wasmtime 0.4.1 → 5.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/cranelift-codegen-0.92.0/src/isa/riscv64/inst/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,1722 @@
+//! This module defines riscv64-specific machine instruction types.
+
+// Some variants are not constructed, but we still want them as options in the future.
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+#![allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+
+use crate::binemit::{Addend, CodeOffset, Reloc};
+pub use crate::ir::condcodes::IntCC;
+use crate::ir::types::{F32, F64, I128, I16, I32, I64, I8, R32, R64};
+
+pub use crate::ir::{ExternalName, MemFlags, Opcode, SourceLoc, Type, ValueLabel};
+use crate::isa::CallConv;
+use crate::machinst::*;
+use crate::{settings, CodegenError, CodegenResult};
+
+pub use crate::ir::condcodes::FloatCC;
+
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+use regalloc2::{PRegSet, VReg};
+use smallvec::{smallvec, SmallVec};
+use std::boxed::Box;
+use std::string::{String, ToString};
+
+pub mod regs;
+pub use self::regs::*;
+pub mod imms;
+pub use self::imms::*;
+pub mod args;
+pub use self::args::*;
+pub mod emit;
+pub use self::emit::*;
+pub mod unwind;
+
+use crate::isa::riscv64::abi::Riscv64MachineDeps;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod emit_tests;
+
+use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter};
+
+pub(crate) type OptionReg = Option<Reg>;
+pub(crate) type OptionImm12 = Option<Imm12>;
+pub(crate) type VecBranchTarget = Vec<BranchTarget>;
+pub(crate) type OptionUimm5 = Option<Uimm5>;
+pub(crate) type OptionFloatRoundingMode = Option<FRM>;
+pub(crate) type VecU8 = Vec<u8>;
+pub(crate) type VecWritableReg = Vec<Writable<Reg>>;
+//=============================================================================
+// Instructions (top level): definition
+
+use crate::isa::riscv64::lower::isle::generated_code::MInst;
+pub use crate::isa::riscv64::lower::isle::generated_code::{
+    AluOPRRI, AluOPRRR, AtomicOP, CsrOP, FClassResult, FFlagsException, FenceFm, FloatRoundOP,
+    FloatSelectOP, FpuOPRR, FpuOPRRR, FpuOPRRRR, IntSelectOP, LoadOP, MInst as Inst,
+    ReferenceCheckOP, StoreOP, FRM,
+};
+
+type BoxCallInfo = Box<CallInfo>;
+type BoxCallIndInfo = Box<CallIndInfo>;
+
+/// Additional information for (direct) Call instructions, left out of line to lower the size of
+/// the Inst enum.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct CallInfo {
+    pub dest: ExternalName,
+    pub uses: CallArgList,
+    pub defs: CallRetList,
+    pub opcode: Opcode,
+    pub caller_callconv: CallConv,
+    pub callee_callconv: CallConv,
+    pub clobbers: PRegSet,
+}
+
+/// Additional information for CallInd instructions, left out of line to lower the size of the Inst
+/// enum.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct CallIndInfo {
+    pub rn: Reg,
+    pub uses: CallArgList,
+    pub defs: CallRetList,
+    pub opcode: Opcode,
+    pub caller_callconv: CallConv,
+    pub callee_callconv: CallConv,
+    pub clobbers: PRegSet,
+}
+
+/// A branch target. Either unresolved (basic-block index) or resolved (offset
+/// from end of current instruction).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum BranchTarget {
+    /// An unresolved reference to a Label, as passed into
+    /// `lower_branch_group()`.
+    Label(MachLabel),
+    /// A fixed PC offset.
+    ResolvedOffset(i32),
+}
+
+impl BranchTarget {
+    /// Return the target's label, if it is a label-based target.
+    pub(crate) fn as_label(self) -> Option<MachLabel> {
+        match self {
+            BranchTarget::Label(l) => Some(l),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+    /// offset zero.
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn zero() -> Self {
+        Self::ResolvedOffset(0)
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn offset(off: i32) -> Self {
+        Self::ResolvedOffset(off)
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn is_zero(self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            BranchTarget::Label(_) => false,
+            BranchTarget::ResolvedOffset(off) => off == 0,
+        }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn as_offset(self) -> Option<i32> {
+        match self {
+            BranchTarget::Label(_) => None,
+            BranchTarget::ResolvedOffset(off) => Some(off),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for BranchTarget {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            BranchTarget::Label(l) => write!(f, "{}", l.to_string()),
+            BranchTarget::ResolvedOffset(off) => write!(f, "{}", off),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn enc_auipc(rd: Writable<Reg>, imm: Imm20) -> u32 {
+    let x = 0b0010111 | reg_to_gpr_num(rd.to_reg()) << 7 | imm.as_u32() << 12;
+    x
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn enc_jalr(rd: Writable<Reg>, base: Reg, offset: Imm12) -> u32 {
+    let x = 0b1100111
+        | reg_to_gpr_num(rd.to_reg()) << 7
+        | 0b000 << 12
+        | reg_to_gpr_num(base) << 15
+        | offset.as_u32() << 20;
+    x
+}
+
+/// rd and src must have the same length.
+pub(crate) fn gen_moves(rd: &[Writable<Reg>], src: &[Reg]) -> SmallInstVec<Inst> {
+    assert!(rd.len() == src.len());
+    assert!(rd.len() > 0);
+    let mut insts = SmallInstVec::new();
+    for (dst, src) in rd.iter().zip(src.iter()) {
+        let out_ty = Inst::canonical_type_for_rc(dst.to_reg().class());
+        let in_ty = Inst::canonical_type_for_rc(src.class());
+        insts.push(gen_move(*dst, out_ty, *src, in_ty));
+    }
+    insts
+}
+
+/// if input or output is float,
+/// you should use special instruction.
+/// generate a move and re-interpret the data.
+pub(crate) fn gen_move(rd: Writable<Reg>, oty: Type, rm: Reg, ity: Type) -> Inst {
+    match (ity.is_float(), oty.is_float()) {
+        (false, false) => Inst::gen_move(rd, rm, oty),
+        (true, true) => Inst::gen_move(rd, rm, oty),
+        (false, true) => Inst::FpuRR {
+            frm: None,
+            alu_op: FpuOPRR::move_x_to_f_op(oty),
+            rd: rd,
+            rs: rm,
+        },
+        (true, false) => Inst::FpuRR {
+            frm: None,
+            alu_op: FpuOPRR::move_f_to_x_op(ity),
+            rd: rd,
+            rs: rm,
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+impl Inst {
+    const INSTRUCTION_SIZE: i32 = 4;
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn load_imm12(rd: Writable<Reg>, imm: Imm12) -> Inst {
+        Inst::AluRRImm12 {
+            alu_op: AluOPRRI::Addi,
+            rd,
+            rs: zero_reg(),
+            imm12: imm,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Immediates can be loaded using lui and addi instructions.
