wasmtime 36.0.0 → 36.0.1

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmtime-36.0.19/src/runtime/memory.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,1116 @@
+use crate::Trap;
+use crate::prelude::*;
+use crate::store::{StoreInstanceId, StoreOpaque};
+use crate::trampoline::generate_memory_export;
+use crate::{AsContext, AsContextMut, Engine, MemoryType, StoreContext, StoreContextMut};
+use core::cell::UnsafeCell;
+use core::fmt;
+use core::slice;
+use core::time::Duration;
+use wasmtime_environ::DefinedMemoryIndex;
+
+pub use crate::runtime::vm::WaitResult;
+
+/// Error for out of bounds [`Memory`] access.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct MemoryAccessError {
+    // Keep struct internals private for future extensibility.
+    _private: (),
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for MemoryAccessError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "out of bounds memory access")
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::error::Error for MemoryAccessError {}
+
+/// A WebAssembly linear memory.
+///
+/// WebAssembly memories represent a contiguous array of bytes that have a size
+/// that is always a multiple of the WebAssembly page size, currently 64
+/// kilobytes.
+///
+/// WebAssembly memory is used for global data (not to be confused with wasm
+/// `global` items), statics in C/C++/Rust, shadow stack memory, etc. Accessing
+/// wasm memory is generally quite fast.
+///
+/// Memories, like other wasm items, are owned by a [`Store`](crate::Store).
+///
+/// # `Memory` and Safety
+///
+/// Linear memory is a lynchpin of safety for WebAssembly. In Wasmtime there are
+/// safe methods of interacting with a [`Memory`]:
+///
+/// * [`Memory::read`]
+/// * [`Memory::write`]
+/// * [`Memory::data`]
+/// * [`Memory::data_mut`]
+///
+/// Note that all of these consider the entire store context as borrowed for the
+/// duration of the call or the duration of the returned slice. This largely
+/// means that while the function is running you'll be unable to borrow anything
+/// else from the store. This includes getting access to the `T` on
+/// [`Store<T>`](crate::Store), but it also means that you can't recursively
+/// call into WebAssembly for instance.
+///
+/// If you'd like to dip your toes into handling [`Memory`] in a more raw
+/// fashion (e.g. by using raw pointers or raw slices), then there's a few
+/// important points to consider when doing so:
+///
+/// * Any recursive calls into WebAssembly can possibly modify any byte of the
+///   entire memory. This means that whenever wasm is called Rust can't have any
+///   long-lived borrows live across the wasm function call. Slices like `&mut
+///   [u8]` will be violated because they're not actually exclusive at that
+///   point, and slices like `&[u8]` are also violated because their contents
+///   may be mutated.
+///
+/// * WebAssembly memories can grow, and growth may change the base pointer.
+///   This means that even holding a raw pointer to memory over a wasm function
+///   call is also incorrect. Anywhere in the function call the base address of
+///   memory may change. Note that growth can also be requested from the
+///   embedding API as well.
+///
+/// As a general rule of thumb it's recommended to stick to the safe methods of
+/// [`Memory`] if you can. It's not advised to use raw pointers or `unsafe`
+/// operations because of how easy it is to accidentally get things wrong.
+///
+/// Some examples of safely interacting with memory are:
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use wasmtime::{Memory, Store, MemoryAccessError};
+///
+/// // Memory can be read and written safely with the `Memory::read` and
+/// // `Memory::write` methods.
+/// // An error is returned if the copy did not succeed.
+/// fn safe_examples(mem: Memory, store: &mut Store<()>) -> Result<(), MemoryAccessError> {
+///     let offset = 5;
+///     mem.write(&mut *store, offset, b"hello")?;
+///     let mut buffer = [0u8; 5];
+///     mem.read(&store, offset, &mut buffer)?;
+///     assert_eq!(b"hello", &buffer);
+///
+///     // Note that while this is safe care must be taken because the indexing
+///     // here may panic if the memory isn't large enough.
+///     assert_eq!(&mem.data(&store)[offset..offset + 5], b"hello");
+///     mem.data_mut(&mut *store)[offset..offset + 5].copy_from_slice(b"bye!!");
+///
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// It's worth also, however, covering some examples of **incorrect**,
+/// **unsafe** usages of `Memory`. Do not do these things!
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use anyhow::Result;
+/// use wasmtime::{Memory, Store};
+///
+/// // NOTE: All code in this function is not safe to execute and may cause
+/// // segfaults/undefined behavior at runtime. Do not copy/paste these examples
+/// // into production code!
+/// unsafe fn unsafe_examples(mem: Memory, store: &mut Store<()>) -> Result<()> {
+///     // First and foremost, any borrow can be invalidated at any time via the
+///     // `Memory::grow` function. This can relocate memory which causes any
+///     // previous pointer to be possibly invalid now.
+///     unsafe {
+///         let pointer: &u8 = &*mem.data_ptr(&store);
+///         mem.grow(&mut *store, 1)?; // invalidates `pointer`!
+///         // println!("{}", *pointer); // FATAL: use-after-free
+///     }
+///
+///     // Note that the use-after-free also applies to slices, whether they're
+///     // slices of bytes or strings.
+///     unsafe {
+///         let mem_slice = std::slice::from_raw_parts(
+///             mem.data_ptr(&store),
+///             mem.data_size(&store),
+///         );
+///         let slice: &[u8] = &mem_slice[0x100..0x102];
+///         mem.grow(&mut *store, 1)?; // invalidates `slice`!
