@forgeax/engine-render 0.1.2

package/src/gpu-driven/view-gpu.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,849 @@
+import type {
+  GraphBuffer,
+  RenderGraphBuilder,
+  RenderGraphFrame,
+} from '@forgeax/engine-render-graph';
+import { RenderGraphError } from '@forgeax/engine-render-graph';
+import type {
+  BindGroup,
+  BindGroupLayout,
+  Buffer,
+  ComputePipeline,
+  PipelineLayout,
+  Result,
+  RhiDevice,
+} from '@forgeax/engine-rhi';
+import { err, ok, RhiError } from '@forgeax/engine-rhi';
+import type { GpuScene } from '../gpu-scene';
+import { GPU_SCENE_LAYOUTS } from '../gpu-scene-schema';
+import {
+  GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+  GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_SRC,
+  GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_INDIRECT,
+  GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE,
+  GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM,
+} from '../gpu-usage';
+import type { PipelineBuilderShaderModuleFactory } from '../pipeline-builder';
+import type {
+  RenderVisibilityViewDescriptor,
+  RenderVisibilityViewKind,
+} from '../render-system-extract';
+import type { SubmissionPlan } from './batch-topology';
+
+const COMPUTE_STAGE = 0x4;
+const WORKGROUP_SIZE = 64;
+const CANDIDATE_STRIDE = 28;
+const BATCH_STRIDE = 28;
+const VIEW_BYTES = 112;
+
+export const GPU_DRIVEN_VIEW_WGSL = /* wgsl */ `
+struct PrimitiveRecord {
+  generation: u32,
+  flags: u32,
+  transformIndex: u32,
+  materialIndex: u32,
+  drawTemplateIndex: u32,
+  instanceStart: u32,
+  instanceCount: u32,
+  assetHandle: u32,
+  localBoundsMin: vec4<f32>,
+  localBoundsMax: vec4<f32>,
+};
+
+struct TransformRecord {
+  currentWorld: mat4x4<f32>,
+  previousWorld: mat4x4<f32>,
+};
+
+struct CandidateRecord {
+  primitiveIndex: u32,
+  generation: u32,
+  instanceOrdinal: u32,
+  materialSlot: u32,
+  batchIndex: u32,
+  visibleBase: u32,
+  visibleCapacity: u32,
+};
+
+struct InstanceRecord {
+  primitiveIndex: u32,
+  transformIndex: u32,
+  customDataStart: u32,
+  flags: u32,
+};
+
+struct BatchRecord {
+  visibleBase: u32,
+  visibleCapacity: u32,
+  count: u32,
+  first: u32,
+  baseVertex: i32,
+  indirectIndex: u32,
+  indexed: u32,
+};
+
+struct ViewConstants {
+  planes: array<vec4<f32>, 6>,
+  candidateCount: u32,
+  batchCount: u32,
+  pad0: u32,
+  pad1: u32,
+};
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var<storage, read> primitives: array<PrimitiveRecord>;
+@group(0) @binding(1) var<storage, read> instances: array<InstanceRecord>;
+@group(0) @binding(2) var<storage, read> transforms: array<TransformRecord>;
+@group(0) @binding(3) var<storage, read> candidates: array<CandidateRecord>;
+@group(0) @binding(4) var<storage, read> batches: array<BatchRecord>;
+@group(0) @binding(5) var<uniform> view: ViewConstants;
+@group(0) @binding(6) var<storage, read_write> counters: array<atomic<u32>>;
+@group(0) @binding(7) var<storage, read_write> visibleIndices: array<vec2<u32>>;
+@group(0) @binding(8) var<storage, read_write> indirectArgs: array<u32>;
+
+fn counterIndex(batchIndex: u32) -> u32 { return batchIndex * 2u; }
+fn overflowIndex(batchIndex: u32) -> u32 { return batchIndex * 2u + 1u; }
+
+fn isVisible(primitive: PrimitiveRecord, world: mat4x4<f32>) -> bool {
+  if ((primitive.flags & 7u) != 7u) { return false; }
+  let localCenter = (primitive.localBoundsMin.xyz + primitive.localBoundsMax.xyz) * 0.5;
+  let localExtent = (primitive.localBoundsMax.xyz - primitive.localBoundsMin.xyz) * 0.5;
+  let worldCenter = (world * vec4<f32>(localCenter, 1.0)).xyz;
+  let worldExtent =
+    abs(world[0].xyz) * localExtent.x +
+    abs(world[1].xyz) * localExtent.y +
+    abs(world[2].xyz) * localExtent.z;
+  for (var planeIndex = 0u; planeIndex < 6u; planeIndex += 1u) {
+    let plane = view.planes[planeIndex];
+    let radius = dot(abs(plane.xyz), worldExtent);
+    if (dot(plane.xyz, worldCenter) + plane.w < -radius) { return false; }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(${WORKGROUP_SIZE})
+fn resetView(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3<u32>) {
+  let batchIndex = id.x;
+  if (batchIndex >= view.batchCount) { return; }
