wasmtime 0.4.1 → 5.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/wasmtime-5.0.0/src/component/values.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,1143 @@
+use crate::component::func::{Lift, Lower, Memory, MemoryMut, Options};
+use crate::component::types::{self, Type};
+use crate::store::StoreOpaque;
+use crate::{AsContextMut, StoreContextMut, ValRaw};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, bail, Context, Error, Result};
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::iter;
+use std::mem::MaybeUninit;
+use std::ops::Deref;
+use wasmtime_component_util::{DiscriminantSize, FlagsSize};
+use wasmtime_environ::component::VariantInfo;
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub struct List {
+    ty: types::List,
+    values: Box<[Val]>,
+}
+
+impl List {
+    /// Instantiate the specified type with the specified `values`.
+    pub fn new(ty: &types::List, values: Box<[Val]>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let element_type = ty.ty();
+        for (index, value) in values.iter().enumerate() {
+            element_type
+                .check(value)
+                .with_context(|| format!("type mismatch for element {index} of list"))?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            ty: ty.clone(),
+            values,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the corresponding type of this list
+    pub fn ty(&self) -> &types::List {
+        &self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for List {
+    type Target = [Val];
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &[Val] {
+        &self.values
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for List {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut f = f.debug_list();
+        for val in self.iter() {
+            f.entry(val);
+        }
+        f.finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub struct Record {
+    ty: types::Record,
+    values: Box<[Val]>,
+}
+
+impl Record {
+    /// Instantiate the specified type with the specified `values`.
+    pub fn new<'a>(
+        ty: &types::Record,
+        values: impl IntoIterator<Item = (&'a str, Val)>,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut fields = ty.fields();
+        let expected_len = fields.len();
+        let mut iter = values.into_iter();
+        let mut values = Vec::with_capacity(expected_len);
+        loop {
+            match (fields.next(), iter.next()) {
+                (Some(field), Some((name, value))) => {
+                    if name == field.name {
+                        field
+                            .ty
+                            .check(&value)
+                            .with_context(|| format!("type mismatch for field {name} of record"))?;
+
+                        values.push(value);
+                    } else {
+                        bail!("field name mismatch: expected {}; got {name}", field.name)
+                    }
+                }
+                (None, Some((_, value))) => values.push(value),
+                _ => break,
+            }
+        }
+
+        if values.len() != expected_len {
+            bail!("expected {} value(s); got {}", expected_len, values.len());
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            ty: ty.clone(),
+            values: values.into(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the corresponding type of this record.
+    pub fn ty(&self) -> &types::Record {
+        &self.ty
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the value of the specified field `name` from this record.
+    pub fn fields(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&str, &Val)> {
+        assert_eq!(self.values.len(), self.ty.fields().len());
+        self.ty
+            .fields()
+            .zip(self.values.iter())
+            .map(|(ty, val)| (ty.name, val))
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Record {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut f = f.debug_struct("Record");
+        for (name, val) in self.fields() {
+            f.field(name, val);
+        }
+        f.finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub struct Tuple {
+    ty: types::Tuple,
+    values: Box<[Val]>,
+}
+
+impl Tuple {
+    /// Instantiate the specified type ith the specified `values`.
+    pub fn new(ty: &types::Tuple, values: Box<[Val]>) -> Result<Self> {
+        if values.len() != ty.types().len() {
+            bail!(
+                "expected {} value(s); got {}",
+                ty.types().len(),
+                values.len()
+            );
+        }
+
+        for (index, (value, ty)) in values.iter().zip(ty.types()).enumerate() {
+            ty.check(value)
+                .with_context(|| format!("type mismatch for field {index} of tuple"))?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            ty: ty.clone(),
+            values,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of this tuple.
+    pub fn ty(&self) -> &types::Tuple {
+        &self.ty
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the list of values that this tuple contains.
+    pub fn values(&self) -> &[Val] {
+        &self.values
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Tuple {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut tuple = f.debug_tuple("");
+        for val in self.values() {
+            tuple.field(val);
+        }
+        tuple.finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub struct Variant {
+    ty: types::Variant,
+    discriminant: u32,
+    value: Option<Box<Val>>,
+}
+
+impl Variant {
+    /// Instantiate the specified type with the specified case `name` and `value`.