+    fn load_const_imm<F: FnMut(Type) -> Writable<Reg>>(
+        rd: Writable<Reg>,
+        value: u64,
+        alloc_tmp: &mut F,
+    ) -> Option<SmallInstVec<Inst>> {
+        Inst::generate_imm(value, |imm20, imm12| {
+            let mut insts = SmallVec::new();
+
+            let rs = if let Some(imm) = imm20 {
+                let rd = if imm12.is_some() { alloc_tmp(I64) } else { rd };
+                insts.push(Inst::Lui { rd, imm });
+                rd.to_reg()
+            } else {
+                zero_reg()
+            };
+
+            if let Some(imm12) = imm12 {
+                insts.push(Inst::AluRRImm12 {
+                    alu_op: AluOPRRI::Addi,
+                    rd,
+                    rs,
+                    imm12,
+                })
+            }
+
+            insts
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn load_constant_u32<F: FnMut(Type) -> Writable<Reg>>(
+        rd: Writable<Reg>,
+        value: u64,
+        alloc_tmp: &mut F,
+    ) -> SmallInstVec<Inst> {
+        let insts = Inst::load_const_imm(rd, value, alloc_tmp);
+        insts.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            smallvec![Inst::LoadConst32 {
+                rd,
+                imm: value as u32
+            }]
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn load_constant_u64<F: FnMut(Type) -> Writable<Reg>>(
+        rd: Writable<Reg>,
+        value: u64,
+        alloc_tmp: &mut F,
+    ) -> SmallInstVec<Inst> {
+        let insts = Inst::load_const_imm(rd, value, alloc_tmp);
+        insts.unwrap_or_else(|| smallvec![Inst::LoadConst64 { rd, imm: value }])
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn construct_auipc_and_jalr(
+        link: Option<Writable<Reg>>,
+        tmp: Writable<Reg>,
+        offset: i64,
+    ) -> [Inst; 2] {
+        Inst::generate_imm(offset as u64, |imm20, imm12| {
+            let a = Inst::Auipc {
+                rd: tmp,
+                imm: imm20.unwrap_or_default(),
+            };
+            let b = Inst::Jalr {
+                rd: link.unwrap_or(writable_zero_reg()),
+                base: tmp.to_reg(),
+                offset: imm12.unwrap_or_default(),
+            };
+            [a, b]
+        })
+        .expect("code range is too big.")
+    }
+
+    /// Create instructions that load a 32-bit floating-point constant.
+    pub fn load_fp_constant32<F: FnMut(Type) -> Writable<Reg>>(
+        rd: Writable<Reg>,
+        const_data: u32,
+        mut alloc_tmp: F,
+    ) -> SmallVec<[Inst; 4]> {
+        let mut insts = SmallVec::new();
+        let tmp = alloc_tmp(I64);
+        insts.extend(Self::load_constant_u32(
+            tmp,
+            const_data as u64,
+            &mut alloc_tmp,
+        ));
+        insts.push(Inst::FpuRR {
+            frm: None,
+            alu_op: FpuOPRR::move_x_to_f_op(F32),
+            rd,
+            rs: tmp.to_reg(),
+        });
+        insts
+    }
+
+    /// Create instructions that load a 64-bit floating-point constant.
+    pub fn load_fp_constant64<F: FnMut(Type) -> Writable<Reg>>(
+        rd: Writable<Reg>,
+        const_data: u64,
+        mut alloc_tmp: F,
+    ) -> SmallVec<[Inst; 4]> {
+        let mut insts = SmallInstVec::new();
+        let tmp = alloc_tmp(I64);
+        insts.extend(Self::load_constant_u64(tmp, const_data, &mut alloc_tmp));
+        insts.push(Inst::FpuRR {
+            frm: None,
+            alu_op: FpuOPRR::move_x_to_f_op(F64),
+            rd,
+            rs: tmp.to_reg(),
+        });
+        insts
+    }
+
+    /// Generic constructor for a load (zero-extending where appropriate).
+    pub fn gen_load(into_reg: Writable<Reg>, mem: AMode, ty: Type, flags: MemFlags) -> Inst {
+        Inst::Load {
+            rd: into_reg,
+            op: LoadOP::from_type(ty),
+            from: mem,
+            flags,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Generic constructor for a store.
+    pub fn gen_store(mem: AMode, from_reg: Reg, ty: Type, flags: MemFlags) -> Inst {
+        Inst::Store {
+            src: from_reg,
+            op: StoreOP::from_type(ty),
+            to: mem,
+            flags,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+//=============================================================================
+fn riscv64_get_operands<F: Fn(VReg) -> VReg>(inst: &Inst, collector: &mut OperandCollector<'_, F>) {
+    match inst {
+        &Inst::Nop0 => {}
+        &Inst::Nop4 => {}
+        &Inst::BrTable { index, tmp1, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_use(index);
+            collector.reg_early_def(tmp1);
+        }
+        &Inst::Auipc { rd, .. } => collector.reg_def(rd),
+        &Inst::Lui { rd, .. } => collector.reg_def(rd),
+        &Inst::LoadConst32 { rd, .. } => collector.reg_def(rd),
+        &Inst::LoadConst64 { rd, .. } => collector.reg_def(rd),
+        &Inst::AluRRR { rd, rs1, rs2, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_use(rs1);
+            collector.reg_use(rs2);
+            collector.reg_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::FpuRRR { rd, rs1, rs2, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_use(rs1);
+            collector.reg_use(rs2);
+            collector.reg_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::AluRRImm12 { rd, rs, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_use(rs);
+            collector.reg_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::Load { rd, from, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_use(from.get_base_register());
+            collector.reg_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::Store { to, src, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_use(to.get_base_register());
+            collector.reg_use(src);
+        }
+
+        &Inst::Args { ref args } => {
+            for arg in args {
+                collector.reg_fixed_def(arg.vreg, arg.preg);
+            }
+        }
+        &Inst::Ret { ref rets } => {
+            for ret in rets {
+                collector.reg_fixed_use(ret.vreg, ret.preg);
+            }
+        }
+
+        &Inst::Extend { rd, rn, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_use(rn);
+            collector.reg_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::AjustSp { .. } => {}
+        &Inst::Call { ref info } => {
+            for u in &info.uses {
+                collector.reg_fixed_use(u.vreg, u.preg);
+            }
+            for d in &info.defs {
+                collector.reg_fixed_def(d.vreg, d.preg);
+            }
+            collector.reg_clobbers(info.clobbers);
+        }
+        &Inst::CallInd { ref info } => {
+            collector.reg_use(info.rn);
+            for u in &info.uses {
+                collector.reg_fixed_use(u.vreg, u.preg);
+            }
+            for d in &info.defs {
+                collector.reg_fixed_def(d.vreg, d.preg);
+            }
+            collector.reg_clobbers(info.clobbers);
+        }
+        &Inst::TrapIf { test, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_use(test);
+        }
+        &Inst::Jal { .. } => {}
+        &Inst::CondBr { kind, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_use(kind.rs1);
+            collector.reg_use(kind.rs2);
+        }
+        &Inst::LoadExtName { rd, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::LoadAddr { rd, mem } => {
+            collector.reg_use(mem.get_base_register());
+            collector.reg_early_def(rd);
+        }
+
+        &Inst::VirtualSPOffsetAdj { .. } => {}
+        &Inst::Mov { rd, rm, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_use(rm);
+            collector.reg_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::MovFromPReg { rd, rm } => {
+            debug_assert!([px_reg(2), px_reg(8)].contains(&rm));
+            collector.reg_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::Fence { .. } => {}
+        &Inst::FenceI => {}
+        &Inst::ECall => {}
+        &Inst::EBreak => {}
+        &Inst::Udf { .. } => {}
+        &Inst::FpuRR { rd, rs, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_use(rs);
+            collector.reg_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::FpuRRRR {
+            rd, rs1, rs2, rs3, ..
