wasmtime 36.0.0 → 36.0.1

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmtime-36.0.19/src/runtime/linker.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,1575 @@
+use crate::func::HostFunc;
+use crate::hash_map::{Entry, HashMap};
+use crate::instance::InstancePre;
+use crate::store::StoreOpaque;
+use crate::{
+    AsContext, AsContextMut, Caller, Engine, Extern, ExternType, Func, FuncType, ImportType,
+    Instance, Module, StoreContextMut, Val, ValRaw,
+};
+use crate::{IntoFunc, prelude::*};
+use alloc::sync::Arc;
+use core::fmt::{self, Debug};
+#[cfg(feature = "async")]
+use core::future::Future;
+use core::marker;
+use log::warn;
+
+/// Structure used to link wasm modules/instances together.
+///
+/// This structure is used to assist in instantiating a [`Module`]. A [`Linker`]
+/// is a way of performing name resolution to make instantiating a module easier
+/// than specifying positional imports to [`Instance::new`]. [`Linker`] is a
+/// name-based resolver where names are dynamically defined and then used to
+/// instantiate a [`Module`].
+///
+/// An important method is [`Linker::instantiate`] which takes a module to
+/// instantiate into the provided store. This method will automatically select
+/// all the right imports for the [`Module`] to be instantiated, and will
+/// otherwise return an error if an import isn't satisfied.
+///
+/// ## Name Resolution
+///
+/// As mentioned previously, `Linker` is a form of name resolver. It will be
+/// using the string-based names of imports on a module to attempt to select a
+/// matching item to hook up to it. This name resolution has two-levels of
+/// namespaces, a module level and a name level. Each item is defined within a
+/// module and then has its own name. This basically follows the wasm standard
+/// for modularization.
+///
+/// Names in a `Linker` cannot be defined twice, but allowing duplicates by
+/// shadowing the previous definition can be controlled with the
+/// [`Linker::allow_shadowing`] method.
+///
+/// ## Commands and Reactors
+///
+/// The [`Linker`] type provides conveniences for working with WASI Commands and
+/// Reactors through the [`Linker::module`] method. This will automatically
+/// handle instantiation and calling `_start` and such as appropriate
+/// depending on the inferred type of module.
+///
+/// ## Type parameter `T`
+///
+/// It's worth pointing out that the type parameter `T` on [`Linker<T>`] does
+/// not represent that `T` is stored within a [`Linker`]. Rather the `T` is used
+/// to ensure that linker-defined functions and stores instantiated into all use
+/// the same matching `T` as host state.
+///
+/// ## Multiple `Store`s
+///
+/// The [`Linker`] type is designed to be compatible, in some scenarios, with
+/// instantiation in multiple [`Store`]s. Specifically host-defined functions
+/// created in [`Linker`] with [`Linker::func_new`], [`Linker::func_wrap`], and
+/// their async versions are compatible to instantiate into any [`Store`]. This
+/// enables programs which want to instantiate lots of modules to create one
+/// [`Linker`] value at program start up and use that continuously for each
+/// [`Store`] created over the lifetime of the program.
+///
+/// Note that once [`Store`]-owned items, such as [`Global`], are defined within
+/// a [`Linker`] then it is no longer compatible with any [`Store`]. At that
+/// point only the [`Store`] that owns the [`Global`] can be used to instantiate
+/// modules.
+///
+/// ## Multiple `Engine`s
+///
+/// The [`Linker`] type is not compatible with usage between multiple [`Engine`]
+/// values. An [`Engine`] is provided when a [`Linker`] is created and only
+/// stores and items which originate from that [`Engine`] can be used with this
+/// [`Linker`]. Instantiating a [`Module`] from another [`Engine`] returns an
+/// error, and mixing engines in other ways may cause a panic at runtime,
+/// similar to how if a [`Func`] is used with the wrong [`Store`] that can also
+/// panic at runtime.
+///
+/// [`Store`]: crate::Store
+/// [`Global`]: crate::Global
+pub struct Linker<T> {
+    engine: Engine,
+    string2idx: HashMap<Arc<str>, usize>,
+    strings: Vec<Arc<str>>,
+    map: HashMap<ImportKey, Definition>,
+    allow_shadowing: bool,
+    allow_unknown_exports: bool,
+    _marker: marker::PhantomData<fn() -> T>,
+}
+
+impl<T> Debug for Linker<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("Linker").finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Clone for Linker<T> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Linker<T> {
+        Linker {
+            engine: self.engine.clone(),
+            string2idx: self.string2idx.clone(),
+            strings: self.strings.clone(),
+            map: self.map.clone(),
+            allow_shadowing: self.allow_shadowing,
+            allow_unknown_exports: self.allow_unknown_exports,
+            _marker: self._marker,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct ImportKey {
+    name: usize,
+    module: usize,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum Definition {
+    Extern {
+        item: Extern,
+        ty: DefinitionType,
+        /// The engine of the store that `item` was taken from, which is the
+        /// engine that assigned any type indices within `ty`.
+        engine: Engine,
+    },
+    HostFunc(Arc<HostFunc>),
+}
+
+/// This is a sort of slimmed down `ExternType` which notably doesn't have a
+/// `FuncType`, which is an allocation, and additionally retains the current
+/// size of the table/memory.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum DefinitionType {
+    Func(wasmtime_environ::VMSharedTypeIndex),
+    Global(wasmtime_environ::Global),
+    // Note that tables and memories store not only the original type
+    // information but additionally the current size of the table/memory, as
+    // this is used during linking since the min size specified in the type may
+    // no longer be the current size of the table/memory.
+    Table(wasmtime_environ::Table, u64),
+    Memory(wasmtime_environ::Memory, u64),
+    Tag(wasmtime_environ::Tag),
+}
+
+impl<T> Linker<T> {
+    /// Creates a new [`Linker`].
+    ///
+    /// The linker will define functions within the context of the `engine`
+    /// provided and can only instantiate modules for a [`Store`][crate::Store]
+    /// that is also defined within the same [`Engine`]. Usage of stores with
+    /// different [`Engine`]s may cause a panic when used with this [`Linker`].