+  atomicStore(&counters[counterIndex(batchIndex)], 0u);
+  atomicStore(&counters[overflowIndex(batchIndex)], 0u);
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(${WORKGROUP_SIZE})
+fn cullView(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3<u32>) {
+  let candidateIndex = id.x;
+  if (candidateIndex >= view.candidateCount) { return; }
+  let candidate = candidates[candidateIndex];
+  let primitive = primitives[candidate.primitiveIndex];
+  if (primitive.generation != candidate.generation) { return; }
+  if (candidate.instanceOrdinal >= primitive.instanceCount) { return; }
+  let instanceIndex = primitive.instanceStart + candidate.instanceOrdinal;
+  let instance = instances[instanceIndex];
+  let world = transforms[primitive.transformIndex].currentWorld * transforms[instance.transformIndex].currentWorld;
+  if (!isVisible(primitive, world)) { return; }
+  let localVisible = atomicAdd(&counters[counterIndex(candidate.batchIndex)], 1u);
+  if (localVisible >= candidate.visibleCapacity) {
+    atomicStore(&counters[overflowIndex(candidate.batchIndex)], 1u);
+    return;
+  }
+  visibleIndices[candidate.visibleBase + localVisible] = vec2<u32>(
+    instanceIndex,
+    primitive.materialIndex + candidate.materialSlot,
+  );
+}
+
+@compute @workgroup_size(${WORKGROUP_SIZE})
+fn finalizeView(@builtin(global_invocation_id) id: vec3<u32>) {
+  let batchIndex = id.x;
+  if (batchIndex >= view.batchCount) { return; }
+  let batch = batches[batchIndex];
+  let visibleCount = min(
+    atomicLoad(&counters[counterIndex(batchIndex)]),
+    batch.visibleCapacity,
+  );
+  let args = batch.indirectIndex * 5u;
+  indirectArgs[args] = batch.count;
+  indirectArgs[args + 1u] = visibleCount;
+  indirectArgs[args + 2u] = batch.first;
+  indirectArgs[args + 3u] = select(0u, bitcast<u32>(batch.baseVertex), batch.indexed != 0u);
+  indirectArgs[args + 4u] = 0u;
+}
+`;
+
+interface ViewBuffers {
+  readonly candidates: Buffer;
+  readonly batches: Buffer;
+  readonly view: Buffer;
+  readonly counters: Buffer;
+  readonly visible: Buffer;
+  readonly indirect: Buffer;
+}
+
+type MutableViewBuffers = { -readonly [Name in keyof ViewBuffers]: ViewBuffers[Name] };
+
+export interface GpuDrivenViewGraphResources {
+  readonly primitive: GraphBuffer;
+  readonly instance: GraphBuffer;
+  readonly transform: GraphBuffer;
+  readonly material: GraphBuffer;
+  readonly visible: GraphBuffer;
+  readonly indirect: GraphBuffer;
+  readonly overflow: GraphBuffer;
+}
+
+export interface GpuDrivenViewInspection {
+  readonly topologyRevision: number | undefined;
+  readonly candidateCount: number;
+  readonly batchCount: number;
+  readonly visibleCapacity: number;
+  readonly candidateCapacity: number;
+  readonly batchCapacity: number;
+  readonly indirectCapacity: number;
+  readonly updateCount: number;
+  readonly uploadBytes: number;
+  readonly candidateUploadBytes: number;
+  readonly batchUploadBytes: number;
+  readonly viewConstantsUploadBytes: number;
+  readonly bindGroupCreates: number;
+  readonly bufferRebuilds: number;
+  readonly resourceGeneration: number;
+}
+
+function nextCapacity(required: number): number {
+  return 2 ** Math.ceil(Math.log2(Math.max(1, required)));
+}
+
+export interface CpuVisibilityCandidate {
+  /** Stable projection slot; generation disambiguates slot reuse. */
+  readonly stableId: number;
+  readonly generation: number;
+  /** Candidate-domain index consumed by CascadeVolumeSet membership. */
+  readonly candidateIndex: number | undefined;
+  readonly worldAabb: Float32Array | undefined;
+  readonly casterEligible: boolean;
+  readonly batchId: number | undefined;
+  readonly instanceOrdinal: number | undefined;
+}
+
+export interface CpuVisibleItem {
+  readonly stableId: number;
+  readonly generation: number;
+  readonly candidateIndex: number | undefined;
+  readonly batchId: number | undefined;
+  readonly instanceOrdinal: number | undefined;
+}
+
+export interface CpuVisibilityBatchSpan {
+  readonly batchId: number;
+  readonly first: number;
+  readonly count: number;
+  readonly capacity: number;
+  readonly overflow: boolean;
+}
+
+export interface CpuVisibilityViewResult {
