@eosrio/node-abieos 2.1.0-beta.0 → 2.2.0

package/external/date/src/tz.cpp

@@ -1,3801 +0,0 @@
-// The MIT License (MIT)
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2015, 2016, 2017 Howard Hinnant
-// Copyright (c) 2015 Ville Voutilainen
-// Copyright (c) 2016 Alexander Kormanovsky
-// Copyright (c) 2016, 2017 Jiangang Zhuang
-// Copyright (c) 2017 Nicolas Veloz Savino
-// Copyright (c) 2017 Florian Dang
-// Copyright (c) 2017 Aaron Bishop
-//
-// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-//
-// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-// copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-//
-// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-// SOFTWARE.
-//
-// Our apologies.  When the previous paragraph was written, lowercase had not yet
-// been invented (that would involve another several millennia of evolution).
-// We did not mean to shout.
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-   // windows.h will be included directly and indirectly (e.g. by curl).
-   // We need to define these macros to prevent windows.h bringing in
-   // more than we need and do it early so windows.h doesn't get included
-   // without these macros having been defined.
-   // min/max macros interfere with the C++ versions.
-#  ifndef NOMINMAX
-#    define NOMINMAX
-#  endif
-   // We don't need all that Windows has to offer.
-#  ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
-#    define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
-#  endif
-
-   // for wcstombs
-#  ifndef _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
-#    define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
-#  endif
-
-   // None of this happens with the MS SDK (at least VS14 which I tested), but:
-   // Compiling with mingw, we get "error: 'KF_FLAG_DEFAULT' was not declared in this scope."
-   // and error: 'SHGetKnownFolderPath' was not declared in this scope.".
-   // It seems when using mingw NTDDI_VERSION is undefined and that
-   // causes KNOWN_FOLDER_FLAG and the KF_ flags to not get defined.
-   // So we must define NTDDI_VERSION to get those flags on mingw.
-   // The docs say though here:
-   // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-nz/library/windows/desktop/aa383745(v=vs.85).aspx
-   // that "If you define NTDDI_VERSION, you must also define _WIN32_WINNT."
-   // So we declare we require Vista or greater.
-#  ifdef __MINGW32__
-
-#    ifndef NTDDI_VERSION
-#      define NTDDI_VERSION 0x06000000
-#      define _WIN32_WINNT _WIN32_WINNT_VISTA
-#    elif NTDDI_VERSION < 0x06000000
-#      warning "If this fails to compile NTDDI_VERSION may be to low. See comments above."
-#    endif
-     // But once we define the values above we then get this linker error:
-     // "tz.cpp:(.rdata$.refptr.FOLDERID_Downloads[.refptr.FOLDERID_Downloads]+0x0): "
-     //     "undefined reference to `FOLDERID_Downloads'"
-     // which #include <initguid.h> cures see:
-     // https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/130869
-#    include <initguid.h>
-     // But with <initguid.h> included, the error moves on to:
-     // error: 'FOLDERID_Downloads' was not declared in this scope
-     // Which #include <knownfolders.h> cures.
-#    include <knownfolders.h>
-
-#  endif  // __MINGW32__
-
-#  include <windows.h>
-#endif  // _WIN32
-
-#include "date/tz_private.h"
-
-#ifdef __APPLE__
-#  include "date/ios.h"
-#else
-#  define TARGET_OS_IPHONE 0
-#endif
-
-#if USE_OS_TZDB
-#  include <dirent.h>
-#endif
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <cctype>
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <exception>
-#include <fstream>
-#include <iostream>
-#include <iterator>
-#include <memory>
-#if USE_OS_TZDB
-#  include <queue>
-#endif
-#include <sstream>
-#include <string>
-#include <tuple>
-#include <vector>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-
-// unistd.h is used on some platforms as part of the the means to get
-// the current time zone. On Win32 windows.h provides a means to do it.
-// gcc/mingw supports unistd.h on Win32 but MSVC does not.
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-#  ifdef WINAPI_FAMILY
-#    include <winapifamily.h>
-#    if WINAPI_FAMILY != WINAPI_FAMILY_DESKTOP_APP
-#      define WINRT
-#      define INSTALL .
-#    endif
-#  endif
-
-#  include <io.h> // _unlink etc.
-
-#  if defined(__clang__)
-    struct IUnknown;    // fix for issue with static_cast<> in objbase.h
-                        //   (see https://github.com/philsquared/Catch/issues/690)
-#  endif
-
-#  include <shlobj.h> // CoTaskFree, ShGetKnownFolderPath etc.
-#  if HAS_REMOTE_API
-#    include <direct.h> // _mkdir
-#    include <shellapi.h> // ShFileOperation etc.
-#  endif  // HAS_REMOTE_API
-#else   // !_WIN32
-#  include <unistd.h>
-#  if !USE_OS_TZDB
-#    include <wordexp.h>
-#  endif
-#  include <limits.h>
-#  include <string.h>
-#  if !USE_SHELL_API
-#    include <sys/stat.h>
-#    include <sys/fcntl.h>
-#    include <dirent.h>
-#    include <cstring>
-#    include <sys/wait.h>
-#    include <sys/types.h>
-#  endif //!USE_SHELL_API
-#endif  // !_WIN32
-
-
-#if HAS_REMOTE_API
-   // Note curl includes windows.h so we must include curl AFTER definitions of things
-   // that affect windows.h such as NOMINMAX.
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(SHORTENED_CURL_INCLUDE)
-   // For rmt_curl nuget package
-#  include <curl.h>
-#else
-#  include <curl/curl.h>
-#endif
-#endif
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-static CONSTDATA char folder_delimiter = '\\';
-#else   // !_WIN32
-static CONSTDATA char folder_delimiter = '/';
-#endif  // !_WIN32
-
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ < 5
-   // GCC 4.9 Bug 61489 Wrong warning with -Wmissing-field-initializers
-#  pragma GCC diagnostic push
-#  pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-field-initializers"
-#endif  // defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ < 5
-
-#if !USE_OS_TZDB
-
-#  ifdef _WIN32
-#    ifndef WINRT
-
-namespace
-{
-    struct task_mem_deleter
-    {
-        void operator()(wchar_t buf[])
-        {
-            if (buf != nullptr)
-                CoTaskMemFree(buf);
-        }
-    };
-    using co_task_mem_ptr = std::unique_ptr<wchar_t[], task_mem_deleter>;
-}
-
-// We might need to know certain locations even if not using the remote API,
-// so keep these routines out of that block for now.
-static
-std::string
-get_known_folder(const GUID& folderid)
-{
-    std::string folder;
-    PWSTR pfolder = nullptr;
-    HRESULT hr = SHGetKnownFolderPath(folderid, KF_FLAG_DEFAULT, nullptr, &pfolder);
-    if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
-    {
-        co_task_mem_ptr folder_ptr(pfolder);
-        folder = std::string(folder_ptr.get(), folder_ptr.get() + wcslen(folder_ptr.get()));
-    }
-    return folder;
-}
-
-// Usually something like "c:\Users\username\Downloads".
-static
-std::string
-get_download_folder()
-{
-    return get_known_folder(FOLDERID_Downloads);
-}
-
-#    endif // WINRT
-#  else // !_WIN32
-
-#    if !defined(INSTALL) || HAS_REMOTE_API
-
-static
-std::string
-expand_path(std::string path)
-{
-#      if TARGET_OS_IPHONE
-    return date::iOSUtils::get_tzdata_path();
-#      else  // !TARGET_OS_IPHONE
-    ::wordexp_t w{};
-    std::unique_ptr<::wordexp_t, void(*)(::wordexp_t*)> hold{&w, ::wordfree};
-    ::wordexp(path.c_str(), &w, 0);
-    if (w.we_wordc != 1)
-        throw std::runtime_error("Cannot expand path: " + path);
-    path = w.we_wordv[0];
-    return path;
-#      endif  // !TARGET_OS_IPHONE
-}
-
-static
-std::string
-get_download_folder()
-{
-    return expand_path("~/Downloads");
-}
-
-#    endif // !defined(INSTALL) || HAS_REMOTE_API
-
-#  endif  // !_WIN32
-
-#endif  // !USE_OS_TZDB
-
-namespace date
-{
-// +---------------------+
-// | Begin Configuration |
-// +---------------------+
-
-using namespace detail;
-
-#if !USE_OS_TZDB
-
-static
-std::string&
-access_install()
-{
-    static std::string install
-#ifndef INSTALL
-
-    = get_download_folder() + folder_delimiter + "tzdata";
-
-#else   // !INSTALL
-
-#  define STRINGIZEIMP(x) #x
-#  define STRINGIZE(x) STRINGIZEIMP(x)
-
-    = STRINGIZE(INSTALL) + std::string(1, folder_delimiter) + "tzdata";
-
-    #undef STRINGIZEIMP
-    #undef STRINGIZE
-#endif  // !INSTALL
-
-    return install;
-}
-
-void
-set_install(const std::string& s)
-{
-    access_install() = s;
-}
-
-static
-const std::string&
-get_install()
-{
-    static const std::string& ref = access_install();
-    return ref;
-}
-
-#if HAS_REMOTE_API
-static
-std::string
-get_download_gz_file(const std::string& version)
-{
-    auto file = get_install() + version + ".tar.gz";
-    return file;
-}
-#endif  // HAS_REMOTE_API
-
-#endif  // !USE_OS_TZDB
-
-// These can be used to reduce the range of the database to save memory
-CONSTDATA auto min_year = date::year::min();
-CONSTDATA auto max_year = date::year::max();
-
-CONSTDATA auto min_day = date::January/1;
-CONSTDATA auto max_day = date::December/31;
-
-#if USE_OS_TZDB
-
-CONSTCD14 const sys_seconds min_seconds = sys_days(min_year/min_day);
-
-#endif  // USE_OS_TZDB
-
-#ifndef _WIN32
-
-static
-std::string
-discover_tz_dir()
-{
-    struct stat sb;
-    using namespace std;
-#  ifndef __APPLE__
-    CONSTDATA auto tz_dir_default = "/usr/share/zoneinfo";
-    CONSTDATA auto tz_dir_buildroot = "/usr/share/zoneinfo/uclibc";
-
-    // Check special path which is valid for buildroot with uclibc builds
-    if(stat(tz_dir_buildroot, &sb) == 0 && S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode))
-        return tz_dir_buildroot;
-    else if(stat(tz_dir_default, &sb) == 0 && S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode))
-        return tz_dir_default;
-    else
-        throw runtime_error("discover_tz_dir failed to find zoneinfo\n");
-#  else  // __APPLE__
-#      if TARGET_OS_IPHONE
-    return "/var/db/timezone/zoneinfo";
-#      else
-    CONSTDATA auto timezone = "/etc/localtime";
-    if (!(lstat(timezone, &sb) == 0 && S_ISLNK(sb.st_mode) && sb.st_size > 0))
-        throw runtime_error("discover_tz_dir failed\n");
-    string result;
-    char rp[PATH_MAX+1] = {};
-    if (readlink(timezone, rp, sizeof(rp)-1) > 0)
-        result = string(rp);
-    else
-        throw system_error(errno, system_category(), "readlink() failed");
-    auto i = result.find("zoneinfo");
-    if (i == string::npos)
-        throw runtime_error("discover_tz_dir failed to find zoneinfo\n");
-    i = result.find('/', i);
-    if (i == string::npos)
-        throw runtime_error("discover_tz_dir failed to find '/'\n");
-    return result.substr(0, i);
-#      endif
-#  endif  // __APPLE__
-}
-
-static
-const std::string&
-get_tz_dir()
-{
-    static const std::string tz_dir = discover_tz_dir();
-    return tz_dir;
-}
-
-#endif
-
-// +-------------------+
-// | End Configuration |
-// +-------------------+
-
-namespace detail
-{
-struct undocumented {explicit undocumented() = default;};
-}
-
-#ifndef _MSC_VER
-static_assert(min_year <= max_year, "Configuration error");
-#endif
-
-static std::unique_ptr<tzdb> init_tzdb();
-
-tzdb_list::~tzdb_list()
-{
-    const tzdb* ptr = head_;
-    head_ = nullptr;
-    while (ptr != nullptr)
-    {
-        auto next = ptr->next;
-        delete ptr;
-        ptr = next;
-    }
-}
-
-tzdb_list::tzdb_list(tzdb_list&& x) noexcept
-   : head_{x.head_.exchange(nullptr)}
-{
-}
-
-void
-tzdb_list::push_front(tzdb* tzdb) noexcept
-{
-    tzdb->next = head_;
-    head_ = tzdb;
-}
-
-tzdb_list::const_iterator
-tzdb_list::erase_after(const_iterator p) noexcept
-{
-    auto t = p.p_->next;
-    p.p_->next = p.p_->next->next;
-    delete t;
-    return ++p;
-}
-
-struct tzdb_list::undocumented_helper
-{
-    static void push_front(tzdb_list& db_list, tzdb* tzdb) noexcept
-    {
-        db_list.push_front(tzdb);
-    }
-};
-
-static
-tzdb_list
-create_tzdb()
-{
-    tzdb_list tz_db;
-    tzdb_list::undocumented_helper::push_front(tz_db, init_tzdb().release());
-    return tz_db;
-}
-
-tzdb_list&
-get_tzdb_list()
-{
-    static tzdb_list tz_db = create_tzdb();
-    return tz_db;
-}
-
-#if !USE_OS_TZDB
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-
-static
-void
-sort_zone_mappings(std::vector<date::detail::timezone_mapping>& mappings)
-{
-    std::sort(mappings.begin(), mappings.end(),
-        [](const date::detail::timezone_mapping& lhs,
-           const date::detail::timezone_mapping& rhs)->bool
-    {
-        auto other_result = lhs.other.compare(rhs.other);
-        if (other_result < 0)
-            return true;
-        else if (other_result == 0)
-        {
-            auto territory_result = lhs.territory.compare(rhs.territory);
-            if (territory_result < 0)
-                return true;
-            else if (territory_result == 0)
-            {
-                if (lhs.type < rhs.type)
-                    return true;
-            }
-        }
-        return false;
-    });
-}
-
-static
-bool
-native_to_standard_timezone_name(const std::string& native_tz_name,
-                                 std::string& standard_tz_name)
-{
-    // TOOD! Need be a case insensitive compare?
-    if (native_tz_name == "UTC")
-    {
-        standard_tz_name = "Etc/UTC";
-        return true;
-    }
-    standard_tz_name.clear();
-    // TODO! we can improve on linear search.
-    const auto& mappings = date::get_tzdb().mappings;
-    for (const auto& tzm : mappings)
-    {
-        if (tzm.other == native_tz_name)
-        {
-            standard_tz_name = tzm.type;
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-// Parse this XML file:
-// http://unicode.org/repos/cldr/trunk/common/supplemental/windowsZones.xml
-// The parsing method is designed to be simple and quick. It is not overly
-// forgiving of change but it should diagnose basic format issues.
-// See timezone_mapping structure for more info.
