@cesium/engine 17.0.0 → 18.0.1-splats.0

package/Source/Scene/Model/ModelReader.js

@@ -0,0 +1,810 @@
+import Check from "../../Core/Check.js";
+import defined from "../../Core/defined.js";
+import Cartesian2 from "../../Core/Cartesian2.js";
+import Cartesian3 from "../../Core/Cartesian3.js";
+import Cartesian4 from "../../Core/Cartesian4.js";
+import DeveloperError from "../../Core/DeveloperError.js";
+import ComponentDatatype from "../../Core/ComponentDatatype.js";
+import AttributeCompression from "../../Core/AttributeCompression.js";
+import IndexDatatype from "../../Core/IndexDatatype.js";
+import PrimitiveType from "../../Core/PrimitiveType.js";
+import Matrix4 from "../../Core/Matrix4.js";
+
+import AttributeType from "../AttributeType.js";
+
+/**
+ * A class for reading the data from a <code>ModelComponents.Attribute</code>.
+ *
+ * NOTE: Much of the functionality here already exists, scattered in many places.
+ * In most cases, the functionality is tailored for "one case" (like only handling
+ * positions, or only normals, or not considering quantization, or not handling
+ * interleaved buffers, ...). In many cases, the functionality is tailored for an
+ * 'accessor' (and often, the functions also expect the 'gltf' to be given).
+ * Most of what is done here (and in the existing functions) is pretty low-level
+ * and generic, though: The functions could often be fed with some (count, type,
+ * componentType), and there could be convenience functions that EITHER take these
+ * values from an 'accessor' OR from an 'attribute'. The tl;dr: Large parts of
+ * this could be "nicer", or "more generic", and "better" along all dimensions
+ * of this term. Just give me time...
+ *
+ * NOTE: The fact that all this has to operate on TypedArray is unfortunate.
+ * Most of the subsequent processing could operate on some abstraction of
+ * that. The fact that that TypedArrays can be read/written as "bulk", and
+ * then offer access that is "as efficient as it can be" could be a
+ * justification, as part of the performance-genericity trade-off
+ *
+ * NOTE: All this does not properly handle MATn types. There should be SOME
+ * abstraction for element- and component-wise access of the data. See
+ * https://github.com/javagl/JglTF/blob/84ce6d019fec3b75b6af1649bbe834005b2c620f/jgltf-model/src/main/java/de/javagl/jgltf/model/AbstractAccessorData.java#L149
+ *
+ * @private
+ */
+class ModelReader {
+  /**
+   * Reads the data of the given atttribute into a typed array.
+   *
+   * This will read the data into a compact, flat array with the data
+   * type corresponding to the data type of the attribute.
+   *
+   * If the attribute is contained in an interleaved buffer, marked as
+   * 'normalized', quantized, or oct-encoded, then it will be deinterleaved,
+   * normalization will be applied, it will be dequantized and oct-decoded
+   * as necessary.
+   *
+   * The result will be THE actual attribute data.
+   *
+   * @param {ModelComponents.Attribute} attribute The attribute
+   * @returns {TypedArray} The attribute data
+   */
+  static readAttributeAsTypedArray(attribute) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.defined("attribute", attribute);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    // Obtain a compact (non-interleaved) typed array that contains
+    // the components.
+    const compactTypedArray =
+      ModelReader.readAttributeAsRawCompactTypedArray(attribute);
+
+    // If the attribute is not normalized and the data is not quantized
+    // and not normalized, then this can be returned directly
+    const normalized = attribute.normalized;
+    const quantization = attribute.quantization;
+    if (!defined(quantization) && !normalized) {
+      return compactTypedArray;
+    }
+
+    const elementType = attribute.type;
+    const elementCount = attribute.count;
+
+    // If the attribute is normalized, normalize the data from
+    // the typed array
+    let normalizedTypedArray = compactTypedArray;
+    if (normalized) {
+      // Note that although this is called "dequantize", it does
+      // not really "dequantize" based on the quantization. It only
+      // performs the conversion from the (normalized) integer
+      // component types into floating point.
+      normalizedTypedArray = AttributeCompression.dequantize(
+        compactTypedArray,
+        attribute.componentDatatype,
+        elementType,
+        elementCount,
+      );
+    }
+
+    if (!defined(quantization)) {
+      return normalizedTypedArray;
+    }
+    // Now, this one actually DOES dequantize...