+        } => {
+            collector.reg_uses(&[rs1, rs2, rs3]);
+            collector.reg_def(rd);
+        }
+
+        &Inst::Jalr { rd, base, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_use(base);
+            collector.reg_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::Atomic { rd, addr, src, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_use(addr);
+            collector.reg_use(src);
+            collector.reg_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::Select {
+            ref dst,
+            condition,
+            x,
+            y,
+            ..
+        } => {
+            collector.reg_use(condition);
+            collector.reg_uses(x.regs());
+            collector.reg_uses(y.regs());
+            collector.reg_defs(&dst[..]);
+        }
+        &Inst::ReferenceCheck { rd, x, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_use(x);
+            collector.reg_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::AtomicCas {
+            offset,
+            t0,
+            dst,
+            e,
+            addr,
+            v,
+            ..
+        } => {
+            collector.reg_uses(&[offset, e, addr, v]);
+            collector.reg_early_def(t0);
+            collector.reg_early_def(dst);
+        }
+        &Inst::IntSelect {
+            ref dst,
+            ref x,
+            ref y,
+            ..
+        } => {
+            collector.reg_uses(x.regs());
+            collector.reg_uses(y.regs());
+            collector.reg_defs(&dst[..]);
+        }
+
+        &Inst::Csr { rd, rs, .. } => {
+            if let Some(rs) = rs {
+                collector.reg_use(rs);
+            }
+            collector.reg_def(rd);
+        }
+
+        &Inst::Icmp { rd, a, b, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_uses(a.regs());
+            collector.reg_uses(b.regs());
+            collector.reg_def(rd);
+        }
+
+        &Inst::SelectReg {
+            rd,
+            rs1,
+            rs2,
+            condition,
+        } => {
+            collector.reg_use(condition.rs1);
+            collector.reg_use(condition.rs2);
+            collector.reg_use(rs1);
+            collector.reg_use(rs2);
+            collector.reg_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::FcvtToInt { rd, rs, tmp, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_use(rs);
+            collector.reg_early_def(tmp);
+            collector.reg_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::SelectIf {
+            ref rd,
+            test,
+            ref x,
+            ref y,
+            ..
+        } => {
+            collector.reg_use(test);
+            collector.reg_uses(x.regs());
+            collector.reg_uses(y.regs());
+            rd.iter().for_each(|r| collector.reg_def(*r));
+        }
+        &Inst::RawData { .. } => {}
+        &Inst::AtomicStore { src, p, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_use(src);
+            collector.reg_use(p);
+        }
+        &Inst::AtomicLoad { rd, p, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_use(p);
+            collector.reg_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::AtomicRmwLoop {
+            offset,
+            dst,
+            p,
+            x,
+            t0,
+            ..
+        } => {
+            collector.reg_uses(&[offset, p, x]);
+            collector.reg_early_def(t0);
+            collector.reg_early_def(dst);
+        }
+        &Inst::TrapIfC { rs1, rs2, .. } => {
+            collector.reg_use(rs1);
+            collector.reg_use(rs2);
+        }
+        &Inst::Unwind { .. } => {}
+        &Inst::DummyUse { reg } => {
+            collector.reg_use(reg);
+        }
+        &Inst::FloatRound {
+            rd,
+            int_tmp,
+            f_tmp,
+            rs,
+            ..
+        } => {
+            collector.reg_use(rs);
+            collector.reg_early_def(int_tmp);
+            collector.reg_early_def(f_tmp);
+            collector.reg_early_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::FloatSelect {
+            rd, tmp, rs1, rs2, ..
+        } => {
+            collector.reg_uses(&[rs1, rs2]);
+            collector.reg_early_def(tmp);
+            collector.reg_early_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::FloatSelectPseudo {
+            rd, tmp, rs1, rs2, ..
+        } => {
+            collector.reg_uses(&[rs1, rs2]);
+            collector.reg_early_def(tmp);
+            collector.reg_early_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::Popcnt {
+            sum, step, rs, tmp, ..
+        } => {
+            collector.reg_use(rs);
+            collector.reg_early_def(tmp);
+            collector.reg_early_def(step);
+            collector.reg_early_def(sum);
+        }
+        &Inst::Rev8 { rs, rd, tmp, step } => {
+            collector.reg_use(rs);
+            collector.reg_early_def(tmp);
+            collector.reg_early_def(step);
+            collector.reg_early_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::Cltz {
+            sum, step, tmp, rs, ..
+        } => {
+            collector.reg_use(rs);
+            collector.reg_early_def(tmp);
+            collector.reg_early_def(step);
+            collector.reg_early_def(sum);
+        }
+        &Inst::Brev8 {
+            rs,
+            rd,
+            step,
+            tmp,
+            tmp2,
+            ..
+        } => {
+            collector.reg_use(rs);
+            collector.reg_early_def(step);
+            collector.reg_early_def(tmp);
+            collector.reg_early_def(tmp2);
+            collector.reg_early_def(rd);
+        }
+        &Inst::StackProbeLoop { .. } => {
+            // StackProbeLoop has a tmp register and StackProbeLoop used at gen_prologue.
+            // t3 will do the job. (t3 is caller-save register and not used directly by compiler like writable_spilltmp_reg)
+            // gen_prologue is called at emit stage.
+            // no need let reg alloc know.