-static
-std::vector<detail::timezone_mapping>
-load_timezone_mappings_from_xml_file(const std::string& input_path)
-{
-    std::size_t line_num = 0;
-    std::vector<detail::timezone_mapping> mappings;
-    std::string line;
-
-    std::ifstream is(input_path);
-    if (!is.is_open())
-    {
-        // We don't emit file exceptions because that's an implementation detail.
-        std::string msg = "Error opening time zone mapping file \"";
-        msg += input_path;
-        msg += "\".";
-        throw std::runtime_error(msg);
-    }
-
-    auto error = [&input_path, &line_num](const char* info)
-    {
-        std::string msg = "Error loading time zone mapping file \"";
-        msg += input_path;
-        msg += "\" at line ";
-        msg += std::to_string(line_num);
-        msg += ": ";
-        msg += info;
-        throw std::runtime_error(msg);
-    };
-    // [optional space]a="b"
-    auto read_attribute = [&line, &error]
-                          (const char* name, std::string& value, std::size_t startPos)
-                          ->std::size_t
-    {
-        value.clear();
-        // Skip leading space before attribute name.
-        std::size_t spos = line.find_first_not_of(' ', startPos);
-        if (spos == std::string::npos)
-            spos = startPos;
-        // Assume everything up to next = is the attribute name
-        // and that an = will always delimit that.
-        std::size_t epos = line.find('=', spos);
-        if (epos == std::string::npos)
-            error("Expected \'=\' right after attribute name.");
-        std::size_t name_len = epos - spos;
-        // Expect the name we find matches the name we expect.
-        if (line.compare(spos, name_len, name) != 0)
-        {
-            std::string msg;
-            msg = "Expected attribute name \'";
-            msg += name;
-            msg += "\' around position ";
-            msg += std::to_string(spos);
-            msg += " but found something else.";
-            error(msg.c_str());
-        }
-        ++epos; // Skip the '=' that is after the attribute name.
-        spos = epos;
-        if (spos < line.length() && line[spos] == '\"')
-            ++spos; // Skip the quote that is before the attribute value.
-        else
-        {
-            std::string msg = "Expected '\"' to begin value of attribute \'";
-            msg += name;
-            msg += "\'.";
-            error(msg.c_str());
-        }
-        epos = line.find('\"', spos);
-        if (epos == std::string::npos)
-        {
-            std::string msg = "Expected '\"' to end value of attribute \'";
-            msg += name;
-            msg += "\'.";
-            error(msg.c_str());
-        }
-        // Extract everything in between the quotes. Note no escaping is done.
-        std::size_t value_len = epos - spos;
-        value.assign(line, spos, value_len);
-        ++epos; // Skip the quote that is after the attribute value;
-        return epos;
-    };
-
-    // Quick but not overly forgiving XML mapping file processing.
-    bool mapTimezonesOpenTagFound = false;
-    bool mapTimezonesCloseTagFound = false;
-    std::size_t mapZonePos = std::string::npos;
-    std::size_t mapTimezonesPos = std::string::npos;
-    CONSTDATA char mapTimeZonesOpeningTag[] = { "<mapTimezones " };
-    CONSTDATA char mapZoneOpeningTag[] = { "<mapZone " };
-    CONSTDATA std::size_t mapZoneOpeningTagLen = sizeof(mapZoneOpeningTag) /
-                                                 sizeof(mapZoneOpeningTag[0]) - 1;
-    while (!mapTimezonesOpenTagFound)
-    {
-        std::getline(is, line);
-        ++line_num;
-        if (is.eof())
-        {
-            // If there is no mapTimezones tag is it an error?
-            // Perhaps if there are no mapZone mappings it might be ok for
-            // its parent mapTimezones element to be missing?
-            // We treat this as an error though on the assumption that if there
-            // really are no mappings we should still get a mapTimezones parent
-            // element but no mapZone elements inside. Assuming we must
-            // find something will hopefully at least catch more drastic formatting
-            // changes or errors than if we don't do this and assume nothing found.
-            error("Expected a mapTimezones opening tag.");
-        }
-        mapTimezonesPos = line.find(mapTimeZonesOpeningTag);
-        mapTimezonesOpenTagFound = (mapTimezonesPos != std::string::npos);
-    }
-
-    // NOTE: We could extract the version info that follows the opening
-    // mapTimezones tag and compare that to the version of other data we have.
-    // I would have expected them to be kept in synch but testing has shown
-    // it typically does not match anyway. So what's the point?
-    while (!mapTimezonesCloseTagFound)
-    {
-        std::ws(is);
-        std::getline(is, line);
-        ++line_num;
-        if (is.eof())
-            error("Expected a mapTimezones closing tag.");
-        if (line.empty())
-            continue;
-        mapZonePos = line.find(mapZoneOpeningTag);
-        if (mapZonePos != std::string::npos)
-        {
-            mapZonePos += mapZoneOpeningTagLen;
-            detail::timezone_mapping zm{};
-            std::size_t pos = read_attribute("other", zm.other, mapZonePos);
-            pos = read_attribute("territory", zm.territory, pos);
-            read_attribute("type", zm.type, pos);
-            mappings.push_back(std::move(zm));
-
-            continue;
-        }
-        mapTimezonesPos = line.find("</mapTimezones>");
-        mapTimezonesCloseTagFound = (mapTimezonesPos != std::string::npos);
-        if (!mapTimezonesCloseTagFound)
-        {
-            std::size_t commentPos = line.find("<!--");
-            if (commentPos == std::string::npos)
-                error("Unexpected mapping record found. A xml mapZone or comment "
-                      "attribute or mapTimezones closing tag was expected.");
-        }
-    }
-
-    is.close();
-    return mappings;
-}
-
-#endif  // _WIN32
-
-// Parsing helpers
-
-static
-std::string
-parse3(std::istream& in)
-{
-    std::string r(3, ' ');
-    ws(in);
-    r[0] = static_cast<char>(in.get());
-    r[1] = static_cast<char>(in.get());
-    r[2] = static_cast<char>(in.get());
-    return r;
-}
-
-static
-unsigned
-parse_dow(std::istream& in)
-{
-    CONSTDATA char*const dow_names[] =
-        {"Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat"};
-    auto s = parse3(in);
-    auto dow = std::find(std::begin(dow_names), std::end(dow_names), s) - dow_names;
-    if (dow >= std::end(dow_names) - std::begin(dow_names))
-        throw std::runtime_error("oops: bad dow name: " + s);
-    return static_cast<unsigned>(dow);
-}
-
-static
-unsigned
-parse_month(std::istream& in)
-{
-    CONSTDATA char*const month_names[] =
-        {"Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
-         "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"};
-    auto s = parse3(in);
-    auto m = std::find(std::begin(month_names), std::end(month_names), s) - month_names;
-    if (m >= std::end(month_names) - std::begin(month_names))
-        throw std::runtime_error("oops: bad month name: " + s);
-    return static_cast<unsigned>(++m);
-}
-
-static
-std::chrono::seconds
-parse_unsigned_time(std::istream& in)
-{
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    int x;
-    in >> x;
-    auto r = seconds{hours{x}};
-    if (!in.eof() && in.peek() == ':')
-    {
-        in.get();
-        in >> x;
-        r += minutes{x};
-        if (!in.eof() && in.peek() == ':')
-        {
-            in.get();
-            in >> x;
-            r += seconds{x};
-        }
-    }
-    return r;
-}
-
-static
-std::chrono::seconds
-parse_signed_time(std::istream& in)
-{
-    ws(in);
-    auto sign = 1;
-    if (in.peek() == '-')
-    {
-        sign = -1;
-        in.get();
-    }
-    else if (in.peek() == '+')
-        in.get();
-    return sign * parse_unsigned_time(in);
-}
-
-// MonthDayTime
-
-detail::MonthDayTime::MonthDayTime(local_seconds tp, tz timezone)
-    : zone_(timezone)
-{
-    using namespace date;
-    const auto dp = date::floor<days>(tp);
-    const auto hms = make_time(tp - dp);
-    const auto ymd = year_month_day(dp);
-    u = ymd.month() / ymd.day();
-    h_ = hms.hours();
-    m_ = hms.minutes();
-    s_ = hms.seconds();
-}
-
-detail::MonthDayTime::MonthDayTime(const date::month_day& md, tz timezone)
-    : zone_(timezone)
-{
-    u = md;
-}
-
-date::day
-detail::MonthDayTime::day() const
-{
-    switch (type_)
-    {
-    case month_day:
-        return u.month_day_.day();
-    case month_last_dow:
-        return date::day{31};
-    case lteq:
-    case gteq:
-        break;
-    }
-    return u.month_day_weekday_.month_day_.day();
-}
-
-date::month
-detail::MonthDayTime::month() const
-{
-    switch (type_)
-    {
-    case month_day:
-        return u.month_day_.month();
-    case month_last_dow:
-        return u.month_weekday_last_.month();
-    case lteq:
-    case gteq:
-        break;
-    }
-    return u.month_day_weekday_.month_day_.month();
-}
-
-int
-detail::MonthDayTime::compare(date::year y, const MonthDayTime& x, date::year yx,
-                      std::chrono::seconds offset, std::chrono::minutes prev_save) const
-{
-    if (zone_ != x.zone_)
-    {
-        auto dp0 = to_sys_days(y);
-        auto dp1 = x.to_sys_days(yx);
-        if (std::abs((dp0-dp1).count()) > 1)
-            return dp0 < dp1 ? -1 : 1;
-        if (zone_ == tz::local)
-        {
-            auto tp0 = to_time_point(y) - prev_save;
-            if (x.zone_ == tz::utc)
-                tp0 -= offset;
-            auto tp1 = x.to_time_point(yx);
-            return tp0 < tp1 ? -1 : tp0 == tp1 ? 0 : 1;
-        }
-        else if (zone_ == tz::standard)
-        {
-            auto tp0 = to_time_point(y);
-            auto tp1 = x.to_time_point(yx);
-            if (x.zone_ == tz::local)
-                tp1 -= prev_save;
-            else
-                tp0 -= offset;
-            return tp0 < tp1 ? -1 : tp0 == tp1 ? 0 : 1;
-        }
-        // zone_ == tz::utc
-        auto tp0 = to_time_point(y);
-        auto tp1 = x.to_time_point(yx);
-        if (x.zone_ == tz::local)
-            tp1 -= offset + prev_save;
-        else
-            tp1 -= offset;
-        return tp0 < tp1 ? -1 : tp0 == tp1 ? 0 : 1;
-    }
-    auto const t0 = to_time_point(y);
-    auto const t1 = x.to_time_point(yx);
-    return t0 < t1 ? -1 : t0 == t1 ? 0 : 1;
-}
-
-sys_seconds
-detail::MonthDayTime::to_sys(date::year y, std::chrono::seconds offset,
-                     std::chrono::seconds save) const
-{
-    using namespace date;
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    auto until_utc = to_time_point(y);
-    if (zone_ == tz::standard)
-        until_utc -= offset;
-    else if (zone_ == tz::local)
-        until_utc -= offset + save;
-    return until_utc;
-}
-
-detail::MonthDayTime::U&
-detail::MonthDayTime::U::operator=(const date::month_day& x)
-{
-    month_day_ = x;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-detail::MonthDayTime::U&
-detail::MonthDayTime::U::operator=(const date::month_weekday_last& x)
-{
-    month_weekday_last_ = x;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-detail::MonthDayTime::U&
-detail::MonthDayTime::U::operator=(const pair& x)
-{
-    month_day_weekday_ = x;
-    return *this;
-}
-
-date::sys_days
-detail::MonthDayTime::to_sys_days(date::year y) const
-{
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    using namespace date;
-    switch (type_)
-    {
-    case month_day:
-        return sys_days(y/u.month_day_);
-    case month_last_dow:
-        return sys_days(y/u.month_weekday_last_);
-    case lteq:
-        {
-            auto const x = y/u.month_day_weekday_.month_day_;
-            auto const wd1 = weekday(static_cast<sys_days>(x));
-            auto const wd0 = u.month_day_weekday_.weekday_;
-            return sys_days(x) - (wd1-wd0);
-        }
-    case gteq:
-        break;
-    }
-    auto const x = y/u.month_day_weekday_.month_day_;
-    auto const wd1 = u.month_day_weekday_.weekday_;
-    auto const wd0 = weekday(static_cast<sys_days>(x));
-    return sys_days(x) + (wd1-wd0);
-}
-
-sys_seconds
-detail::MonthDayTime::to_time_point(date::year y) const
-{
-    // Add seconds first to promote to largest rep early to prevent overflow
-    return to_sys_days(y) + s_ + h_ + m_;
-}
-
-void
-detail::MonthDayTime::canonicalize(date::year y)
-{
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    using namespace date;
-    switch (type_)
-    {
-    case month_day:
-        return;
-    case month_last_dow:
-        {
-            auto const ymd = year_month_day(sys_days(y/u.month_weekday_last_));
-            u.month_day_ = ymd.month()/ymd.day();
-            type_ = month_day;
-            return;
-        }
-    case lteq:
-        {
-            auto const x = y/u.month_day_weekday_.month_day_;
-            auto const wd1 = weekday(static_cast<sys_days>(x));
-            auto const wd0 = u.month_day_weekday_.weekday_;
-            auto const ymd = year_month_day(sys_days(x) - (wd1-wd0));
-            u.month_day_ = ymd.month()/ymd.day();
-            type_ = month_day;
-            return;
-        }
-    case gteq:
-        {
-            auto const x = y/u.month_day_weekday_.month_day_;
-            auto const wd1 = u.month_day_weekday_.weekday_;
-            auto const wd0 = weekday(static_cast<sys_days>(x));
-            auto const ymd = year_month_day(sys_days(x) + (wd1-wd0));
-            u.month_day_ = ymd.month()/ymd.day();
-            type_ = month_day;
-            return;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-std::istream&
-detail::operator>>(std::istream& is, MonthDayTime& x)
-{
-    using namespace date;
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    assert(((std::ios::failbit | std::ios::badbit) & is.exceptions()) ==
-            (std::ios::failbit | std::ios::badbit));
-    x = MonthDayTime{};
-    if (!is.eof() && ws(is) && !is.eof() && is.peek() != '#')
-    {
-        auto m = parse_month(is);
-        if (!is.eof() && ws(is) && !is.eof() && is.peek() != '#')
-        {
-            if (is.peek() == 'l')
-            {
-                for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
-                    is.get();
-                auto dow = parse_dow(is);
-                x.type_ = MonthDayTime::month_last_dow;
-                x.u = date::month(m)/weekday(dow)[last];
-            }
-            else if (std::isalpha(is.peek()))
-            {
-                auto dow = parse_dow(is);
-                char c{};
-                is >> c;
-                if (c == '<' || c == '>')
-                {
-                    char c2{};
-                    is >> c2;
-                    if (c2 != '=')
-                        throw std::runtime_error(std::string("bad operator: ") + c + c2);
-                    int d;
-                    is >> d;
-                    if (d < 1 || d > 31)
-                        throw std::runtime_error(std::string("bad operator: ") + c + c2
-                                 + std::to_string(d));
-                    x.type_ = c == '<' ? MonthDayTime::lteq : MonthDayTime::gteq;
-                    x.u = MonthDayTime::pair{ date::month(m) / d, date::weekday(dow) };
-                }
-                else
-                    throw std::runtime_error(std::string("bad operator: ") + c);
-            }
-            else  // if (std::isdigit(is.peek())
-            {
-                int d;
-                is >> d;
-                if (d < 1 || d > 31)
-                    throw std::runtime_error(std::string("day of month: ")
-                             + std::to_string(d));
-                x.type_ = MonthDayTime::month_day;
-                x.u = date::month(m)/d;
-            }
-            if (!is.eof() && ws(is) && !is.eof() && is.peek() != '#')
-            {
-                int t;
-                is >> t;
-                x.h_ = hours{t};
-                if (!is.eof() && is.peek() == ':')
-                {
-                    is.get();
-                    is >> t;
-                    x.m_ = minutes{t};
-                    if (!is.eof() && is.peek() == ':')
-                    {
-                        is.get();
-                        is >> t;
-                        x.s_ = seconds{t};
-                    }
-                }
-                if (!is.eof() && std::isalpha(is.peek()))
-                {
-                    char c;
-                    is >> c;
-                    switch (c)
-                    {
-                    case 's':
-                        x.zone_ = tz::standard;
-                        break;
-                    case 'u':
-                        x.zone_ = tz::utc;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            x.u = month{m}/1;
-        }
-    }
-    return is;
-}
-
-std::ostream&
-detail::operator<<(std::ostream& os, const MonthDayTime& x)
-{
-    switch (x.type_)
-    {
-    case MonthDayTime::month_day:
-        os << x.u.month_day_ << "                  ";
-        break;
-    case MonthDayTime::month_last_dow:
-        os << x.u.month_weekday_last_ << "           ";
-        break;
-    case MonthDayTime::lteq:
-        os << x.u.month_day_weekday_.weekday_ << " on or before "
-           << x.u.month_day_weekday_.month_day_ << "  ";
-        break;
-    case MonthDayTime::gteq:
-        if ((static_cast<unsigned>(x.day()) - 1) % 7 == 0)
-        {
-            os << (x.u.month_day_weekday_.month_day_.month() /
-                   x.u.month_day_weekday_.weekday_[
-                       (static_cast<unsigned>(x.day()) - 1)/7+1]) << "              ";
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            os << x.u.month_day_weekday_.weekday_ << " on or after "
-               << x.u.month_day_weekday_.month_day_ << "  ";
-        }
-        break;
-    }
-    os << date::make_time(x.s_ + x.h_ + x.m_);
-    if (x.zone_ == tz::utc)
-        os << "UTC   ";
-    else if (x.zone_ == tz::standard)
-        os << "STD   ";
-    else
-        os << "      ";
-    return os;
-}
-
-// Rule
-
-detail::Rule::Rule(const std::string& s)
-{
-    try
-    {
-        using namespace date;
-        using namespace std::chrono;
-        std::istringstream in(s);
-        in.exceptions(std::ios::failbit | std::ios::badbit);
-        std::string word;
-        in >> word >> name_;
-        int x;
-        ws(in);
-        if (std::isalpha(in.peek()))
-        {
-            in >> word;
-            if (word == "min")
-            {
-                starting_year_ = year::min();
-            }
-            else
-                throw std::runtime_error("Didn't find expected word: " + word);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            in >> x;
-            starting_year_ = year{x};
-        }
-        std::ws(in);
-        if (std::isalpha(in.peek()))
-        {
-            in >> word;
-            if (word == "only")
-            {
-                ending_year_ = starting_year_;
-            }
-            else if (word == "max")
-            {
-                ending_year_ = year::max();
-            }
-            else
-                throw std::runtime_error("Didn't find expected word: " + word);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            in >> x;
-            ending_year_ = year{x};
-        }
-        in >> word;  // TYPE (always "-")
-        assert(word == "-");
-        in >> starting_at_;
-        save_ = duration_cast<minutes>(parse_signed_time(in));
-        in >> abbrev_;
-        if (abbrev_ == "-")
-            abbrev_.clear();
-        assert(hours{-1} <= save_ && save_ <= hours{2});
-    }
-    catch (...)