+    pub fn new(engine: &Engine) -> Linker<T> {
+        Linker {
+            engine: engine.clone(),
+            map: HashMap::new(),
+            string2idx: HashMap::new(),
+            strings: Vec::new(),
+            allow_shadowing: false,
+            allow_unknown_exports: false,
+            _marker: marker::PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the [`Engine`] this is connected to.
+    pub fn engine(&self) -> &Engine {
+        &self.engine
+    }
+
+    /// Configures whether this [`Linker`] will shadow previous duplicate
+    /// definitions of the same signature.
+    ///
+    /// By default a [`Linker`] will disallow duplicate definitions of the same
+    /// signature. This method, however, can be used to instead allow duplicates
+    /// and have the latest definition take precedence when linking modules.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use wasmtime::*;
+    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    /// # let engine = Engine::default();
+    /// let mut linker = Linker::<()>::new(&engine);
+    /// linker.func_wrap("", "", || {})?;
+    ///
+    /// // by default, duplicates are disallowed
+    /// assert!(linker.func_wrap("", "", || {}).is_err());
+    ///
+    /// // but shadowing can be configured to be allowed as well
+    /// linker.allow_shadowing(true);
+    /// linker.func_wrap("", "", || {})?;
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn allow_shadowing(&mut self, allow: bool) -> &mut Self {
+        self.allow_shadowing = allow;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Configures whether this [`Linker`] will allow unknown exports from
+    /// command modules.
+    ///
+    /// By default a [`Linker`] will error when unknown exports are encountered
+    /// in a command module while using [`Linker::module`].
+    ///
+    /// This method can be used to allow unknown exports from command modules.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use wasmtime::*;
+    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    /// # let engine = Engine::default();
+    /// # let module = Module::new(&engine, "(module)")?;
+    /// # let mut store = Store::new(&engine, ());
+    /// let mut linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+    /// linker.allow_unknown_exports(true);
+    /// linker.module(&mut store, "mod", &module)?;
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn allow_unknown_exports(&mut self, allow: bool) -> &mut Self {
+        self.allow_unknown_exports = allow;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Implement any imports of the given [`Module`] with a function which traps.
+    ///
+    /// By default a [`Linker`] will error when unknown imports are encountered
+    /// in a command module while using [`Linker::module`].
+    ///
+    /// This method can be used to allow unknown imports from command modules.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use wasmtime::*;
+    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    /// # let engine = Engine::default();
+    /// # let module = Module::new(&engine, "(module (import \"unknown\" \"import\" (func)))")?;
+    /// # let mut store = Store::new(&engine, ());
+    /// let mut linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+    /// linker.define_unknown_imports_as_traps(&module)?;
+    /// linker.instantiate(&mut store, &module)?;
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn define_unknown_imports_as_traps(&mut self, module: &Module) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+    where
+        T: 'static,
+    {
+        for import in module.imports() {
+            if let Err(import_err) = self._get_by_import(&import) {
+                if let ExternType::Func(func_ty) = import_err.ty() {
+                    self.func_new(import.module(), import.name(), func_ty, move |_, _, _| {
+                        bail!(import_err.clone());
+                    })?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Implement any function imports of the [`Module`] with a function that
+    /// ignores its arguments and returns default values.
+    ///
+    /// Default values are either zero or null, depending on the value type.
+    ///
+    /// This method can be used to allow unknown imports from command modules.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use wasmtime::*;
+    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    /// # let engine = Engine::default();
+    /// # let module = Module::new(&engine, "(module (import \"unknown\" \"import\" (func)))")?;
+    /// # let mut store = Store::new(&engine, ());
+    /// let mut linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+    /// linker.define_unknown_imports_as_default_values(&mut store, &module)?;
+    /// linker.instantiate(&mut store, &module)?;
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn define_unknown_imports_as_default_values(
+        &mut self,
+        store: &mut impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
+        module: &Module,
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<()>
+    where
+        T: 'static,
+    {
+        for import in module.imports() {
+            if let Err(import_err) = self._get_by_import(&import) {
+                let default_extern =
+                    import_err
+                        .ty()
+                        .default_value(&mut *store)
+                        .with_context(|| {
+                            anyhow!(
+                                "no default value exists for `{}::{}` with type `{:?}`",
+                                import.module(),
+                                import.name(),
+                                import_err.ty(),
+                            )
+                        })?;
+                self.define(
+                    store.as_context(),
+                    import.module(),
+                    import.name(),
+                    default_extern,
+                )?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Defines a new item in this [`Linker`].
+    ///
+    /// This method will add a new definition, by name, to this instance of
+    /// [`Linker`]. The `module` and `name` provided are what to name the
+    /// `item`.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if the `module` and `name` already identify an item
+    /// of the same type as the `item` provided and if shadowing is disallowed.
+    /// For more information see the documentation on [`Linker`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use wasmtime::*;
+    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    /// # let engine = Engine::default();
+    /// # let mut store = Store::new(&engine, ());
+    /// let mut linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+    /// let ty = GlobalType::new(ValType::I32, Mutability::Const);
+    /// let global = Global::new(&mut store, ty, Val::I32(0x1234))?;
+    /// linker.define(&store, "host", "offset", global)?;
+    ///
+    /// let wat = r#"
+    ///     (module
+    ///         (import "host" "offset" (global i32))
+    ///         (memory 1)
+    ///         (data (global.get 0) "foo")
+    ///     )
+    /// "#;
+    /// let module = Module::new(&engine, wat)?;
+    /// linker.instantiate(&mut store, &module)?;
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn define(
+        &mut self,
+        store: impl AsContext<Data = T>,
+        module: &str,
+        name: &str,
+        item: impl Into<Extern>,
+    ) -> Result<&mut Self>
+    where
+        T: 'static,
+    {
+        let store = store.as_context();
+        let key = self.import_key(module, Some(name));
+        self.insert(key, Definition::new(store.0, item.into()))?;
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Same as [`Linker::define`], except only the name of the import is
+    /// provided, not a module name as well.
+    ///
+    /// This is only relevant when working with the module linking proposal
+    /// where one-level names are allowed (in addition to two-level names).
+    /// Otherwise this method need not be used.