+    const dequantizedTypedArray = ModelReader.dequantize(
+      normalizedTypedArray,
+      elementCount,
+      elementType,
+      quantization,
+    );
+    return dequantizedTypedArray;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read the data of the given attribute into a compact typed array.
+   *
+   * If the attribute is stored as interleaved data, then the result
+   * will be the deinterleaved data. If the data is quantized or
+   * normalized, then the resulting data will be the "raw" data,
+   * without applying normalization or dequantization.
+   *
+   * @param {ModelComponents.Attribute} attribute The attribute
+   * @returns {TypedArray} The raw attribute data
+   */
+  static readAttributeAsRawCompactTypedArray(attribute) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.defined("attribute", attribute);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const elementType = attribute.type;
+    const elementCount = attribute.count;
+
+    const componentsPerElement =
+      AttributeType.getNumberOfComponents(elementType);
+    const totalComponentCount = elementCount * componentsPerElement;
+
+    // If the data is quantized, use the quantized component type
+    let componentType = attribute.componentDatatype;
+    const quantization = attribute.quantization;
+    if (defined(quantization)) {
+      componentType = quantization.componentDatatype;
+    }
+    const buffer = attribute.buffer;
+
+    // If the byte stride is the default (i.e. the total element size),
+    // then just fetch the whole buffer data into a typed array of the
+    // desired target type, and return it
+    const byteOffset = attribute.byteOffset;
+    const byteStride = attribute.byteStride;
+    const bytesPerComponent = ComponentDatatype.getSizeInBytes(componentType);
+    const defaultByteStride = componentsPerElement * bytesPerComponent;
+    if (!defined(byteStride) || byteStride === defaultByteStride) {
+      const typedArray = ComponentDatatype.createTypedArray(
+        componentType,
+        totalComponentCount,
+      );
+      buffer.getBufferData(typedArray, byteOffset);
+      return typedArray;
+    }
+
+    // Fetch the whole buffer in its raw form, to pick out the
+    // interleaved values.
+    // Note: When ALL attributes have to be fetched from an
+    // interleaved buffer, then this getBufferData call will
+    // be performed multiple times. It would be preferable to
+    // have ONE "TypedArray[] getThemFrom(buffer)" call that
+    // returns all of the (interleaved) attributes at once,
+    // but this requires abstractions that we don't have.
+    const fullTypedArray = new Uint8Array(buffer.sizeInBytes);
+    buffer.getBufferData(fullTypedArray);
+
+    // Read the components of each element, and write them into
+    // a typed array in a compact form
+    const compactTypedArray = ComponentDatatype.createTypedArray(
+      componentType,
+      totalComponentCount,
+    );
+    const elementByteStride = byteStride ?? defaultByteStride;
+    const dataView = new DataView(
+      fullTypedArray.buffer,
+      fullTypedArray.byteOffset,
+      fullTypedArray.byteLength,
+    );
+    const components = new Array(componentsPerElement);
+    const componentsReader = ModelReader.createComponentsReader(componentType);
+    for (let i = 0; i < elementCount; ++i) {
+      const elementByteOffset = byteOffset + i * elementByteStride;
+      componentsReader(
+        dataView,
+        elementByteOffset,
+        componentsPerElement,
+        components,
+      );
+      for (let j = 0; j < componentsPerElement; ++j) {
+        compactTypedArray[i * componentsPerElement + j] = components[j];
+      }
+    }
+    return compactTypedArray;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Dequantize the data from the given input array, based on the given
+   * quantization information, and return the result.
+   *
+   * This assumes that normalization has already been applied. This means that
+   * when the <code>quantization.normalized</code> flag is <code>true</code>,
+   * then the input is assumed to contain floating point values in the range
+   * [-1, 1].