+  readonly viewId: string;
+  readonly kind: RenderVisibilityViewKind;
+  readonly cascadeIndex: number | undefined;
+  readonly stableIds: readonly number[];
+  readonly generations: readonly number[];
+  readonly compactVisible: readonly CpuVisibleItem[];
+  readonly batchSpans: readonly CpuVisibilityBatchSpan[];
+  readonly capacity: number;
+  readonly overflow: boolean;
+  readonly volumeRevision: number | undefined;
+  readonly spatialIndexRevision: number | undefined;
+}
+
+export interface CpuVisibilityCascadeMaskEntry {
+  readonly stableId: number;
+  readonly generation: number;
+  /** Bit 0..2 corresponds to cascade 0..2. */
+  readonly cascadeMask: number;
+}
+
+export interface CpuMultiViewVisibilityResult {
+  readonly views: readonly CpuVisibilityViewResult[];
+  readonly cascadeMasks: readonly CpuVisibilityCascadeMaskEntry[];
+  readonly spatialIndexRevision: number | undefined;
+}
+
+function aabbIntersectsPlanes(planes: Float32Array, aabb: Float32Array | undefined): boolean {
+  if (aabb === undefined || planes.length < 24) return true;
+  for (let planeIndex = 0; planeIndex < 6; planeIndex += 1) {
+    const offset = planeIndex * 4;
+    const normalX = planes[offset] ?? 0;
+    const normalY = planes[offset + 1] ?? 0;
+    const normalZ = planes[offset + 2] ?? 0;
+    const vertexX = normalX >= 0 ? (aabb[3] ?? 0) : (aabb[0] ?? 0);
+    const vertexY = normalY >= 0 ? (aabb[4] ?? 0) : (aabb[1] ?? 0);
+    const vertexZ = normalZ >= 0 ? (aabb[5] ?? 0) : (aabb[2] ?? 0);
+    if (normalX * vertexX + normalY * vertexY + normalZ * vertexZ + (planes[offset + 3] ?? 0) < 0) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * CPU production executor for the shared main/CSM visibility contract.
+ *
+ * The executor consumes stable Scene Fact candidates and memberships already
+ * selected by CascadeVolumeSet. It deliberately keeps the main list separate
+ * from the caster domain, so a main-view cull cannot remove a shadow caster.
+ */
+export function executeCpuMultiViewVisibility(input: {
+  readonly views: readonly RenderVisibilityViewDescriptor[];
+  readonly candidates: readonly CpuVisibilityCandidate[];
+  /** Broadphase-selected domains keyed by view. */
+  readonly candidatesByView?: ReadonlyMap<string, readonly CpuVisibilityCandidate[]>;
+  readonly capacityByView?: ReadonlyMap<string, number>;
+  readonly capacityByBatch?: ReadonlyMap<number, number>;
+}): CpuMultiViewVisibilityResult {
+  const candidates = [...input.candidates].sort(
+    (left, right) => left.stableId - right.stableId || left.generation - right.generation,
+  );
+  const cascadeMaskByStableId = new Map<number, number>();
+  for (const view of input.views) {
+    if (view.kind !== 'cascade' || view.cascadeIndex === undefined) continue;
+    const domain = input.candidatesByView?.get(view.viewId) ?? candidates;
+    for (const candidate of domain) {
+      if (!view.casterCandidateIndices.has(candidate.candidateIndex ?? -1)) continue;
+      cascadeMaskByStableId.set(
+        candidate.stableId,
+        (cascadeMaskByStableId.get(candidate.stableId) ?? 0) | (1 << view.cascadeIndex),
+      );
+    }
+  }
+  const cascadeMasks = candidates.map((candidate) =>
+    Object.freeze({
+      stableId: candidate.stableId,
+      generation: candidate.generation,
+      cascadeMask: cascadeMaskByStableId.get(candidate.stableId) ?? 0,
+    }),
+  );
+  const views = input.views.map((view) => {
+    const domain = input.candidatesByView?.get(view.viewId) ?? candidates;
+    const visible = domain.filter((candidate) => {
+      if (view.kind === 'cascade') {
+        return (
+          candidate.casterEligible &&
+          view.casterCandidateIndices.has(candidate.candidateIndex ?? -1)
+        );
+      }
+      return aabbIntersectsPlanes(view.planes, candidate.worldAabb);
+    });
+    const capacity = Math.max(0, input.capacityByView?.get(view.viewId) ?? visible.length);
+    const compactVisible = visible.slice(0, capacity).map((candidate) => ({
+      stableId: candidate.stableId,
+      generation: candidate.generation,
+      candidateIndex: candidate.candidateIndex,
+      batchId: candidate.batchId,