+    pub fn define_name(
+        &mut self,
+        store: impl AsContext<Data = T>,
+        name: &str,
+        item: impl Into<Extern>,
+    ) -> Result<&mut Self>
+    where
+        T: 'static,
+    {
+        let store = store.as_context();
+        let key = self.import_key(name, None);
+        self.insert(key, Definition::new(store.0, item.into()))?;
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a [`Func::new`]-style function named in this linker.
+    ///
+    /// For more information see [`Linker::func_wrap`].
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the given function type is not associated with the same engine
+    /// as this linker.
+    pub fn func_new(
+        &mut self,
+        module: &str,
+        name: &str,
+        ty: FuncType,
+        func: impl Fn(Caller<'_, T>, &[Val], &mut [Val]) -> Result<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    ) -> Result<&mut Self>
+    where
+        T: 'static,
+    {
+        assert!(ty.comes_from_same_engine(self.engine()));
+        let func = HostFunc::new(&self.engine, ty, func);
+        let key = self.import_key(module, Some(name));
+        self.insert(key, Definition::HostFunc(Arc::new(func)))?;
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a [`Func::new_unchecked`]-style function named in this linker.
+    ///
+    /// For more information see [`Linker::func_wrap`].
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the given function type is not associated with the same engine
+    /// as this linker.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// See [`Func::new_unchecked`] for more safety information.
+    pub unsafe fn func_new_unchecked(
+        &mut self,
+        module: &str,
+        name: &str,
+        ty: FuncType,
+        func: impl Fn(Caller<'_, T>, &mut [ValRaw]) -> Result<()> + Send + Sync + 'static,
+    ) -> Result<&mut Self>
+    where
+        T: 'static,
+    {
+        assert!(ty.comes_from_same_engine(self.engine()));
+        // SAFETY: the contract of this function is the same as `new_unchecked`.
+        let func = unsafe { HostFunc::new_unchecked(&self.engine, ty, func) };
+        let key = self.import_key(module, Some(name));
+        self.insert(key, Definition::HostFunc(Arc::new(func)))?;
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a [`Func::new_async`]-style function named in this linker.
+    ///
+    /// For more information see [`Linker::func_wrap`].
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This method panics in the following situations:
+    ///
+    /// * This linker is not associated with an [async
+    ///   config](crate::Config::async_support).
+    ///
+    /// * If the given function type is not associated with the same engine as
+    ///   this linker.
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "async", feature = "cranelift"))]
+    pub fn func_new_async<F>(
+        &mut self,
+        module: &str,
+        name: &str,
+        ty: FuncType,
+        func: F,
+    ) -> Result<&mut Self>
+    where
+        F: for<'a> Fn(
+                Caller<'a, T>,
+                &'a [Val],
+                &'a mut [Val],
+            ) -> Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<()>> + Send + 'a>
+            + Send
+            + Sync
+            + 'static,
+        T: 'static,
+    {
+        assert!(
+            self.engine.config().async_support,
+            "cannot use `func_new_async` without enabling async support in the config"
+        );
+        assert!(ty.comes_from_same_engine(self.engine()));
+        self.func_new(module, name, ty, move |caller, params, results| {
+            let instance = caller.caller();
+            caller.store.with_blocking(|store, cx| {
+                let caller = Caller::new(store, instance);
+                cx.block_on(core::pin::Pin::from(func(caller, params, results)))
+            })?
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Define a host function within this linker.
+    ///
+    /// For information about how the host function operates, see
+    /// [`Func::wrap`]. That includes information about translating Rust types
+    /// to WebAssembly native types.
+    ///
+    /// This method creates a host-provided function in this linker under the
+    /// provided name. This method is distinct in its capability to create a
+    /// [`Store`](crate::Store)-independent function. This means that the
+    /// function defined here can be used to instantiate instances in multiple
+    /// different stores, or in other words the function can be loaded into
+    /// different stores.
+    ///
+    /// Note that the capability mentioned here applies to all other
+    /// host-function-defining-methods on [`Linker`] as well. All of them can be
+    /// used to create instances of [`Func`] within multiple stores. In a
+    /// multithreaded program, for example, this means that the host functions
+    /// could be called concurrently if different stores are executing on
+    /// different threads.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if the `module` and `name` already identify an item
+    /// of the same type as the `item` provided and if shadowing is disallowed.
+    /// For more information see the documentation on [`Linker`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use wasmtime::*;
+    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    /// # let engine = Engine::default();
+    /// let mut linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+    /// linker.func_wrap("host", "double", |x: i32| x * 2)?;
+    /// linker.func_wrap("host", "log_i32", |x: i32| println!("{}", x))?;
+    /// linker.func_wrap("host", "log_str", |caller: Caller<'_, ()>, ptr: i32, len: i32| {
+    ///     // ...
+    /// })?;
+    ///
+    /// let wat = r#"
+    ///     (module
+    ///         (import "host" "double" (func (param i32) (result i32)))
+    ///         (import "host" "log_i32" (func (param i32)))
+    ///         (import "host" "log_str" (func (param i32 i32)))
+    ///     )
+    /// "#;
+    /// let module = Module::new(&engine, wat)?;
+    ///
+    /// // instantiate in multiple different stores
+    /// for _ in 0..10 {
+    ///     let mut store = Store::new(&engine, ());
+    ///     linker.instantiate(&mut store, &module)?;
+    /// }
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn func_wrap<Params, Args>(
+        &mut self,
+        module: &str,
+        name: &str,
+        func: impl IntoFunc<T, Params, Args>,
+    ) -> Result<&mut Self>
+    where
+        T: 'static,
+    {
+        let func = HostFunc::wrap(&self.engine, func);
+        let key = self.import_key(module, Some(name));
+        self.insert(key, Definition::HostFunc(Arc::new(func)))?;
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Asynchronous analog of [`Linker::func_wrap`].