+    pub fn new(ty: &types::Variant, name: &str, value: Option<Val>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let (discriminant, case_type) = ty
+            .cases()
+            .enumerate()
+            .find_map(|(index, case)| {
+                if case.name == name {
+                    Some((index, case.ty))
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown variant case: {name}"))?;
+
+        typecheck_payload(name, case_type.as_ref(), value.as_ref())?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            ty: ty.clone(),
+            discriminant: u32::try_from(discriminant)?,
+            value: value.map(Box::new),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of this variant.
+    pub fn ty(&self) -> &types::Variant {
+        &self.ty
+    }
+
+    /// Returns name of the discriminant of this value within the variant type.
+    pub fn discriminant(&self) -> &str {
+        self.ty
+            .cases()
+            .nth(self.discriminant as usize)
+            .unwrap()
+            .name
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the payload value for this variant.
+    pub fn payload(&self) -> Option<&Val> {
+        self.value.as_deref()
+    }
+}
+
+fn typecheck_payload(name: &str, case_type: Option<&Type>, value: Option<&Val>) -> Result<()> {
+    match (case_type, value) {
+        (Some(expected), Some(actual)) => expected
+            .check(&actual)
+            .with_context(|| format!("type mismatch for case {name} of variant")),
+        (None, None) => Ok(()),
+        (Some(_), None) => bail!("expected a payload for case `{name}`"),
+        (None, Some(_)) => bail!("did not expect payload for case `{name}`"),
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Variant {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_tuple(self.discriminant())
+            .field(&self.payload())
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+pub struct Enum {
+    ty: types::Enum,
+    discriminant: u32,
+}
+
+impl Enum {
+    /// Instantiate the specified type with the specified case `name`.
+    pub fn new(ty: &types::Enum, name: &str) -> Result<Self> {
+        let discriminant = u32::try_from(
+            ty.names()
+                .position(|n| n == name)
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown enum case: {name}"))?,
+        )?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            ty: ty.clone(),
+            discriminant,
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of this value.
+    pub fn ty(&self) -> &types::Enum {
+        &self.ty
+    }
+
+    /// Returns name of this enum value.
+    pub fn discriminant(&self) -> &str {
+        self.ty.names().nth(self.discriminant as usize).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Enum {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.discriminant(), f)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub struct Union {
+    ty: types::Union,
+    discriminant: u32,
+    value: Option<Box<Val>>,
+}
+
+impl Union {
+    /// Instantiate the specified type with the specified `discriminant` and `value`.
+    pub fn new(ty: &types::Union, discriminant: u32, value: Val) -> Result<Self> {
+        if let Some(case_ty) = ty.types().nth(usize::try_from(discriminant)?) {
+            case_ty
+                .check(&value)
+                .with_context(|| format!("type mismatch for case {discriminant} of union"))?;
+
+            Ok(Self {
+                ty: ty.clone(),
+                discriminant,
+                value: Some(Box::new(value)),
+            })
+        } else {
+            Err(anyhow!(
+                "discriminant {discriminant} out of range: [0,{})",
+                ty.types().len()
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of this value.
+    pub fn ty(&self) -> &types::Union {
+        &self.ty
+    }
+
+    /// Returns name of the discriminant of this value within the union type.
+    pub fn discriminant(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.discriminant
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the payload value for this union.
+    pub fn payload(&self) -> &Val {
+        self.value.as_ref().unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Union {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_tuple(&format!("U{}", self.discriminant()))
+            .field(self.payload())
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub struct OptionVal {
+    ty: types::OptionType,
+    discriminant: u32,
+    value: Option<Box<Val>>,
+}
+
+impl OptionVal {
+    /// Instantiate the specified type with the specified `value`.
+    pub fn new(ty: &types::OptionType, value: Option<Val>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let value = value
+            .map(|value| {
+                ty.ty().check(&value).context("type mismatch for option")?;
+
+                Ok::<_, Error>(value)
+            })
+            .transpose()?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            ty: ty.clone(),
+            discriminant: if value.is_none() { 0 } else { 1 },
+            value: value.map(Box::new),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of this value.
+    pub fn ty(&self) -> &types::OptionType {
+        &self.ty
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the optional value contained within.