+      instanceOrdinal: candidate.instanceOrdinal,
+    }));
+    const counts = new Map<number, number>();
+    for (const candidate of visible) {
+      if (candidate.batchId === undefined) continue;
+      counts.set(candidate.batchId, (counts.get(candidate.batchId) ?? 0) + 1);
+    }
+    const batchSpans: CpuVisibilityBatchSpan[] = [];
+    let first = 0;
+    for (const [batchId, count] of [...counts.entries()].sort(([left], [right]) => left - right)) {
+      const batchCapacity = Math.max(0, input.capacityByBatch?.get(batchId) ?? count);
+      batchSpans.push({
+        batchId,
+        first,
+        count: Math.min(count, batchCapacity),
+        capacity: batchCapacity,
+        overflow: count > batchCapacity,
+      });
+      first += Math.min(count, batchCapacity);
+    }
+    return Object.freeze({
+      viewId: view.viewId,
+      kind: view.kind,
+      cascadeIndex: view.cascadeIndex,
+      stableIds: Object.freeze(compactVisible.map((candidate) => candidate.stableId)),
+      generations: Object.freeze(compactVisible.map((candidate) => candidate.generation)),
+      compactVisible: Object.freeze(compactVisible),
+      batchSpans: Object.freeze(batchSpans),
+      capacity,
+      overflow: visible.length > capacity || batchSpans.some((span) => span.overflow),
+      volumeRevision: view.volumeRevision,
+      spatialIndexRevision: view.spatialIndexRevision,
+    });
+  });
+  return Object.freeze({
+    views: Object.freeze(views),
+    cascadeMasks: Object.freeze(cascadeMasks),
+    spatialIndexRevision: input.views[0]?.spatialIndexRevision,
+  });
+}
+
+function bufferBinding(buffer: Buffer): {
+  readonly kind: 'buffer';
+  readonly value: { buffer: Buffer };
+} {
+  return { kind: 'buffer', value: { buffer } };
+}
+
+export class GpuDrivenView {
+  private buffers: ViewBuffers | undefined;
+  private bindGroup: BindGroup | undefined;
+  private candidateCapacity = 0;
+  private batchCapacity = 0;
+  private indirectCapacity = 0;
+  private plan: SubmissionPlan | undefined;
+  private scenePrimitive: Buffer | undefined;
+  private sceneInstance: Buffer | undefined;
+  private sceneTransform: Buffer | undefined;
+  private sceneMaterial: Buffer | undefined;
+  private sceneCapacity = 0;
+  private updateCount = 0;
+  private uploadBytes = 0;
+  private candidateUploadBytes = 0;
+  private batchUploadBytes = 0;
+  private viewConstantsUploadBytes = 0;
+  private bindGroupCreates = 0;
+  private bufferRebuilds = 0;
+  private resourceGeneration = 0;
+
+  private constructor(
+    private readonly device: RhiDevice,
+    private readonly bindGroupLayout: BindGroupLayout,
+    private readonly pipelineLayout: PipelineLayout,
+    private readonly resetPipeline: ComputePipeline,
+    private readonly cullPipeline: ComputePipeline,
+    private readonly finalizePipeline: ComputePipeline,
+  ) {}
+
+  static create(input: {
+    readonly device: RhiDevice;
+    readonly shaderModuleFactory: PipelineBuilderShaderModuleFactory;
+  }): Result<GpuDrivenView, RhiError> {
+    const { device, shaderModuleFactory } = input;
+    if (!device.caps.compute || !device.caps.storageBuffer || !device.caps.indirectDrawing) {
+      return err(
+        new RhiError({
+          code: 'feature-not-enabled',
+          expected: 'compute && storageBuffer && indirectDrawing',
+          hint: 'use the CPU projection and direct submission fallback on this device',
+        }),
+      );
+    }
+    const layout = device.createBindGroupLayout({
+      label: 'gpu-driven-view-bgl',
+      entries: [
+        { binding: 0, visibility: COMPUTE_STAGE, buffer: { type: 'read-only-storage' } },
+        { binding: 1, visibility: COMPUTE_STAGE, buffer: { type: 'read-only-storage' } },
+        { binding: 2, visibility: COMPUTE_STAGE, buffer: { type: 'read-only-storage' } },
+        { binding: 3, visibility: COMPUTE_STAGE, buffer: { type: 'read-only-storage' } },
+        { binding: 4, visibility: COMPUTE_STAGE, buffer: { type: 'read-only-storage' } },
+        { binding: 5, visibility: COMPUTE_STAGE, buffer: { type: 'uniform' } },
+        { binding: 6, visibility: COMPUTE_STAGE, buffer: { type: 'storage' } },