+   *
+   * @param {TypedArray} quantizedTypedArray The quantized typed array
+   * @param {number} elementCount The number of elements
+   * @param {AttributeType} elementType The element type
+   * @param {ModelComponents.Quantization} quantization The quantization
+   * @returns {TypedArray} The result
+   * @throws DeveloperError When the element type is not SCALAR, VEC2,
+   * VEC3, or VEC4
+   */
+  static dequantize(
+    quantizedTypedArray,
+    elementCount,
+    elementType,
+    quantization,
+  ) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.defined("quantizedTypedArray", quantizedTypedArray);
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThanOrEquals("elementCount", elementCount, 0);
+    Check.defined("elementType", elementType);
+    Check.defined("quantization", quantization);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    if (quantization.octEncoded) {
+      const dequantizedTypedArray = ModelReader.octDecode(
+        quantizedTypedArray,
+        elementCount,
+        quantization.normalizationRange,
+        undefined,
+      );
+      if (quantization.octEncodedZXY) {
+        ModelReader.convertZxyToXyz(
+          dequantizedTypedArray,
+          dequantizedTypedArray,
+        );
+      }
+      return dequantizedTypedArray;
+    }
+
+    // These could be generalized, if the offset/stepSize were not
+    // CartesianX objects, but arrays...
+    const stepSize = quantization.quantizedVolumeStepSize;
+    const offset = quantization.quantizedVolumeOffset;
+    if (elementType === AttributeType.SCALAR) {
+      return ModelReader.dequantize1D(
+        quantizedTypedArray,
+        elementCount,
+        stepSize,
+        offset,
+        undefined,
+      );
+    }
+    if (elementType === AttributeType.VEC2) {
+      return ModelReader.dequantize2D(
+        quantizedTypedArray,
+        elementCount,
+        stepSize,
+        offset,
+        undefined,
+      );
+    }
+    if (elementType === AttributeType.VEC3) {
+      return ModelReader.dequantize3D(
+        quantizedTypedArray,
+        elementCount,
+        stepSize,
+        offset,
+        undefined,
+      );
+    }
+    if (elementType === AttributeType.VEC4) {
+      return ModelReader.dequantize4D(
+        quantizedTypedArray,
+        elementCount,
+        stepSize,
+        offset,
+        undefined,
+      );
+    }
+    throw new DeveloperError(
+      `Element type for dequantization must be SCALAR, VEC2, VEC3, or VEC4, but is ${elementType}`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Decode oct-encoded normals from the given input, and write the
+   * result into the given output, allocating and returning a new
+   * array if the result was undefined.
+   *
+   * This will apply the <code>AttributeCompression.octDecodeInRange</code>
+   * function to each three components of the input.
+   *
+   * @param {TypedArray} quantizedTypedArray The input
+   * @param {number} elementCount The number of elements
+   * @param {number} normalizationRange The normalization range
+   * @param {TypedArray} [dequantizedTypedArray] The result
+   * @returns {TypedArray} The result
+   */
+  static octDecode(
+    quantizedTypedArray,
+    elementCount,
+    normalizationRange,
+    dequantizedTypedArray,
+  ) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.defined("quantizedTypedArray", quantizedTypedArray);
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThanOrEquals("elementCount", elementCount, 0);
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThan(
+      "normalizationRange",
+      normalizationRange,
+      0,
+    );
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    if (!defined(dequantizedTypedArray)) {
+      dequantizedTypedArray = new Float32Array(quantizedTypedArray.length);
+    }
+    const c = new Cartesian3();
+    for (let i = 0; i < elementCount; i++) {
+      Cartesian3.unpack(quantizedTypedArray, i * 3, c);
+      AttributeCompression.octDecodeInRange(c, normalizationRange, c);
+      Cartesian3.pack(dequantizedTypedArray, c, i * 3);
+    }
+    return dequantizedTypedArray;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Swizzle all three consecutive elements in the given input array
+   * from (z, x, y) to (x, y, z), and write the result into the
+   * given output array, creating a new array if the given output
+   * array was undefined.
+   *
+   * @param {TypedArray} input The input
+   * @param {number} elementCount The number of elements
+   * @param {TypedArray} [output] The result
+   * @returns {TypedArray} The result
+   */
+  static convertZxyToXyz(input, elementCount, output) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.defined("input", input);
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThanOrEquals("elementCount", elementCount, 0);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    if (!defined(output)) {
+      output = new Float32Array(input.length);
+    }
+    let offset = 0;
+    for (let i = 0; i < elementCount; i++, offset += 3) {
+      const z = input[offset + 0];
+      const x = input[offset + 1];
+      const y = input[offset + 2];
+      output[offset + 0] = x;
+      output[offset + 1] = y;
+      output[offset + 2] = z;
+    }
+    return output;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Dequantize the given quantized array, based on the given quantization
+   * information, and write the result into the given output array, creating
+   * the output array if it was undefined.