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    pub fn func_wrap_async<F, Params: crate::WasmTyList, Args: crate::WasmRet>(
+        &mut self,
+        module: &str,
+        name: &str,
+        func: F,
+    ) -> Result<&mut Self>
+    where
+        F: for<'a> Fn(Caller<'a, T>, Params) -> Box<dyn Future<Output = Args> + Send + 'a>
+            + Send
+            + Sync
+            + 'static,
+        T: 'static,
+    {
+        assert!(
+            self.engine.config().async_support,
+            "cannot use `func_wrap_async` without enabling async support on the config",
+        );
+        let func =
+            HostFunc::wrap_inner(&self.engine, move |caller: Caller<'_, T>, args: Params| {
+                let instance = caller.caller();
+                let result = caller.store.block_on(|store| {
+                    let caller = Caller::new(store, instance);
+                    func(caller, args).into()
+                });
+                match result {
+                    Ok(ret) => ret.into_fallible(),
+                    Err(e) => Args::fallible_from_error(e),
+                }
+            });
+        let key = self.import_key(module, Some(name));
+        self.insert(key, Definition::HostFunc(Arc::new(func)))?;
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Convenience wrapper to define an entire [`Instance`] in this linker.
+    ///
+    /// This function is a convenience wrapper around [`Linker::define`] which
+    /// will define all exports on `instance` into this linker. The module name
+    /// for each export is `module_name`, and the name for each export is the
+    /// name in the instance itself.
+    ///
+    /// Note that when this API is used the [`Linker`] is no longer compatible
+    /// with multi-[`Store`][crate::Store] instantiation because the items
+    /// defined within this store will belong to the `store` provided, and only
+    /// the `store` provided.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if the any item is redefined twice in this linker (for
+    /// example the same `module_name` was already defined) and shadowing is
+    /// disallowed, or if `instance` comes from a different
+    /// [`Store`](crate::Store) than this [`Linker`] originally was created
+    /// with.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `instance` does not belong to `store`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use wasmtime::*;
+    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    /// # let engine = Engine::default();
+    /// # let mut store = Store::new(&engine, ());
+    /// let mut linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+    ///
+    /// // Instantiate a small instance...
+    /// let wat = r#"(module (func (export "run") ))"#;
+    /// let module = Module::new(&engine, wat)?;
+    /// let instance = linker.instantiate(&mut store, &module)?;
+    ///
+    /// // ... and inform the linker that the name of this instance is
+    /// // `instance1`. This defines the `instance1::run` name for our next
+    /// // module to use.
+    /// linker.instance(&mut store, "instance1", instance)?;
+    ///
+    /// let wat = r#"
+    ///     (module
+    ///         (import "instance1" "run" (func $instance1_run))
+    ///         (func (export "run")
+    ///             call $instance1_run
+    ///         )
+    ///     )
+    /// "#;
+    /// let module = Module::new(&engine, wat)?;
+    /// let instance = linker.instantiate(&mut store, &module)?;
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn instance(
+        &mut self,
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
+        module_name: &str,
+        instance: Instance,
+    ) -> Result<&mut Self>
+    where
+        T: 'static,
+    {
+        let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
+        let exports = instance
+            .exports(&mut store)
+            .map(|e| {
+                (
+                    self.import_key(module_name, Some(e.name())),
+                    e.into_extern(),
+                )
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        for (key, export) in exports {
+            self.insert(key, Definition::new(store.0, export))?;
+        }
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Define automatic instantiations of a [`Module`] in this linker.
+    ///
+    /// This automatically handles [Commands and Reactors] instantiation and
+    /// initialization.
+    ///
+    /// Exported functions of a Command module may be called directly, however
+    /// instead of having a single instance which is reused for each call,
+    /// each call creates a new instance, which lives for the duration of the
+    /// call. The imports of the Command are resolved once, and reused for
+    /// each instantiation, so all dependencies need to be present at the time
+    /// when `Linker::module` is called.
+    ///
+    /// For Reactors, a single instance is created, and an initialization
+    /// function is called, and then its exports may be called.
+    ///
+    /// Ordinary modules which don't declare themselves to be either Commands
+    /// or Reactors are treated as Reactors without any initialization calls.
+    ///
+    /// [Commands and Reactors]: https://github.com/WebAssembly/WASI/blob/main/legacy/application-abi.md#current-unstable-abi
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if the any item is redefined twice in this linker (for
+    /// example the same `module_name` was already defined) and shadowing is
+    /// disallowed, if `instance` comes from a different
+    /// [`Store`](crate::Store) than this [`Linker`] originally was created
+    /// with, or if a Reactor initialization function traps.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if any item used to instantiate the provided [`Module`] is not
+    /// owned by `store`, or if the `store` provided comes from a different
+    /// [`Engine`] than this [`Linker`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use wasmtime::*;
+    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    /// # let engine = Engine::default();
+    /// # let mut store = Store::new(&engine, ());
+    /// let mut linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+    ///
+    /// // Instantiate a small instance and inform the linker that the name of
+    /// // this instance is `instance1`. This defines the `instance1::run` name
+    /// // for our next module to use.
+    /// let wat = r#"(module (func (export "run") ))"#;
+    /// let module = Module::new(&engine, wat)?;
+    /// linker.module(&mut store, "instance1", &module)?;
+    ///
+    /// let wat = r#"
+    ///     (module
+    ///         (import "instance1" "run" (func $instance1_run))
+    ///         (func (export "run")
+    ///             call $instance1_run
+    ///         )
+    ///     )
+    /// "#;
+    /// let module = Module::new(&engine, wat)?;
+    /// let instance = linker.instantiate(&mut store, &module)?;
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// For a Command, a new instance is created for each call.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use wasmtime::*;
+    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    /// # let engine = Engine::default();
+    /// # let mut store = Store::new(&engine, ());
+    /// let mut linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+    ///
+    /// // Create a Command that attempts to count the number of times it is run, but is
+    /// // foiled by each call getting a new instance.
+    /// let wat = r#"
+    ///     (module
+    ///         (global $counter (mut i32) (i32.const 0))
+    ///         (func (export "_start")
+    ///             (global.set $counter (i32.add (global.get $counter) (i32.const 1)))
+    ///         )
+    ///         (func (export "read_counter") (result i32)
+    ///             (global.get $counter)
+    ///         )
+    ///     )
+    /// "#;
+    /// let module = Module::new(&engine, wat)?;
+    /// linker.module(&mut store, "commander", &module)?;
+    /// let run = linker.get_default(&mut store, "")?