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl MachInst for Inst {
+    type LabelUse = LabelUse;
+    type ABIMachineSpec = Riscv64MachineDeps;
+
+    fn gen_dummy_use(reg: Reg) -> Self {
+        Inst::DummyUse { reg }
+    }
+
+    fn canonical_type_for_rc(rc: RegClass) -> Type {
+        match rc {
+            regalloc2::RegClass::Int => I64,
+            regalloc2::RegClass::Float => F64,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_safepoint(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            &Inst::Call { .. }
+            | &Inst::CallInd { .. }
+            | &Inst::TrapIf { .. }
+            | &Inst::Udf { .. } => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_operands<F: Fn(VReg) -> VReg>(&self, collector: &mut OperandCollector<'_, F>) {
+        riscv64_get_operands(self, collector);
+    }
+
+    fn is_move(&self) -> Option<(Writable<Reg>, Reg)> {
+        match self {
+            Inst::Mov { rd, rm, .. } => Some((rd.clone(), rm.clone())),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_included_in_clobbers(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            &Inst::Args { .. } => false,
+            _ => true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_trap(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Self::Udf { .. } => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_args(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Self::Args { .. } => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_term(&self) -> MachTerminator {
+        match self {
+            &Inst::Jal { .. } => MachTerminator::Uncond,
+            &Inst::CondBr { .. } => MachTerminator::Cond,
+            &Inst::Jalr { .. } => MachTerminator::Uncond,
+            &Inst::Ret { .. } => MachTerminator::Ret,
+            &Inst::BrTable { .. } => MachTerminator::Indirect,
+            _ => MachTerminator::None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn gen_move(to_reg: Writable<Reg>, from_reg: Reg, ty: Type) -> Inst {
+        let x = Inst::Mov {
+            rd: to_reg,
+            rm: from_reg,
+            ty,
+        };
+        x
+    }
+
+    fn gen_nop(preferred_size: usize) -> Inst {
+        if preferred_size == 0 {
+            return Inst::Nop0;
+        }
+        // We can't give a NOP (or any insn) < 4 bytes.
+        assert!(preferred_size >= 4);
+        Inst::Nop4
+    }
+
+    fn rc_for_type(ty: Type) -> CodegenResult<(&'static [RegClass], &'static [Type])> {
+        match ty {
+            I8 => Ok((&[RegClass::Int], &[I8])),
+            I16 => Ok((&[RegClass::Int], &[I16])),
+            I32 => Ok((&[RegClass::Int], &[I32])),
+            I64 => Ok((&[RegClass::Int], &[I64])),
+            R32 => panic!("32-bit reftype pointer should never be seen on riscv64"),
+            R64 => Ok((&[RegClass::Int], &[R64])),
+            F32 => Ok((&[RegClass::Float], &[F32])),
+            F64 => Ok((&[RegClass::Float], &[F64])),
+            I128 => Ok((&[RegClass::Int, RegClass::Int], &[I64, I64])),
+            _ => Err(CodegenError::Unsupported(format!(
+                "Unexpected SSA-value type: {}",
+                ty
+            ))),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn gen_jump(target: MachLabel) -> Inst {
+        Inst::Jal {
+            dest: BranchTarget::Label(target),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn worst_case_size() -> CodeOffset {
+        // calculate by test function riscv64_worst_case_instruction_size()
+        100
+    }
+
+    fn ref_type_regclass(_settings: &settings::Flags) -> RegClass {
+        RegClass::Int
+    }
+}
+
+//=============================================================================
+// Pretty-printing of instructions.
+pub fn reg_name(reg: Reg) -> String {
+    match reg.to_real_reg() {
+        Some(real) => match real.class() {
+            RegClass::Int => match real.hw_enc() {
+                0 => "zero".into(),
+                1 => "ra".into(),
+                2 => "sp".into(),
+                3 => "gp".into(),
+                4 => "tp".into(),
+                5 => "t0".into(),
+                6..=7 => format!("t{}", real.hw_enc() - 5),
+                8 => "fp".into(),
+                9 => "s1".into(),
+                10..=17 => format!("a{}", real.hw_enc() - 10),
+                18..=27 => format!("s{}", real.hw_enc() - 16),
+                28..=31 => format!("t{}", real.hw_enc() - 25),
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            },
+            RegClass::Float => match real.hw_enc() {
+                0..=7 => format!("ft{}", real.hw_enc() - 0),
+                8..=9 => format!("fs{}", real.hw_enc() - 8),
+                10..=17 => format!("fa{}", real.hw_enc() - 10),
+                18..=27 => format!("fs{}", real.hw_enc() - 16),
+                28..=31 => format!("ft{}", real.hw_enc() - 20),
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            },
+        },
+        None => {
+            format!("{:?}", reg)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Inst {
+    fn print_with_state(
+        &self,
+        _state: &mut EmitState,
+        allocs: &mut AllocationConsumer<'_>,
+    ) -> String {
+        let format_reg = |reg: Reg, allocs: &mut AllocationConsumer<'_>| -> String {
+            let reg = allocs.next(reg);
+            reg_name(reg)
+        };
+
+        let format_regs = |regs: &[Reg], allocs: &mut AllocationConsumer<'_>| -> String {
+            let mut x = if regs.len() > 1 {
+                String::from("[")
+            } else {
+                String::default()
+            };
+            regs.iter().for_each(|i| {
+                x.push_str(format_reg(i.clone(), allocs).as_str());
+                if *i != *regs.last().unwrap() {
+                    x.push_str(",");
+                }
+            });
+            if regs.len() > 1 {
+                x.push_str("]");
+            }
+            x
+        };
+        let format_labels = |labels: &[MachLabel]| -> String {
+            if labels.len() == 0 {
+                return String::from("[_]");
+            }
+            let mut x = String::from("[");
+            labels.iter().for_each(|l| {
+                x.push_str(
+                    format!(
+                        "{:?}{}",
+                        l,
+                        if l != labels.last().unwrap() { "," } else { "" },
+                    )
+                    .as_str(),
+                );
+            });
+            x.push_str("]");
+            x
+        };
+
+        fn format_extend_op(signed: bool, from_bits: u8, _to_bits: u8) -> String {
+            let type_name = match from_bits {
+                1 => "b1",
+                8 => "b",
+                16 => "h",
+                32 => "w",
+                _ => unreachable!("from_bits:{:?}", from_bits),
+            };
+            format!("{}ext.{}", if signed { "s" } else { "u" }, type_name)
+        }
+        fn format_frm(rounding_mode: Option<FRM>) -> String {
+            if let Some(r) = rounding_mode {
+                format!(",{}", r.to_static_str(),)
+            } else {
+                "".into()
+            }
+        }
+        match self {
+            &Inst::Nop0 => {
+                format!("##zero length nop")
+            }
+            &Inst::Nop4 => {
+                format!("##fixed 4-size nop")
+            }
+            &Inst::StackProbeLoop {
+                guard_size,
+                probe_count,
+                tmp,
+            } => {
+                let tmp = format_reg(tmp.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!(
+                    "inline_stack_probe##guard_size={} probe_count={} tmp={}",
+                    guard_size, probe_count, tmp
+                )
+            }
+            &Inst::FloatRound {
+                op,
+                rd,
+                int_tmp,
+                f_tmp,
+                rs,
+                ty,
+            } => {
+                let rs = format_reg(rs, allocs);