+   *
+   * This will simply fill the output array with
+   * <code>output[i] = input[i] * stepSize + offset</code>
+   *
+   * @param {TypedArray} quantizedTypedArray The quantized array
+   * @param {number} elementCount The number of elements
+   * @param {number} stepSize The quantization step size
+   * @param {number} offset The quantization offset
+   * @param {TypedArray} [dequantizedTypedArray] The result
+   * @returns {TypedArray} The result
+   */
+  static dequantize1D(
+    quantizedTypedArray,
+    elementCount,
+    stepSize,
+    offset,
+    dequantizedTypedArray,
+  ) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.defined("quantizedTypedArray", quantizedTypedArray);
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThanOrEquals("elementCount", elementCount, 0);
+    Check.defined("stepSize", stepSize);
+    Check.defined("offset", offset);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    if (!defined(dequantizedTypedArray)) {
+      dequantizedTypedArray = new Float32Array(quantizedTypedArray.length);
+    }
+    for (let i = 0; i < elementCount; i++) {
+      const q = quantizedTypedArray[i];
+      const d = q * stepSize + offset;
+      dequantizedTypedArray[i] = d;
+    }
+    return dequantizedTypedArray;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Dequantize the given quantized array, based on the given quantization
+   * information, and write the result into the given output array, creating
+   * the output array if it was undefined.
+   *
+   * This will simply fill the output array with
+   * <code>output[i] = input[i] * stepSize + offset</code>
+   * when interpreting the input and output as arrays of Cartesian2.
+   *
+   * @param {TypedArray} quantizedTypedArray The quantized array
+   * @param {number} elementCount The number of elements
+   * @param {Cartesian2} stepSize The quantization step size
+   * @param {Cartesian2} offset The quantization offset
+   * @param {TypedArray} [dequantizedTypedArray] The result
+   * @returns {TypedArray} The result
+   */
+  static dequantize2D(
+    quantizedTypedArray,
+    elementCount,
+    stepSize,
+    offset,
+    dequantizedTypedArray,
+  ) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.defined("quantizedTypedArray", quantizedTypedArray);
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThanOrEquals("elementCount", elementCount, 0);
+    Check.defined("stepSize", stepSize);
+    Check.defined("offset", offset);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    if (!defined(dequantizedTypedArray)) {
+      dequantizedTypedArray = new Float32Array(quantizedTypedArray.length);
+    }
+    const c = new Cartesian2();
+    for (let i = 0; i < elementCount; i++) {
+      Cartesian2.unpack(quantizedTypedArray, i * 2, c);
+      Cartesian2.multiplyComponents(c, stepSize, c);
+      Cartesian2.add(c, offset, c);
+      Cartesian2.pack(c, dequantizedTypedArray, i * 2);
+    }
+    return dequantizedTypedArray;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Dequantize the given quantized array, based on the given quantization
+   * information, and write the result into the given output array, creating
+   * the output array if it was undefined.
+   *
+   * This will simply fill the output array with
+   * <code>output[i] = input[i] * stepSize + offset</code>
+   * when interpreting the input and output as arrays of Cartesian3.
+   *
+   * @param {TypedArray} quantizedTypedArray The quantized array
+   * @param {number} elementCount The number of elements
+   * @param {Cartesian3} stepSize The quantization step size
+   * @param {Cartesian3} offset The quantization offset
+   * @param {TypedArray} [dequantizedTypedArray] The result
+   * @returns {TypedArray} The result
+   */
+  static dequantize3D(
+    quantizedTypedArray,
+    elementCount,
+    stepSize,
+    offset,
+    dequantizedTypedArray,
+  ) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.defined("quantizedTypedArray", quantizedTypedArray);
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThanOrEquals("elementCount", elementCount, 0);
+    Check.defined("stepSize", stepSize);
+    Check.defined("offset", offset);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    if (!defined(dequantizedTypedArray)) {
+      dequantizedTypedArray = new Float32Array(quantizedTypedArray.length);
+    }
+    const c = new Cartesian3();
+    for (let i = 0; i < elementCount; i++) {
+      Cartesian3.unpack(quantizedTypedArray, i * 3, c);
+      Cartesian3.multiplyComponents(c, stepSize, c);
+      Cartesian3.add(c, offset, c);
+      Cartesian3.pack(c, dequantizedTypedArray, i * 3);
+    }
+    return dequantizedTypedArray;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Dequantize the given quantized array, based on the given quantization
+   * information, and write the result into the given output array, creating
+   * the output array if it was undefined.