-    {
-        std::cerr << s << '\n';
-        std::cerr << *this << '\n';
-        throw;
-    }
-}
-
-detail::Rule::Rule(const Rule& r, date::year starting_year, date::year ending_year)
-    : name_(r.name_)
-    , starting_year_(starting_year)
-    , ending_year_(ending_year)
-    , starting_at_(r.starting_at_)
-    , save_(r.save_)
-    , abbrev_(r.abbrev_)
-{
-}
-
-bool
-detail::operator==(const Rule& x, const Rule& y)
-{
-    if (std::tie(x.name_, x.save_, x.starting_year_, x.ending_year_) ==
-        std::tie(y.name_, y.save_, y.starting_year_, y.ending_year_))
-        return x.month() == y.month() && x.day() == y.day();
-    return false;
-}
-
-bool
-detail::operator<(const Rule& x, const Rule& y)
-{
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    auto const xm = x.month();
-    auto const ym = y.month();
-    if (std::tie(x.name_, x.starting_year_, xm, x.ending_year_) <
-        std::tie(y.name_, y.starting_year_, ym, y.ending_year_))
-        return true;
-    if (std::tie(x.name_, x.starting_year_, xm, x.ending_year_) >
-        std::tie(y.name_, y.starting_year_, ym, y.ending_year_))
-        return false;
-    return x.day() < y.day();
-}
-
-bool
-detail::operator==(const Rule& x, const date::year& y)
-{
-    return x.starting_year_ <= y && y <= x.ending_year_;
-}
-
-bool
-detail::operator<(const Rule& x, const date::year& y)
-{
-    return x.ending_year_ < y;
-}
-
-bool
-detail::operator==(const date::year& x, const Rule& y)
-{
-    return y.starting_year_ <= x && x <= y.ending_year_;
-}
-
-bool
-detail::operator<(const date::year& x, const Rule& y)
-{
-    return x < y.starting_year_;
-}
-
-bool
-detail::operator==(const Rule& x, const std::string& y)
-{
-    return x.name() == y;
-}
-
-bool
-detail::operator<(const Rule& x, const std::string& y)
-{
-    return x.name() < y;
-}
-
-bool
-detail::operator==(const std::string& x, const Rule& y)
-{
-    return y.name() == x;
-}
-
-bool
-detail::operator<(const std::string& x, const Rule& y)
-{
-    return x < y.name();
-}
-
-std::ostream&
-detail::operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Rule& r)
-{
-    using namespace date;
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    detail::save_ostream<char> _(os);
-    os.fill(' ');
-    os.flags(std::ios::dec | std::ios::left);
-    os.width(15);
-    os << r.name_;
-    os << r.starting_year_ << "    " << r.ending_year_ << "    ";
-    os << r.starting_at_;
-    if (r.save_ >= minutes{0})
-        os << ' ';
-    os << date::make_time(r.save_) << "   ";
-    os << r.abbrev_;
-    return os;
-}
-
-date::day
-detail::Rule::day() const
-{
-    return starting_at_.day();
-}
-
-date::month
-detail::Rule::month() const
-{
-    return starting_at_.month();
-}
-
-struct find_rule_by_name
-{
-    bool operator()(const Rule& x, const std::string& nm) const
-    {
-        return x.name() < nm;
-    }
-
-    bool operator()(const std::string& nm, const Rule& x) const
-    {
-        return nm < x.name();
-    }
-};
-
-bool
-detail::Rule::overlaps(const Rule& x, const Rule& y)
-{
-    // assume x.starting_year_ <= y.starting_year_;
-    if (!(x.starting_year_ <= y.starting_year_))
-    {
-        std::cerr << x << '\n';
-        std::cerr << y << '\n';
-        assert(x.starting_year_ <= y.starting_year_);
-    }
-    if (y.starting_year_ > x.ending_year_)
-        return false;
-    return !(x.starting_year_ == y.starting_year_ && x.ending_year_ == y.ending_year_);
-}
-
-void
-detail::Rule::split(std::vector<Rule>& rules, std::size_t i, std::size_t k, std::size_t& e)
-{
-    using namespace date;
-    using difference_type = std::vector<Rule>::iterator::difference_type;
-    // rules[i].starting_year_ <= rules[k].starting_year_ &&
-    //     rules[i].ending_year_ >= rules[k].starting_year_ &&
-    //     (rules[i].starting_year_ != rules[k].starting_year_ ||
-    //      rules[i].ending_year_ != rules[k].ending_year_)
-    assert(rules[i].starting_year_ <= rules[k].starting_year_ &&
-           rules[i].ending_year_ >= rules[k].starting_year_ &&
-           (rules[i].starting_year_ != rules[k].starting_year_ ||
-            rules[i].ending_year_ != rules[k].ending_year_));
-    if (rules[i].starting_year_ == rules[k].starting_year_)
-    {
-        if (rules[k].ending_year_ < rules[i].ending_year_)
-        {
-            rules.insert(rules.begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(k+1),
-                         Rule(rules[i], rules[k].ending_year_ + years{1},
-                              std::move(rules[i].ending_year_)));
-            ++e;
-            rules[i].ending_year_ = rules[k].ending_year_;
-        }
-        else  // rules[k].ending_year_ > rules[i].ending_year_
-        {
-            rules.insert(rules.begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(k+1),
-                         Rule(rules[k], rules[i].ending_year_ + years{1},
-                              std::move(rules[k].ending_year_)));
-            ++e;
-            rules[k].ending_year_ = rules[i].ending_year_;
-        }
-    }
-    else  // rules[i].starting_year_ < rules[k].starting_year_
-    {
-        if (rules[k].ending_year_ < rules[i].ending_year_)
-        {
-            rules.insert(rules.begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(k),
-                         Rule(rules[i], rules[k].starting_year_, rules[k].ending_year_));
-            ++k;
-            rules.insert(rules.begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(k+1),
-                         Rule(rules[i], rules[k].ending_year_ + years{1},
-                              std::move(rules[i].ending_year_)));
-            rules[i].ending_year_ = rules[k].starting_year_ - years{1};
-            e += 2;
-        }
-        else if (rules[k].ending_year_ > rules[i].ending_year_)
-        {
-            rules.insert(rules.begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(k),
-                         Rule(rules[i], rules[k].starting_year_, rules[i].ending_year_));
-            ++k;
-            rules.insert(rules.begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(k+1),
-                         Rule(rules[k], rules[i].ending_year_ + years{1},
-                         std::move(rules[k].ending_year_)));
-            e += 2;
-            rules[k].ending_year_ = std::move(rules[i].ending_year_);
-            rules[i].ending_year_ = rules[k].starting_year_ - years{1};
-        }
-        else  // rules[k].ending_year_ == rules[i].ending_year_
-        {
-            rules.insert(rules.begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(k),
-                         Rule(rules[i], rules[k].starting_year_,
-                         std::move(rules[i].ending_year_)));
-            ++k;
-            ++e;
-            rules[i].ending_year_ = rules[k].starting_year_ - years{1};
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void
-detail::Rule::split_overlaps(std::vector<Rule>& rules, std::size_t i, std::size_t& e)
-{
-    using difference_type = std::vector<Rule>::iterator::difference_type;
-    auto j = i;
-    for (; i + 1 < e; ++i)
-    {
-        for (auto k = i + 1; k < e; ++k)
-        {
-            if (overlaps(rules[i], rules[k]))
-            {
-                split(rules, i, k, e);
-                std::sort(rules.begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(i),
-                          rules.begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(e));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    for (; j < e; ++j)
-    {
-        if (rules[j].starting_year() == rules[j].ending_year())
-            rules[j].starting_at_.canonicalize(rules[j].starting_year());
-    }
-}
-
-void
-detail::Rule::split_overlaps(std::vector<Rule>& rules)
-{
-    using difference_type = std::vector<Rule>::iterator::difference_type;
-    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < rules.size();)
-    {
-        auto e = static_cast<std::size_t>(std::upper_bound(
-            rules.cbegin()+static_cast<difference_type>(i), rules.cend(), rules[i].name(),
-            [](const std::string& nm, const Rule& x)
-            {
-                return nm < x.name();
-            }) - rules.cbegin());
-        split_overlaps(rules, i, e);
-        auto first_rule = rules.begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(i);
-        auto last_rule = rules.begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(e);
-        auto t = std::lower_bound(first_rule, last_rule, min_year);
-        if (t > first_rule+1)
-        {
-            if (t == last_rule || t->starting_year() >= min_year)
-                --t;
-            auto d = static_cast<std::size_t>(t - first_rule);
-            rules.erase(first_rule, t);
-            e -= d;
-        }
-        first_rule = rules.begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(i);
-        last_rule = rules.begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(e);
-        t = std::upper_bound(first_rule, last_rule, max_year);
-        if (t != last_rule)
-        {
-            auto d = static_cast<std::size_t>(last_rule - t);
-            rules.erase(t, last_rule);
-            e -= d;
-        }
-        i = e;
-    }
-    rules.shrink_to_fit();
-}
-
-// Find the rule that comes chronologically before Rule r.  For multi-year rules,
-// y specifies which rules in r.  For single year rules, y is assumed to be equal
-// to the year specified by r.
-// Returns a pointer to the chronologically previous rule, and the year within
-// that rule.  If there is no previous rule, returns nullptr and year::min().
-// Preconditions:
-//     r->starting_year() <= y && y <= r->ending_year()
-static
-std::pair<const Rule*, date::year>
-find_previous_rule(const Rule* r, date::year y)
-{
-    using namespace date;
-    auto const& rules = get_tzdb().rules;
-    if (y == r->starting_year())
-    {
-        if (r == &rules.front() || r->name() != r[-1].name())
-            std::terminate();  // never called with first rule
-        --r;
-        if (y == r->starting_year())
-            return {r, y};
-        return {r, r->ending_year()};
-    }
-    if (r == &rules.front() || r->name() != r[-1].name() ||
-        r[-1].starting_year() < r->starting_year())
-    {
-        while (r < &rules.back() && r->name() == r[1].name() &&
-               r->starting_year() == r[1].starting_year())
-            ++r;
-        return {r, --y};
-    }
-    --r;
-    return {r, y};
-}
-
-// Find the rule that comes chronologically after Rule r.  For multi-year rules,
-// y specifies which rules in r.  For single year rules, y is assumed to be equal
-// to the year specified by r.
-// Returns a pointer to the chronologically next rule, and the year within
-// that rule.  If there is no next rule, return a pointer to a defaulted rule
-// and y+1.