+    pub fn value(&self) -> Option<&Val> {
+        self.value.as_deref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for OptionVal {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.value().fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Clone)]
+pub struct ResultVal {
+    ty: types::ResultType,
+    discriminant: u32,
+    value: Option<Box<Val>>,
+}
+
+impl ResultVal {
+    /// Instantiate the specified type with the specified `value`.
+    pub fn new(ty: &types::ResultType, value: Result<Option<Val>, Option<Val>>) -> Result<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            ty: ty.clone(),
+            discriminant: if value.is_ok() { 0 } else { 1 },
+            value: match value {
+                Ok(value) => {
+                    typecheck_payload("ok", ty.ok().as_ref(), value.as_ref())?;
+                    value.map(Box::new)
+                }
+                Err(value) => {
+                    typecheck_payload("err", ty.err().as_ref(), value.as_ref())?;
+                    value.map(Box::new)
+                }
+            },
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of this value.
+    pub fn ty(&self) -> &types::ResultType {
+        &self.ty
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the result value contained within.
+    pub fn value(&self) -> Result<Option<&Val>, Option<&Val>> {
+        if self.discriminant == 0 {
+            Ok(self.value.as_deref())
+        } else {
+            Err(self.value.as_deref())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for ResultVal {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.value().fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+pub struct Flags {
+    ty: types::Flags,
+    count: u32,
+    value: Box<[u32]>,
+}
+
+impl Flags {
+    /// Instantiate the specified type with the specified flag `names`.
+    pub fn new(ty: &types::Flags, names: &[&str]) -> Result<Self> {
+        let map = ty
+            .names()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(index, name)| (name, index))
+            .collect::<HashMap<_, _>>();
+
+        let count = usize::from(ty.canonical_abi().flat_count.unwrap());
+        let mut values = vec![0_u32; count];
+
+        for name in names {
+            let index = map
+                .get(name)
+                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("unknown flag: {name}"))?;
+            values[index / 32] |= 1 << (index % 32);
+        }
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            ty: ty.clone(),
+            count: u32::try_from(map.len())?,
+            value: values.into(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the type of this value.
+    pub fn ty(&self) -> &types::Flags {
+        &self.ty
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator over the set of names that this flags set contains.
+    pub fn flags(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &str> {
+        (0..self.count).filter_map(|i| {
+            let (idx, bit) = ((i / 32) as usize, i % 32);
+            if self.value[idx] & (1 << bit) != 0 {
+                Some(self.ty.names().nth(i as usize).unwrap())
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Flags {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut set = f.debug_set();
+        for flag in self.flags() {
+            set.entry(&flag);
+        }
+        set.finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents possible runtime values which a component function can either consume or produce
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[allow(missing_docs)]
+pub enum Val {
+    Bool(bool),
+    S8(i8),
+    U8(u8),
+    S16(i16),
+    U16(u16),
+    S32(i32),
+    U32(u32),
+    S64(i64),
+    U64(u64),
+    Float32(f32),
+    Float64(f64),
+    Char(char),
+    String(Box<str>),
+    List(List),
+    Record(Record),
+    Tuple(Tuple),
+    Variant(Variant),
+    Enum(Enum),
+    Union(Union),
+    Option(OptionVal),
+    Result(ResultVal),
+    Flags(Flags),
+}
+
+impl Val {
+    /// Retrieve the [`Type`] of this value.
+    pub fn ty(&self) -> Type {
+        match self {
+            Val::Bool(_) => Type::Bool,
+            Val::S8(_) => Type::S8,
+            Val::U8(_) => Type::U8,
+            Val::S16(_) => Type::S16,
+            Val::U16(_) => Type::U16,
+            Val::S32(_) => Type::S32,
+            Val::U32(_) => Type::U32,
+            Val::S64(_) => Type::S64,
+            Val::U64(_) => Type::U64,
+            Val::Float32(_) => Type::Float32,
+            Val::Float64(_) => Type::Float64,
+            Val::Char(_) => Type::Char,
+            Val::String(_) => Type::String,
+            Val::List(List { ty, .. }) => Type::List(ty.clone()),
+            Val::Record(Record { ty, .. }) => Type::Record(ty.clone()),
+            Val::Tuple(Tuple { ty, .. }) => Type::Tuple(ty.clone()),
+            Val::Variant(Variant { ty, .. }) => Type::Variant(ty.clone()),
+            Val::Enum(Enum { ty, .. }) => Type::Enum(ty.clone()),
+            Val::Union(Union { ty, .. }) => Type::Union(ty.clone()),
+            Val::Option(OptionVal { ty, .. }) => Type::Option(ty.clone()),
+            Val::Result(ResultVal { ty, .. }) => Type::Result(ty.clone()),
+            Val::Flags(Flags { ty, .. }) => Type::Flags(ty.clone()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Deserialize a value of this type from core Wasm stack values.