+///         // println!("{:?}", slice); // FATAL: use-after-free
+///     }
+///
+///     // The `Memory` type may be stored in other locations, so if you hand
+///     // off access to the `Store` then those locations may also call
+///     // `Memory::grow` or similar, so it's not enough to just audit code for
+///     // calls to `Memory::grow`.
+///     unsafe {
+///         let pointer: &u8 = &*mem.data_ptr(&store);
+///         some_other_function(store); // may invalidate `pointer` through use of `store`
+///         // println!("{:?}", pointer); // FATAL: maybe a use-after-free
+///     }
+///
+///     // An especially subtle aspect of accessing a wasm instance's memory is
+///     // that you need to be extremely careful about aliasing. Anyone at any
+///     // time can call `data_unchecked()` or `data_unchecked_mut()`, which
+///     // means you can easily have aliasing mutable references:
+///     unsafe {
+///         let ref1: &u8 = &*mem.data_ptr(&store).add(0x100);
+///         let ref2: &mut u8 = &mut *mem.data_ptr(&store).add(0x100);
+///         // *ref2 = *ref1; // FATAL: violates Rust's aliasing rules
+///     }
+///
+///     Ok(())
+/// }
+/// # fn some_other_function(store: &mut Store<()>) {}
+/// ```
+///
+/// Overall there's some general rules of thumb when unsafely working with
+/// `Memory` and getting raw pointers inside of it:
+///
+/// * If you never have a "long lived" pointer into memory, you're likely in the
+///   clear. Care still needs to be taken in threaded scenarios or when/where
+///   data is read, but you'll be shielded from many classes of issues.
+/// * Long-lived pointers must always respect Rust'a aliasing rules. It's ok for
+///   shared borrows to overlap with each other, but mutable borrows must
+///   overlap with nothing.
+/// * Long-lived pointers are only valid if they're not invalidated for their
+///   lifetime. This means that [`Store`](crate::Store) isn't used to reenter
+///   wasm or the memory itself is never grown or otherwise modified/aliased.
+///
+/// At this point it's worth reiterating again that unsafely working with
+/// `Memory` is pretty tricky and not recommended! It's highly recommended to
+/// use the safe methods to interact with [`Memory`] whenever possible.
+///
+/// ## `Memory` Safety and Threads
+///
+/// Currently the `wasmtime` crate does not implement the wasm threads proposal,
+/// but it is planned to do so. It may be interesting to readers to see how this
+/// affects memory safety and what was previously just discussed as well.
+///
+/// Once threads are added into the mix, all of the above rules still apply.
+/// There's an additional consideration that all reads and writes can happen
+/// concurrently, though. This effectively means that any borrow into wasm
+/// memory are virtually never safe to have.
+///
+/// Mutable pointers are fundamentally unsafe to have in a concurrent scenario
+/// in the face of arbitrary wasm code. Only if you dynamically know for sure
+/// that wasm won't access a region would it be safe to construct a mutable
+/// pointer. Additionally even shared pointers are largely unsafe because their
+/// underlying contents may change, so unless `UnsafeCell` in one form or
+/// another is used everywhere there's no safety.
+///
+/// One important point about concurrency is that while [`Memory::grow`] can
+/// happen concurrently it will never relocate the base pointer. Shared
+/// memories must always have a maximum size and they will be preallocated such
+/// that growth will never relocate the base pointer. The current size of the
+/// memory may still change over time though.
+///
+/// Overall the general rule of thumb for shared memories is that you must
+/// atomically read and write everything. Nothing can be borrowed and everything
+/// must be eagerly copied out. This means that [`Memory::data`] and
+/// [`Memory::data_mut`] won't work in the future (they'll probably return an
+/// error) for shared memories when they're implemented. When possible it's
+/// recommended to use [`Memory::read`] and [`Memory::write`] which will still
+/// be provided.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+#[repr(C)] // here for the C API
+pub struct Memory {
+    /// The internal store instance that this memory belongs to.
+    instance: StoreInstanceId,
+    /// The index of the memory, within `instance` above, that this memory
+    /// refers to.
+    index: DefinedMemoryIndex,
+}
+
+// Double-check that the C representation in `extern.h` matches our in-Rust
+// representation here in terms of size/alignment/etc.
+const _: () = {
+    #[repr(C)]
+    struct Tmp(u64, u32);
+    #[repr(C)]
+    struct C(Tmp, u32);
+    assert!(core::mem::size_of::<C>() == core::mem::size_of::<Memory>());
+    assert!(core::mem::align_of::<C>() == core::mem::align_of::<Memory>());
+    assert!(core::mem::offset_of!(Memory, instance) == 0);
+};
+
+impl Memory {
+    /// Creates a new WebAssembly memory given the configuration of `ty`.
+    ///
+    /// The `store` argument will be the owner of the returned [`Memory`]. All
+    /// WebAssembly memory is initialized to zero.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This function will panic if the [`Store`](`crate::Store`) has a
+    /// [`ResourceLimiterAsync`](`crate::ResourceLimiterAsync`) (see also:
+    /// [`Store::limiter_async`](`crate::Store::limiter_async`)). When
+    /// using an async resource limiter, use [`Memory::new_async`] instead.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use wasmtime::*;
+    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    /// let engine = Engine::default();
+    /// let mut store = Store::new(&engine, ());
+    ///
+    /// let memory_ty = MemoryType::new(1, None);
+    /// let memory = Memory::new(&mut store, memory_ty)?;
+    ///
+    /// let module = Module::new(&engine, "(module (memory (import \"\" \"\") 1))")?;
+    /// let instance = Instance::new(&mut store, &module, &[memory.into()])?;
+    /// // ...