+        { binding: 7, visibility: COMPUTE_STAGE, buffer: { type: 'storage' } },
+        { binding: 8, visibility: COMPUTE_STAGE, buffer: { type: 'storage' } },
+      ],
+    });
+    if (!layout.ok) return layout;
+    const pipelineLayout = device.createPipelineLayout({
+      label: 'gpu-driven-view-pl',
+      bindGroupLayouts: [layout.value],
+    });
+    if (!pipelineLayout.ok) return pipelineLayout;
+    const module = shaderModuleFactory.createShaderModule({
+      label: 'gpu-driven-view',
+      code: GPU_DRIVEN_VIEW_WGSL,
+    });
+    if (!module.ok) return module;
+    const createPipeline = (entryPoint: string): Result<ComputePipeline, RhiError> =>
+      device.createComputePipeline({
+        label: `gpu-driven-view.${entryPoint}`,
+        layout: pipelineLayout.value,
+        compute: { module: module.value, entryPoint },
+      });
+    const reset = createPipeline('resetView');
+    if (!reset.ok) return reset;
+    const cull = createPipeline('cullView');
+    if (!cull.ok) return cull;
+    const finalize = createPipeline('finalizeView');
+    if (!finalize.ok) return finalize;
+    return ok(
+      new GpuDrivenView(
+        device,
+        layout.value,
+        pipelineLayout.value,
+        reset.value,
+        cull.value,
+        finalize.value,
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+
+  update(plan: SubmissionPlan, scene: GpuScene, planes: Float32Array): Result<void, RhiError> {
+    this.candidateUploadBytes = 0;
+    this.batchUploadBytes = 0;
+    this.viewConstantsUploadBytes = 0;
+    this.bindGroupCreates = 0;
+    const topologyChanged = this.plan !== plan;
+    let buffersRebuilt = false;
+    if (topologyChanged || this.buffers === undefined) {
+      const requiredCandidates = Math.max(1, plan.candidateCount, plan.visibleCapacity);
+      const requiredBatches = Math.max(1, plan.batches.length);
+      const requiredIndirect = Math.max(
+        1,
+        plan.batches.reduce((maximum, batch) => Math.max(maximum, batch.batchId + 1), 0),
+      );
+      if (
+        this.buffers === undefined ||
+        requiredCandidates > this.candidateCapacity ||
+        requiredBatches > this.batchCapacity ||
+        requiredIndirect > this.indirectCapacity
+      ) {
+        const rebuilt = this.rebuildBuffers(requiredCandidates, requiredBatches, requiredIndirect);
+        if (!rebuilt.ok) return rebuilt;
+        buffersRebuilt = true;
+      }
+    }
+    const buffers = this.buffers;
+    if (buffers === undefined) return ok(undefined);
+    if (topologyChanged || buffersRebuilt) {
+      const candidateBytes = new ArrayBuffer(Math.max(1, plan.candidateCount) * CANDIDATE_STRIDE);
+      const candidates = new DataView(candidateBytes);
+      const batchBytes = new ArrayBuffer(Math.max(1, plan.batches.length) * BATCH_STRIDE);
+      const batches = new DataView(batchBytes);
+      let candidateIndex = 0;
+      for (let batchIndex = 0; batchIndex < plan.batches.length; batchIndex += 1) {
+        const batch = plan.batches[batchIndex];
+        if (batch === undefined) continue;
+        const batchOffset = batchIndex * BATCH_STRIDE;
+        batches.setUint32(batchOffset, batch.visibleBase, true);
+        batches.setUint32(batchOffset + 4, batch.visibleCapacity, true);
+        batches.setUint32(batchOffset + 8, batch.key.count, true);
+        batches.setUint32(batchOffset + 12, batch.key.first, true);
+        batches.setInt32(batchOffset + 16, batch.key.baseVertex, true);
+        batches.setUint32(batchOffset + 20, batch.batchId, true);
+        batches.setUint32(batchOffset + 24, batch.key.drawKind === 'indexed' ? 1 : 0, true);
+        for (const candidate of batch.candidates) {
+          const candidateOffset = candidateIndex * CANDIDATE_STRIDE;
+          candidates.setUint32(candidateOffset, candidate.primitiveIndex, true);
+          candidates.setUint32(candidateOffset + 4, candidate.generation, true);
+          candidates.setUint32(candidateOffset + 8, candidate.instanceOrdinal, true);
+          candidates.setUint32(candidateOffset + 12, batch.key.materialSlot, true);
+          candidates.setUint32(candidateOffset + 16, batchIndex, true);