-// Preconditions:
-//     first <= r && r < last && r->starting_year() <= y && y <= r->ending_year()
-//     [first, last) all have the same name
-static
-std::pair<const Rule*, date::year>
-find_next_rule(const Rule* first_rule, const Rule* last_rule, const Rule* r, date::year y)
-{
-    using namespace date;
-    if (y == r->ending_year())
-    {
-        if (r == last_rule-1)
-            return {nullptr, year::max()};
-        ++r;
-        if (y == r->ending_year())
-            return {r, y};
-        return {r, r->starting_year()};
-    }
-    if (r == last_rule-1 || r->ending_year() < r[1].ending_year())
-    {
-        while (r > first_rule && r->starting_year() == r[-1].starting_year())
-            --r;
-        return {r, ++y};
-    }
-    ++r;
-    return {r, y};
-}
-
-// Find the rule that comes chronologically after Rule r.  For multi-year rules,
-// y specifies which rules in r.  For single year rules, y is assumed to be equal
-// to the year specified by r.
-// Returns a pointer to the chronologically next rule, and the year within
-// that rule.  If there is no next rule, return nullptr and year::max().
-// Preconditions:
-//     r->starting_year() <= y && y <= r->ending_year()
-static
-std::pair<const Rule*, date::year>
-find_next_rule(const Rule* r, date::year y)
-{
-    using namespace date;
-    auto const& rules = get_tzdb().rules;
-    if (y == r->ending_year())
-    {
-        if (r == &rules.back() || r->name() != r[1].name())
-            return {nullptr, year::max()};
-        ++r;
-        if (y == r->ending_year())
-            return {r, y};
-        return {r, r->starting_year()};
-    }
-    if (r == &rules.back() || r->name() != r[1].name() ||
-        r->ending_year() < r[1].ending_year())
-    {
-        while (r > &rules.front() && r->name() == r[-1].name() &&
-               r->starting_year() == r[-1].starting_year())
-            --r;
-        return {r, ++y};
-    }
-    ++r;
-    return {r, y};
-}
-
-static
-const Rule*
-find_first_std_rule(const std::pair<const Rule*, const Rule*>& eqr)
-{
-    auto r = eqr.first;
-    auto ry = r->starting_year();
-    while (r->save() != std::chrono::minutes{0})
-    {
-        std::tie(r, ry) = find_next_rule(eqr.first, eqr.second, r, ry);
-        if (r == nullptr)
-            throw std::runtime_error("Could not find standard offset in rule "
-                                     + eqr.first->name());
-    }
-    return r;
-}
-
-static
-std::pair<const Rule*, date::year>
-find_rule_for_zone(const std::pair<const Rule*, const Rule*>& eqr,
-                   const date::year& y, const std::chrono::seconds& offset,
-                   const MonthDayTime& mdt)
-{
-    assert(eqr.first != nullptr);
-    assert(eqr.second != nullptr);
-
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    using namespace date;
-    auto r = eqr.first;
-    auto ry = r->starting_year();
-    auto prev_save = minutes{0};
-    auto prev_year = year::min();
-    const Rule* prev_rule = nullptr;
-    while (r != nullptr)
-    {
-        if (mdt.compare(y, r->mdt(), ry, offset, prev_save) <= 0)
-            break;
-        prev_rule = r;
-        prev_year = ry;
-        prev_save = prev_rule->save();
-        std::tie(r, ry) = find_next_rule(eqr.first, eqr.second, r, ry);
-    }
-    return {prev_rule, prev_year};
-}
-
-static
-std::pair<const Rule*, date::year>
-find_rule_for_zone(const std::pair<const Rule*, const Rule*>& eqr,
-                   const sys_seconds& tp_utc,
-                   const local_seconds& tp_std,
-                   const local_seconds& tp_loc)
-{
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    using namespace date;
-    auto r = eqr.first;
-    auto ry = r->starting_year();
-    auto prev_save = minutes{0};
-    auto prev_year = year::min();
-    const Rule* prev_rule = nullptr;
-    while (r != nullptr)
-    {
-        bool found = false;
-        switch (r->mdt().zone())
-        {
-        case tz::utc:
-            found = tp_utc < r->mdt().to_time_point(ry);
-            break;
-        case tz::standard:
-            found = sys_seconds{tp_std.time_since_epoch()} < r->mdt().to_time_point(ry);
-            break;
-        case tz::local:
-            found = sys_seconds{tp_loc.time_since_epoch()} < r->mdt().to_time_point(ry);
-            break;
-        }
-        if (found)
-            break;
-        prev_rule = r;
-        prev_year = ry;
-        prev_save = prev_rule->save();
-        std::tie(r, ry) = find_next_rule(eqr.first, eqr.second, r, ry);
-    }
-    return {prev_rule, prev_year};
-}
-
-static
-sys_info
-find_rule(const std::pair<const Rule*, date::year>& first_rule,
-          const std::pair<const Rule*, date::year>& last_rule,
-          const date::year& y, const std::chrono::seconds& offset,
-          const MonthDayTime& mdt, const std::chrono::minutes& initial_save,
-          const std::string& initial_abbrev)
-{
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    using namespace date;
-    auto r = first_rule.first;
-    auto ry = first_rule.second;
-    sys_info x{sys_days(year::min()/min_day), sys_days(year::max()/max_day),
-               seconds{0}, initial_save, initial_abbrev};
-    while (r != nullptr)
-    {
-        auto tr = r->mdt().to_sys(ry, offset, x.save);
-        auto tx = mdt.to_sys(y, offset, x.save);
-        // Find last rule where tx >= tr
-        if (tx <= tr || (r == last_rule.first && ry == last_rule.second))
-        {
-            if (tx < tr && r == first_rule.first && ry == first_rule.second)
-            {
-                x.end = r->mdt().to_sys(ry, offset, x.save);
-                break;
-            }
-            if (tx < tr)
-            {
-                std::tie(r, ry) = find_previous_rule(r, ry);  // can't return nullptr for r
-                assert(r != nullptr);
-            }
-            // r != nullptr && tx >= tr (if tr were to be recomputed)
-            auto prev_save = initial_save;
-            if (!(r == first_rule.first && ry == first_rule.second))
-                prev_save = find_previous_rule(r, ry).first->save();
-            x.begin = r->mdt().to_sys(ry, offset, prev_save);
-            x.save = r->save();
-            x.abbrev = r->abbrev();
-            if (!(r == last_rule.first && ry == last_rule.second))
-            {
-                std::tie(r, ry) = find_next_rule(r, ry);  // can't return nullptr for r
-                assert(r != nullptr);
-                x.end = r->mdt().to_sys(ry, offset, x.save);
-            }
-            else
-                x.end = sys_days(year::max()/max_day);
-            break;
-        }
-        x.save = r->save();
-        std::tie(r, ry) = find_next_rule(r, ry);  // Can't return nullptr for r
-        assert(r != nullptr);
-    }
-    return x;
-}
-
-// zonelet
-
-detail::zonelet::~zonelet()
-{
-#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || (_MSC_VER >= 1900)
-    using minutes = std::chrono::minutes;
-    using string = std::string;
-    if (tag_ == has_save)
-        u.save_.~minutes();
-    else
-        u.rule_.~string();
-#endif
-}
-
-detail::zonelet::zonelet()
-{
-#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || (_MSC_VER >= 1900)
-    ::new(&u.rule_) std::string();
-#endif
-}
-
-detail::zonelet::zonelet(const zonelet& i)
-    : gmtoff_(i.gmtoff_)
-    , tag_(i.tag_)
-    , format_(i.format_)
-    , until_year_(i.until_year_)
-    , until_date_(i.until_date_)
-    , until_utc_(i.until_utc_)
-    , until_std_(i.until_std_)
-    , until_loc_(i.until_loc_)
-    , initial_save_(i.initial_save_)
-    , initial_abbrev_(i.initial_abbrev_)
-    , first_rule_(i.first_rule_)
-    , last_rule_(i.last_rule_)
-{
-#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || (_MSC_VER >= 1900)
-    if (tag_ == has_save)
-        ::new(&u.save_) std::chrono::minutes(i.u.save_);
-    else
-        ::new(&u.rule_) std::string(i.u.rule_);
-#else
-    if (tag_ == has_save)
-        u.save_ = i.u.save_;
-    else
-        u.rule_ = i.u.rule_;
-#endif
-}
-
-#endif  // !USE_OS_TZDB
-
-// time_zone
-
-#if USE_OS_TZDB
-
-time_zone::time_zone(const std::string& s, detail::undocumented)
-    : name_(s)
-    , adjusted_(new std::once_flag{})
-{
-}
-
-enum class endian
-{
-    native = __BYTE_ORDER__,
-    little = __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__,
-    big    = __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__
-};
-
-static
-inline
-std::uint32_t
-reverse_bytes(std::uint32_t i)
-{
-    return
-        (i & 0xff000000u) >> 24 |
-        (i & 0x00ff0000u) >> 8 |
-        (i & 0x0000ff00u) << 8 |
-        (i & 0x000000ffu) << 24;
-}
-
-static
-inline
-std::uint64_t
-reverse_bytes(std::uint64_t i)
-{
-    return
-        (i & 0xff00000000000000ull) >> 56 |
-        (i & 0x00ff000000000000ull) >> 40 |
-        (i & 0x0000ff0000000000ull) >> 24 |
-        (i & 0x000000ff00000000ull) >> 8 |
-        (i & 0x00000000ff000000ull) << 8 |
-        (i & 0x0000000000ff0000ull) << 24 |
-        (i & 0x000000000000ff00ull) << 40 |
-        (i & 0x00000000000000ffull) << 56;
-}
-
-template <class T>
-static
-inline
-void
-maybe_reverse_bytes(T&, std::false_type)
-{
-}
-
-static
-inline
-void
-maybe_reverse_bytes(std::int32_t& t, std::true_type)
-{
-    t = static_cast<std::int32_t>(reverse_bytes(static_cast<std::uint32_t>(t)));
-}
-
-static
-inline
-void
-maybe_reverse_bytes(std::int64_t& t, std::true_type)
-{
-    t = static_cast<std::int64_t>(reverse_bytes(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(t)));
-}
-
-template <class T>
-static
-inline
-void
-maybe_reverse_bytes(T& t)
-{
-    maybe_reverse_bytes(t, std::integral_constant<bool,
-                                                  endian::native == endian::little>{});
-}
-
-static
-void
-load_header(std::istream& inf)
-{
-    // Read TZif
-    auto t = inf.get();
-    auto z = inf.get();
-    auto i = inf.get();
-    auto f = inf.get();
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-    assert(t == 'T');
-    assert(z == 'Z');
-    assert(i == 'i');
-    assert(f == 'f');
-#else
-    (void)t;
-    (void)z;
-    (void)i;
-    (void)f;
-#endif
-}
-
-static
-unsigned char
-load_version(std::istream& inf)
-{
-    // Read version
-    auto v = inf.get();
-    assert(v != EOF);
-    return static_cast<unsigned char>(v);
-}
-
-static
-void
-skip_reserve(std::istream& inf)
-{
-    inf.ignore(15);
-}
-
-static
-void
-load_counts(std::istream& inf,
-            std::int32_t& tzh_ttisgmtcnt, std::int32_t& tzh_ttisstdcnt,
-            std::int32_t& tzh_leapcnt,    std::int32_t& tzh_timecnt,
-            std::int32_t& tzh_typecnt,    std::int32_t& tzh_charcnt)
-{
-    // Read counts;
-    inf.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&tzh_ttisgmtcnt), 4);
-    maybe_reverse_bytes(tzh_ttisgmtcnt);
-    inf.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&tzh_ttisstdcnt), 4);
-    maybe_reverse_bytes(tzh_ttisstdcnt);
-    inf.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&tzh_leapcnt), 4);
-    maybe_reverse_bytes(tzh_leapcnt);
-    inf.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&tzh_timecnt), 4);
-    maybe_reverse_bytes(tzh_timecnt);
-    inf.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&tzh_typecnt), 4);
-    maybe_reverse_bytes(tzh_typecnt);
-    inf.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&tzh_charcnt), 4);
-    maybe_reverse_bytes(tzh_charcnt);
-}
-
-template <class TimeType>
-static
-std::vector<detail::transition>
-load_transitions(std::istream& inf, std::int32_t tzh_timecnt)
-{
-    // Read transitions
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    std::vector<detail::transition> transitions;
-    transitions.reserve(static_cast<unsigned>(tzh_timecnt));
-    for (std::int32_t i = 0; i < tzh_timecnt; ++i)
-    {
-        TimeType t;
-        inf.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&t), sizeof(t));
-        maybe_reverse_bytes(t);
-        transitions.emplace_back(sys_seconds{seconds{t}});
-        if (transitions.back().timepoint < min_seconds)
-            transitions.back().timepoint = min_seconds;
-    }
-    return transitions;
-}
-
-static
-std::vector<std::uint8_t>
-load_indices(std::istream& inf, std::int32_t tzh_timecnt)
-{
-    // Read indices
-    std::vector<std::uint8_t> indices;
-    indices.reserve(static_cast<unsigned>(tzh_timecnt));
-    for (std::int32_t i = 0; i < tzh_timecnt; ++i)
-    {
-        std::uint8_t t;
-        inf.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&t), sizeof(t));
-        indices.emplace_back(t);
-    }
-    return indices;
-}
-
-static
-std::vector<ttinfo>
-load_ttinfo(std::istream& inf, std::int32_t tzh_typecnt)
-{
-    // Read ttinfo
-    std::vector<ttinfo> ttinfos;
-    ttinfos.reserve(static_cast<unsigned>(tzh_typecnt));
-    for (std::int32_t i = 0; i < tzh_typecnt; ++i)
-    {
-        ttinfo t;
-        inf.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&t), 6);
-        maybe_reverse_bytes(t.tt_gmtoff);
-        ttinfos.emplace_back(t);
-    }
-    return ttinfos;
-}
-
-static
-std::string
-load_abbreviations(std::istream& inf, std::int32_t tzh_charcnt)
-{
-    // Read abbreviations
-    std::string abbrev;
-    abbrev.resize(static_cast<unsigned>(tzh_charcnt), '\0');
-    inf.read(&abbrev[0], tzh_charcnt);
-    return abbrev;
-}
-
-#if !MISSING_LEAP_SECONDS
-
-template <class TimeType>
-static
-std::vector<leap>
-load_leaps(std::istream& inf, std::int32_t tzh_leapcnt)
-{
-    // Read tzh_leapcnt pairs
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    std::vector<leap> leap_seconds;
-    leap_seconds.reserve(tzh_leapcnt);
-    for (std::int32_t i = 0; i < tzh_leapcnt; ++i)
-    {
-        TimeType     t0;
-        std::int32_t t1;
-        inf.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&t0), sizeof(t0));
-        inf.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&t1), sizeof(t1));
-        maybe_reverse_bytes(t0);
-        maybe_reverse_bytes(t1);