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn new(mut store: impl AsContextMut, ty: MemoryType) -> Result<Memory> {
+        Self::_new(store.as_context_mut().0, ty)
+    }
+
+    /// Async variant of [`Memory::new`]. You must use this variant with
+    /// [`Store`](`crate::Store`)s which have a
+    /// [`ResourceLimiterAsync`](`crate::ResourceLimiterAsync`).
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This function will panic when used with a non-async
+    /// [`Store`](`crate::Store`).
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    pub async fn new_async(
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data: Send>,
+        ty: MemoryType,
+    ) -> Result<Memory> {
+        let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
+        assert!(
+            store.0.async_support(),
+            "cannot use `new_async` without enabling async support on the config"
+        );
+        store.on_fiber(|store| Self::_new(store.0, ty)).await?
+    }
+
+    /// Helper function for attaching the memory to a "frankenstein" instance
+    fn _new(store: &mut StoreOpaque, ty: MemoryType) -> Result<Memory> {
+        if ty.is_shared() {
+            bail!("shared memories must be created through `SharedMemory`")
+        }
+        generate_memory_export(store, &ty, None)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the underlying type of this memory.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if this memory doesn't belong to `store`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use wasmtime::*;
+    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    /// let engine = Engine::default();
+    /// let mut store = Store::new(&engine, ());
+    /// let module = Module::new(&engine, "(module (memory (export \"mem\") 1))")?;
+    /// let instance = Instance::new(&mut store, &module, &[])?;
+    /// let memory = instance.get_memory(&mut store, "mem").unwrap();
+    /// let ty = memory.ty(&store);
+    /// assert_eq!(ty.minimum(), 1);
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn ty(&self, store: impl AsContext) -> MemoryType {
+        let store = store.as_context();
+        MemoryType::from_wasmtime_memory(self.wasmtime_ty(store.0))
+    }
+
+    /// Safely reads memory contents at the given offset into a buffer.
+    ///
+    /// The entire buffer will be filled.
+    ///
+    /// If `offset + buffer.len()` exceed the current memory capacity, then the
+    /// buffer is left untouched and a [`MemoryAccessError`] is returned.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if this memory doesn't belong to `store`.
+    pub fn read(
+        &self,
+        store: impl AsContext,
+        offset: usize,
+        buffer: &mut [u8],
+    ) -> Result<(), MemoryAccessError> {
+        let store = store.as_context();
+        let slice = self
+            .data(&store)
+            .get(offset..)
+            .and_then(|s| s.get(..buffer.len()))
+            .ok_or(MemoryAccessError { _private: () })?;
+        buffer.copy_from_slice(slice);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Safely writes contents of a buffer to this memory at the given offset.
+    ///
+    /// If the `offset + buffer.len()` exceeds the current memory capacity, then
+    /// none of the buffer is written to memory and a [`MemoryAccessError`] is
+    /// returned.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if this memory doesn't belong to `store`.
+    pub fn write(
+        &self,
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut,
+        offset: usize,
+        buffer: &[u8],
+    ) -> Result<(), MemoryAccessError> {
+        let mut context = store.as_context_mut();
+        self.data_mut(&mut context)
+            .get_mut(offset..)
+            .and_then(|s| s.get_mut(..buffer.len()))
+            .ok_or(MemoryAccessError { _private: () })?
+            .copy_from_slice(buffer);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns this memory as a native Rust slice.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this method will consider the entire store context provided as
+    /// borrowed for the duration of the lifetime of the returned slice.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if this memory doesn't belong to `store`.
+    pub fn data<'a, T: 'static>(&self, store: impl Into<StoreContext<'a, T>>) -> &'a [u8] {
+        unsafe {
+            let store = store.into();
+            let definition = store[self.instance].memory(self.index);
+            debug_assert!(!self.ty(store).is_shared());
+            slice::from_raw_parts(definition.base.as_ptr(), definition.current_length())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns this memory as a native Rust mutable slice.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this method will consider the entire store context provided as
+    /// borrowed for the duration of the lifetime of the returned slice.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if this memory doesn't belong to `store`.
+    pub fn data_mut<'a, T: 'static>(
+        &self,
+        store: impl Into<StoreContextMut<'a, T>>,
+    ) -> &'a mut [u8] {
+        unsafe {
+            let store = store.into();
+            let definition = store[self.instance].memory(self.index);
+            debug_assert!(!self.ty(store).is_shared());
+            slice::from_raw_parts_mut(definition.base.as_ptr(), definition.current_length())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Same as [`Memory::data_mut`], but also returns the `T` from the
+    /// [`StoreContextMut`].
+    ///
+    /// This method can be used when you want to simultaneously work with the
+    /// `T` in the store as well as the memory behind this [`Memory`]. Using
+    /// [`Memory::data_mut`] would consider the entire store borrowed, whereas
+    /// this method allows the Rust compiler to see that the borrow of this
+    /// memory and the borrow of `T` are disjoint.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if this memory doesn't belong to `store`.