+                let int_tmp = format_reg(int_tmp.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let f_tmp = format_reg(f_tmp.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!(
+                    "{} {},{}##int_tmp={} f_tmp={} ty={}",
+                    op.op_name(),
+                    rd,
+                    rs,
+                    int_tmp,
+                    f_tmp,
+                    ty
+                )
+            }
+            &Inst::FloatSelectPseudo {
+                op,
+                rd,
+                tmp,
+                rs1,
+                rs2,
+                ty,
+            } => {
+                let rs1 = format_reg(rs1, allocs);
+                let rs2 = format_reg(rs2, allocs);
+                let tmp = format_reg(tmp.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!(
+                    "f{}.{}.pseudo {},{},{}##tmp={} ty={}",
+                    op.op_name(),
+                    if ty == F32 { "s" } else { "d" },
+                    rd,
+                    rs1,
+                    rs2,
+                    tmp,
+                    ty
+                )
+            }
+            &Inst::FloatSelect {
+                op,
+                rd,
+                tmp,
+                rs1,
+                rs2,
+                ty,
+            } => {
+                let rs1 = format_reg(rs1, allocs);
+                let rs2 = format_reg(rs2, allocs);
+                let tmp = format_reg(tmp.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!(
+                    "f{}.{} {},{},{}##tmp={} ty={}",
+                    op.op_name(),
+                    if ty == F32 { "s" } else { "d" },
+                    rd,
+                    rs1,
+                    rs2,
+                    tmp,
+                    ty
+                )
+            }
+            &Inst::AtomicStore { src, ty, p } => {
+                let src = format_reg(src, allocs);
+                let p = format_reg(p, allocs);
+                format!("atomic_store.{} {},({})", ty, src, p)
+            }
+            &Inst::DummyUse { reg } => {
+                let reg = format_reg(reg, allocs);
+                format!("dummy_use {}", reg)
+            }
+
+            &Inst::AtomicLoad { rd, ty, p } => {
+                let p = format_reg(p, allocs);
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!("atomic_load.{} {},({})", ty, rd, p)
+            }
+            &Inst::AtomicRmwLoop {
+                offset,
+                op,
+                dst,
+                ty,
+                p,
+                x,
+                t0,
+            } => {
+                let offset = format_reg(offset, allocs);
+                let p = format_reg(p, allocs);
+                let x = format_reg(x, allocs);
+                let t0 = format_reg(t0.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let dst = format_reg(dst.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!(
+                    "atomic_rmw.{} {} {},{},({})##t0={} offset={}",
+                    ty, op, dst, x, p, t0, offset
+                )
+            }
+
+            &Inst::RawData { ref data } => match data.len() {
+                4 => {
+                    let mut bytes = [0; 4];
+                    for i in 0..bytes.len() {
+                        bytes[i] = data[i];
+                    }
+                    format!(".4byte 0x{:x}", u32::from_le_bytes(bytes))
+                }
+                8 => {
+                    let mut bytes = [0; 8];
+                    for i in 0..bytes.len() {
+                        bytes[i] = data[i];
+                    }
+                    format!(".8byte 0x{:x}", u64::from_le_bytes(bytes))
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    format!(".data {:?}", data)
+                }
+            },
+            &Inst::Unwind { ref inst } => {
+                format!("unwind {:?}", inst)
+            }
+            &Inst::Brev8 {
+                rs,
+                ty,
+                step,
+                tmp,
+                tmp2,
+                rd,
+            } => {
+                let rs = format_reg(rs, allocs);
+                let step = format_reg(step.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let tmp = format_reg(tmp.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let tmp2 = format_reg(tmp2.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!(
+                    "brev8 {},{}##tmp={} tmp2={} step={} ty={}",
+                    rd, rs, tmp, tmp2, step, ty
+                )
+            }
+            &Inst::SelectIf {
+                if_spectre_guard,
+                ref rd,
+                test,
+                ref x,
+                ref y,
+            } => {
+                let test = format_reg(test, allocs);
+                let x = format_regs(x.regs(), allocs);
+                let y = format_regs(y.regs(), allocs);
+                let rd: Vec<_> = rd.iter().map(|r| r.to_reg()).collect();
+                let rd = format_regs(&rd[..], allocs);
+                format!(
+                    "selectif{} {},{},{}##test={}",
+                    if if_spectre_guard {
+                        "_spectre_guard"
+                    } else {
+                        ""
+                    },
+                    rd,
+                    x,
+                    y,
+                    test
+                )
+            }
+            &Inst::Popcnt {
+                sum,
+                step,
+                rs,
+                tmp,
+                ty,
+            } => {
+                let rs = format_reg(rs, allocs);
+                let tmp = format_reg(tmp.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let step = format_reg(step.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let sum = format_reg(sum.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!("popcnt {},{}##ty={} tmp={} step={}", sum, rs, ty, tmp, step)
+            }
+            &Inst::Rev8 { rs, rd, tmp, step } => {
+                let rs = format_reg(rs, allocs);
+                let tmp = format_reg(tmp.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let step = format_reg(step.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!("rev8 {},{}##step={} tmp={}", rd, rs, step, tmp)
+            }
+            &Inst::Cltz {
+                sum,
+                step,
+                rs,
+                tmp,
+                ty,
+                leading,
+            } => {
+                let rs = format_reg(rs, allocs);
+                let tmp = format_reg(tmp.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let step = format_reg(step.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let sum = format_reg(sum.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!(
+                    "{} {},{}##ty={} tmp={} step={}",
+                    if leading { "clz" } else { "ctz" },
+                    sum,
+                    rs,
+                    ty,
+                    tmp,
+                    step
+                )
+            }
+            &Inst::FcvtToInt {
+                is_sat,
+                rd,
+                rs,
+                is_signed,
+                in_type,
+                out_type,
+                tmp,
+            } => {
+                let rs = format_reg(rs, allocs);
+                let tmp = format_reg(tmp.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!(
+                    "fcvt_to_{}int{}.{} {},{}##in_ty={} tmp={}",
+                    if is_signed { "s" } else { "u" },
+                    if is_sat { "_sat" } else { "" },
+                    out_type,
+                    rd,
+                    rs,
+                    in_type,
+                    tmp
+                )
+            }
+            &Inst::SelectReg {
+                rd,
+                rs1,
+                rs2,
+                ref condition,
+            } => {
+                let c_rs1 = format_reg(condition.rs1, allocs);
+                let c_rs2 = format_reg(condition.rs2, allocs);