+    ///     .typed::<(), ()>(&store)?
+    ///     .clone();
+    /// run.call(&mut store, ())?;
+    /// run.call(&mut store, ())?;
+    /// run.call(&mut store, ())?;
+    ///
+    /// let wat = r#"
+    ///     (module
+    ///         (import "commander" "_start" (func $commander_start))
+    ///         (import "commander" "read_counter" (func $commander_read_counter (result i32)))
+    ///         (func (export "run") (result i32)
+    ///             call $commander_start
+    ///             call $commander_start
+    ///             call $commander_start
+    ///             call $commander_read_counter
+    ///         )
+    ///     )
+    /// "#;
+    /// let module = Module::new(&engine, wat)?;
+    /// linker.module(&mut store, "", &module)?;
+    /// let run = linker.get(&mut store, "", "run").unwrap().into_func().unwrap();
+    /// let count = run.typed::<(), i32>(&store)?.call(&mut store, ())?;
+    /// assert_eq!(count, 0, "a Command should get a fresh instance on each invocation");
+    ///
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn module(
+        &mut self,
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
+        module_name: &str,
+        module: &Module,
+    ) -> Result<&mut Self>
+    where
+        T: 'static,
+    {
+        // NB: this is intended to function the same as `Linker::module_async`,
+        // they should be kept in sync.
+
+        // This assert isn't strictly necessary since it'll bottom out in the
+        // `HostFunc::to_func` method anyway. This is placed earlier for this
+        // function though to prevent the functions created here from delaying
+        // the panic until they're called.
+        assert!(
+            Engine::same(&self.engine, store.as_context().engine()),
+            "different engines for this linker and the store provided"
+        );
+        match ModuleKind::categorize(module)? {
+            ModuleKind::Command => {
+                self.command(
+                    store,
+                    module_name,
+                    module,
+                    |store, func_ty, export_name, instance_pre| {
+                        Func::new(
+                            store,
+                            func_ty.clone(),
+                            move |mut caller, params, results| {
+                                // Create a new instance for this command execution.
+                                let instance = instance_pre.instantiate(&mut caller)?;
+
+                                // `unwrap()` everything here because we know the instance contains a
+                                // function export with the given name and signature because we're
+                                // iterating over the module it was instantiated from.
+                                instance
+                                    .get_export(&mut caller, &export_name)
+                                    .unwrap()
+                                    .into_func()
+                                    .unwrap()
+                                    .call(&mut caller, params, results)?;
+
+                                Ok(())
+                            },
+                        )
+                    },
+                )
+            }
+            ModuleKind::Reactor => {
+                let instance = self.instantiate(&mut store, &module)?;
+
+                if let Some(export) = instance.get_export(&mut store, "_initialize") {
+                    if let Extern::Func(func) = export {
+                        func.typed::<(), ()>(&store)
+                            .and_then(|f| f.call(&mut store, ()))
+                            .context("calling the Reactor initialization function")?;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                self.instance(store, module_name, instance)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Define automatic instantiations of a [`Module`] in this linker.
+    ///
+    /// This is the same as [`Linker::module`], except for async `Store`s.
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "async", feature = "cranelift"))]
+    pub async fn module_async(
+        &mut self,
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
+        module_name: &str,
+        module: &Module,
+    ) -> Result<&mut Self>
+    where
+        T: Send + 'static,
+    {
+        // NB: this is intended to function the same as `Linker::module`, they
+        // should be kept in sync.
+        assert!(
+            Engine::same(&self.engine, store.as_context().engine()),
+            "different engines for this linker and the store provided"
+        );
+        match ModuleKind::categorize(module)? {
+            ModuleKind::Command => self.command(
+                store,
+                module_name,
+                module,
+                |store, func_ty, export_name, instance_pre| {
+                    let upvars = Arc::new((instance_pre, export_name));
+                    Func::new_async(
+                        store,
+                        func_ty.clone(),
+                        move |mut caller, params, results| {
+                            let upvars = upvars.clone();
+                            Box::new(async move {
+                                let (instance_pre, export_name) = &*upvars;
+                                let instance = instance_pre.instantiate_async(&mut caller).await?;
+
+                                instance
+                                    .get_export(&mut caller, &export_name)
+                                    .unwrap()
+                                    .into_func()
+                                    .unwrap()
+                                    .call_async(&mut caller, params, results)
+                                    .await?;
+                                Ok(())
+                            })
+                        },
+                    )
+                },
+            ),
+            ModuleKind::Reactor => {
+                let instance = self.instantiate_async(&mut store, &module).await?;
+
+                if let Some(export) = instance.get_export(&mut store, "_initialize") {
+                    if let Extern::Func(func) = export {
+                        let func = func
+                            .typed::<(), ()>(&store)
+                            .context("loading the Reactor initialization function")?;
+                        func.call_async(&mut store, ())
+                            .await
+                            .context("calling the Reactor initialization function")?;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                self.instance(store, module_name, instance)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn command(
+        &mut self,
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
+        module_name: &str,
+        module: &Module,
+        mk_func: impl Fn(&mut StoreContextMut<T>, &FuncType, String, InstancePre<T>) -> Func,
+    ) -> Result<&mut Self>
+    where
+        T: 'static,
+    {
+        let mut store = store.as_context_mut();
+        for export in module.exports() {
+            if let Some(func_ty) = export.ty().func() {
+                let instance_pre = self.instantiate_pre(module)?;
+                let export_name = export.name().to_owned();
+                let func = mk_func(&mut store, func_ty, export_name, instance_pre);
+                let key = self.import_key(module_name, Some(export.name()));
+                self.insert(key, Definition::new(store.0, func.into()))?;
+            } else if export.name() == "memory" && export.ty().memory().is_some() {
+                // Allow an exported "memory" memory for now.
+            } else if export.name() == "__indirect_function_table" && export.ty().table().is_some()
+            {
+                // Allow an exported "__indirect_function_table" table for now.
+            } else if export.name() == "table" && export.ty().table().is_some() {
+                // Allow an exported "table" table for now.