+    pub fn data_and_store_mut<'a, T: 'static>(
+        &self,
+        store: impl Into<StoreContextMut<'a, T>>,
+    ) -> (&'a mut [u8], &'a mut T) {
+        // Note the unsafety here. Our goal is to simultaneously borrow the
+        // memory and custom data from `store`, and the store it's connected
+        // to. Rust will not let us do that, however, because we must call two
+        // separate methods (both of which borrow the whole `store`) and one of
+        // our borrows is mutable (the custom data).
+        //
+        // This operation, however, is safe because these borrows do not overlap
+        // and in the process of borrowing them mutability doesn't actually
+        // touch anything. This is akin to mutably borrowing two indices in an
+        // array, which is safe so long as the indices are separate.
+        unsafe {
+            let mut store = store.into();
+            let data = &mut *(store.data_mut() as *mut T);
+            (self.data_mut(store), data)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the base pointer, in the host's address space, that the memory
+    /// is located at.
+    ///
+    /// For more information and examples see the documentation on the
+    /// [`Memory`] type.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if this memory doesn't belong to `store`.
+    pub fn data_ptr(&self, store: impl AsContext) -> *mut u8 {
+        store.as_context()[self.instance]
+            .memory(self.index)
+            .base
+            .as_ptr()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the byte length of this memory.
+    ///
+    /// WebAssembly memories are made up of a whole number of pages, so the byte
+    /// size returned will always be a multiple of this memory's page size. Note
+    /// that different Wasm memories may have different page sizes. You can get
+    /// a memory's page size via the [`Memory::page_size`] method.
+    ///
+    /// By default the page size is 64KiB (aka `0x10000`, `2**16`, `1<<16`, or
+    /// `65536`) but [the custom-page-sizes proposal] allows a memory to opt
+    /// into a page size of `1`. Future extensions might allow any power of two
+    /// as a page size.
+    ///
+    /// [the custom-page-sizes proposal]: https://github.com/WebAssembly/custom-page-sizes
+    ///
+    /// For more information and examples see the documentation on the
+    /// [`Memory`] type.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if this memory doesn't belong to `store`.
+    pub fn data_size(&self, store: impl AsContext) -> usize {
+        self.internal_data_size(store.as_context().0)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn internal_data_size(&self, store: &StoreOpaque) -> usize {
+        store[self.instance].memory(self.index).current_length()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the size, in units of pages, of this Wasm memory.
+    ///
+    /// WebAssembly memories are made up of a whole number of pages, so the byte
+    /// size returned will always be a multiple of this memory's page size. Note
+    /// that different Wasm memories may have different page sizes. You can get
+    /// a memory's page size via the [`Memory::page_size`] method.
+    ///
+    /// By default the page size is 64KiB (aka `0x10000`, `2**16`, `1<<16`, or
+    /// `65536`) but [the custom-page-sizes proposal] allows a memory to opt
+    /// into a page size of `1`. Future extensions might allow any power of two
+    /// as a page size.
+    ///
+    /// [the custom-page-sizes proposal]: https://github.com/WebAssembly/custom-page-sizes
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if this memory doesn't belong to `store`.
+    pub fn size(&self, store: impl AsContext) -> u64 {
+        self.internal_size(store.as_context().0)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn internal_size(&self, store: &StoreOpaque) -> u64 {
+        let byte_size = self.internal_data_size(store);
+        let page_size = usize::try_from(self._page_size(store)).unwrap();
+        u64::try_from(byte_size / page_size).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the size of a page, in bytes, for this memory.
+    ///
+    /// WebAssembly memories are made up of a whole number of pages, so the byte
+    /// size (as returned by [`Memory::data_size`]) will always be a multiple of
+    /// their page size. Different Wasm memories may have different page sizes.
+    ///
+    /// By default this is 64KiB (aka `0x10000`, `2**16`, `1<<16`, or `65536`)
+    /// but [the custom-page-sizes proposal] allows opting into a page size of
+    /// `1`. Future extensions might allow any power of two as a page size.
+    ///
+    /// [the custom-page-sizes proposal]: https://github.com/WebAssembly/custom-page-sizes
+    pub fn page_size(&self, store: impl AsContext) -> u64 {
+        self._page_size(store.as_context().0)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn _page_size(&self, store: &StoreOpaque) -> u64 {
+        self.wasmtime_ty(store).page_size()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the log2 of this memory's page size, in bytes.
+    ///
+    /// WebAssembly memories are made up of a whole number of pages, so the byte
+    /// size (as returned by [`Memory::data_size`]) will always be a multiple of
+    /// their page size. Different Wasm memories may have different page sizes.
+    ///
+    /// By default the page size is 64KiB (aka `0x10000`, `2**16`, `1<<16`, or
+    /// `65536`) but [the custom-page-sizes proposal] allows opting into a page
+    /// size of `1`. Future extensions might allow any power of two as a page
+    /// size.
+    ///
+    /// [the custom-page-sizes proposal]: https://github.com/WebAssembly/custom-page-sizes
+    pub fn page_size_log2(&self, store: impl AsContext) -> u8 {
+        self._page_size_log2(store.as_context().0)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn _page_size_log2(&self, store: &StoreOpaque) -> u8 {
+        self.wasmtime_ty(store).page_size_log2
+    }
+
+    /// Grows this WebAssembly memory by `delta` pages.
+    ///
+    /// This will attempt to add `delta` more pages of memory on to the end of
+    /// this `Memory` instance. If successful this may relocate the memory and
+    /// cause [`Memory::data_ptr`] to return a new value. Additionally any
+    /// unsafely constructed slices into this memory may no longer be valid.