-        leap_seconds.emplace_back(sys_seconds{seconds{t0 - (t1-1)}},
-                                  detail::undocumented{});
-    }
-    return leap_seconds;
-}
-
-template <class TimeType>
-static
-std::vector<leap>
-load_leap_data(std::istream& inf,
-               std::int32_t tzh_leapcnt, std::int32_t tzh_timecnt,
-               std::int32_t tzh_typecnt, std::int32_t tzh_charcnt)
-{
-    inf.ignore(tzh_timecnt*sizeof(TimeType) + tzh_timecnt + tzh_typecnt*6 + tzh_charcnt);
-    return load_leaps<TimeType>(inf, tzh_leapcnt);
-}
-
-static
-std::vector<leap>
-load_just_leaps(std::istream& inf)
-{
-    // Read tzh_leapcnt pairs
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    load_header(inf);
-    auto v = load_version(inf);
-    std::int32_t tzh_ttisgmtcnt, tzh_ttisstdcnt, tzh_leapcnt,
-                 tzh_timecnt,    tzh_typecnt,    tzh_charcnt;
-    skip_reserve(inf);
-    load_counts(inf, tzh_ttisgmtcnt, tzh_ttisstdcnt, tzh_leapcnt,
-                     tzh_timecnt,    tzh_typecnt,    tzh_charcnt);
-    if (v == 0)
-        return load_leap_data<int32_t>(inf, tzh_leapcnt, tzh_timecnt, tzh_typecnt,
-                                       tzh_charcnt);
-#if !defined(NDEBUG)
-    inf.ignore((4+1)*tzh_timecnt + 6*tzh_typecnt + tzh_charcnt + 8*tzh_leapcnt +
-               tzh_ttisstdcnt + tzh_ttisgmtcnt);
-    load_header(inf);
-    auto v2 = load_version(inf);
-    assert(v == v2);
-    skip_reserve(inf);
-#else  // defined(NDEBUG)
-    inf.ignore((4+1)*tzh_timecnt + 6*tzh_typecnt + tzh_charcnt + 8*tzh_leapcnt +
-               tzh_ttisstdcnt + tzh_ttisgmtcnt + (4+1+15));
-#endif  // defined(NDEBUG)
-    load_counts(inf, tzh_ttisgmtcnt, tzh_ttisstdcnt, tzh_leapcnt,
-                     tzh_timecnt,    tzh_typecnt,    tzh_charcnt);
-    return load_leap_data<int64_t>(inf, tzh_leapcnt, tzh_timecnt, tzh_typecnt,
-                                   tzh_charcnt);
-}
-
-#endif  // !MISSING_LEAP_SECONDS
-
-template <class TimeType>
-void
-time_zone::load_data(std::istream& inf,
-                     std::int32_t tzh_leapcnt, std::int32_t tzh_timecnt,
-                     std::int32_t tzh_typecnt, std::int32_t tzh_charcnt)
-{
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    transitions_ = load_transitions<TimeType>(inf, tzh_timecnt);
-    auto indices = load_indices(inf, tzh_timecnt);
-    auto infos = load_ttinfo(inf, tzh_typecnt);
-    auto abbrev = load_abbreviations(inf, tzh_charcnt);
-#if !MISSING_LEAP_SECONDS
-    auto& leap_seconds = get_tzdb_list().front().leaps;
-    if (leap_seconds.empty() && tzh_leapcnt > 0)
-        leap_seconds = load_leaps<TimeType>(inf, tzh_leapcnt);
-#endif
-    ttinfos_.reserve(infos.size());
-    for (auto& info : infos)
-    {
-        ttinfos_.push_back({seconds{info.tt_gmtoff},
-                            abbrev.c_str() + info.tt_abbrind,
-                            info.tt_isdst != 0});
-    }
-    auto i = 0u;
-    if (transitions_.empty() || transitions_.front().timepoint != min_seconds)
-    {
-        transitions_.emplace(transitions_.begin(), min_seconds);
-        auto tf = std::find_if(ttinfos_.begin(), ttinfos_.end(),
-                               [](const expanded_ttinfo& ti)
-                                   {return ti.is_dst == 0;});
-        if (tf == ttinfos_.end())
-            tf = ttinfos_.begin();
-        transitions_[i].info = &*tf;
-        ++i;
-    }
-    for (auto j = 0u; i < transitions_.size(); ++i, ++j)
-        transitions_[i].info = ttinfos_.data() + indices[j];
-}
-
-void
-time_zone::init_impl()
-{
-    using namespace std;
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    auto name = get_tz_dir() + ('/' + name_);
-    std::ifstream inf(name);
-    if (!inf.is_open())
-        throw std::runtime_error{"Unable to open " + name};
-    inf.exceptions(std::ios::failbit | std::ios::badbit);
-    load_header(inf);
-    auto v = load_version(inf);
-    std::int32_t tzh_ttisgmtcnt, tzh_ttisstdcnt, tzh_leapcnt,
-                 tzh_timecnt,    tzh_typecnt,    tzh_charcnt;
-    skip_reserve(inf);
-    load_counts(inf, tzh_ttisgmtcnt, tzh_ttisstdcnt, tzh_leapcnt,
-                     tzh_timecnt,    tzh_typecnt,    tzh_charcnt);
-    if (v == 0)
-    {
-        load_data<int32_t>(inf, tzh_leapcnt, tzh_timecnt, tzh_typecnt, tzh_charcnt);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-#if !defined(NDEBUG)
-        inf.ignore((4+1)*tzh_timecnt + 6*tzh_typecnt + tzh_charcnt + 8*tzh_leapcnt +
-                   tzh_ttisstdcnt + tzh_ttisgmtcnt);
-        load_header(inf);
-        auto v2 = load_version(inf);
-        assert(v == v2);
-        skip_reserve(inf);
-#else  // defined(NDEBUG)
-        inf.ignore((4+1)*tzh_timecnt + 6*tzh_typecnt + tzh_charcnt + 8*tzh_leapcnt +
-                   tzh_ttisstdcnt + tzh_ttisgmtcnt + (4+1+15));
-#endif  // defined(NDEBUG)
-        load_counts(inf, tzh_ttisgmtcnt, tzh_ttisstdcnt, tzh_leapcnt,
-                         tzh_timecnt,    tzh_typecnt,    tzh_charcnt);
-        load_data<int64_t>(inf, tzh_leapcnt, tzh_timecnt, tzh_typecnt, tzh_charcnt);
-    }
-#if !MISSING_LEAP_SECONDS
-    if (tzh_leapcnt > 0)
-    {
-        auto& leap_seconds = get_tzdb_list().front().leaps;
-        auto itr = leap_seconds.begin();
-        auto l = itr->date();
-        seconds leap_count{0};
-        for (auto t = std::upper_bound(transitions_.begin(), transitions_.end(), l,
-                                       [](const sys_seconds& x, const transition& ct)
-                                       {
-                                           return x < ct.timepoint;
-                                       });
-                  t != transitions_.end(); ++t)
-        {
-            while (t->timepoint >= l)
-            {
-                ++leap_count;
-                if (++itr == leap_seconds.end())
-                    l = sys_days(max_year/max_day);
-                else
-                    l = itr->date() + leap_count;
-            }
-            t->timepoint -= leap_count;
-        }
-    }
-#endif  // !MISSING_LEAP_SECONDS
-    auto b = transitions_.begin();
-    auto i = transitions_.end();
-    if (i != b)
-    {
-        for (--i; i != b; --i)
-        {
-            if (i->info->offset == i[-1].info->offset &&
-                i->info->abbrev == i[-1].info->abbrev &&
-                i->info->is_dst == i[-1].info->is_dst)
-                i = transitions_.erase(i);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void
-time_zone::init() const
-{
-    std::call_once(*adjusted_, [this]() {const_cast<time_zone*>(this)->init_impl();});
-}
-
-sys_info
-time_zone::load_sys_info(std::vector<detail::transition>::const_iterator i) const
-{
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    assert(!transitions_.empty());
-    assert(i != transitions_.begin());
-    sys_info r;
-    r.begin = i[-1].timepoint;
-    r.end = i != transitions_.end() ? i->timepoint :
-                                      sys_seconds(sys_days(year::max()/max_day));
-    r.offset = i[-1].info->offset;
-    r.save = i[-1].info->is_dst ? minutes{1} : minutes{0};
-    r.abbrev = i[-1].info->abbrev;
-    return r;
-}
-
-sys_info
-time_zone::get_info_impl(sys_seconds tp) const
-{
-    using namespace std;
-    init();
-    return load_sys_info(upper_bound(transitions_.begin(), transitions_.end(), tp,
-                                     [](const sys_seconds& x, const transition& t)
-                                     {
-                                         return x < t.timepoint;
-                                     }));
-}
-
-local_info
-time_zone::get_info_impl(local_seconds tp) const
-{
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    init();
-    local_info i;
-    i.result = local_info::unique;
-    auto tr = upper_bound(transitions_.begin(), transitions_.end(), tp,
-                          [](const local_seconds& x, const transition& t)
-                          {
-                              return sys_seconds{x.time_since_epoch()} -
-                                                         t.info->offset < t.timepoint;
-                          });
-    i.first = load_sys_info(tr);
-    auto tps = sys_seconds{(tp - i.first.offset).time_since_epoch()};
-    if (tps < i.first.begin + days{1} && tr != transitions_.begin())
-    {
-        i.second = load_sys_info(--tr);
-        tps = sys_seconds{(tp - i.second.offset).time_since_epoch()};
-        if (tps < i.second.end)
-        {
-           i.result = local_info::ambiguous;
-           std::swap(i.first, i.second);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            i.second = {};
-        }
-    }
-    else if (tps >= i.first.end && tr != transitions_.end())
-    {
-        i.second = load_sys_info(++tr);
-        tps = sys_seconds{(tp - i.second.offset).time_since_epoch()};
-        if (tps < i.second.begin)
-            i.result = local_info::nonexistent;
-        else
-            i.second = {};
-    }
-    return i;
-}
-
-std::ostream&
-operator<<(std::ostream& os, const time_zone& z)
-{
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    z.init();
-    os << z.name_ << '\n';
-    os << "Initially:           ";
-    auto const& t = z.transitions_.front();
-    if (t.info->offset >= seconds{0})
-        os << '+';
-    os << make_time(t.info->offset);
-    if (t.info->is_dst > 0)
-        os << " daylight ";
-    else
-        os << " standard ";
-    os << t.info->abbrev << '\n';
-    for (auto i = std::next(z.transitions_.cbegin()); i < z.transitions_.cend(); ++i)
-        os << *i << '\n';
-    return os;
-}
-
-#if !MISSING_LEAP_SECONDS
-
-leap::leap(const sys_seconds& s, detail::undocumented)
-    : date_(s)
-{
-}
-
-#endif  // !MISSING_LEAP_SECONDS
-
-#else  // !USE_OS_TZDB
-
-time_zone::time_zone(const std::string& s, detail::undocumented)
-    : adjusted_(new std::once_flag{})
-{
-    try
-    {
-        using namespace date;
-        std::istringstream in(s);
-        in.exceptions(std::ios::failbit | std::ios::badbit);
-        std::string word;
-        in >> word >> name_;
-        parse_info(in);
-    }
-    catch (...)
-    {
-        std::cerr << s << '\n';
-        std::cerr << *this << '\n';
-        zonelets_.pop_back();
-        throw;
-    }
-}
-
-sys_info
-time_zone::get_info_impl(sys_seconds tp) const
-{
-    return get_info_impl(tp, static_cast<int>(tz::utc));
-}
-
-local_info
-time_zone::get_info_impl(local_seconds tp) const
-{
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    local_info i{};
-    i.first = get_info_impl(sys_seconds{tp.time_since_epoch()}, static_cast<int>(tz::local));
-    auto tps = sys_seconds{(tp - i.first.offset).time_since_epoch()};
-    if (tps < i.first.begin)
-    {
-        i.second = std::move(i.first);
-        i.first = get_info_impl(i.second.begin - seconds{1}, static_cast<int>(tz::utc));
-        i.result = local_info::nonexistent;
-    }
-    else if (i.first.end - tps <= days{1})
-    {
-        i.second = get_info_impl(i.first.end, static_cast<int>(tz::utc));
-        tps = sys_seconds{(tp - i.second.offset).time_since_epoch()};
-        if (tps >= i.second.begin)
-            i.result = local_info::ambiguous;
-        else
-            i.second = {};
-    }
-    return i;
-}
-
-void
-time_zone::add(const std::string& s)
-{
-    try
-    {
-        std::istringstream in(s);
-        in.exceptions(std::ios::failbit | std::ios::badbit);
-        ws(in);
-        if (!in.eof() && in.peek() != '#')
-            parse_info(in);
-    }
-    catch (...)
-    {
-        std::cerr << s << '\n';
-        std::cerr << *this << '\n';
-        zonelets_.pop_back();
-        throw;
-    }
-}
-
-void
-time_zone::parse_info(std::istream& in)
-{
-    using namespace date;
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    zonelets_.emplace_back();
-    auto& zonelet = zonelets_.back();
-    zonelet.gmtoff_ = parse_signed_time(in);
-    in >> zonelet.u.rule_;
-    if (zonelet.u.rule_ == "-")
-        zonelet.u.rule_.clear();
-    in >> zonelet.format_;
-    if (!in.eof())
-        ws(in);
-    if (in.eof() || in.peek() == '#')
-    {
-        zonelet.until_year_ = year::max();
-        zonelet.until_date_ = MonthDayTime(max_day, tz::utc);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        int y;
-        in >> y;
-        zonelet.until_year_ = year{y};
-        in >> zonelet.until_date_;
-        zonelet.until_date_.canonicalize(zonelet.until_year_);
-    }
-    if ((zonelet.until_year_ < min_year) ||
-            (zonelets_.size() > 1 && zonelets_.end()[-2].until_year_ > max_year))
-        zonelets_.pop_back();
-}
-
-void
-time_zone::adjust_infos(const std::vector<Rule>& rules)
-{
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    using namespace date;
-    const zonelet* prev_zonelet = nullptr;
-    for (auto& z : zonelets_)
-    {
-        std::pair<const Rule*, const Rule*> eqr{};
-        std::istringstream in;
-        in.exceptions(std::ios::failbit | std::ios::badbit);
-        // Classify info as rule-based, has save, or neither
-        if (!z.u.rule_.empty())
-        {
-            // Find out if this zonelet has a rule or a save
-            eqr = std::equal_range(rules.data(), rules.data() + rules.size(), z.u.rule_);
-            if (eqr.first == eqr.second)
-            {
-                // The rule doesn't exist.  Assume this is a save
-                try
-                {
-                    using namespace std::chrono;
-                    using string = std::string;
-                    in.str(z.u.rule_);
-                    auto tmp = duration_cast<minutes>(parse_signed_time(in));
-#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || (_MSC_VER >= 1900)
-                    z.u.rule_.~string();
-                    z.tag_ = zonelet::has_save;
-                    ::new(&z.u.save_) minutes(tmp);
-#else
-                    z.u.rule_.clear();
-                    z.tag_ = zonelet::has_save;
-                    z.u.save_ = tmp;
-#endif
-                }
-                catch (...)