+            } else if export.name() == "__data_end" && export.ty().global().is_some() {
+                // Allow an exported "__data_end" memory for compatibility with toolchains
+                // which use --export-dynamic, which unfortunately doesn't work the way
+                // we want it to.
+                warn!("command module exporting '__data_end' is deprecated");
+            } else if export.name() == "__heap_base" && export.ty().global().is_some() {
+                // Allow an exported "__data_end" memory for compatibility with toolchains
+                // which use --export-dynamic, which unfortunately doesn't work the way
+                // we want it to.
+                warn!("command module exporting '__heap_base' is deprecated");
+            } else if export.name() == "__dso_handle" && export.ty().global().is_some() {
+                // Allow an exported "__dso_handle" memory for compatibility with toolchains
+                // which use --export-dynamic, which unfortunately doesn't work the way
+                // we want it to.
+                warn!("command module exporting '__dso_handle' is deprecated")
+            } else if export.name() == "__rtti_base" && export.ty().global().is_some() {
+                // Allow an exported "__rtti_base" memory for compatibility with
+                // AssemblyScript.
+                warn!(
+                    "command module exporting '__rtti_base' is deprecated; pass `--runtime half` to the AssemblyScript compiler"
+                );
+            } else if !self.allow_unknown_exports {
+                bail!("command export '{}' is not a function", export.name());
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Aliases one item's name as another.
+    ///
+    /// This method will alias an item with the specified `module` and `name`
+    /// under a new name of `as_module` and `as_name`.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if any shadowing violations happen while defining new
+    /// items, or if the original item wasn't defined.
+    pub fn alias(
+        &mut self,
+        module: &str,
+        name: &str,
+        as_module: &str,
+        as_name: &str,
+    ) -> Result<&mut Self> {
+        let src = self.import_key(module, Some(name));
+        let dst = self.import_key(as_module, Some(as_name));
+        match self.map.get(&src).cloned() {
+            Some(item) => self.insert(dst, item)?,
+            None => bail!("no item named `{}::{}` defined", module, name),
+        }
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Aliases one module's name as another.
+    ///
+    /// This method will alias all currently defined under `module` to also be
+    /// defined under the name `as_module` too.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error if any shadowing violations happen while defining new
+    /// items.
+    pub fn alias_module(&mut self, module: &str, as_module: &str) -> Result<()> {
+        let module = self.intern_str(module);
+        let as_module = self.intern_str(as_module);
+        let items = self
+            .map
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(key, _def)| key.module == module)
+            .map(|(key, def)| (key.name, def.clone()))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        for (name, item) in items {
+            self.insert(
+                ImportKey {
+                    module: as_module,
+                    name,
+                },
+                item,
+            )?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn insert(&mut self, key: ImportKey, item: Definition) -> Result<()> {
+        match self.map.entry(key) {
+            Entry::Occupied(_) if !self.allow_shadowing => {
+                let module = &self.strings[key.module];
+                let desc = match self.strings.get(key.name) {
+                    Some(name) => format!("{module}::{name}"),
+                    None => module.to_string(),
+                };
+                bail!("import of `{}` defined twice", desc)
+            }
+            Entry::Occupied(mut o) => {
+                o.insert(item);
+            }
+            Entry::Vacant(v) => {
+                v.insert(item);
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn import_key(&mut self, module: &str, name: Option<&str>) -> ImportKey {
+        ImportKey {
+            module: self.intern_str(module),
+            name: name
+                .map(|name| self.intern_str(name))
+                .unwrap_or(usize::max_value()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn intern_str(&mut self, string: &str) -> usize {
+        if let Some(idx) = self.string2idx.get(string) {
+            return *idx;
+        }
+        let string: Arc<str> = string.into();
+        let idx = self.strings.len();
+        self.strings.push(string.clone());
+        self.string2idx.insert(string, idx);
+        idx
+    }
+
+    /// Attempts to instantiate the `module` provided.
+    ///
+    /// This method will attempt to assemble a list of imports that correspond
+    /// to the imports required by the [`Module`] provided. This list
+    /// of imports is then passed to [`Instance::new`] to continue the
+    /// instantiation process.
+    ///
+    /// Each import of `module` will be looked up in this [`Linker`] and must
+    /// have previously been defined. If it was previously defined with an
+    /// incorrect signature or if it was not previously defined then an error
+    /// will be returned because the import can not be satisfied.
+    ///
+    /// Per the WebAssembly spec, instantiation includes running the module's
+    /// start function, if it has one (not to be confused with the `_start`
+    /// function, which is not run).
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// This method can fail because an import may not be found, or because
+    /// instantiation itself may fail. For information on instantiation
+    /// failures see [`Instance::new`]. If an import is not found, the error
+    /// may be downcast to an [`UnknownImportError`].
+    ///
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if any item used to instantiate `module` is not owned by
+    /// `store`. Additionally this will panic if the [`Engine`] that the `store`
+    /// belongs to is different than this [`Linker`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use wasmtime::*;
+    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    /// # let engine = Engine::default();
+    /// # let mut store = Store::new(&engine, ());
+    /// let mut linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+    /// linker.func_wrap("host", "double", |x: i32| x * 2)?;
+    ///
+    /// let wat = r#"
+    ///     (module
+    ///         (import "host" "double" (func (param i32) (result i32)))
+    ///     )
+    /// "#;
+    /// let module = Module::new(&engine, wat)?;
+    /// linker.instantiate(&mut store, &module)?;
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn instantiate(
+        &self,
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
+        module: &Module,
+    ) -> Result<Instance>
+    where
+        T: 'static,
+    {
+        self._instantiate_pre(module, Some(store.as_context_mut().0))?
+            .instantiate(store)
+    }
+
+    /// Attempts to instantiate the `module` provided. This is the same as
+    /// [`Linker::instantiate`], except for async `Store`s.
+    #[cfg(feature = "async")]
+    pub async fn instantiate_async(
+        &self,
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
+        module: &Module,
+    ) -> Result<Instance>
+    where
+        T: Send + 'static,
+    {
+        self._instantiate_pre(module, Some(store.as_context_mut().0))?