+    ///
+    /// On success returns the number of pages this memory previously had
+    /// before the growth succeeded.
+    ///
+    /// Note that, by default, a WebAssembly memory's page size is 64KiB (aka
+    /// 65536 or 2<sup>16</sup>). The [custom-page-sizes proposal] allows Wasm
+    /// memories to opt into a page size of one byte (and this may be further
+    /// relaxed to any power of two in a future extension).
+    ///
+    /// [custom-page-sizes proposal]: https://github.com/WebAssembly/custom-page-sizes
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if memory could not be grown, for example if it exceeds
+    /// the maximum limits of this memory. A
+    /// [`ResourceLimiter`](crate::ResourceLimiter) is another example of
+    /// preventing a memory to grow.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if this memory doesn't belong to `store`.
+    ///
+    /// This function will panic if the [`Store`](`crate::Store`) has a
+    /// [`ResourceLimiterAsync`](`crate::ResourceLimiterAsync`) (see also:
+    /// [`Store::limiter_async`](`crate::Store::limiter_async`). When using an
+    /// async resource limiter, use [`Memory::grow_async`] instead.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use wasmtime::*;
+    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    /// let engine = Engine::default();
+    /// let mut store = Store::new(&engine, ());
+    /// let module = Module::new(&engine, "(module (memory (export \"mem\") 1 2))")?;
+    /// let instance = Instance::new(&mut store, &module, &[])?;
+    /// let memory = instance.get_memory(&mut store, "mem").unwrap();
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(memory.size(&store), 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(memory.grow(&mut store, 1)?, 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(memory.size(&store), 2);
+    /// assert!(memory.grow(&mut store, 1).is_err());
+    /// assert_eq!(memory.size(&store), 2);
+    /// assert_eq!(memory.grow(&mut store, 0)?, 2);
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn grow(&self, mut store: impl AsContextMut, delta: u64) -> Result<u64> {
+        let store = store.as_context_mut().0;
+        // FIXME(#11179) shouldn't use a raw pointer to work around the borrow
+        // checker here.
+        let mem: *mut _ = self.wasmtime_memory(store);
+        unsafe {
+            match (*mem).grow(delta, Some(store))? {
+                Some(size) => {
+                    let vm = (*mem).vmmemory();
+                    store[self.instance].memory_ptr(self.index).write(vm);
+                    let page_size = (*mem).page_size();
+                    Ok(u64::try_from(size).unwrap() / page_size)
+                }
+                None => bail!("failed to grow memory by `{}`", delta),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Async variant of [`Memory::grow`]. Required when using a
+    /// [`ResourceLimiterAsync`](`crate::ResourceLimiterAsync`).
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This function will panic when used with a non-async
+    /// [`Store`](`crate::Store`).
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    pub async fn grow_async(
+        &self,
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data: Send>,
+        delta: u64,
+    ) -> Result<u64> {
+        let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
+        assert!(
+            store.0.async_support(),
+            "cannot use `grow_async` without enabling async support on the config"
+        );
+        store.on_fiber(|store| self.grow(store, delta)).await?
+    }
+
+    fn wasmtime_memory<'a>(
+        &self,
+        store: &'a mut StoreOpaque,
+    ) -> &'a mut crate::runtime::vm::Memory {
+        self.instance
+            .get_mut(store)
+            .get_defined_memory_mut(self.index)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_raw(instance: StoreInstanceId, index: DefinedMemoryIndex) -> Memory {
+        Memory { instance, index }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn wasmtime_ty<'a>(&self, store: &'a StoreOpaque) -> &'a wasmtime_environ::Memory {
+        let module = store[self.instance].env_module();
+        let index = module.memory_index(self.index);
+        &module.memories[index]
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn vmimport(&self, store: &StoreOpaque) -> crate::runtime::vm::VMMemoryImport {
+        let instance = &store[self.instance];
+        crate::runtime::vm::VMMemoryImport {
+            from: instance.memory_ptr(self.index).into(),
+            vmctx: instance.vmctx().into(),
+            index: self.index,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn comes_from_same_store(&self, store: &StoreOpaque) -> bool {
+        store.id() == self.instance.store_id()
+    }
+
+    /// Get a stable hash key for this memory.
+    ///
+    /// Even if the same underlying memory definition is added to the
+    /// `StoreData` multiple times and becomes multiple `wasmtime::Memory`s,
+    /// this hash key will be consistent across all of these memories.
+    #[cfg(feature = "coredump")]
+    pub(crate) fn hash_key(&self, store: &StoreOpaque) -> impl core::hash::Hash + Eq + use<> {
+        store[self.instance].memory_ptr(self.index).as_ptr().addr()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A linear memory. This trait provides an interface for raw memory buffers
+/// which are used by wasmtime, e.g. inside ['Memory']. Such buffers are in
+/// principle not thread safe. By implementing this trait together with
+/// MemoryCreator, one can supply wasmtime with custom allocated host managed
+/// memory.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// The memory should be page aligned and a multiple of page size.
+/// To prevent possible silent overflows, the memory should be protected by a
+/// guard page.  Additionally the safety concerns explained in ['Memory'], for
+/// accessing the memory apply here as well.
+///
+/// Note that this is a relatively advanced feature and it is recommended to be
+/// familiar with wasmtime runtime code to use it.
+pub unsafe trait LinearMemory: Send + Sync + 'static {
+    /// Returns the number of allocated bytes which are accessible at this time.