+    pub(crate) fn lift<'a>(
+        ty: &Type,
+        store: &StoreOpaque,
+        options: &Options,
+        src: &mut std::slice::Iter<'_, ValRaw>,
+    ) -> Result<Val> {
+        Ok(match ty {
+            Type::Bool => Val::Bool(bool::lift(store, options, next(src))?),
+            Type::S8 => Val::S8(i8::lift(store, options, next(src))?),
+            Type::U8 => Val::U8(u8::lift(store, options, next(src))?),
+            Type::S16 => Val::S16(i16::lift(store, options, next(src))?),
+            Type::U16 => Val::U16(u16::lift(store, options, next(src))?),
+            Type::S32 => Val::S32(i32::lift(store, options, next(src))?),
+            Type::U32 => Val::U32(u32::lift(store, options, next(src))?),
+            Type::S64 => Val::S64(i64::lift(store, options, next(src))?),
+            Type::U64 => Val::U64(u64::lift(store, options, next(src))?),
+            Type::Float32 => Val::Float32(f32::lift(store, options, next(src))?),
+            Type::Float64 => Val::Float64(f64::lift(store, options, next(src))?),
+            Type::Char => Val::Char(char::lift(store, options, next(src))?),
+            Type::String => {
+                Val::String(Box::<str>::lift(store, options, &[*next(src), *next(src)])?)
+            }
+            Type::List(handle) => {
+                // FIXME: needs memory64 treatment
+                let ptr = u32::lift(store, options, next(src))? as usize;
+                let len = u32::lift(store, options, next(src))? as usize;
+                load_list(handle, &Memory::new(store, options), ptr, len)?
+            }
+            Type::Record(handle) => Val::Record(Record {
+                ty: handle.clone(),
+                values: handle
+                    .fields()
+                    .map(|field| Self::lift(&field.ty, store, options, src))
+                    .collect::<Result<_>>()?,
+            }),
+            Type::Tuple(handle) => Val::Tuple(Tuple {
+                ty: handle.clone(),
+                values: handle
+                    .types()
+                    .map(|ty| Self::lift(&ty, store, options, src))
+                    .collect::<Result<_>>()?,
+            }),
+            Type::Variant(handle) => {
+                let (discriminant, value) = lift_variant(
+                    handle.canonical_abi().flat_count(usize::MAX).unwrap(),
+                    handle.cases().map(|case| case.ty),
+                    store,
+                    options,
+                    src,
+                )?;
+
+                Val::Variant(Variant {
+                    ty: handle.clone(),
+                    discriminant,
+                    value,
+                })
+            }
+            Type::Enum(handle) => {
+                let (discriminant, _) = lift_variant(
+                    handle.canonical_abi().flat_count(usize::MAX).unwrap(),
+                    handle.names().map(|_| None),
+                    store,
+                    options,
+                    src,
+                )?;
+
+                Val::Enum(Enum {
+                    ty: handle.clone(),
+                    discriminant,
+                })
+            }
+            Type::Union(handle) => {
+                let (discriminant, value) = lift_variant(
+                    handle.canonical_abi().flat_count(usize::MAX).unwrap(),
+                    handle.types().map(Some),
+                    store,
+                    options,
+                    src,
+                )?;
+
+                Val::Union(Union {
+                    ty: handle.clone(),
+                    discriminant,
+                    value,
+                })
+            }
+            Type::Option(handle) => {
+                let (discriminant, value) = lift_variant(
+                    handle.canonical_abi().flat_count(usize::MAX).unwrap(),
+                    [None, Some(handle.ty())].into_iter(),
+                    store,
+                    options,
+                    src,
+                )?;
+
+                Val::Option(OptionVal {
+                    ty: handle.clone(),
+                    discriminant,
+                    value,
+                })
+            }
+            Type::Result(handle) => {
+                let (discriminant, value) = lift_variant(
+                    handle.canonical_abi().flat_count(usize::MAX).unwrap(),
+                    [handle.ok(), handle.err()].into_iter(),
+                    store,
+                    options,
+                    src,
+                )?;
+
+                Val::Result(ResultVal {
+                    ty: handle.clone(),
+                    discriminant,
+                    value,
+                })
+            }
+            Type::Flags(handle) => {
+                let count = u32::try_from(handle.names().len()).unwrap();
+                let u32_count = handle.canonical_abi().flat_count(usize::MAX).unwrap();
+                let value = iter::repeat_with(|| u32::lift(store, options, next(src)))
+                    .take(u32_count)
+                    .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
+
+                Val::Flags(Flags {
+                    ty: handle.clone(),
+                    count,
+                    value,
+                })
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Deserialize a value of this type from the heap.