+            .instantiate_async(store)
+            .await
+    }
+
+    /// Performs all checks necessary for instantiating `module` with this
+    /// linker, except that instantiation doesn't actually finish.
+    ///
+    /// This method is used for front-loading type-checking information as well
+    /// as collecting the imports to use to instantiate a module with. The
+    /// returned [`InstancePre`] represents a ready-to-be-instantiated module,
+    /// which can also be instantiated multiple times if desired.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// Returns an error which may be downcast to an [`UnknownImportError`] if
+    /// the module has any unresolvable imports.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use wasmtime::*;
+    /// # fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    /// # let engine = Engine::default();
+    /// # let mut store = Store::new(&engine, ());
+    /// let mut linker = Linker::new(&engine);
+    /// linker.func_wrap("host", "double", |x: i32| x * 2)?;
+    ///
+    /// let wat = r#"
+    ///     (module
+    ///         (import "host" "double" (func (param i32) (result i32)))
+    ///     )
+    /// "#;
+    /// let module = Module::new(&engine, wat)?;
+    /// let instance_pre = linker.instantiate_pre(&module)?;
+    ///
+    /// // Finish instantiation after the type-checking has all completed...
+    /// let instance = instance_pre.instantiate(&mut store)?;
+    ///
+    /// // ... and we can even continue to keep instantiating if desired!
+    /// instance_pre.instantiate(&mut store)?;
+    /// instance_pre.instantiate(&mut store)?;
+    ///
+    /// // Note that functions defined in a linker with `func_wrap` and similar
+    /// // constructors are not owned by any particular `Store`, so we can also
+    /// // instantiate our `instance_pre` in other stores because no imports
+    /// // belong to the original store.
+    /// let mut new_store = Store::new(&engine, ());
+    /// instance_pre.instantiate(&mut new_store)?;
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    pub fn instantiate_pre(&self, module: &Module) -> Result<InstancePre<T>>
+    where
+        T: 'static,
+    {
+        self._instantiate_pre(module, None)
+    }
+
+    /// This is split out to optionally take a `store` so that when the
+    /// `.instantiate` API is used we can get fresh up-to-date type information
+    /// for memories and their current size, if necessary.
+    ///
+    /// Note that providing a `store` here is not required for correctness
+    /// per-se. If one is not provided, such as the with the `instantiate_pre`
+    /// API, then the type information used for memories and tables will reflect
+    /// their size when inserted into the linker rather than their current size.
+    /// This isn't expected to be much of a problem though since
+    /// per-store-`Linker` types are likely using `.instantiate(..)` and
+    /// per-`Engine` linkers don't have memories/tables in them.
+    fn _instantiate_pre(
+        &self,
+        module: &Module,
+        store: Option<&StoreOpaque>,
+    ) -> Result<InstancePre<T>>
+    where
+        T: 'static,
+    {
+        ensure!(
+            Engine::same(&self.engine, module.engine()),
+            "cross-`Engine` instantiation is not currently supported"
+        );
+        let mut imports = module
+            .imports()
+            .map(|import| self._get_by_import(&import))
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+        if let Some(store) = store {
+            for import in imports.iter_mut() {
+                import.update_size(store);
+            }
+        }
+        unsafe { InstancePre::new(&self.engine, module, imports) }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over all items defined in this `Linker`, in
+    /// arbitrary order.
+    ///
+    /// The iterator returned will yield 3-tuples where the first two elements
+    /// are the module name and item name for the external item, and the third
+    /// item is the item itself that is defined.
+    ///
+    /// Note that multiple `Extern` items may be defined for the same
+    /// module/name pair.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This function will panic if the `store` provided does not come from the
+    /// same [`Engine`] that this linker was created with.
+    pub fn iter<'a: 'p, 'p>(
+        &'a self,
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T> + 'p,
+    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&'a str, &'a str, Extern)> + 'p
+    where
+        T: 'static,
+    {
+        self.map.iter().map(move |(key, item)| {
+            let store = store.as_context_mut();
+            (
+                &*self.strings[key.module],
+                &*self.strings[key.name],
+                // Should be safe since `T` is connecting the linker and store
+                unsafe { item.to_extern(store.0) },
+            )
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Looks up a previously defined value in this [`Linker`], identified by
+    /// the names provided.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if this name was not previously defined in this
+    /// [`Linker`].
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This function will panic if the `store` provided does not come from the
+    /// same [`Engine`] that this linker was created with.
+    pub fn get(
+        &self,
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
+        module: &str,
+        name: &str,
+    ) -> Option<Extern>
+    where
+        T: 'static,
+    {
+        let store = store.as_context_mut().0;
+        // Should be safe since `T` is connecting the linker and store
+        Some(unsafe { self._get(module, name)?.to_extern(store) })
+    }
+
+    fn _get(&self, module: &str, name: &str) -> Option<&Definition> {
+        let key = ImportKey {
+            module: *self.string2idx.get(module)?,
+            name: *self.string2idx.get(name)?,
+        };
+        self.map.get(&key)
+    }
+
+    /// Looks up a value in this `Linker` which matches the `import` type
+    /// provided.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if no match was found.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This function will panic if the `store` provided does not come from the
+    /// same [`Engine`] that this linker was created with.
+    pub fn get_by_import(
+        &self,
+        mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>,
+        import: &ImportType,
+    ) -> Option<Extern>
+    where
+        T: 'static,
+    {
+        let store = store.as_context_mut().0;
+        // Should be safe since `T` is connecting the linker and store
+        Some(unsafe { self._get_by_import(import).ok()?.to_extern(store) })
+    }
+
+    fn _get_by_import(&self, import: &ImportType) -> Result<Definition, UnknownImportError> {
+        match self._get(import.module(), import.name()) {
+            Some(item) => Ok(item.clone()),
+            None => Err(UnknownImportError::new(import)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the "default export" of a module.
+    ///
+    /// An export with an empty string is considered to be a "default export".
+    /// "_start" is also recognized for compatibility.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the default function found is not owned by `store`. This
+    /// function will also panic if the `store` provided does not come from the
+    /// same [`Engine`] that this linker was created with.