+                let rs1 = format_reg(rs1, allocs);
+                let rs2 = format_reg(rs2, allocs);
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!(
+                    "select_reg {},{},{}##condition={}",
+                    rd,
+                    rs1,
+                    rs2,
+                    format!("({} {} {})", c_rs1, condition.kind.to_static_str(), c_rs2),
+                )
+            }
+            &Inst::AtomicCas {
+                offset,
+                t0,
+                dst,
+                e,
+                addr,
+                v,
+                ty,
+            } => {
+                let offset = format_reg(offset, allocs);
+                let e = format_reg(e, allocs);
+                let addr = format_reg(addr, allocs);
+                let v = format_reg(v, allocs);
+                let t0 = format_reg(t0.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let dst = format_reg(dst.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!(
+                    "atomic_cas.{} {},{},{},({})##t0={} offset={}",
+                    ty, dst, e, v, addr, t0, offset,
+                )
+            }
+            &Inst::Icmp { cc, rd, a, b, ty } => {
+                let a = format_regs(a.regs(), allocs);
+                let b = format_regs(b.regs(), allocs);
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!("{} {},{},{}##ty={}", cc.to_static_str(), rd, a, b, ty)
+            }
+            &Inst::IntSelect {
+                op,
+                ref dst,
+                x,
+                y,
+                ty,
+            } => {
+                let x = format_regs(x.regs(), allocs);
+                let y = format_regs(y.regs(), allocs);
+                let dst: Vec<_> = dst.iter().map(|r| r.to_reg()).collect();
+                let dst = format_regs(&dst[..], allocs);
+                format!("{} {},{},{}##ty={}", op.op_name(), dst, x, y, ty,)
+            }
+            &Inst::BrTable {
+                index,
+                tmp1,
+                ref targets,
+            } => {
+                let targets: Vec<_> = targets.iter().map(|x| x.as_label().unwrap()).collect();
+                format!(
+                    "{} {},{}##tmp1={}",
+                    "br_table",
+                    format_reg(index, allocs),
+                    format_labels(&targets[..]),
+                    format_reg(tmp1.to_reg(), allocs),
+                )
+            }
+            &Inst::Auipc { rd, imm } => {
+                format!(
+                    "{} {},{}",
+                    "auipc",
+                    format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs),
+                    imm.bits
+                )
+            }
+
+            &Inst::ReferenceCheck { rd, op, x } => {
+                let x = format_reg(x, allocs);
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!("{} {},{}", op.op_name(), rd, x)
+            }
+            &Inst::Jalr { rd, base, offset } => {
+                let base = format_reg(base, allocs);
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!("{} {},{}({})", "jalr", rd, offset.bits, base)
+            }
+            &Inst::Lui { rd, ref imm } => {
+                format!("{} {},{}", "lui", format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs), imm.bits)
+            }
+            &Inst::LoadConst32 { rd, imm } => {
+                use std::fmt::Write;
+
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let mut buf = String::new();
+                write!(&mut buf, "auipc {},0; ", rd).unwrap();
+                write!(&mut buf, "ld {},12({}); ", rd, rd).unwrap();
+                write!(&mut buf, "j {}; ", Inst::INSTRUCTION_SIZE + 4).unwrap();
+                write!(&mut buf, ".4byte 0x{:x}", imm).unwrap();
+                buf
+            }
+            &Inst::LoadConst64 { rd, imm } => {
+                use std::fmt::Write;
+
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let mut buf = String::new();
+                write!(&mut buf, "auipc {},0; ", rd).unwrap();
+                write!(&mut buf, "ld {},12({}); ", rd, rd).unwrap();
+                write!(&mut buf, "j {}; ", Inst::INSTRUCTION_SIZE + 8).unwrap();
+                write!(&mut buf, ".8byte 0x{:x}", imm).unwrap();
+                buf
+            }
+            &Inst::AluRRR {
+                alu_op,
+                rd,
+                rs1,
+                rs2,
+            } => {
+                let rs1 = format_reg(rs1, allocs);
+                let rs2 = format_reg(rs2, allocs);
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!("{} {},{},{}", alu_op.op_name(), rd, rs1, rs2,)
+            }
+            &Inst::FpuRR {
+                frm,
+                alu_op,
+                rd,
+                rs,
+            } => {
+                let rs = format_reg(rs, allocs);
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!("{} {},{}{}", alu_op.op_name(), rd, rs, format_frm(frm))
+            }
+            &Inst::FpuRRR {
+                alu_op,
+                rd,
+                rs1,
+                rs2,
+                frm,
+            } => {
+                let rs1 = format_reg(rs1, allocs);
+                let rs2 = format_reg(rs2, allocs);
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let rs1_is_rs2 = rs1 == rs2;
+                if rs1_is_rs2 && alu_op.is_copy_sign() {
+                    // this is move instruction.
+                    format!(
+                        "fmv.{} {},{}",
+                        if alu_op.is_32() { "s" } else { "d" },
+                        rd,
+                        rs1
+                    )
+                } else if rs1_is_rs2 && alu_op.is_copy_neg_sign() {
+                    format!(
+                        "fneg.{} {},{}",
+                        if alu_op.is_32() { "s" } else { "d" },
+                        rd,
+                        rs1
+                    )
+                } else if rs1_is_rs2 && alu_op.is_copy_xor_sign() {
+                    format!(
+                        "fabs.{} {},{}",
+                        if alu_op.is_32() { "s" } else { "d" },
+                        rd,
+                        rs1
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    format!(
+                        "{} {},{},{}{}",
+                        alu_op.op_name(),
+                        rd,
+                        rs1,
+                        rs2,
+                        format_frm(frm)
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+            &Inst::Csr {
+                csr_op,
+                rd,
+                rs,
+                imm,
+                csr,
+            } => {
+                let rs = rs.map_or("".into(), |r| format_reg(r, allocs));
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                if csr_op.need_rs() {
+                    format!("{} {},{},{}", csr_op.op_name(), rd, csr, rs)
+                } else {
+                    format!("{} {},{},{}", csr_op.op_name(), rd, csr, imm.unwrap())
+                }
+            }
+            &Inst::FpuRRRR {
+                alu_op,
+                rd,
+                rs1,
+                rs2,
+                rs3,
+                frm,
+            } => {
+                let rs1 = format_reg(rs1, allocs);
+                let rs2 = format_reg(rs2, allocs);
+                let rs3 = format_reg(rs3, allocs);
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!(
+                    "{} {},{},{},{}{}",
+                    alu_op.op_name(),
+                    rd,
+                    rs1,
+                    rs2,
+                    rs3,
+                    format_frm(frm)
+                )
+            }
+            &Inst::AluRRImm12 {
+                alu_op,
+                rd,
+                rs,
+                ref imm12,
+            } => {
+                let rs_s = format_reg(rs, allocs);
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                // check if it is a load constant.