+   *
+   * This will simply fill the output array with
+   * <code>output[i] = input[i] * stepSize + offset</code>
+   * when interpreting the input and output as arrays of Cartesian4.
+   *
+   * @param {TypedArray} quantizedTypedArray The quantized array
+   * @param {number} elementCount The number of elements
+   * @param {Cartesian4} stepSize The quantization step size
+   * @param {Cartesian4} offset The quantization offset
+   * @param {TypedArray} [dequantizedTypedArray] The result
+   * @returns {TypedArray} The result
+   */
+  static dequantize4D(
+    quantizedTypedArray,
+    elementCount,
+    stepSize,
+    offset,
+    dequantizedTypedArray,
+  ) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.defined("quantizedTypedArray", quantizedTypedArray);
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThanOrEquals("elementCount", elementCount, 0);
+    Check.defined("stepSize", stepSize);
+    Check.defined("offset", offset);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    if (!defined(dequantizedTypedArray)) {
+      dequantizedTypedArray = new Float32Array(quantizedTypedArray.length);
+    }
+    const c = new Cartesian4();
+    for (let i = 0; i < elementCount; i++) {
+      Cartesian4.unpack(quantizedTypedArray, i * 4, c);
+      Cartesian4.multiplyComponents(c, stepSize, c);
+      Cartesian4.add(c, offset, c);
+      Cartesian4.pack(c, dequantizedTypedArray, i * 4);
+    }
+    return dequantizedTypedArray;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Reads and returns a value with the given type
+   * at the given byte offset from the data view, in little-endian
+   * order
+   * @callback ComponentsReaderCallback
+   * @param {DataView} dataView Typed data view into a binary buffer
+   * @param {number} byteOffset The offset, in bytes, from the start of the view to read the data from
+   * @param {number} numberOfComponents The number of components to read
+   * @param {number[]} result The array in which to read the result
+   */
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that reads the specified number of components with
+   * the given type from the given data view, in little-endian
+   * order, and writes them into a given result array.
+   *
+   * @param {ComponentDatatype} componentType The component type
+   * @returns {ComponentsReaderCallback} The reader
+   */
+  static createComponentsReader(componentType) {
+    const componentReader = ModelReader.createComponentReader(componentType);
+    const sizeInBytes = ComponentDatatype.getSizeInBytes(componentType);
+    return function (dataView, byteOffset, numberOfComponents, result) {
+      let offset = byteOffset;
+      for (let i = 0; i < numberOfComponents; ++i) {
+        result[i] = componentReader(dataView, offset);
+        offset += sizeInBytes;
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Reads and returns a value with the given type
+   * at the given byte offset from the data view, in little-endian
+   * order
+   * @callback ComponentReaderCallback
+   * @param {DataView} dataView Typed data view into a binary buffer
+   * @param {number} byteOffset The offset, in bytes, from the start of the view to read the data from
+   * @returns {number|BigInt} The value read from the dataView
+   */
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that reads and returns a value with the given type
+   * at the given byte offset from the data view, in little-endian
+   * order
+   * @param {ComponentDatatype} componentType The component type
+   * @returns {ComponentReaderCallback} The reader
+   */
+  static createComponentReader(componentType) {
+    switch (componentType) {
+      case ComponentDatatype.BYTE:
+        return function (dataView, byteOffset) {
+          return dataView.getInt8(byteOffset);
+        };
+      case ComponentDatatype.UNSIGNED_BYTE:
+        return function (dataView, byteOffset) {
+          return dataView.getUint8(byteOffset);
+        };
+      case ComponentDatatype.SHORT:
+        return function (dataView, byteOffset) {
+          return dataView.getInt16(byteOffset, true);
+        };
+      case ComponentDatatype.UNSIGNED_SHORT:
+        return function (dataView, byteOffset) {
+          return dataView.getUint16(byteOffset, true);
+        };
+      case ComponentDatatype.INT:
+        return function (dataView, byteOffset) {
+          return dataView.getInt32(byteOffset, true);
+        };
+      case ComponentDatatype.UNSIGNED_INT:
+        return function (dataView, byteOffset) {
+          return dataView.getUint32(byteOffset, true);
+        };
+      case ComponentDatatype.FLOAT:
+        return function (dataView, byteOffset) {
+          return dataView.getFloat32(byteOffset, true);
+        };
+      case ComponentDatatype.DOUBLE:
+        return function (dataView, byteOffset) {
+          return dataView.getFloat64(byteOffset, true);
+        };
+    }
+    throw new DeveloperError(
+      `The componentType must be a valid ComponentDatatype, but is ${componentType}`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Transform the elements of the given array with the given 4x4 matrix,
+   * interpreting each 3 consecutive elements as a 3D point, and write
+   * the result into the given result array, creating the result array
+   * if it was undefined.