+    fn byte_size(&self) -> usize;
+
+    /// Returns byte capacity of this linear memory's current allocation.
+    ///
+    /// Growth up to this value should not relocate the linear memory base
+    /// pointer.
+    fn byte_capacity(&self) -> usize;
+
+    /// Grows this memory to have the `new_size`, in bytes, specified.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `Err` if memory can't be grown by the specified amount
+    /// of bytes. The error may be downcastable to `std::io::Error`.
+    /// Returns `Ok` if memory was grown successfully.
+    fn grow_to(&mut self, new_size: usize) -> Result<()>;
+
+    /// Return the allocated memory as a mutable pointer to u8.
+    fn as_ptr(&self) -> *mut u8;
+}
+
+/// A memory creator. Can be used to provide a memory creator
+/// to wasmtime which supplies host managed memory.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// This trait is unsafe, as the memory safety depends on proper implementation
+/// of memory management. Memories created by the MemoryCreator should always be
+/// treated as owned by wasmtime instance, and any modification of them outside
+/// of wasmtime invoked routines is unsafe and may lead to corruption.
+///
+/// Note that this is a relatively advanced feature and it is recommended to be
+/// familiar with Wasmtime runtime code to use it.
+pub unsafe trait MemoryCreator: Send + Sync {
+    /// Create a new `LinearMemory` object from the specified parameters.
+    ///
+    /// The type of memory being created is specified by `ty` which indicates
+    /// both the minimum and maximum size, in wasm pages. The minimum and
+    /// maximum sizes, in bytes, are also specified as parameters to avoid
+    /// integer conversion if desired.
+    ///
+    /// The `reserved_size_in_bytes` value indicates the expected size of the
+    /// reservation that is to be made for this memory. If this value is `None`
+    /// than the implementation is free to allocate memory as it sees fit. If
+    /// the value is `Some`, however, then the implementation is expected to
+    /// reserve that many bytes for the memory's allocation, plus the guard
+    /// size at the end. Note that this reservation need only be a virtual
+    /// memory reservation, physical memory does not need to be allocated
+    /// immediately. In this case `grow` should never move the base pointer and
+    /// the maximum size of `ty` is guaranteed to fit within
+    /// `reserved_size_in_bytes`.
+    ///
+    /// The `guard_size_in_bytes` parameter indicates how many bytes of space,
+    /// after the memory allocation, is expected to be unmapped. JIT code will
+    /// elide bounds checks based on the `guard_size_in_bytes` provided, so for
+    /// JIT code to work correctly the memory returned will need to be properly
+    /// guarded with `guard_size_in_bytes` bytes left unmapped after the base
+    /// allocation.
+    ///
+    /// Note that the `reserved_size_in_bytes` and `guard_size_in_bytes` options
+    /// are tuned from the various [`Config`](crate::Config) methods about
+    /// memory sizes/guards. Additionally these two values are guaranteed to be
+    /// multiples of the system page size.
+    ///
+    /// Memory created from this method should be zero filled.
+    fn new_memory(
+        &self,
+        ty: MemoryType,
+        minimum: usize,
+        maximum: Option<usize>,
+        reserved_size_in_bytes: Option<usize>,
+        guard_size_in_bytes: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Box<dyn LinearMemory>, String>;
+}
+
+/// A constructor for externally-created shared memory.
+///
+/// The [threads proposal] adds the concept of "shared memory" to WebAssembly.
+/// This is much the same as a Wasm linear memory (i.e., [`Memory`]), but can be
+/// used concurrently by multiple agents. Because these agents may execute in
+/// different threads, [`SharedMemory`] must be thread-safe.
+///
+/// When the threads proposal is enabled, there are multiple ways to construct
+/// shared memory:
+///  1. for imported shared memory, e.g., `(import "env" "memory" (memory 1 1
+///     shared))`, the user must supply a [`SharedMemory`] with the
+///     externally-created memory as an import to the instance--e.g.,
+///     `shared_memory.into()`.
+///  2. for private or exported shared memory, e.g., `(export "env" "memory"
+///     (memory 1 1 shared))`, Wasmtime will create the memory internally during
+///     instantiation--access using `Instance::get_shared_memory()`.
+///
+/// [threads proposal]:
+///     https://github.com/WebAssembly/threads/blob/master/proposals/threads/Overview.md
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use wasmtime::*;
+/// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+/// let mut config = Config::new();
+/// config.wasm_threads(true);
+/// let engine = Engine::new(&config)?;
+/// let mut store = Store::new(&engine, ());
+///
+/// let shared_memory = SharedMemory::new(&engine, MemoryType::shared(1, 2))?;
+/// let module = Module::new(&engine, r#"(module (memory (import "" "") 1 2 shared))"#)?;
+/// let instance = Instance::new(&mut store, &module, &[shared_memory.into()])?;
+/// // ...
+/// # Ok(())
+/// # }
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct SharedMemory {
+    vm: crate::runtime::vm::SharedMemory,
+    engine: Engine,
+    page_size_log2: u8,
+}
+
+impl SharedMemory {
+    /// Construct a [`SharedMemory`] by providing both the `minimum` and
+    /// `maximum` number of 64K-sized pages. This call allocates the necessary
+    /// pages on the system.