+    pub(crate) fn load(ty: &Type, mem: &Memory, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Val> {
+        Ok(match ty {
+            Type::Bool => Val::Bool(bool::load(mem, bytes)?),
+            Type::S8 => Val::S8(i8::load(mem, bytes)?),
+            Type::U8 => Val::U8(u8::load(mem, bytes)?),
+            Type::S16 => Val::S16(i16::load(mem, bytes)?),
+            Type::U16 => Val::U16(u16::load(mem, bytes)?),
+            Type::S32 => Val::S32(i32::load(mem, bytes)?),
+            Type::U32 => Val::U32(u32::load(mem, bytes)?),
+            Type::S64 => Val::S64(i64::load(mem, bytes)?),
+            Type::U64 => Val::U64(u64::load(mem, bytes)?),
+            Type::Float32 => Val::Float32(f32::load(mem, bytes)?),
+            Type::Float64 => Val::Float64(f64::load(mem, bytes)?),
+            Type::Char => Val::Char(char::load(mem, bytes)?),
+            Type::String => Val::String(Box::<str>::load(mem, bytes)?),
+            Type::List(handle) => {
+                // FIXME: needs memory64 treatment
+                let ptr = u32::from_le_bytes(bytes[..4].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+                let len = u32::from_le_bytes(bytes[4..].try_into().unwrap()) as usize;
+                load_list(handle, mem, ptr, len)?
+            }
+            Type::Record(handle) => Val::Record(Record {
+                ty: handle.clone(),
+                values: load_record(handle.fields().map(|field| field.ty), mem, bytes)?,
+            }),
+            Type::Tuple(handle) => Val::Tuple(Tuple {
+                ty: handle.clone(),
+                values: load_record(handle.types(), mem, bytes)?,
+            }),
+            Type::Variant(handle) => {
+                let (discriminant, value) = load_variant(
+                    handle.variant_info(),
+                    handle.cases().map(|case| case.ty),
+                    mem,
+                    bytes,
+                )?;
+
+                Val::Variant(Variant {
+                    ty: handle.clone(),
+                    discriminant,
+                    value,
+                })
+            }
+            Type::Enum(handle) => {
+                let (discriminant, _) = load_variant(
+                    handle.variant_info(),
+                    handle.names().map(|_| None),
+                    mem,
+                    bytes,
+                )?;
+
+                Val::Enum(Enum {
+                    ty: handle.clone(),
+                    discriminant,
+                })
+            }
+            Type::Union(handle) => {
+                let (discriminant, value) =
+                    load_variant(handle.variant_info(), handle.types().map(Some), mem, bytes)?;
+
+                Val::Union(Union {
+                    ty: handle.clone(),
+                    discriminant,
+                    value,
+                })
+            }
+            Type::Option(handle) => {
+                let (discriminant, value) = load_variant(
+                    handle.variant_info(),
+                    [None, Some(handle.ty())].into_iter(),
+                    mem,
+                    bytes,
+                )?;
+
+                Val::Option(OptionVal {
+                    ty: handle.clone(),
+                    discriminant,
+                    value,
+                })
+            }
+            Type::Result(handle) => {
+                let (discriminant, value) = load_variant(
+                    handle.variant_info(),
+                    [handle.ok(), handle.err()].into_iter(),
+                    mem,
+                    bytes,
+                )?;
+
+                Val::Result(ResultVal {
+                    ty: handle.clone(),
+                    discriminant,
+                    value,
+                })
+            }
+            Type::Flags(handle) => Val::Flags(Flags {
+                ty: handle.clone(),
+                count: u32::try_from(handle.names().len())?,
+                value: match FlagsSize::from_count(handle.names().len()) {
+                    FlagsSize::Size0 => Box::new([]),
+                    FlagsSize::Size1 => iter::once(u8::load(mem, bytes)? as u32).collect(),
+                    FlagsSize::Size2 => iter::once(u16::load(mem, bytes)? as u32).collect(),
+                    FlagsSize::Size4Plus(n) => (0..n)
+                        .map(|index| u32::load(mem, &bytes[usize::from(index) * 4..][..4]))
+                        .collect::<Result<_>>()?,
+                },
+            }),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Serialize this value as core Wasm stack values.