-                {
-                    std::cerr << name_ << " : " << z.u.rule_ << '\n';
-                    throw;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            // This zone::zonelet has no rule and no save
-            z.tag_ = zonelet::is_empty;
-        }
-
-        minutes final_save{0};
-        if (z.tag_ == zonelet::has_save)
-        {
-            final_save = z.u.save_;
-        }
-        else if (z.tag_ == zonelet::has_rule)
-        {
-            z.last_rule_ = find_rule_for_zone(eqr, z.until_year_, z.gmtoff_,
-                                              z.until_date_);
-            if (z.last_rule_.first != nullptr)
-                final_save = z.last_rule_.first->save();
-        }
-        z.until_utc_ = z.until_date_.to_sys(z.until_year_, z.gmtoff_, final_save);
-        z.until_std_ = local_seconds{z.until_utc_.time_since_epoch()} + z.gmtoff_;
-        z.until_loc_ = z.until_std_ + final_save;
-
-        if (z.tag_ == zonelet::has_rule)
-        {
-            if (prev_zonelet != nullptr)
-            {
-                z.first_rule_ = find_rule_for_zone(eqr, prev_zonelet->until_utc_,
-                                                        prev_zonelet->until_std_,
-                                                        prev_zonelet->until_loc_);
-                if (z.first_rule_.first != nullptr)
-                {
-                    z.initial_save_ = z.first_rule_.first->save();
-                    z.initial_abbrev_ = z.first_rule_.first->abbrev();
-                    if (z.first_rule_ != z.last_rule_)
-                    {
-                        z.first_rule_ = find_next_rule(eqr.first, eqr.second,
-                                                       z.first_rule_.first,
-                                                       z.first_rule_.second);
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        z.first_rule_ = std::make_pair(nullptr, year::min());
-                        z.last_rule_ = std::make_pair(nullptr, year::max());
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            if (z.first_rule_.first == nullptr && z.last_rule_.first != nullptr)
-            {
-                z.first_rule_ = std::make_pair(eqr.first, eqr.first->starting_year());
-                z.initial_abbrev_ = find_first_std_rule(eqr)->abbrev();
-            }
-        }
-
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-        if (z.first_rule_.first == nullptr)
-        {
-            assert(z.first_rule_.second == year::min());
-            assert(z.last_rule_.first == nullptr);
-            assert(z.last_rule_.second == year::max());
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            assert(z.last_rule_.first != nullptr);
-        }
-#endif
-        prev_zonelet = &z;
-    }
-}
-
-static
-std::string
-format_abbrev(std::string format, const std::string& variable, std::chrono::seconds off,
-                                                               std::chrono::minutes save)
-{
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    auto k = format.find("%s");
-    if (k != std::string::npos)
-    {
-        format.replace(k, 2, variable);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        k = format.find('/');
-        if (k != std::string::npos)
-        {
-            if (save == minutes{0})
-                format.erase(k);
-            else
-                format.erase(0, k+1);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            k = format.find("%z");
-            if (k != std::string::npos)
-            {
-                std::string temp;
-                if (off < seconds{0})
-                {
-                    temp = '-';
-                    off = -off;
-                }
-                else
-                    temp = '+';
-                auto h = date::floor<hours>(off);
-                off -= h;
-                if (h < hours{10})
-                    temp += '0';
-                temp += std::to_string(h.count());
-                if (off > seconds{0})
-                {
-                    auto m = date::floor<minutes>(off);
-                    off -= m;
-                    if (m < minutes{10})
-                        temp += '0';
-                    temp += std::to_string(m.count());
-                    if (off > seconds{0})
-                    {
-                        if (off < seconds{10})
-                            temp += '0';
-                        temp += std::to_string(off.count());
-                    }
-                }
-                format.replace(k, 2, temp);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return format;
-}
-
-sys_info
-time_zone::get_info_impl(sys_seconds tp, int tz_int) const
-{
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    using namespace date;
-    tz timezone = static_cast<tz>(tz_int);
-    assert(timezone != tz::standard);
-    auto y = year_month_day(floor<days>(tp)).year();
-    if (y < min_year || y > max_year)
-        throw std::runtime_error("The year " + std::to_string(static_cast<int>(y)) +
-            " is out of range:[" + std::to_string(static_cast<int>(min_year)) + ", "
-                                 + std::to_string(static_cast<int>(max_year)) + "]");
-    std::call_once(*adjusted_,
-                   [this]()
-                   {
-                       const_cast<time_zone*>(this)->adjust_infos(get_tzdb().rules);
-                   });
-    auto i = std::upper_bound(zonelets_.begin(), zonelets_.end(), tp,
-        [timezone](sys_seconds t, const zonelet& zl)
-        {
-            return timezone == tz::utc ? t < zl.until_utc_ :
-                                         t < sys_seconds{zl.until_loc_.time_since_epoch()};
-        });
-
-    sys_info r{};
-    if (i != zonelets_.end())
-    {
-        if (i->tag_ == zonelet::has_save)
-        {
-            if (i != zonelets_.begin())
-                r.begin = i[-1].until_utc_;
-            else
-                r.begin = sys_days(year::min()/min_day);
-            r.end = i->until_utc_;
-            r.offset = i->gmtoff_ + i->u.save_;
-            r.save = i->u.save_;
-        }
-        else if (i->u.rule_.empty())
-        {
-            if (i != zonelets_.begin())
-                r.begin = i[-1].until_utc_;
-            else
-                r.begin = sys_days(year::min()/min_day);
-            r.end = i->until_utc_;
-            r.offset = i->gmtoff_;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            r = find_rule(i->first_rule_, i->last_rule_, y, i->gmtoff_,
-                          MonthDayTime(local_seconds{tp.time_since_epoch()}, timezone),
-                          i->initial_save_, i->initial_abbrev_);
-            r.offset = i->gmtoff_ + r.save;
-            if (i != zonelets_.begin() && r.begin < i[-1].until_utc_)
-                r.begin = i[-1].until_utc_;
-            if (r.end > i->until_utc_)
-                r.end = i->until_utc_;
-        }
-        r.abbrev = format_abbrev(i->format_, r.abbrev, r.offset, r.save);
-        assert(r.begin < r.end);
-    }
-    return r;
-}
-
-std::ostream&
-operator<<(std::ostream& os, const time_zone& z)
-{
-    using namespace date;
-    using namespace std::chrono;
-    detail::save_ostream<char> _(os);
-    os.fill(' ');
-    os.flags(std::ios::dec | std::ios::left);
-    std::call_once(*z.adjusted_,
-                   [&z]()
-                   {
-                       const_cast<time_zone&>(z).adjust_infos(get_tzdb().rules);
-                   });
-    os.width(35);
-    os << z.name_;
-    std::string indent;
-    for (auto const& s : z.zonelets_)
-    {
-        os << indent;
-        if (s.gmtoff_ >= seconds{0})
-            os << ' ';
-        os << make_time(s.gmtoff_) << "   ";
-        os.width(15);
-        if (s.tag_ != zonelet::has_save)
-            os << s.u.rule_;
-        else
-        {
-            std::ostringstream tmp;
-            tmp << make_time(s.u.save_);
-            os <<  tmp.str();
-        }
-        os.width(8);
-        os << s.format_ << "   ";
-        os << s.until_year_ << ' ' << s.until_date_;
-        os << "   " << s.until_utc_ << " UTC";
-        os << "   " << s.until_std_ << " STD";
-        os << "   " << s.until_loc_;
-        os << "   " << make_time(s.initial_save_);
-        os << "   " << s.initial_abbrev_;
-        if (s.first_rule_.first != nullptr)
-            os << "   {" << *s.first_rule_.first << ", " << s.first_rule_.second << '}';
-        else
-            os << "   {" << "nullptr" << ", " << s.first_rule_.second << '}';
-        if (s.last_rule_.first != nullptr)
-            os << "   {" << *s.last_rule_.first << ", " << s.last_rule_.second << '}';
-        else
-            os << "   {" << "nullptr" << ", " << s.last_rule_.second << '}';
-        os << '\n';
-        if (indent.empty())
-            indent = std::string(35, ' ');
-    }
-    return os;
-}
-
-#endif  // !USE_OS_TZDB
-
-#if !MISSING_LEAP_SECONDS
-
-std::ostream&
-operator<<(std::ostream& os, const leap& x)
-{
-    using namespace date;
-    return os << x.date_ << "  +";
-}
-
-#endif  // !MISSING_LEAP_SECONDS
-
-#if USE_OS_TZDB
-
-# ifdef __APPLE__
-static
-std::string
-get_version()
-{
-    using namespace std;
-    auto path = get_tz_dir() + string("/+VERSION");
-    ifstream in{path};
-    string version;
-    in >> version;
-    if (in.fail())
-        throw std::runtime_error("Unable to get Timezone database version from " + path);
-    return version;
-}
-# endif
-
-static
-std::unique_ptr<tzdb>
-init_tzdb()
-{
-    std::unique_ptr<tzdb> db(new tzdb);
-
-    //Iterate through folders
-    std::queue<std::string> subfolders;
-    subfolders.emplace(get_tz_dir());
-    struct dirent* d;
-    struct stat s;
-    while (!subfolders.empty())
-    {
-        auto dirname = std::move(subfolders.front());
-        subfolders.pop();
-        auto dir = opendir(dirname.c_str());
-        if (!dir)
-            continue;
-        while ((d = readdir(dir)) != nullptr)
-        {
-            // Ignore these files:
-            if (d->d_name[0]                      == '.'    || // curdir, prevdir, hidden
-                memcmp(d->d_name, "posix", 5)     == 0      || // starts with posix
-                strcmp(d->d_name, "Factory")      == 0      ||
-                strcmp(d->d_name, "iso3166.tab")  == 0      ||
-                strcmp(d->d_name, "right")        == 0      ||
-                strcmp(d->d_name, "+VERSION")     == 0      ||
-                strcmp(d->d_name, "zone.tab")     == 0      ||
-                strcmp(d->d_name, "zone1970.tab") == 0      ||
-                strcmp(d->d_name, "tzdata.zi")    == 0      ||
-                strcmp(d->d_name, "leapseconds")  == 0      ||
-                strcmp(d->d_name, "leap-seconds.list") == 0   )
-                continue;
-            auto subname = dirname + folder_delimiter + d->d_name;
-            if(stat(subname.c_str(), &s) == 0)
-            {
-                if(S_ISDIR(s.st_mode))
-                {
-                    if(!S_ISLNK(s.st_mode))
-                    {
-                        subfolders.push(subname);
-                    }
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    db->zones.emplace_back(subname.substr(get_tz_dir().size()+1),
-                                           detail::undocumented{});
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        closedir(dir);
-    }
-    db->zones.shrink_to_fit();
-    std::sort(db->zones.begin(), db->zones.end());
-#  if !MISSING_LEAP_SECONDS
-    std::ifstream in(get_tz_dir() + std::string(1, folder_delimiter) + "right/UTC",
-                     std::ios_base::binary);
-    if (in)
-    {
-        in.exceptions(std::ios::failbit | std::ios::badbit);
-        db->leaps = load_just_leaps(in);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        in.clear();
-        in.open(get_tz_dir() + std::string(1, folder_delimiter) +
-                "UTC", std::ios_base::binary);
-        if (!in)
-            throw std::runtime_error("Unable to extract leap second information");
-        in.exceptions(std::ios::failbit | std::ios::badbit);
-        db->leaps = load_just_leaps(in);
-    }
-#  endif  // !MISSING_LEAP_SECONDS
-#  ifdef __APPLE__
-    db->version = get_version();
-#  endif
-    return db;
-}
-
-#else  // !USE_OS_TZDB
-
-// link
-
-link::link(const std::string& s)
-{
-    using namespace date;
-    std::istringstream in(s);
-    in.exceptions(std::ios::failbit | std::ios::badbit);
-    std::string word;
-    in >> word >> target_ >> name_;
-}
-
-std::ostream&
-operator<<(std::ostream& os, const link& x)
-{
-    using namespace date;
-    detail::save_ostream<char> _(os);
-    os.fill(' ');
-    os.flags(std::ios::dec | std::ios::left);
-    os.width(35);
-    return os << x.name_ << " --> " << x.target_;
-}
-
-// leap
-
-leap::leap(const std::string& s, detail::undocumented)
-{
-    using namespace date;
-    std::istringstream in(s);
-    in.exceptions(std::ios::failbit | std::ios::badbit);
-    std::string word;
-    int y;
-    MonthDayTime date;
-    in >> word >> y >> date;
-    date_ = date.to_time_point(year(y));
-}
-
-static
-bool
-file_exists(const std::string& filename)
-{
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    return ::_access(filename.c_str(), 0) == 0;
-#else
-    return ::access(filename.c_str(), F_OK) == 0;
-#endif
-}
-
-#if HAS_REMOTE_API
-
-// CURL tools
-
-static
-int
-curl_global()
-{
-    if (::curl_global_init(CURL_GLOBAL_DEFAULT) != 0)
-        throw std::runtime_error("CURL global initialization failed");
-    return 0;
-}
-
-namespace
-{
-
-struct curl_deleter
-{
-    void operator()(CURL* p) const
-    {
-        ::curl_easy_cleanup(p);
-    }
-};
-
-}  // unnamed namespace
-
-static
-std::unique_ptr<CURL, curl_deleter>
-curl_init()
-{
-    static const auto curl_is_now_initiailized = curl_global();
-    (void)curl_is_now_initiailized;
-    return std::unique_ptr<CURL, curl_deleter>{::curl_easy_init()};
-}
-
-static
-bool
-download_to_string(const std::string& url, std::string& str)
-{
-    str.clear();
-    auto curl = curl_init();
-    if (!curl)
-        return false;
-    std::string version;
-    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());
-    curl_write_callback write_cb = [](char* contents, std::size_t size, std::size_t nmemb,
-                                      void* userp) -> std::size_t
-    {
-        auto& userstr = *static_cast<std::string*>(userp);
-        auto realsize = size * nmemb;
-        userstr.append(contents, realsize);
-        return realsize;
-    };
-    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, write_cb);
-    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &str);
-    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, false);
-    auto res = curl_easy_perform(curl.get());
-    return (res == CURLE_OK);
-}
-
-namespace
-{
-    enum class download_file_options { binary, text };
-}
-
-static
-bool
-download_to_file(const std::string& url, const std::string& local_filename,
-                 download_file_options opts)
-{
-    auto curl = curl_init();
-    if (!curl)
-        return false;
-    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_URL, url.c_str());
-    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, false);
-    curl_write_callback write_cb = [](char* contents, std::size_t size, std::size_t nmemb,
-                                      void* userp) -> std::size_t
-    {
-        auto& of = *static_cast<std::ofstream*>(userp);
-        auto realsize = size * nmemb;
-        of.write(contents, static_cast<std::streamsize>(realsize));
-        return realsize;
-    };
-    curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, write_cb);
-    decltype(curl_easy_perform(curl.get())) res;
-    {
-        std::ofstream of(local_filename,
-                         opts == download_file_options::binary ?