+                if alu_op == AluOPRRI::Addi && rs == zero_reg() {
+                    format!("li {},{}", rd, imm12.as_i16())
+                } else if alu_op == AluOPRRI::Xori && imm12.as_i16() == -1 {
+                    format!("not {},{}", rd, rs_s)
+                } else {
+                    if alu_op.option_funct12().is_some() {
+                        format!("{} {},{}", alu_op.op_name(), rd, rs_s)
+                    } else {
+                        format!("{} {},{},{}", alu_op.op_name(), rd, rs_s, imm12.as_i16())
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            &Inst::Load {
+                rd,
+                op,
+                from,
+                flags: _flags,
+            } => {
+                let base = from.to_string_with_alloc(allocs);
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!("{} {},{}", op.op_name(), rd, base,)
+            }
+            &Inst::Store {
+                to,
+                src,
+                op,
+                flags: _flags,
+            } => {
+                let base = to.to_string_with_alloc(allocs);
+                let src = format_reg(src, allocs);
+                format!("{} {},{}", op.op_name(), src, base,)
+            }
+            &Inst::Args { ref args } => {
+                let mut s = "args".to_string();
+                let mut empty_allocs = AllocationConsumer::default();
+                for arg in args {
+                    use std::fmt::Write;
+                    let preg = format_reg(arg.preg, &mut empty_allocs);
+                    let def = format_reg(arg.vreg.to_reg(), allocs);
+                    write!(&mut s, " {}={}", def, preg).unwrap();
+                }
+                s
+            }
+            &Inst::Ret { ref rets } => {
+                let mut s = "ret".to_string();
+                let mut empty_allocs = AllocationConsumer::default();
+                for ret in rets {
+                    use std::fmt::Write;
+                    let preg = format_reg(ret.preg, &mut empty_allocs);
+                    let vreg = format_reg(ret.vreg, allocs);
+                    write!(&mut s, " {}={}", vreg, preg).unwrap();
+                }
+                s
+            }
+
+            &MInst::Extend {
+                rd,
+                rn,
+                signed,
+                from_bits,
+                to_bits,
+            } => {
+                let rn = format_reg(rn, allocs);
+                let rm = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!(
+                    "{} {},{}",
+                    format_extend_op(signed, from_bits, to_bits),
+                    rm,
+                    rn
+                )
+            }
+            &MInst::AjustSp { amount } => {
+                format!("{} sp,{:+}", "add", amount)
+            }
+            &MInst::Call { ref info } => format!("call {}", info.dest.display(None)),
+            &MInst::CallInd { ref info } => {
+                let rd = format_reg(info.rn, allocs);
+                format!("callind {}", rd)
+            }
+            &MInst::TrapIf { test, trap_code } => {
+                format!("trap_if {},{}", format_reg(test, allocs), trap_code,)
+            }
+            &MInst::TrapIfC {
+                rs1,
+                rs2,
+                cc,
+                trap_code,
+            } => {
+                let rs1 = format_reg(rs1, allocs);
+                let rs2 = format_reg(rs2, allocs);
+                format!("trap_ifc {}##({} {} {})", trap_code, rs1, cc, rs2)
+            }
+            &MInst::Jal { dest, .. } => {
+                format!("{} {}", "j", dest)
+            }
+            &MInst::CondBr {
+                taken,
+                not_taken,
+                kind,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                let rs1 = format_reg(kind.rs1, allocs);
+                let rs2 = format_reg(kind.rs2, allocs);
+                if not_taken.is_zero() && taken.as_label().is_none() {
+                    let off = taken.as_offset().unwrap();
+                    format!("{} {},{},{}", kind.op_name(), rs1, rs2, off)
+                } else {
+                    let x = format!(
+                        "{} {},{},taken({}),not_taken({})",
+                        kind.op_name(),
+                        rs1,
+                        rs2,
+                        taken,
+                        not_taken
+                    );
+                    x
+                }
+            }
+            &MInst::Atomic {
+                op,
+                rd,
+                addr,
+                src,
+                amo,
+            } => {
+                let op_name = op.op_name(amo);
+                let addr = format_reg(addr, allocs);
+                let src = format_reg(src, allocs);
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                if op.is_load() {
+                    format!("{} {},({})", op_name, rd, addr)
+                } else {
+                    format!("{} {},{},({})", op_name, rd, src, addr)
+                }
+            }
+            &MInst::LoadExtName {
+                rd,
+                ref name,
+                offset,
+            } => {
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!("load_sym {},{}{:+}", rd, name.display(None), offset)
+            }
+            &MInst::LoadAddr { ref rd, ref mem } => {
+                let rs = mem.to_addr(allocs);
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                format!("load_addr {},{}", rd, rs)
+            }
+            &MInst::VirtualSPOffsetAdj { amount } => {
+                format!("virtual_sp_offset_adj {:+}", amount)
+            }
+            &MInst::Mov { rd, rm, ty } => {
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                let rm = format_reg(rm, allocs);
+                let v = if ty == F32 {
+                    "fmv.s"
+                } else if ty == F64 {
+                    "fmv.d"
+                } else {
+                    "mv"
+                };
+                format!("{} {},{}", v, rd, rm)
+            }
+            &MInst::MovFromPReg { rd, rm } => {
+                let rd = format_reg(rd.to_reg(), allocs);
+                debug_assert!([px_reg(2), px_reg(8)].contains(&rm));
+                let rm = reg_name(Reg::from(rm));
+                format!("mv {},{}", rd, rm)
+            }
+            &MInst::Fence { pred, succ } => {
+                format!(
+                    "fence {},{}",
+                    Inst::fence_req_to_string(pred),
+                    Inst::fence_req_to_string(succ),
+                )
+            }
+            &MInst::FenceI => "fence.i".into(),
+            &MInst::Select {
+                ref dst,
+                condition,
+                ref x,
+                ref y,
+                ty,
+            } => {
+                let condition = format_reg(condition, allocs);
+                let x = format_regs(x.regs(), allocs);
+                let y = format_regs(y.regs(), allocs);
+                let dst: Vec<_> = dst.clone().into_iter().map(|r| r.to_reg()).collect();
+                let dst = format_regs(&dst[..], allocs);
+                format!("select_{} {},{},{}##condition={}", ty, dst, x, y, condition)
+            }
+            &MInst::Udf { trap_code } => format!("udf##trap_code={}", trap_code),
+            &MInst::EBreak {} => String::from("ebreak"),
+            &MInst::ECall {} => String::from("ecall"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Different forms of label references for different instruction formats.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum LabelUse {
+    /// 20-bit branch offset (unconditional branches). PC-rel, offset is
+    /// imm << 1. Immediate is 20 signed bits. Use in Jal instructions.