+    pub fn get_default(&self, mut store: impl AsContextMut<Data = T>, module: &str) -> Result<Func>
+    where
+        T: 'static,
+    {
+        if let Some(external) = self.get(&mut store, module, "") {
+            if let Extern::Func(func) = external {
+                return Ok(func);
+            }
+            bail!("default export in '{}' is not a function", module);
+        }
+
+        // For compatibility, also recognize "_start".
+        if let Some(external) = self.get(&mut store, module, "_start") {
+            if let Extern::Func(func) = external {
+                return Ok(func);
+            }
+            bail!("`_start` in '{}' is not a function", module);
+        }
+
+        // Otherwise return a no-op function.
+        Ok(Func::wrap(store, || {}))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static> Default for Linker<T> {
+    fn default() -> Linker<T> {
+        Linker::new(&Engine::default())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Definition {
+    fn new(store: &StoreOpaque, item: Extern) -> Definition {
+        let ty = DefinitionType::from(store, &item);
+        Definition::Extern {
+            item,
+            ty,
+            engine: store.engine().clone(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn ty(&self) -> DefinitionType {
+        match self {
+            Definition::Extern { ty, .. } => ty.clone(),
+            Definition::HostFunc(func) => DefinitionType::Func(func.sig_index()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The engine that assigned the type indices within this definition's
+    /// [`Definition::ty`].
+    pub(crate) fn engine(&self) -> &Engine {
+        match self {
+            Definition::Extern { engine, .. } => engine,
+            Definition::HostFunc(func) => func.engine(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Inserts this definition into the `store` provided.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// Note the unsafety here is due to calling `HostFunc::to_func`. The
+    /// requirement here is that the `T` that was originally used to create the
+    /// `HostFunc` matches the `T` on the store.
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn to_extern(&self, store: &mut StoreOpaque) -> Extern {
+        match self {
+            Definition::Extern { item, .. } => item.clone(),
+            // SAFETY: the contract of this function is the same as what's
+            // required of `to_func`, that `T` of the store matches the `T` of
+            // this original definition.
+            Definition::HostFunc(func) => unsafe { func.to_func(store).into() },
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn comes_from_same_store(&self, store: &StoreOpaque) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Definition::Extern { item, .. } => item.comes_from_same_store(store),
+            Definition::HostFunc(_func) => true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn update_size(&mut self, store: &StoreOpaque) {
+        match self {
+            Definition::Extern {
+                item: Extern::Memory(m),
+                ty: DefinitionType::Memory(_, size),
+                ..
+            } => {
+                *size = m.internal_size(store);
+            }
+            Definition::Extern {
+                item: Extern::SharedMemory(m),
+                ty: DefinitionType::Memory(_, size),
+                ..
+            } => {
+                *size = m.size();
+            }
+            Definition::Extern {
+                item: Extern::Table(m),
+                ty: DefinitionType::Table(_, size),
+                ..
+            } => {
+                *size = m.internal_size(store);
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl DefinitionType {
+    pub(crate) fn from(store: &StoreOpaque, item: &Extern) -> DefinitionType {
+        match item {
+            Extern::Func(f) => DefinitionType::Func(f.type_index(store)),
+            Extern::Table(t) => {
+                DefinitionType::Table(*t.wasmtime_ty(store), t.internal_size(store))
+            }
+            Extern::Global(t) => DefinitionType::Global(*t.wasmtime_ty(store)),
+            Extern::Memory(t) => {
+                DefinitionType::Memory(*t.wasmtime_ty(store), t.internal_size(store))
+            }
+            Extern::SharedMemory(t) => DefinitionType::Memory(*t.ty().wasmtime_memory(), t.size()),
+            Extern::Tag(t) => DefinitionType::Tag(*t.wasmtime_ty(store)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn desc(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            DefinitionType::Func(_) => "function",
+            DefinitionType::Table(..) => "table",
+            DefinitionType::Memory(..) => "memory",
+            DefinitionType::Global(_) => "global",
+            DefinitionType::Tag(_) => "tag",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Modules can be interpreted either as Commands or Reactors.
+enum ModuleKind {
+    /// The instance is a Command, meaning an instance is created for each
+    /// exported function and lives for the duration of the function call.
+    Command,
+
+    /// The instance is a Reactor, meaning one instance is created which
+    /// may live across multiple calls.
+    Reactor,
+}
+
+impl ModuleKind {
+    /// Determine whether the given module is a Command or a Reactor.
+    fn categorize(module: &Module) -> Result<ModuleKind> {
+        let command_start = module.get_export("_start");
+        let reactor_start = module.get_export("_initialize");
+        match (command_start, reactor_start) {
+            (Some(command_start), None) => {
+                if let Some(_) = command_start.func() {
+                    Ok(ModuleKind::Command)
+                } else {
+                    bail!("`_start` must be a function")
+                }
+            }
+            (None, Some(reactor_start)) => {
+                if let Some(_) = reactor_start.func() {
+                    Ok(ModuleKind::Reactor)
+                } else {
+                    bail!("`_initialize` must be a function")
+                }
+            }
+            (None, None) => {
+                // Module declares neither of the recognized functions, so treat
+                // it as a reactor with no initialization function.
+                Ok(ModuleKind::Reactor)
+            }
+            (Some(_), Some(_)) => {
+                // Module declares itself to be both a Command and a Reactor.
+                bail!("Program cannot be both a Command and a Reactor")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Error for an unresolvable import.
+///
+/// Returned - wrapped in an [`anyhow::Error`] - by [`Linker::instantiate`] and
+/// related methods for modules with unresolvable imports.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct UnknownImportError {
+    module: String,
+    name: String,
+    ty: ExternType,
+}
+
+impl UnknownImportError {
+    fn new(import: &ImportType) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            module: import.module().to_string(),
+            name: import.name().to_string(),
+            ty: import.ty(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the module name that the unknown import was expected to come from.
+    pub fn module(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.module
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the field name of the module that the unknown import was expected to come from.
+    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.name
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of the unknown import.
+    pub fn ty(&self) -> ExternType {
+        self.ty.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for UnknownImportError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "unknown import: `{}::{}` has not been defined",
+            self.module, self.name,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::error::Error for UnknownImportError {}