-                             std::ofstream::out | std::ofstream::binary :
-                             std::ofstream::out);
-        of.exceptions(std::ios::badbit);
-        curl_easy_setopt(curl.get(), CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &of);
-        res = curl_easy_perform(curl.get());
-    }
-    return res == CURLE_OK;
-}
-
-std::string
-remote_version()
-{
-    std::string version;
-    std::string str;
-    if (download_to_string("https://www.iana.org/time-zones", str))
-    {
-        CONSTDATA char db[] = "/time-zones/releases/tzdata";
-        CONSTDATA auto db_size = sizeof(db) - 1;
-        auto p = str.find(db, 0, db_size);
-        const int ver_str_len = 5;
-        if (p != std::string::npos && p + (db_size + ver_str_len) <= str.size())
-            version = str.substr(p + db_size, ver_str_len);
-    }
-    return version;
-}
-
-
-// TODO! Using system() create a process and a console window.
-// This is useful to see what errors may occur but is slow and distracting.
-// Consider implementing this functionality more directly, such as
-// using _mkdir and CreateProcess etc.
-// But use the current means now as matches Unix implementations and while
-// in proof of concept / testing phase.
-// TODO! Use <filesystem> eventually.
-static
-bool
-remove_folder_and_subfolders(const std::string& folder)
-{
-#  ifdef _WIN32
-#    if USE_SHELL_API
-    // Delete the folder contents by deleting the folder.
-    std::string cmd = "rd /s /q \"";
-    cmd += folder;
-    cmd += '\"';
-    return std::system(cmd.c_str()) == EXIT_SUCCESS;
-#    else  // !USE_SHELL_API
-    // Create a buffer containing the path to delete. It must be terminated
-    // by two nuls. Who designs these API's...
-    std::vector<char> from;
-    from.assign(folder.begin(), folder.end());
-    from.push_back('\0');
-    from.push_back('\0');
-    SHFILEOPSTRUCT fo{}; // Zero initialize.
-    fo.wFunc = FO_DELETE;
-    fo.pFrom = from.data();
-    fo.fFlags = FOF_NO_UI;
-    int ret = SHFileOperation(&fo);
-    if (ret == 0 && !fo.fAnyOperationsAborted)
-        return true;
-    return false;
-#    endif  // !USE_SHELL_API
-#  else   // !_WIN32
-#    if USE_SHELL_API
-    return std::system(("rm -R " + folder).c_str()) == EXIT_SUCCESS;
-#    else // !USE_SHELL_API
-    struct dir_deleter {
-        dir_deleter() {}
-        void operator()(DIR* d) const
-        {
-            if (d != nullptr)
-            {
-                int result = closedir(d);
-                assert(result == 0);
-            }
-        }
-    };
-    using closedir_ptr = std::unique_ptr<DIR, dir_deleter>;
-
-    std::string filename;
-    struct stat statbuf;
-    std::size_t folder_len = folder.length();
-    struct dirent* p = nullptr;
-
-    closedir_ptr d(opendir(folder.c_str()));
-    bool r = d.get() != nullptr;
-    while (r && (p=readdir(d.get())) != nullptr)
-    {
-        if (strcmp(p->d_name, ".") == 0 || strcmp(p->d_name, "..") == 0)
-           continue;
-
-        // + 2 for path delimiter and nul terminator.
-        std::size_t buf_len = folder_len + strlen(p->d_name) + 2;
-        filename.resize(buf_len);
-        std::size_t path_len = static_cast<std::size_t>(
-            snprintf(&filename[0], buf_len, "%s/%s", folder.c_str(), p->d_name));
-        assert(path_len == buf_len - 1);
-        filename.resize(path_len);
-
-        if (stat(filename.c_str(), &statbuf) == 0)
-            r = S_ISDIR(statbuf.st_mode)
-              ? remove_folder_and_subfolders(filename)
-              : unlink(filename.c_str()) == 0;
-    }
-    d.reset();
-
-    if (r)
-        r = rmdir(folder.c_str()) == 0;
-
-    return r;
-#    endif // !USE_SHELL_API
-#  endif  // !_WIN32
-}
-
-static
-bool
-make_directory(const std::string& folder)
-{
-#  ifdef _WIN32
-#    if USE_SHELL_API
-    // Re-create the folder.
-    std::string cmd = "mkdir \"";
-    cmd += folder;
-    cmd += '\"';
-    return std::system(cmd.c_str()) == EXIT_SUCCESS;
-#    else  // !USE_SHELL_API
-    return _mkdir(folder.c_str()) == 0;
-#    endif // !USE_SHELL_API
-#  else  // !_WIN32
-#    if USE_SHELL_API
-    return std::system(("mkdir -p " + folder).c_str()) == EXIT_SUCCESS;
-#    else  // !USE_SHELL_API
-    return mkdir(folder.c_str(), 0777) == 0;
-#    endif  // !USE_SHELL_API
-#  endif  // !_WIN32
-}
-
-static
-bool
-delete_file(const std::string& file)
-{
-#  ifdef _WIN32
-#    if USE_SHELL_API
-    std::string cmd = "del \"";
-    cmd += file;
-    cmd += '\"';
-    return std::system(cmd.c_str()) == 0;
-#    else  // !USE_SHELL_API
-    return _unlink(file.c_str()) == 0;
-#    endif // !USE_SHELL_API
-#  else  // !_WIN32
-#    if USE_SHELL_API
-    return std::system(("rm " + file).c_str()) == EXIT_SUCCESS;
-#    else // !USE_SHELL_API
-    return unlink(file.c_str()) == 0;
-#    endif // !USE_SHELL_API
-#  endif  // !_WIN32
-}
-
-#  ifdef _WIN32
-
-static
-bool
-move_file(const std::string& from, const std::string& to)
-{
-#    if USE_SHELL_API
-    std::string cmd = "move \"";
-    cmd += from;
-    cmd += "\" \"";
-    cmd += to;
-    cmd += '\"';
-    return std::system(cmd.c_str()) == EXIT_SUCCESS;
-#    else  // !USE_SHELL_API
-    return !!::MoveFile(from.c_str(), to.c_str());
-#    endif // !USE_SHELL_API
-}
-
-// Usually something like "c:\Program Files".
-static
-std::string
-get_program_folder()
-{
-    return get_known_folder(FOLDERID_ProgramFiles);
-}
-
-// Note folder can and usually does contain spaces.
-static
-std::string
-get_unzip_program()
-{
-    std::string path;
-
-    // 7-Zip appears to note its location in the registry.
-    // If that doesn't work, fall through and take a guess, but it will likely be wrong.
-    HKEY hKey = nullptr;
-    if (RegOpenKeyExA(HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, "SOFTWARE\\7-Zip", 0, KEY_READ, &hKey) == ERROR_SUCCESS)
-    {
-        char value_buffer[MAX_PATH + 1]; // fyi 260 at time of writing.
-        // in/out parameter. Documentation say that size is a count of bytes not chars.
-        DWORD size = sizeof(value_buffer) - sizeof(value_buffer[0]);
-        DWORD tzi_type = REG_SZ;
-        // Testing shows Path key value is "C:\Program Files\7-Zip\" i.e. always with trailing \.
-        bool got_value = (RegQueryValueExA(hKey, "Path", nullptr, &tzi_type,
-            reinterpret_cast<LPBYTE>(value_buffer), &size) == ERROR_SUCCESS);
-        RegCloseKey(hKey); // Close now incase of throw later.
-        if (got_value)
-        {
-            // Function does not guarantee to null terminate.
-            value_buffer[size / sizeof(value_buffer[0])] = '\0';
-            path = value_buffer;
-            if (!path.empty())
-            {
-                path += "7z.exe";
-                return path;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    path += get_program_folder();
-    path += folder_delimiter;
-    path += "7-Zip\\7z.exe";
-    return path;
-}
-
-#    if !USE_SHELL_API
-static
-int
-run_program(const std::string& command)
-{
-    STARTUPINFO si{};
-    si.cb = sizeof(si);
-    PROCESS_INFORMATION pi{};
-
-    // Allegedly CreateProcess overwrites the command line. Ugh.
-    std::string mutable_command(command);
-    if (CreateProcess(nullptr, &mutable_command[0],
-        nullptr, nullptr, FALSE, CREATE_NO_WINDOW, nullptr, nullptr, &si, &pi))
-    {
-        WaitForSingleObject(pi.hProcess, INFINITE);
-        DWORD exit_code;
-        bool got_exit_code = !!GetExitCodeProcess(pi.hProcess, &exit_code);
-        CloseHandle(pi.hProcess);
-        CloseHandle(pi.hThread);
-        // Not 100% sure about this still active thing is correct,
-        // but I'm going with it because I *think* WaitForSingleObject might
-        // return in some cases without INFINITE-ly waiting.
-        // But why/wouldn't GetExitCodeProcess return false in that case?
-        if (got_exit_code && exit_code != STILL_ACTIVE)
-            return static_cast<int>(exit_code);
-    }
-    return EXIT_FAILURE;
-}
-#    endif // !USE_SHELL_API
-
-static
-std::string
-get_download_tar_file(const std::string& version)
-{
-    auto file = get_install();
-    file += folder_delimiter;
-    file += "tzdata";
-    file += version;
-    file += ".tar";
-    return file;
-}
-
-static
-bool
-extract_gz_file(const std::string& version, const std::string& gz_file,
-                const std::string& dest_folder)
-{
-    auto unzip_prog = get_unzip_program();
-    bool unzip_result = false;
-    // Use the unzip program to extract the tar file from the archive.
-
-    // Aim to create a string like:
-    // "C:\Program Files\7-Zip\7z.exe" x "C:\Users\SomeUser\Downloads\tzdata2016d.tar.gz"
-    //     -o"C:\Users\SomeUser\Downloads\tzdata"
-    std::string cmd;
-    cmd = '\"';
-    cmd += unzip_prog;
-    cmd += "\" x \"";
-    cmd += gz_file;
-    cmd += "\" -o\"";
-    cmd += dest_folder;
-    cmd += '\"';
-
-#    if USE_SHELL_API
-    // When using shelling out with std::system() extra quotes are required around the
-    // whole command. It's weird but necessary it seems, see:
-    // http://stackoverflow.com/q/27975969/576911
-
-    cmd = "\"" + cmd + "\"";
-    if (std::system(cmd.c_str()) == EXIT_SUCCESS)
-        unzip_result = true;
-#    else  // !USE_SHELL_API
-    if (run_program(cmd) == EXIT_SUCCESS)
-        unzip_result = true;
-#    endif // !USE_SHELL_API
-    if (unzip_result)
-        delete_file(gz_file);
-
-    // Use the unzip program extract the data from the tar file that was
-    // just extracted from the archive.
-    auto tar_file = get_download_tar_file(version);
-    cmd = '\"';
-    cmd += unzip_prog;
-    cmd += "\" x \"";
-    cmd += tar_file;
-    cmd += "\" -o\"";
-    cmd += get_install();
-    cmd += '\"';
-#    if USE_SHELL_API
-    cmd = "\"" + cmd + "\"";
-    if (std::system(cmd.c_str()) == EXIT_SUCCESS)
-        unzip_result = true;
-#    else  // !USE_SHELL_API
-    if (run_program(cmd) == EXIT_SUCCESS)
-        unzip_result = true;
-#    endif // !USE_SHELL_API
-
-    if (unzip_result)
-        delete_file(tar_file);
-
-    return unzip_result;
-}
-
-static
-std::string
-get_download_mapping_file(const std::string& version)
-{
-    auto file = get_install() + version + "windowsZones.xml";
-    return file;
-}
-
-#  else  // !_WIN32
-
-#    if !USE_SHELL_API
-static
-int
-run_program(const char* prog, const char*const args[])
-{
-    pid_t pid = fork();
-    if (pid == -1) // Child failed to start.
-        return EXIT_FAILURE;
-
-    if (pid != 0)
-    {
-        // We are in the parent. Child started. Wait for it.
-        pid_t ret;
-        int status;
-        while ((ret = waitpid(pid, &status, 0)) == -1)
-        {
-            if (errno != EINTR)
-                break;
-        }
-        if (ret != -1)
-        {
-            if (WIFEXITED(status))
-                return WEXITSTATUS(status);
-        }
-        printf("Child issues!\n");
-
-        return EXIT_FAILURE; // Not sure what status of child is.
-    }
-    else // We are in the child process. Start the program the parent wants to run.
-    {
-
-        if (execv(prog, const_cast<char**>(args)) == -1) // Does not return.
-        {
-            perror("unreachable 0\n");
-            _Exit(127);
-        }
-        printf("unreachable 2\n");
-    }
-    printf("unreachable 2\n");
-    // Unreachable.