+   *
+   * @param {TypedArray} input The input array
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix
+   * @param {TypedArray} [result] The result
+   * @returns {TypedArray} The result
+   */
+  static transform3D(input, matrix, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.defined("input", input);
+    Check.defined("matrix", matrix);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      result = new Float32Array(input.length);
+    }
+    const c = new Cartesian3();
+    const elementCount = input.length / 3;
+    for (let i = 0; i < elementCount; i++) {
+      Cartesian3.unpack(input, i * 3, c);
+      Matrix4.multiplyByPoint(matrix, c, c);
+      Cartesian3.pack(c, result, i * 3);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read the indices values from the given primitive indices, and
+   * return them as a typed array.
+   *
+   * If the given object already has a <code>typedArray/code> property, then it
+   * is assumed that this contains the proper indices, and they are returned.
+   *
+   * Otherwise, this reads the data from the <code>buffer</code> of the given
+   * primitive indices object, into a typed array with a type that matches the
+   * <code>indexDataType</code>, and returns it.
+   *
+   * Clients may not modify the returned typed array.
+   *
+   * @param {ModelComponents.Indices} primitiveIndices The primitive indices
+   * @returns {TypedArray} The indices values
+   * @throws {DeveloperError} If the <code>indexDataType</code> of the given
+   * object is neither <code>UNSIGNED_BYTE</code>, nor <code>UNSIGNED_SHORT</code>,
+   * nor <code>UNSIGNED_INT</code>
+   */
+  static readIndicesAsTypedArray(primitiveIndices) {
+    const existingIndices = primitiveIndices.typedArray;
+    if (defined(existingIndices)) {
+      return existingIndices;
+    }
+    const indicesBuffer = primitiveIndices.buffer;
+    const indicesCount = primitiveIndices.count;
+    const indexDatatype = primitiveIndices.indexDatatype;
+    const indices = ModelReader.createIndexTypedArray(
+      indexDatatype,
+      indicesCount,
+    );
+    indicesBuffer.getBufferData(indices);
+    return indices;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Read the indices values from the given primitive indices object, and return
+   * them as a typed array of triangle vertex indices.
+   *
+   * If the given primitive type is <code>TRIANGLES</code>, then the indices
+   * values will be read from the given object, and returned.
+   *
+   * If the primitive type is <code>TRIANGLE_STRIP</code> or <code>TRIANGLE_FAN</code>,
+   * then the original indices values, will be read, converted into triangle indices
+   * (i.e. their equivalent <code>TRIANGLES</code> representation), and the result
+   * will be returned.
+   *
+   * The type of the returned array will match the <code>indexDataType</code>
+   * of the given object.
+   *
+   * Clients may not modify the returned typed array.