+    pub(crate) fn lower<T>(
+        &self,
+        store: &mut StoreContextMut<T>,
+        options: &Options,
+        dst: &mut std::slice::IterMut<'_, MaybeUninit<ValRaw>>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        match self {
+            Val::Bool(value) => value.lower(store, options, next_mut(dst))?,
+            Val::S8(value) => value.lower(store, options, next_mut(dst))?,
+            Val::U8(value) => value.lower(store, options, next_mut(dst))?,
+            Val::S16(value) => value.lower(store, options, next_mut(dst))?,
+            Val::U16(value) => value.lower(store, options, next_mut(dst))?,
+            Val::S32(value) => value.lower(store, options, next_mut(dst))?,
+            Val::U32(value) => value.lower(store, options, next_mut(dst))?,
+            Val::S64(value) => value.lower(store, options, next_mut(dst))?,
+            Val::U64(value) => value.lower(store, options, next_mut(dst))?,
+            Val::Float32(value) => value.lower(store, options, next_mut(dst))?,
+            Val::Float64(value) => value.lower(store, options, next_mut(dst))?,
+            Val::Char(value) => value.lower(store, options, next_mut(dst))?,
+            Val::String(value) => {
+                let my_dst = &mut MaybeUninit::<[ValRaw; 2]>::uninit();
+                value.lower(store, options, my_dst)?;
+                let my_dst = unsafe { my_dst.assume_init() };
+                next_mut(dst).write(my_dst[0]);
+                next_mut(dst).write(my_dst[1]);
+            }
+            Val::List(List { values, ty }) => {
+                let (ptr, len) = lower_list(
+                    &ty.ty(),
+                    &mut MemoryMut::new(store.as_context_mut(), options),
+                    values,
+                )?;
+                next_mut(dst).write(ValRaw::i64(ptr as i64));
+                next_mut(dst).write(ValRaw::i64(len as i64));
+            }
+            Val::Record(Record { values, .. }) | Val::Tuple(Tuple { values, .. }) => {
+                for value in values.deref() {
+                    value.lower(store, options, dst)?;
+                }
+            }
+            Val::Variant(Variant {
+                discriminant,
+                value,
+                ..
+            })
+            | Val::Union(Union {
+                discriminant,
+                value,
+                ..
+            })
+            | Val::Option(OptionVal {
+                discriminant,
+                value,
+                ..
+            })
+            | Val::Result(ResultVal {
+                discriminant,
+                value,
+                ..
+            }) => {
+                next_mut(dst).write(ValRaw::u32(*discriminant));
+
+                // For the remaining lowered representation of this variant that
+                // the payload didn't write we write out zeros here to ensure
+                // the entire variant is written.
+                let value_flat = match value {
+                    Some(value) => {
+                        value.lower(store, options, dst)?;
+                        value.ty().canonical_abi().flat_count(usize::MAX).unwrap()
+                    }
+                    None => 0,
+                };
+                let variant_flat = self.ty().canonical_abi().flat_count(usize::MAX).unwrap();
+                for _ in (1 + value_flat)..variant_flat {
+                    next_mut(dst).write(ValRaw::u64(0));
+                }
+            }
+            Val::Enum(Enum { discriminant, .. }) => {
+                next_mut(dst).write(ValRaw::u32(*discriminant));
+            }
+            Val::Flags(Flags { value, .. }) => {
+                for value in value.deref() {
+                    next_mut(dst).write(ValRaw::u32(*value));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Serialize this value to the heap at the specified memory location.