-    assert(false);
-    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-    return EXIT_FAILURE;
-}
-#    endif // !USE_SHELL_API
-
-static
-bool
-extract_gz_file(const std::string&, const std::string& gz_file, const std::string&)
-{
-#    if USE_SHELL_API
-    bool unzipped = std::system(("tar -xzf " + gz_file + " -C " + get_install()).c_str()) == EXIT_SUCCESS;
-#    else  // !USE_SHELL_API
-    const char prog[] = {"/usr/bin/tar"};
-    const char*const args[] =
-    {
-        prog, "-xzf", gz_file.c_str(), "-C", get_install().c_str(), nullptr
-    };
-    bool unzipped = (run_program(prog, args) == EXIT_SUCCESS);
-#    endif // !USE_SHELL_API
-    if (unzipped)
-    {
-        delete_file(gz_file);
-        return true;
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-#  endif // !_WIN32
-
-bool
-remote_download(const std::string& version)
-{
-    assert(!version.empty());
-
-#  ifdef _WIN32
-    // Download folder should be always available for Windows
-#  else  // !_WIN32
-    // Create download folder if it does not exist on UNIX system
-    auto download_folder = get_install();
-    if (!file_exists(download_folder))
-    {
-        if (!make_directory(download_folder))
-            return false;
-    }
-#  endif  // _WIN32
-
-    auto url = "https://data.iana.org/time-zones/releases/tzdata" + version +
-               ".tar.gz";
-    bool result = download_to_file(url, get_download_gz_file(version),
-                                   download_file_options::binary);
-#  ifdef _WIN32
-    if (result)
-    {
-        auto mapping_file = get_download_mapping_file(version);
-        result = download_to_file("http://unicode.org/repos/cldr/trunk/common/"
-                                  "supplemental/windowsZones.xml",
-            mapping_file, download_file_options::text);
-    }
-#  endif  // _WIN32
-    return result;
-}
-
-bool
-remote_install(const std::string& version)
-{
-    auto success = false;
-    assert(!version.empty());
-
-    std::string install = get_install();
-    auto gz_file = get_download_gz_file(version);
-    if (file_exists(gz_file))
-    {
-        if (file_exists(install))
-            remove_folder_and_subfolders(install);
-        if (make_directory(install))
-        {
-            if (extract_gz_file(version, gz_file, install))
-                success = true;
-#  ifdef _WIN32
-            auto mapping_file_source = get_download_mapping_file(version);
-            auto mapping_file_dest = get_install();
-            mapping_file_dest += folder_delimiter;
-            mapping_file_dest += "windowsZones.xml";
-            if (!move_file(mapping_file_source, mapping_file_dest))
-                success = false;
-#  endif  // _WIN32
-        }
-    }
-    return success;
-}
-
-#endif  // HAS_REMOTE_API
-
-static
-std::string
-get_version(const std::string& path)
-{
-    std::string version;
-    std::ifstream infile(path + "version");
-    if (infile.is_open())
-    {
-        infile >> version;
-        if (!infile.fail())
-            return version;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        infile.open(path + "NEWS");
-        while (infile)
-        {
-            infile >> version;
-            if (version == "Release")
-            {
-                infile >> version;
-                return version;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    throw std::runtime_error("Unable to get Timezone database version from " + path);
-}
-
-static
-std::unique_ptr<tzdb>
-init_tzdb()
-{
-    using namespace date;
-    const std::string install = get_install();
-    const std::string path = install + folder_delimiter;
-    std::string line;
-    bool continue_zone = false;
-    std::unique_ptr<tzdb> db(new tzdb);
-
-#if AUTO_DOWNLOAD
-    if (!file_exists(install))
-    {
-        auto rv = remote_version();
-        if (!rv.empty() && remote_download(rv))
-        {
-            if (!remote_install(rv))
-            {
-                std::string msg = "Timezone database version \"";
-                msg += rv;
-                msg += "\" did not install correctly to \"";
-                msg += install;
-                msg += "\"";
-                throw std::runtime_error(msg);
-            }
-        }
-        if (!file_exists(install))
-        {
-            std::string msg = "Timezone database not found at \"";
-            msg += install;
-            msg += "\"";
-            throw std::runtime_error(msg);
-        }
-        db->version = get_version(path);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        db->version = get_version(path);
-        auto rv = remote_version();
-        if (!rv.empty() && db->version != rv)
-        {
-            if (remote_download(rv))
-            {
-                remote_install(rv);
-                db->version = get_version(path);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-#else  // !AUTO_DOWNLOAD
-    if (!file_exists(install))
-    {
-        std::string msg = "Timezone database not found at \"";
-        msg += install;
-        msg += "\"";
-        throw std::runtime_error(msg);
-    }
-    db->version = get_version(path);
-#endif  // !AUTO_DOWNLOAD
-
-    CONSTDATA char*const files[] =
-    {
-        "africa", "antarctica", "asia", "australasia", "backward", "etcetera", "europe",
-        "pacificnew", "northamerica", "southamerica", "systemv", "leapseconds"
-    };
-
-    for (const auto& filename : files)
-    {
-        std::ifstream infile(path + filename);
-        while (infile)
-        {
-            std::getline(infile, line);
-            if (!line.empty() && line[0] != '#')
-            {
-                std::istringstream in(line);
-                std::string word;
-                in >> word;
-                if (word == "Rule")
-                {
-                    db->rules.push_back(Rule(line));
-                    continue_zone = false;
-                }
-                else if (word == "Link")
-                {
-                    db->links.push_back(link(line));
-                    continue_zone = false;
-                }
-                else if (word == "Leap")
-                {
-                    db->leaps.push_back(leap(line, detail::undocumented{}));
-                    continue_zone = false;
-                }
-                else if (word == "Zone")
-                {
-                    db->zones.push_back(time_zone(line, detail::undocumented{}));
-                    continue_zone = true;
-                }
-                else if (line[0] == '\t' && continue_zone)
-                {
-                    db->zones.back().add(line);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    std::cerr << line << '\n';
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    std::sort(db->rules.begin(), db->rules.end());
-    Rule::split_overlaps(db->rules);
-    std::sort(db->zones.begin(), db->zones.end());
-    db->zones.shrink_to_fit();
-    std::sort(db->links.begin(), db->links.end());
-    db->links.shrink_to_fit();
-    std::sort(db->leaps.begin(), db->leaps.end());
-    db->leaps.shrink_to_fit();
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-    std::string mapping_file = get_install() + folder_delimiter + "windowsZones.xml";
-    db->mappings = load_timezone_mappings_from_xml_file(mapping_file);
-    sort_zone_mappings(db->mappings);
-#endif // _WIN32
-
-    return db;
-}
-
-const tzdb&
-reload_tzdb()
-{
-#if AUTO_DOWNLOAD
-    auto const& v = get_tzdb_list().front().version;
-    if (!v.empty() && v == remote_version())
-        return get_tzdb_list().front();
-#endif  // AUTO_DOWNLOAD
-    tzdb_list::undocumented_helper::push_front(get_tzdb_list(), init_tzdb().release());
-    return get_tzdb_list().front();
-}
-
-#endif  // !USE_OS_TZDB
-
-const tzdb&
-get_tzdb()
-{
-    return get_tzdb_list().front();
-}
-
-const time_zone*
-#if HAS_STRING_VIEW
-tzdb::locate_zone(std::string_view tz_name) const
-#else
-tzdb::locate_zone(const std::string& tz_name) const
-#endif
-{
-    auto zi = std::lower_bound(zones.begin(), zones.end(), tz_name,
-#if HAS_STRING_VIEW
-        [](const time_zone& z, const std::string_view& nm)
-#else
-        [](const time_zone& z, const std::string& nm)
-#endif
-        {
-            return z.name() < nm;
-        });
-    if (zi == zones.end() || zi->name() != tz_name)
-    {
-#if !USE_OS_TZDB
-        auto li = std::lower_bound(links.begin(), links.end(), tz_name,
-#if HAS_STRING_VIEW
-        [](const link& z, const std::string_view& nm)
-#else
-        [](const link& z, const std::string& nm)
-#endif
-        {
-            return z.name() < nm;
-        });
-        if (li != links.end() && li->name() == tz_name)
-        {
-            zi = std::lower_bound(zones.begin(), zones.end(), li->target(),
-                [](const time_zone& z, const std::string& nm)
-                {
-                    return z.name() < nm;
-                });
-            if (zi != zones.end() && zi->name() == li->target())
-                return &*zi;
-        }
-#endif  // !USE_OS_TZDB
-        throw std::runtime_error(std::string(tz_name) + " not found in timezone database");
-    }
-    return &*zi;
-}
-
-const time_zone*
-#if HAS_STRING_VIEW
-locate_zone(std::string_view tz_name)
-#else
-locate_zone(const std::string& tz_name)
-#endif
-{
-    return get_tzdb().locate_zone(tz_name);
-}
-
-#if USE_OS_TZDB
-
-std::ostream&
-operator<<(std::ostream& os, const tzdb& db)
-{
-    os << "Version: " << db.version << "\n\n";
-    for (const auto& x : db.zones)
-        os << x << '\n';
-#if !MISSING_LEAP_SECONDS
-    os << '\n';
-    for (const auto& x : db.leaps)
-        os << x << '\n';
-#endif  // !MISSING_LEAP_SECONDS
-    return os;
-}
-
-#else  // !USE_OS_TZDB
-
-std::ostream&
-operator<<(std::ostream& os, const tzdb& db)
-{
-    os << "Version: " << db.version << '\n';
-    std::string title("--------------------------------------------"
-                      "--------------------------------------------\n"
-                      "Name           ""Start Y ""End Y   "
-                      "Beginning                              ""Offset  "
-                      "Designator\n"
-                      "--------------------------------------------"
-                      "--------------------------------------------\n");
-    int count = 0;
-    for (const auto& x : db.rules)
-    {
-        if (count++ % 50 == 0)
-            os << title;
-        os << x << '\n';
-    }
-    os << '\n';
-    title = std::string("---------------------------------------------------------"
-                        "--------------------------------------------------------\n"
-                        "Name                               ""Offset      "
-                        "Rule           ""Abrev      ""Until\n"
-                        "---------------------------------------------------------"
-                        "--------------------------------------------------------\n");
-    count = 0;
-    for (const auto& x : db.zones)
-    {
-        if (count++ % 10 == 0)
-            os << title;
-        os << x << '\n';
-    }
-    os << '\n';
-    title = std::string("---------------------------------------------------------"
-                        "--------------------------------------------------------\n"
-                        "Alias                                   ""To\n"
-                        "---------------------------------------------------------"
-                        "--------------------------------------------------------\n");
-    count = 0;
-    for (const auto& x : db.links)
-    {
-        if (count++ % 45 == 0)
-            os << title;
-        os << x << '\n';
-    }
-    os << '\n';
-    title = std::string("---------------------------------------------------------"
-                        "--------------------------------------------------------\n"
-                        "Leap second on\n"
-                        "---------------------------------------------------------"
-                        "--------------------------------------------------------\n");
-    os << title;
-    for (const auto& x : db.leaps)
-        os << x << '\n';
-    return os;
-}
-
-#endif  // !USE_OS_TZDB
-
-// -----------------------
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-
-static
-std::string
-getTimeZoneKeyName()
-{
-    DYNAMIC_TIME_ZONE_INFORMATION dtzi{};
-    auto result = GetDynamicTimeZoneInformation(&dtzi);
-    if (result == TIME_ZONE_ID_INVALID)
-        throw std::runtime_error("current_zone(): GetDynamicTimeZoneInformation()"
-                                 " reported TIME_ZONE_ID_INVALID.");
-    auto wlen = wcslen(dtzi.TimeZoneKeyName);
-    char buf[128] = {};
-    assert(sizeof(buf) >= wlen+1);
-    wcstombs(buf, dtzi.TimeZoneKeyName, wlen);
-    if (strcmp(buf, "Coordinated Universal Time") == 0)
-        return "UTC";
-    return buf;
-}
-
-const time_zone*
-tzdb::current_zone() const
-{
-    std::string win_tzid = getTimeZoneKeyName();
-    std::string standard_tzid;
-    if (!native_to_standard_timezone_name(win_tzid, standard_tzid))
-    {
-        std::string msg;
-        msg = "current_zone() failed: A mapping from the Windows Time Zone id \"";
-        msg += win_tzid;
-        msg += "\" was not found in the time zone mapping database.";
-        throw std::runtime_error(msg);
-    }
-    return locate_zone(standard_tzid);
-}
-
-#else  // !_WIN32
-
-const time_zone*
-tzdb::current_zone() const
-{
-    // On some OS's a file called /etc/localtime may
-    // exist and it may be either a real file
-    // containing time zone details or a symlink to such a file.
-    // On MacOS and BSD Unix if this file is a symlink it
-    // might resolve to a path like this:
-    // "/usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Los_Angeles"
-    // If it does, we try to determine the current
-    // timezone from the remainder of the path by removing the prefix
-    // and hoping the rest resolves to a valid timezone.
-    // It may not always work though. If it doesn't then an
-    // exception will be thrown by local_timezone.
-    // The path may also take a relative form:
-    // "../usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Los_Angeles".
-    {
-        struct stat sb;
-        CONSTDATA auto timezone = "/etc/localtime";
-        if (lstat(timezone, &sb) == 0 && S_ISLNK(sb.st_mode) && sb.st_size > 0) {
-            using namespace std;
-            string result;
-            char rp[PATH_MAX+1] = {};
-            if (readlink(timezone, rp, sizeof(rp)-1) > 0)
-                result = string(rp);
-            else
-                throw system_error(errno, system_category(), "readlink() failed");
-
-            const size_t pos = result.find(get_tz_dir());
-            if (pos != result.npos)
-                result.erase(0, get_tz_dir().size() + 1 + pos);
-            return locate_zone(result);
-        }
-    }
-    // On embedded systems e.g. buildroot with uclibc the timezone is linked
-    // into /etc/TZ which is a symlink to path like this:
-    // "/usr/share/zoneinfo/uclibc/America/Los_Angeles"
-    // If it does, we try to determine the current
-    // timezone from the remainder of the path by removing the prefix
-    // and hoping the rest resolves to valid timezone.
-    // It may not always work though. If it doesn't then an
-    // exception will be thrown by local_timezone.
-    // The path may also take a relative form:
-    // "../usr/share/zoneinfo/uclibc/America/Los_Angeles".
-    {
-        struct stat sb;
-        CONSTDATA auto timezone = "/etc/TZ";
-        if (lstat(timezone, &sb) == 0 && S_ISLNK(sb.st_mode) && sb.st_size > 0) {
-            using namespace std;
-            string result;
-            char rp[PATH_MAX+1] = {};
-            if (readlink(timezone, rp, sizeof(rp)-1) > 0)
-                result = string(rp);
-            else
-                throw system_error(errno, system_category(), "readlink() failed");
-
-            const size_t pos = result.find(get_tz_dir());
-            if (pos != result.npos)
-                result.erase(0, get_tz_dir().size() + 1 + pos);
-            return locate_zone(result);
-        }
-    }
-    {
-    // On some versions of some linux distro's (e.g. Ubuntu),
-    // the current timezone might be in the first line of
-    // the /etc/timezone file.
-        std::ifstream timezone_file("/etc/timezone");
-        if (timezone_file.is_open())
-        {
-            std::string result;
-            std::getline(timezone_file, result);
-            if (!result.empty())
-                return locate_zone(result);
-        }
-        // Fall through to try other means.
-    }
-    {
-    // On some versions of some bsd distro's (e.g. FreeBSD),
-    // the current timezone might be in the first line of
-    // the /var/db/zoneinfo file.
-        std::ifstream timezone_file("/var/db/zoneinfo");
-        if (timezone_file.is_open())
-        {
-            std::string result;
-            std::getline(timezone_file, result);
-            if (!result.empty())
-                return locate_zone(result);
-        }
-        // Fall through to try other means.
-    }
-    {
-    // On some versions of some bsd distro's (e.g. iOS),
-    // it is not possible to use file based approach,
-    // we switch to system API, calling functions in
-    // CoreFoundation framework.
-#if TARGET_OS_IPHONE
-        std::string result = date::iOSUtils::get_current_timezone();
-        if (!result.empty())
-            return locate_zone(result);
-#endif
-    // Fall through to try other means.
-    }
-    {
-    // On some versions of some linux distro's (e.g. Red Hat),
-    // the current timezone might be in the first line of
-    // the /etc/sysconfig/clock file as:
-    // ZONE="US/Eastern"
-        std::ifstream timezone_file("/etc/sysconfig/clock");
-        std::string result;
-        while (timezone_file)
-        {
-            std::getline(timezone_file, result);
-            auto p = result.find("ZONE=\"");
-            if (p != std::string::npos)
-            {
-                result.erase(p, p+6);
-                result.erase(result.rfind('"'));
-                return locate_zone(result);
-            }
-        }
-        // Fall through to try other means.
-    }
-    throw std::runtime_error("Could not get current timezone");
-}
-
-#endif  // !_WIN32
-
-const time_zone*
-current_zone()
-{
-    return get_tzdb().current_zone();
-}
-
-}  // namespace date
-
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ < 5
-# pragma GCC diagnostic pop
-#endif