+          candidates.setUint32(candidateOffset + 20, batch.visibleBase, true);
+          candidates.setUint32(candidateOffset + 24, batch.visibleCapacity, true);
+          candidateIndex += 1;
+        }
+      }
+      const candidateWrite = this.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+        buffers.candidates,
+        0,
+        new Uint8Array(candidateBytes),
+      );
+      if (!candidateWrite.ok) return candidateWrite;
+      const batchWrite = this.device.queue.writeBuffer(
+        buffers.batches,
+        0,
+        new Uint8Array(batchBytes),
+      );
+      if (!batchWrite.ok) return batchWrite;
+      this.candidateUploadBytes = candidateBytes.byteLength;
+      this.batchUploadBytes = batchBytes.byteLength;
+      this.uploadBytes += candidateBytes.byteLength + batchBytes.byteLength;
+    }
+    const viewBytes = new ArrayBuffer(VIEW_BYTES);
+    const viewFloats = new Float32Array(viewBytes);
+    viewFloats.set(planes.subarray(0, 24));
+    const viewU32 = new Uint32Array(viewBytes);
+    viewU32[24] = plan.candidateCount;
+    viewU32[25] = plan.batches.length;
+    const viewWrite = this.device.queue.writeBuffer(buffers.view, 0, new Uint8Array(viewBytes));
+    if (!viewWrite.ok) return viewWrite;
+    this.viewConstantsUploadBytes = viewBytes.byteLength;
+    this.uploadBytes += viewBytes.byteLength;
+    const sceneChanged =
+      this.scenePrimitive !== scene.primitiveBuffer ||
+      this.sceneInstance !== scene.instanceBuffer ||
+      this.sceneTransform !== scene.transformBuffer ||
+      this.sceneMaterial !== scene.materialBuffer;
+    if (this.bindGroup === undefined || sceneChanged || buffersRebuilt) {
+      const binding = this.device.createBindGroup({
+        label: 'gpu-driven-view-bg',
+        layout: this.bindGroupLayout,
+        entries: [
+          { binding: 0, resource: bufferBinding(scene.primitiveBuffer) },
+          { binding: 1, resource: bufferBinding(scene.instanceBuffer) },
+          { binding: 2, resource: bufferBinding(scene.transformBuffer) },
+          { binding: 3, resource: bufferBinding(buffers.candidates) },
+          { binding: 4, resource: bufferBinding(buffers.batches) },
+          { binding: 5, resource: bufferBinding(buffers.view) },
+          { binding: 6, resource: bufferBinding(buffers.counters) },
+          { binding: 7, resource: bufferBinding(buffers.visible) },
+          { binding: 8, resource: bufferBinding(buffers.indirect) },
+        ],
+      });
+      if (!binding.ok) return binding;
+      this.bindGroup = binding.value;
+      this.bindGroupCreates = 1;
+      this.resourceGeneration += 1;
+    }
+    this.plan = plan;
+    this.scenePrimitive = scene.primitiveBuffer;
+    this.sceneInstance = scene.instanceBuffer;
+    this.sceneTransform = scene.transformBuffer;
+    this.sceneMaterial = scene.materialBuffer;
+    this.sceneCapacity = scene.inspect().capacity;
+    this.updateCount += 1;
+    return ok(undefined);
+  }
+
+  inspect(): GpuDrivenViewInspection {
+    return {
+      topologyRevision: this.plan?.revision,
+      candidateCount: this.plan?.candidateCount ?? 0,
+      batchCount: this.plan?.batches.length ?? 0,
+      visibleCapacity: this.plan?.visibleCapacity ?? 0,
+      candidateCapacity: this.candidateCapacity,
+      batchCapacity: this.batchCapacity,
+      indirectCapacity: this.indirectCapacity,
+      updateCount: this.updateCount,
+      uploadBytes: this.uploadBytes,
+      candidateUploadBytes: this.candidateUploadBytes,
+      batchUploadBytes: this.batchUploadBytes,
+      viewConstantsUploadBytes: this.viewConstantsUploadBytes,
+      bindGroupCreates: this.bindGroupCreates,
+      bufferRebuilds: this.bufferRebuilds,
+      resourceGeneration: this.resourceGeneration,
+    };
+  }
+
+  get visibleBuffer(): Buffer | undefined {
+    return this.buffers?.visible;
+  }
+
+  get indirectBuffer(): Buffer | undefined {
+    return this.buffers?.indirect;
+  }
+
+  get overflowBuffer(): Buffer | undefined {
+    return this.buffers?.counters;
+  }
+
+  get overflowByteOffset(): number {
+    return 4;
+  }
+
+  addPasses<FrameCtx extends RenderGraphFrame>(