+    pub(crate) fn store<T>(&self, mem: &mut MemoryMut<'_, T>, offset: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        debug_assert!(offset % usize::try_from(self.ty().canonical_abi().align32)? == 0);
+
+        match self {
+            Val::Bool(value) => value.store(mem, offset)?,
+            Val::S8(value) => value.store(mem, offset)?,
+            Val::U8(value) => value.store(mem, offset)?,
+            Val::S16(value) => value.store(mem, offset)?,
+            Val::U16(value) => value.store(mem, offset)?,
+            Val::S32(value) => value.store(mem, offset)?,
+            Val::U32(value) => value.store(mem, offset)?,
+            Val::S64(value) => value.store(mem, offset)?,
+            Val::U64(value) => value.store(mem, offset)?,
+            Val::Float32(value) => value.store(mem, offset)?,
+            Val::Float64(value) => value.store(mem, offset)?,
+            Val::Char(value) => value.store(mem, offset)?,
+            Val::String(value) => value.store(mem, offset)?,
+            Val::List(List { values, ty }) => {
+                let (ptr, len) = lower_list(&ty.ty(), mem, values)?;
+                // FIXME: needs memory64 handling
+                *mem.get(offset + 0) = (ptr as i32).to_le_bytes();
+                *mem.get(offset + 4) = (len as i32).to_le_bytes();
+            }
+            Val::Record(Record { values, .. }) | Val::Tuple(Tuple { values, .. }) => {
+                let mut offset = offset;
+                for value in values.deref() {
+                    value.store(
+                        mem,
+                        value.ty().canonical_abi().next_field32_size(&mut offset),
+                    )?;
+                }
+            }
+            Val::Variant(Variant {
+                discriminant,
+                value,
+                ty,
+            }) => self.store_variant(
+                *discriminant,
+                value.as_deref(),
+                ty.variant_info(),
+                mem,
+                offset,
+            )?,
+
+            Val::Enum(Enum { discriminant, ty }) => {
+                self.store_variant(*discriminant, None, ty.variant_info(), mem, offset)?
+            }
+
+            Val::Union(Union {
+                discriminant,
+                value,
+                ty,
+            }) => self.store_variant(
+                *discriminant,
+                value.as_deref(),
+                ty.variant_info(),
+                mem,
+                offset,
+            )?,
+
+            Val::Option(OptionVal {
+                discriminant,
+                value,
+                ty,
+            }) => self.store_variant(
+                *discriminant,
+                value.as_deref(),
+                ty.variant_info(),
+                mem,
+                offset,
+            )?,
+
+            Val::Result(ResultVal {
+                discriminant,
+                value,
+                ty,
+            }) => self.store_variant(
+                *discriminant,
+                value.as_deref(),
+                ty.variant_info(),
+                mem,
+                offset,
+            )?,
+
+            Val::Flags(Flags { count, value, .. }) => {
+                match FlagsSize::from_count(*count as usize) {
+                    FlagsSize::Size0 => {}
+                    FlagsSize::Size1 => u8::try_from(value[0]).unwrap().store(mem, offset)?,
+                    FlagsSize::Size2 => u16::try_from(value[0]).unwrap().store(mem, offset)?,
+                    FlagsSize::Size4Plus(_) => {
+                        let mut offset = offset;
+                        for value in value.deref() {
+                            value.store(mem, offset)?;
+                            offset += 4;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn store_variant<T>(
+        &self,
+        discriminant: u32,
+        value: Option<&Val>,
+        info: &VariantInfo,
+        mem: &mut MemoryMut<'_, T>,
+        offset: usize,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        match info.size {
+            DiscriminantSize::Size1 => u8::try_from(discriminant).unwrap().store(mem, offset)?,
+            DiscriminantSize::Size2 => u16::try_from(discriminant).unwrap().store(mem, offset)?,
+            DiscriminantSize::Size4 => discriminant.store(mem, offset)?,
+        }
+
+        if let Some(value) = value {
+            let offset = offset + usize::try_from(info.payload_offset32).unwrap();