+    #[cfg(feature = "threads")]
+    pub fn new(engine: &Engine, ty: MemoryType) -> Result<Self> {
+        if !ty.is_shared() {
+            bail!("shared memory must have the `shared` flag enabled on its memory type")
+        }
+        debug_assert!(ty.maximum().is_some());
+
+        let tunables = engine.tunables();
+        let ty = ty.wasmtime_memory();
+        let page_size_log2 = ty.page_size_log2;
+        let memory = crate::runtime::vm::SharedMemory::new(ty, tunables)?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            vm: memory,
+            engine: engine.clone(),
+            page_size_log2,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Return the type of the shared memory.
+    pub fn ty(&self) -> MemoryType {
+        MemoryType::from_wasmtime_memory(&self.vm.ty())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the size, in WebAssembly pages, of this wasm memory.
+    pub fn size(&self) -> u64 {
+        let byte_size = u64::try_from(self.data_size()).unwrap();
+        let page_size = u64::from(self.page_size());
+        byte_size / page_size
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the size of a page, in bytes, for this memory.
+    ///
+    /// By default this is 64KiB (aka `0x10000`, `2**16`, `1<<16`, or `65536`)
+    /// but [the custom-page-sizes proposal] allows opting into a page size of
+    /// `1`. Future extensions might allow any power of two as a page size.
+    ///
+    /// [the custom-page-sizes proposal]: https://github.com/WebAssembly/custom-page-sizes
+    pub fn page_size(&self) -> u32 {
+        debug_assert!(self.page_size_log2 == 0 || self.page_size_log2 == 16);
+        1 << self.page_size_log2
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the byte length of this memory.
+    ///
+    /// The returned value will be a multiple of the wasm page size, 64k.
+    ///
+    /// For more information and examples see the documentation on the
+    /// [`Memory`] type.
+    pub fn data_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.vm.byte_size()
+    }
+
+    /// Return access to the available portion of the shared memory.
+    ///
+    /// The slice returned represents the region of accessible memory at the
+    /// time that this function was called. The contents of the returned slice
+    /// will reflect concurrent modifications happening on other threads.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// The returned slice is valid for the entire duration of the lifetime of
+    /// this instance of [`SharedMemory`]. The base pointer of a shared memory
+    /// does not change. This [`SharedMemory`] may grow further after this
+    /// function has been called, but the slice returned will not grow.
+    ///
+    /// Concurrent modifications may be happening to the data returned on other
+    /// threads. The `UnsafeCell<u8>` represents that safe access to the
+    /// contents of the slice is not possible through normal loads and stores.
+    ///
+    /// The memory returned must be accessed safely through the `Atomic*` types
+    /// in the [`std::sync::atomic`] module. Casting to those types must
+    /// currently be done unsafely.
+    pub fn data(&self) -> &[UnsafeCell<u8>] {
+        unsafe {
+            let definition = self.vm.vmmemory_ptr().as_ref();
+            slice::from_raw_parts(definition.base.as_ptr().cast(), definition.current_length())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Grows this WebAssembly memory by `delta` pages.
+    ///
+    /// This will attempt to add `delta` more pages of memory on to the end of
+    /// this `Memory` instance. If successful this may relocate the memory and
+    /// cause [`Memory::data_ptr`] to return a new value. Additionally any
+    /// unsafely constructed slices into this memory may no longer be valid.
+    ///
+    /// On success returns the number of pages this memory previously had
+    /// before the growth succeeded.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if memory could not be grown, for example if it exceeds
+    /// the maximum limits of this memory. A
+    /// [`ResourceLimiter`](crate::ResourceLimiter) is another example of
+    /// preventing a memory to grow.
+    pub fn grow(&self, delta: u64) -> Result<u64> {
+        match self.vm.grow(delta, None)? {
+            Some((old_size, _new_size)) => {
+                // For shared memory, the `VMMemoryDefinition` is updated inside
+                // the locked region.
+                Ok(u64::try_from(old_size).unwrap() / u64::from(self.page_size()))
+            }
+            None => bail!("failed to grow memory by `{}`", delta),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Equivalent of the WebAssembly `memory.atomic.notify` instruction for
+    /// this shared memory.
+    ///
+    /// This method allows embedders to notify threads blocked on the specified
+    /// `addr`, an index into wasm linear memory. Threads could include
+    /// wasm threads blocked on a `memory.atomic.wait*` instruction or embedder
+    /// threads blocked on [`SharedMemory::atomic_wait32`], for example.
+    ///
+    /// The `count` argument is the number of threads to wake up.
+    ///
+    /// This function returns the number of threads awoken.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// This function will return an error if `addr` is not within bounds or
+    /// not aligned to a 4-byte boundary.
+    pub fn atomic_notify(&self, addr: u64, count: u32) -> Result<u32, Trap> {
+        self.vm.atomic_notify(addr, count)
+    }
+
+    /// Equivalent of the WebAssembly `memory.atomic.wait32` instruction for
+    /// this shared memory.
+    ///
+    /// This method allows embedders to block the current thread until notified
+    /// via the `memory.atomic.notify` instruction or the
+    /// [`SharedMemory::atomic_notify`] method, enabling synchronization with
+    /// the wasm guest as desired.
+    ///
+    /// The `expected` argument is the expected 32-bit value to be stored at
+    /// the byte address `addr` specified. The `addr` specified is an index
+    /// into this linear memory.
+    ///
+    /// The optional `timeout` argument is the maximum amount of time to block
+    /// the current thread. If not specified the thread may sleep indefinitely.
