniformRes.error);
+      }
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+/**
+ * feat-20260704 M3/w18: resolve `tonemapActive` + `skyboxActive` for this
+ * frame, extracted verbatim from `recordFrame`.
+ *
+ * feat-20260519-tonemap-reinhard-mvp: tonemap is active when the camera carries
+ * `tonemap !== 'none'` (routes geometry into the HDR offscreen target + a
+ * fullscreen tonemap pass). feat-20260531-skybox-env-background M2 / w9: skybox
+ * is active only when a SkyboxBackground entity is present AND tonemap is active
+ * (hdrColor is only allocated on the tonemap path). M3 / w20: once-warn when
+ * tonemap is 'none' but a skybox exists (config issue, not resource-timing —
+ * no structured error). M3 / w18: skybox degrades to clear-colour for a frame
+ * while its cubemap view is not yet resident (lazy equirect projection pending
+ * / failed; the lazy trigger owns the fire-once-on-failed error).
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+export function resolveSkyboxActive(
+  internals: RenderSystemInternals,
+  frameState: RenderFrameState,
+  camera: CameraSnapshot,
+  skybox: SkyboxSnapshot | undefined,
+): { tonemapActive: boolean; skyboxActive: boolean } {
+  const tonemapActive = camera.tonemap !== 'none';
+  let skyboxActive = skybox !== undefined && tonemapActive;
+  // feat-20260531-skybox-env-background M3 / w20: once-warn when camera
+  // tonemap is 'none' but a SkyboxBackground entity exists. The skybox
+  // pass requires the HDR render target allocated by the tonemap path;
+  // without it the skybox is skipped for this frame. This is a config
+  // issue, not a resource-timing issue -- don't fire a structured error
+  // (plan-strategy D-2 NOTE, charter P3 non-silent).
+  if (skybox !== undefined && !tonemapActive && !frameState.warnedSkyboxTonemapNone) {
+    frameState.warnedSkyboxTonemapNone = true;
+    console.warn(
+      '[forgeax] SkyboxBackground: skybox requires tonemap active (camera.tonemap !== "none") to write HDR target. The skybox pass will be skipped for this frame.',
+    );
+  }
+  // feat-20260531-skybox-env-background M3 / w18: degradation when cubemap
+  // GPU view is not ready. getCubemapGpuView returns undefined if the
+  // equirect-to-cube upload has not completed yet.
+  if (skybox !== undefined && tonemapActive) {
+    // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: branded Handle cast from snapshot raw number
+    const cubemapView = internals.gpuStore.getCubemapGpuView(skybox.equirectHandle as any);
+    if (cubemapView === undefined) {
+      // The skybox reuses the Skylight's equirect handle; the cubemap
+      // projection is driven lazily by the single trigger in `driveLazy
+      // EquirectProjection` above (it owns the fire-and-forget launch AND the
+      // fire-once-on-failed structured error). While the projection is
+      // pending or has failed the cube view is not resident, so the skybox
+      // pass degrades to the clear-colour background for this frame
+      // (charter P3: it activates once the shared projection flips to
+      // 'ready'). No error is fired here -- 'pending' is a normal transition
+      // (firing per frame would flood the channel), and 'failed' is reported
+      // once by the lazy trigger. (feat-20260630 M3 / w18.)
+      skyboxActive = false;
+    }
+  }
+  return { tonemapActive, skyboxActive };
+}