+            value.store(mem, offset)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn load_list(handle: &types::List, mem: &Memory, ptr: usize, len: usize) -> Result<Val> {
+    let element_type = handle.ty();
+    let abi = element_type.canonical_abi();
+    let element_size = usize::try_from(abi.size32).unwrap();
+    let element_alignment = abi.align32;
+
+    match len
+        .checked_mul(element_size)
+        .and_then(|len| ptr.checked_add(len))
+    {
+        Some(n) if n <= mem.as_slice().len() => {}
+        _ => bail!("list pointer/length out of bounds of memory"),
+    }
+    if ptr % usize::try_from(element_alignment)? != 0 {
+        bail!("list pointer is not aligned")
+    }
+
+    Ok(Val::List(List {
+        ty: handle.clone(),
+        values: (0..len)
+            .map(|index| {
+                Val::load(
+                    &element_type,
+                    mem,
+                    &mem.as_slice()[ptr + (index * element_size)..][..element_size],
+                )
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<_>>()?,
+    }))
+}
+
+fn load_record(
+    types: impl Iterator<Item = Type>,
+    mem: &Memory,
+    bytes: &[u8],
+) -> Result<Box<[Val]>> {
+    let mut offset = 0;
+    types
+        .map(|ty| {
+            let abi = ty.canonical_abi();
+            let offset = abi.next_field32(&mut offset);
+            let offset = usize::try_from(offset).unwrap();
+            let size = usize::try_from(abi.size32).unwrap();
+            Val::load(&ty, mem, &bytes[offset..][..size])
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn load_variant(
+    info: &VariantInfo,
+    mut types: impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = Option<Type>>,
+    mem: &Memory,
+    bytes: &[u8],
+) -> Result<(u32, Option<Box<Val>>)> {
+    let discriminant = match info.size {
+        DiscriminantSize::Size1 => u32::from(u8::load(mem, &bytes[..1])?),
+        DiscriminantSize::Size2 => u32::from(u16::load(mem, &bytes[..2])?),
+        DiscriminantSize::Size4 => u32::load(mem, &bytes[..4])?,
+    };
+    let case_ty = types.nth(discriminant as usize).ok_or_else(|| {
+        anyhow!(
+            "discriminant {} out of range [0..{})",
+            discriminant,
+            types.len()
+        )
+    })?;
+    let value = match case_ty {
+        Some(case_ty) => {
+            let payload_offset = usize::try_from(info.payload_offset32).unwrap();
+            let case_size = usize::try_from(case_ty.canonical_abi().size32).unwrap();
+            Some(Box::new(Val::load(
+                &case_ty,
+                mem,
+                &bytes[payload_offset..][..case_size],
+            )?))
+        }
+        None => None,
+    };
+    Ok((discriminant, value))
+}
+
+fn lift_variant<'a>(
+    flatten_count: usize,
+    mut types: impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = Option<Type>>,
+    store: &StoreOpaque,
+    options: &Options,
+    src: &mut std::slice::Iter<'_, ValRaw>,
+) -> Result<(u32, Option<Box<Val>>)> {
+    let len = types.len();
+    let discriminant = next(src).get_u32();
+    let ty = types
+        .nth(discriminant as usize)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("discriminant {} out of range [0..{})", discriminant, len))?;
+    let (value, value_flat) = match ty {
+        Some(ty) => (
+            Some(Box::new(Val::lift(&ty, store, options, src)?)),
+            ty.canonical_abi().flat_count(usize::MAX).unwrap(),
+        ),
+        None => (None, 0),
+    };
+    for _ in (1 + value_flat)..flatten_count {
+        next(src);
+    }
+    Ok((discriminant, value))
+}
+
+/// Lower a list with the specified element type and values.
+fn lower_list<T>(
+    element_type: &Type,
+    mem: &mut MemoryMut<'_, T>,
+    items: &[Val],
+) -> Result<(usize, usize)> {
+    let abi = element_type.canonical_abi();
+    let elt_size = usize::try_from(abi.size32)?;
+    let elt_align = abi.align32;
+    let size = items
+        .len()
+        .checked_mul(elt_size)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("size overflow copying a list"))?;
+    let ptr = mem.realloc(0, 0, elt_align, size)?;
+    let mut element_ptr = ptr;
+    for item in items {
+        item.store(mem, element_ptr)?;
+        element_ptr += elt_size;
+    }
+    Ok((ptr, items.len()))
+}
+
+fn next<'a>(src: &mut std::slice::Iter<'a, ValRaw>) -> &'a ValRaw {
+    src.next().unwrap()
+}
+
+fn next_mut<'a>(
+    dst: &mut std::slice::IterMut<'a, MaybeUninit<ValRaw>>,
+) -> &'a mut MaybeUninit<ValRaw> {
+    dst.next().unwrap()
+}