+    builder: RenderGraphBuilder<FrameCtx>,
+    labelPrefix = 'gpu-driven',
+  ): Result<GpuDrivenViewGraphResources, RenderGraphError> {
+    const buffers = this.buffers;
+    const bindGroup = this.bindGroup;
+    const plan = this.plan;
+    if (buffers === undefined || bindGroup === undefined || plan === undefined) {
+      return err(
+        new RenderGraphError({
+          code: 'resource-descriptor-invalid',
+          expected: 'GpuDrivenView.update(...) precedes addPasses(...)',
+          hint: 'publish the current SubmissionPlan and view planes first',
+          detail: {
+            resourceLabel: 'gpu-driven-view',
+            field: 'state',
+            expected: 'updated',
+            actual: 'not-updated',
+          },
+        }),
+      );
+    }
+    const scenePrefix = labelPrefix === 'gpu-driven' ? 'gpu-scene' : `${labelPrefix}.scene`;
+    const importBuffer = (name: string, buffer: Buffer, size: number, usage: number) =>
+      builder.importBuffer(name, { size, usage }, () => buffer);
+    const primitive = importBuffer(
+      `${scenePrefix}.primitive`,
+      this.scenePrimitive as Buffer,
+      this.sceneCapacity * GPU_SCENE_LAYOUTS.primitive.stride,
+      GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_SRC,
+    );
+    if (!primitive.ok) return primitive;
+    const transform = importBuffer(
+      `${scenePrefix}.transform`,
+      this.sceneTransform as Buffer,
+      this.sceneCapacity * GPU_SCENE_LAYOUTS.transform.stride,
+      GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_SRC,
+    );
+    if (!transform.ok) return transform;
+    const instance = importBuffer(
+      `${scenePrefix}.instance`,
+      this.sceneInstance as Buffer,
+      this.sceneCapacity * GPU_SCENE_LAYOUTS.instance.stride,
+      GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_SRC,
+    );
+    if (!instance.ok) return instance;
+    const material = importBuffer(
+      `${scenePrefix}.material`,
+      this.sceneMaterial as Buffer,
+      this.sceneCapacity * GPU_SCENE_LAYOUTS.material.stride,
+      GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_SRC,
+    );
+    if (!material.ok) return material;
+    const candidates = importBuffer(
+      `${labelPrefix}.candidates`,
+      buffers.candidates,
+      this.candidateCapacity * CANDIDATE_STRIDE,
+      GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+    );
+    if (!candidates.ok) return candidates;
+    const batches = importBuffer(
+      `${labelPrefix}.batches`,
+      buffers.batches,
+      this.batchCapacity * BATCH_STRIDE,
+      GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+    );
+    if (!batches.ok) return batches;
+    const view = importBuffer(
+      `${labelPrefix}.view`,
+      buffers.view,
+      VIEW_BYTES,
+      GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST,
+    );
+    if (!view.ok) return view;
+    const counters = importBuffer(
+      `${labelPrefix}.counters`,
+      buffers.counters,
+      this.batchCapacity * 8,
+      GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_SRC,
+    );
+    if (!counters.ok) return counters;
+    const visible = importBuffer(
+      `${labelPrefix}.visible`,
+      buffers.visible,
+      this.candidateCapacity * 8,
+      GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_SRC,
+    );
+    if (!visible.ok) return visible;
+    const indirect = importBuffer(
+      `${labelPrefix}.indirect`,
+      buffers.indirect,
+      this.indirectCapacity * 20,
+      GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_INDIRECT | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_SRC,
+    );
+    if (!indirect.ok) return indirect;
+    const reset = builder.addComputePass(`${labelPrefix}.view-reset`, {
+      accesses: [
+        { resource: view.value, usage: 'uniform-read' },
+        { resource: counters.value, usage: 'storage-read-write' },
+      ],
+      encode: ({ pass }) => {
+        pass.setPipeline(this.resetPipeline);
+        pass.setBindGroup(0, bindGroup);
+        pass.dispatchWorkgroups(Math.ceil(Math.max(1, plan.batches.length) / WORKGROUP_SIZE));
+      },
+    });
+    if (!reset.ok) return reset;