+    ///
+    /// This function returns one of three possible values:
+    ///
+    /// * `WaitResult::Ok` - this function, loaded the value at `addr`, found
+    ///   it was equal to `expected`, and then blocked (all as one atomic
+    ///   operation). The thread was then awoken with a `memory.atomic.notify`
+    ///   instruction or the [`SharedMemory::atomic_notify`] method.
+    /// * `WaitResult::Mismatch` - the value at `addr` was loaded but was not
+    ///   equal to `expected` so the thread did not block and immediately
+    ///   returned.
+    /// * `WaitResult::TimedOut` - all the steps of `Ok` happened, except this
+    ///   thread was woken up due to a timeout.
+    ///
+    /// This function will not return due to spurious wakeups.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// This function will return an error if `addr` is not within bounds or
+    /// not aligned to a 4-byte boundary.
+    pub fn atomic_wait32(
+        &self,
+        addr: u64,
+        expected: u32,
+        timeout: Option<Duration>,
+    ) -> Result<WaitResult, Trap> {
+        self.vm.atomic_wait32(addr, expected, timeout)
+    }
+
+    /// Equivalent of the WebAssembly `memory.atomic.wait64` instruction for
+    /// this shared memory.
+    ///
+    /// For more information see [`SharedMemory::atomic_wait32`].
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// Returns the same error as [`SharedMemory::atomic_wait32`] except that
+    /// the specified address must be 8-byte aligned instead of 4-byte aligned.
+    pub fn atomic_wait64(
+        &self,
+        addr: u64,
+        expected: u64,
+        timeout: Option<Duration>,
+    ) -> Result<WaitResult, Trap> {
+        self.vm.atomic_wait64(addr, expected, timeout)
+    }
+
+    /// Return a reference to the [`Engine`] used to configure the shared
+    /// memory.
+    pub(crate) fn engine(&self) -> &Engine {
+        &self.engine
+    }
+
+    /// Construct a single-memory instance to provide a way to import
+    /// [`SharedMemory`] into other modules.
+    pub(crate) fn vmimport(&self, store: &mut StoreOpaque) -> crate::runtime::vm::VMMemoryImport {
+        generate_memory_export(store, &self.ty(), Some(&self.vm))
+            .unwrap()
+            .vmimport(store)
+    }
+
+    /// Create a [`SharedMemory`] from an [`ExportMemory`] definition. This
+    /// function is available to handle the case in which a Wasm module exports
+    /// shared memory and the user wants host-side access to it.
+    pub(crate) fn from_memory(mem: Memory, store: &StoreOpaque) -> Self {
+        #![cfg_attr(
+            not(feature = "threads"),
+            expect(
+                unused_variables,
+                unreachable_code,
+                reason = "definitions cfg'd to dummy",
+            )
+        )]
+
+        let instance = mem.instance.get(store);
+        let memory = instance.get_defined_memory(mem.index);
+        let module = instance.env_module();
+        let page_size_log2 = module.memories[module.memory_index(mem.index)].page_size_log2;
+        match memory.as_shared_memory() {
+            Some(mem) => Self {
+                vm: mem.clone(),
+                engine: store.engine().clone(),
+                page_size_log2,
+            },
+            None => panic!("unable to convert from a shared memory"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for SharedMemory {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("SharedMemory").finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::*;
+
+    // Assert that creating a memory via `Memory::new` respects the limits/tunables
+    // in `Config`.
+    #[test]
+    fn respect_tunables() {
+        let mut cfg = Config::new();
+        cfg.memory_reservation(0).memory_guard_size(0);
+        let mut store = Store::new(&Engine::new(&cfg).unwrap(), ());
+        let ty = MemoryType::new(1, None);
+        let mem = Memory::new(&mut store, ty).unwrap();
+        let store = store.as_context();
+        let tunables = store.engine().tunables();
+        assert_eq!(tunables.memory_guard_size, 0);
+        assert!(
+            !mem.wasmtime_ty(store.0)
+                .can_elide_bounds_check(tunables, 12)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn hash_key_is_stable_across_duplicate_store_data_entries() -> Result<()> {
+        let mut store = Store::<()>::default();
+        let module = Module::new(
+            store.engine(),
+            r#"
+                (module
+                    (memory (export "m") 1 1)
+                )
+            "#,
+        )?;
+        let instance = Instance::new(&mut store, &module, &[])?;
+
+        // Each time we `get_memory`, we call `Memory::from_wasmtime` which adds
+        // a new entry to `StoreData`, so `g1` and `g2` will have different
+        // indices into `StoreData`.
+        let m1 = instance.get_memory(&mut store, "m").unwrap();
+        let m2 = instance.get_memory(&mut store, "m").unwrap();
+
+        // That said, they really point to the same memory.
+        assert_eq!(m1.data(&store)[0], 0);
+        assert_eq!(m2.data(&store)[0], 0);
+        m1.data_mut(&mut store)[0] = 42;
+        assert_eq!(m1.data(&mut store)[0], 42);
+        assert_eq!(m2.data(&mut store)[0], 42);
+
+        // And therefore their hash keys are the same.
+        assert!(m1.hash_key(&store.as_context().0) == m2.hash_key(&store.as_context().0));
+
+        // But the hash keys are different from different memories.
+        let instance2 = Instance::new(&mut store, &module, &[])?;
+        let m3 = instance2.get_memory(&mut store, "m").unwrap();
+        assert!(m1.hash_key(&store.as_context().0) != m3.hash_key(&store.as_context().0));
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}