+   *
+   * @param {ModelComponents.Indices} primitiveIndices The primitive indices
+   * @returns {TypedArray} The indices, converted to triangle indices if necessary
+   * @throws {DeveloperError} If the <code>indexDataType</code> of the given
+   * object is neither <code>UNSIGNED_BYTE</code>, nor <code>UNSIGNED_SHORT</code>,
+   * nor <code>UNSIGNED_INT</code>, or the given <code>primitiveType</code>
+   * is neither <code>TRIANGLES</code>, nor <code>TRIANGLE_STRIP</code>,
+   * nor <code>TRIANGLE_FAN</code>
+   */
+  static readIndicesAsTriangleIndicesTypedArray(
+    primitiveIndices,
+    primitiveType,
+  ) {
+    const originalIndices =
+      ModelReader.readIndicesAsTypedArray(primitiveIndices);
+    if (primitiveType === PrimitiveType.TRIANGLES) {
+      return originalIndices;
+    }
+    if (primitiveType === PrimitiveType.TRIANGLE_STRIP) {
+      const triangleIndices =
+        ModelReader.convertTriangleStripToTriangleIndices(originalIndices);
+      return triangleIndices;
+    }
+    if (primitiveType === PrimitiveType.TRIANGLE_FAN) {
+      const triangleIndices =
+        ModelReader.convertTriangleFanToTriangleIndices(originalIndices);
+      return triangleIndices;
+    }
+    throw new DeveloperError(
+      `The primitiveType must be TRIANGLES (${PrimitiveType.TRIANGLES}, ` +
+        `TRIANGLE_STRIP (${PrimitiveType.TRIANGLE_STRIP}, or ` +
+        `TRIANGLE_FAN (${PrimitiveType.TRIANGLE_FAN}, but is ${primitiveType}`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts the given indices from a <code>TRIANGLE_STRIP</code> representation
+   * into a <code>TRIANGLES</code> representation, and returns the result.
+   *
+   * The type of the result will be the same as the type of the input array.
+   *
+   * @param {TypedArray} indices The input indices
+   * @returns {TypedArray} The resulting triangle indices
+   */
+  static convertTriangleStripToTriangleIndices(indices) {
+    const triangleIndices = indices.constructor((indices.length - 2) * 3);
+    for (let i = 0; i < indices.length - 2; i++) {
+      if (i % 2 === 1) {
+        triangleIndices[i * 3 + 0] = indices[i + 0];
+        triangleIndices[i * 3 + 1] = indices[i + 2];
+        triangleIndices[i * 3 + 2] = indices[i + 1];
+      } else {
+        triangleIndices[i * 3 + 0] = indices[i + 0];
+        triangleIndices[i * 3 + 1] = indices[i + 1];
+        triangleIndices[i * 3 + 2] = indices[i + 2];
+      }
+    }
+    return triangleIndices;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts the given indices from a <code>TRIANGLE_FAN</code> representation
+   * into a <code>TRIANGLES</code> representation, and returns the result.
+   *
+   * The type of the result will be the same as the type of the input array.
+   *
+   * @param {TypedArray} indices The input indices
+   * @returns {TypedArray} The resulting triangle indices
+   */
+  static convertTriangleFanToTriangleIndices(indices) {
+    const triangleIndices = indices.constructor((indices.length - 2) * 3);
+    for (let i = 0; i < indices.length - 2; i++) {
+      triangleIndices[i * 3 + 0] = indices[i + 0];
+      triangleIndices[i * 3 + 1] = indices[i + 1];
+      triangleIndices[i * 3 + 2] = indices[i + 2];
+    }
+    return triangleIndices;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a typed array with a type that matches the given index data type,
+   * and the given size.
+   *
+   * @param {number} indexDatatype The <code>IndexDataType</code>
+   * @param {number} size The size of the array that will be created
+   * @returns {TypedArray} The typed array
+   * @throws {DeveloperError} If the <code>indexDataType</code> is neither
+   * <code>UNSIGNED_BYTE</code>, nor <code>UNSIGNED_SHORT</code>,
+   * nor <code>UNSIGNED_INT</code>, or the size is negative.
+   */
+  static createIndexTypedArray(indexDatatype, size) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThanOrEquals("size", size, 0);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    switch (indexDatatype) {
+      case IndexDatatype.UNSIGNED_BYTE:
+        return new Uint8Array(size);
+      case IndexDatatype.UNSIGNED_SHORT:
+        return new Uint16Array(size);
+      case IndexDatatype.UNSIGNED_INT:
+        return new Uint32Array(size);
+    }
+    throw new DeveloperError(
+      `The indexDatatype must be UNSIGNED_BYTE (${IndexDatatype.UNSIGNED_BYTE}, ` +
+        `UNSIGNED_SHORT (${IndexDatatype.UNSIGNED_SHORT}, or ` +
+        `UNSIGNED_INT (${IndexDatatype.UNSIGNED_INT}, but is ${indexDatatype}`,
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+export default ModelReader;