+    const cull = builder.addComputePass(`${labelPrefix}.frustum-compact`, {
+      accesses: [
+        { resource: primitive.value, usage: 'storage-read' },
+        { resource: instance.value, usage: 'storage-read' },
+        { resource: transform.value, usage: 'storage-read' },
+        { resource: candidates.value, usage: 'storage-read' },
+        { resource: view.value, usage: 'uniform-read' },
+        { resource: counters.value, usage: 'storage-read-write' },
+        { resource: visible.value, usage: 'storage-read-write' },
+      ],
+      encode: ({ pass }) => {
+        pass.setPipeline(this.cullPipeline);
+        pass.setBindGroup(0, bindGroup);
+        pass.dispatchWorkgroups(Math.ceil(Math.max(1, plan.candidateCount) / WORKGROUP_SIZE));
+      },
+    });
+    if (!cull.ok) return cull;
+    const finalize = builder.addComputePass(`${labelPrefix}.finalize-indirect`, {
+      accesses: [
+        { resource: batches.value, usage: 'storage-read' },
+        { resource: view.value, usage: 'uniform-read' },
+        { resource: counters.value, usage: 'storage-read' },
+        { resource: indirect.value, usage: 'storage-read-write' },
+      ],
+      encode: ({ pass }) => {
+        pass.setPipeline(this.finalizePipeline);
+        pass.setBindGroup(0, bindGroup);
+        pass.dispatchWorkgroups(Math.ceil(Math.max(1, plan.batches.length) / WORKGROUP_SIZE));
+      },
+    });
+    if (!finalize.ok) return finalize;
+    return ok({
+      visible: visible.value,
+      primitive: primitive.value,
+      instance: instance.value,
+      transform: transform.value,
+      material: material.value,
+      indirect: indirect.value,
+      overflow: counters.value,
+    });
+  }
+
+  dispose(): void {
+    if (this.buffers !== undefined) {
+      for (const buffer of Object.values(this.buffers)) this.device.destroyBuffer(buffer);
+    }
+    this.buffers = undefined;
+    this.bindGroup = undefined;
+    this.plan = undefined;
+    this.scenePrimitive = undefined;
+    this.sceneInstance = undefined;
+    this.sceneTransform = undefined;
+    this.sceneMaterial = undefined;
+    this.sceneCapacity = 0;
+    void this.pipelineLayout;
+  }
+
+  private rebuildBuffers(
+    candidateCapacity: number,
+    batchCapacity: number,
+    indirectCapacity: number,
+  ): Result<void, RhiError> {
+    const nextCandidate = nextCapacity(candidateCapacity);
+    const nextBatch = nextCapacity(batchCapacity);
+    const nextIndirect = nextCapacity(indirectCapacity);
+    const created: Partial<MutableViewBuffers> = {};
+    const allocate = (
+      name: keyof ViewBuffers,
+      size: number,
+      usage: number,
+    ): Result<void, RhiError> => {
+      const buffer = this.device.createBuffer({
+        label: `gpu-driven-view-${name}`,
+        size,
+        usage,
+        mappedAtCreation: false,
+      });
+      if (!buffer.ok) return buffer;
+      created[name] = buffer.value;
+      return ok(undefined);
+    };
+    const storage = GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_SRC;
+    for (const result of [
+      allocate('candidates', nextCandidate * CANDIDATE_STRIDE, storage | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST),
+      allocate('batches', nextBatch * BATCH_STRIDE, storage | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST),
+      allocate('view', VIEW_BYTES, GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_COPY_DST),
+      allocate('counters', nextBatch * 8, storage),
+      allocate('visible', nextCandidate * 8, storage),
+      allocate('indirect', nextIndirect * 20, storage | GPU_BUFFER_USAGE_INDIRECT),
+    ]) {
+      if (!result.ok) {
+        for (const buffer of Object.values(created)) this.device.destroyBuffer(buffer);
+        return result;
+      }
+    }
+    if (this.buffers !== undefined) {
+      for (const buffer of Object.values(this.buffers)) this.device.destroyBuffer(buffer);
+    }
+    this.buffers = created as ViewBuffers;
+    this.candidateCapacity = nextCandidate;
+    this.batchCapacity = nextBatch;
+    this.indirectCapacity = nextIndirect;
+    this.bufferRebuilds += 1;
+    this.bindGroup = undefined;
+    return ok(undefined);
+  }
+}