+    Jal20,
+
+    /// The unconditional jump instructions all use PC-relative
+    /// addressing to help support position independent code. The JALR
+    /// instruction was defined to enable a two-instruction sequence to
+    /// jump anywhere in a 32-bit absolute address range. A LUI
+    /// instruction can first load rs1 with the upper 20 bits of a
+    /// target address, then JALR can add in the lower bits. Similarly,
+    /// AUIPC then JALR can jump anywhere in a 32-bit pc-relative
+    /// address range.
+    PCRel32,
+
+    /// All branch instructions use the B-type instruction format. The
+    /// 12-bit B-immediate encodes signed offsets in multiples of 2, and
+    /// is added to the current pc to give the target address. The
+    /// conditional branch range is ±4 KiB.
+    B12,
+}
+
+impl MachInstLabelUse for LabelUse {
+    /// Alignment for veneer code. Every Riscv64 instruction must be
+    /// 4-byte-aligned.
+    const ALIGN: CodeOffset = 4;
+
+    /// Maximum PC-relative range (positive), inclusive.
+    fn max_pos_range(self) -> CodeOffset {
+        match self {
+            LabelUse::Jal20 => ((1 << 19) - 1) * 2,
+            LabelUse::PCRel32 => Inst::imm_max() as CodeOffset,
+            LabelUse::B12 => ((1 << 11) - 1) * 2,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Maximum PC-relative range (negative).
+    fn max_neg_range(self) -> CodeOffset {
+        match self {
+            LabelUse::PCRel32 => Inst::imm_min().abs() as CodeOffset,
+            _ => self.max_pos_range() + 2,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Size of window into code needed to do the patch.
+    fn patch_size(self) -> CodeOffset {
+        match self {
+            LabelUse::Jal20 => 4,
+            LabelUse::PCRel32 => 8,
+            LabelUse::B12 => 4,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Perform the patch.
+    fn patch(self, buffer: &mut [u8], use_offset: CodeOffset, label_offset: CodeOffset) {
+        assert!(use_offset % 4 == 0);
+        assert!(label_offset % 4 == 0);
+        let offset = (label_offset as i64) - (use_offset as i64);
+
+        // re-check range
+        assert!(
+            offset >= -(self.max_neg_range() as i64) && offset <= (self.max_pos_range() as i64),
+            "{:?} offset '{}' use_offset:'{}' label_offset:'{}'  must not exceed max range.",
+            self,
+            offset,
+            use_offset,
+            label_offset,
+        );
+        self.patch_raw_offset(buffer, offset);
+    }
+
+    /// Is a veneer supported for this label reference type?
+    fn supports_veneer(self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Self::B12 => true,
+            Self::Jal20 => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// How large is the veneer, if supported?
+    fn veneer_size(self) -> CodeOffset {
+        match self {
+            Self::B12 => 8,
+            Self::Jal20 => 8,
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Generate a veneer into the buffer, given that this veneer is at `veneer_offset`, and return
+    /// an offset and label-use for the veneer's use of the original label.
+    fn generate_veneer(
+        self,
+        buffer: &mut [u8],
+        veneer_offset: CodeOffset,
+    ) -> (CodeOffset, LabelUse) {
+        let base = writable_spilltmp_reg();
+        {
+            let x = enc_auipc(base, Imm20::from_bits(0)).to_le_bytes();
+            buffer[0] = x[0];
+            buffer[1] = x[1];
+            buffer[2] = x[2];
+            buffer[3] = x[3];
+        }
+        {
+            let x = enc_jalr(writable_zero_reg(), base.to_reg(), Imm12::from_bits(0)).to_le_bytes();
+            buffer[4] = x[0];
+            buffer[5] = x[1];
+            buffer[6] = x[2];
+            buffer[7] = x[3];
+        }
+        (veneer_offset, Self::PCRel32)
+    }
+
+    fn from_reloc(reloc: Reloc, addend: Addend) -> Option<LabelUse> {
+        match (reloc, addend) {
+            (Reloc::RiscvCall, _) => Some(Self::PCRel32),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl LabelUse {
+    fn offset_in_range(self, offset: i64) -> bool {
+        let min = -(self.max_neg_range() as i64);
+        let max = self.max_pos_range() as i64;
+        offset >= min && offset <= max
+    }
+
+    fn patch_raw_offset(self, buffer: &mut [u8], offset: i64) {
+        let insn = u32::from_le_bytes([buffer[0], buffer[1], buffer[2], buffer[3]]);
+        match self {
+            LabelUse::Jal20 => {
+                let offset = offset as u32;
+                let v = ((offset >> 12 & 0b1111_1111) << 12)
+                    | ((offset >> 11 & 0b1) << 20)
+                    | ((offset >> 1 & 0b11_1111_1111) << 21)
+                    | ((offset >> 20 & 0b1) << 31);
+                buffer[0..4].clone_from_slice(&u32::to_le_bytes(insn | v));
+            }
+            LabelUse::PCRel32 => {
+                let insn2 = u32::from_le_bytes([buffer[4], buffer[5], buffer[6], buffer[7]]);
+                Inst::generate_imm(offset as u64, |imm20, imm12| {
+                    let imm20 = imm20.unwrap_or_default();
+                    let imm12 = imm12.unwrap_or_default();
+                    // Encode the OR-ed-in value with zero_reg(). The
+                    // register parameter must be in the original
+                    // encoded instruction and or'ing in zeroes does not
+                    // change it.
+                    buffer[0..4].clone_from_slice(&u32::to_le_bytes(
+                        insn | enc_auipc(writable_zero_reg(), imm20),
+                    ));
+                    buffer[4..8].clone_from_slice(&u32::to_le_bytes(
+                        insn2 | enc_jalr(writable_zero_reg(), zero_reg(), imm12),
+                    ));
+                })
+                // expect make sure we handled.
+                .expect("we have check the range before,this is a compiler error.");
+            }
+
+            LabelUse::B12 => {
+                let offset = offset as u32;
+                let v = ((offset >> 11 & 0b1) << 7)
+                    | ((offset >> 1 & 0b1111) << 8)
+                    | ((offset >> 5 & 0b11_1111) << 25)
+                    | ((offset >> 12 & 0b1) << 31);
+                buffer[0..4].clone_from_slice(&u32::to_le_bytes(insn | v));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn overflow_already_lowerd() -> ! {
+    unreachable!("overflow and nof should be lowered at early phase.")
+}
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use super::*;
+    #[test]
+    fn label_use_max_range() {
+        assert!(LabelUse::B12.max_neg_range() == LabelUse::B12.max_pos_range() + 2);
+        assert!(LabelUse::Jal20.max_neg_range() == LabelUse::Jal20.max_pos_range() + 2);
+        assert!(LabelUse::PCRel32.max_pos_range() == (Inst::imm_max() as CodeOffset));
+        assert!(LabelUse::PCRel32.max_neg_range() == (Inst::imm_min().abs() as CodeOffset));
+        assert!(LabelUse::B12.max_pos_range() == ((1 << 11) - 1) * 2);
+    }
+}