wasmtime 0.4.1 → 5.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/bumpalo-3.12.0/src/collections/vec.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,2614 @@
+// Copyright 2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
+// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
+// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+// except according to those terms.
+
+//! A contiguous growable array type with heap-allocated contents, written
+//! [`Vec<'bump, T>`].
+//!
+//! Vectors have `O(1)` indexing, amortized `O(1)` push (to the end) and
+//! `O(1)` pop (from the end).
+//!
+//! This module is a fork of the [`std::vec`] module, that uses a bump allocator.
+//!
+//! [`std::vec`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/index.html
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! You can explicitly create a [`Vec<'bump, T>`] with [`new_in`]:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+//!
+//! let b = Bump::new();
+//! let v: Vec<i32> = Vec::new_in(&b);
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ... or by using the [`vec!`] macro:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+//!
+//! let b = Bump::new();
+//!
+//! let v: Vec<i32> = bumpalo::vec![in &b];
+//!
+//! let v = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+//!
+//! let v = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0; 10]; // ten zeroes
+//! ```
+//!
+//! You can [`push`] values onto the end of a vector (which will grow the vector
+//! as needed):
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+//!
+//! let b = Bump::new();
+//!
+//! let mut v = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2];
+//!
+//! v.push(3);
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Popping values works in much the same way:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+//!
+//! let b = Bump::new();
+//!
+//! let mut v = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2];
+//!
+//! assert_eq!(v.pop(), Some(2));
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Vectors also support indexing (through the [`Index`] and [`IndexMut`] traits):
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+//!
+//! let b = Bump::new();
+//!
+//! let mut v = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3];
+//! assert_eq!(v[2], 3);
+//! v[1] += 5;
+//! assert_eq!(v, [1, 7, 3]);
+//! ```
+//!
+//! [`Vec<'bump, T>`]: struct.Vec.html
+//! [`new_in`]: struct.Vec.html#method.new_in
+//! [`push`]: struct.Vec.html#method.push
+//! [`Index`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Index.html
+//! [`IndexMut`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.IndexMut.html
+//! [`vec!`]: ../../macro.vec.html
+
+use super::raw_vec::RawVec;
+use crate::collections::CollectionAllocErr;
+use crate::Bump;
+use core::borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut};
+use core::cmp::Ordering;
+use core::fmt;
+use core::hash::{self, Hash};
+use core::iter::FusedIterator;
+use core::marker::PhantomData;
+use core::mem;
+use core::ops;
+use core::ops::Bound::{Excluded, Included, Unbounded};
+use core::ops::{Index, IndexMut, RangeBounds};
+use core::ptr;
+use core::ptr::NonNull;
+use core::slice;
+
+unsafe fn arith_offset<T>(p: *const T, offset: isize) -> *const T {
+    p.offset(offset)
+}
+
+fn partition_dedup_by<T, F>(s: &mut [T], mut same_bucket: F) -> (&mut [T], &mut [T])
+where
+    F: FnMut(&mut T, &mut T) -> bool,
+{
+    // Although we have a mutable reference to `s`, we cannot make
+    // *arbitrary* changes. The `same_bucket` calls could panic, so we
+    // must ensure that the slice is in a valid state at all times.
+    //
+    // The way that we handle this is by using swaps; we iterate
+    // over all the elements, swapping as we go so that at the end
+    // the elements we wish to keep are in the front, and those we
+    // wish to reject are at the back. We can then split the slice.
+    // This operation is still O(n).
+    //
+    // Example: We start in this state, where `r` represents "next
+    // read" and `w` represents "next_write`.
+    //
+    //           r
+    //     +---+---+---+---+---+---+
+    //     | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
+    //     +---+---+---+---+---+---+
+    //           w
+    //
+    // Comparing s[r] against s[w-1], this is not a duplicate, so
+    // we swap s[r] and s[w] (no effect as r==w) and then increment both
+    // r and w, leaving us with:
+    //
+    //               r
+    //     +---+---+---+---+---+---+
+    //     | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
+    //     +---+---+---+---+---+---+
+    //               w
+    //
+    // Comparing s[r] against s[w-1], this value is a duplicate,
+    // so we increment `r` but leave everything else unchanged:
+    //
+    //                   r
+    //     +---+---+---+---+---+---+
+    //     | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
+    //     +---+---+---+---+---+---+
+    //               w
+    //
+    // Comparing s[r] against s[w-1], this is not a duplicate,
+    // so swap s[r] and s[w] and advance r and w:
+    //
+    //                       r
+    //     +---+---+---+---+---+---+
+    //     | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
+    //     +---+---+---+---+---+---+
+    //                   w
+    //
+    // Not a duplicate, repeat:
+    //
+    //                           r
+    //     +---+---+---+---+---+---+
+    //     | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
+    //     +---+---+---+---+---+---+
+    //                       w
+    //
+    // Duplicate, advance r. End of slice. Split at w.
+
+    let len = s.len();
+    if len <= 1 {
+        return (s, &mut []);
+    }
+
+    let ptr = s.as_mut_ptr();
+    let mut next_read: usize = 1;
+    let mut next_write: usize = 1;
+
+    unsafe {
+        // Avoid bounds checks by using raw pointers.
+        while next_read < len {
+            let ptr_read = ptr.add(next_read);
+            let prev_ptr_write = ptr.add(next_write - 1);
+            if !same_bucket(&mut *ptr_read, &mut *prev_ptr_write) {
+                if next_read != next_write {
+                    let ptr_write = prev_ptr_write.offset(1);
+                    mem::swap(&mut *ptr_read, &mut *ptr_write);
+                }
+                next_write += 1;
+            }
+            next_read += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    s.split_at_mut(next_write)
+}
+
+unsafe fn offset_from<T>(p: *const T, origin: *const T) -> isize
+where
+    T: Sized,
+{
+    let pointee_size = mem::size_of::<T>();
+    assert!(0 < pointee_size && pointee_size <= isize::max_value() as usize);
+
+    // This is the same sequence that Clang emits for pointer subtraction.
+    // It can be neither `nsw` nor `nuw` because the input is treated as
+    // unsigned but then the output is treated as signed, so neither works.
+    let d = isize::wrapping_sub(p as _, origin as _);
+    d / (pointee_size as isize)
+}
+
+/// Creates a [`Vec`] containing the arguments.
+///
+/// `vec!` allows `Vec`s to be defined with the same syntax as array expressions.
+/// There are two forms of this macro:
+///
+/// - Create a [`Vec`] containing a given list of elements:
+///
+/// ```
+/// use bumpalo::Bump;
+///
+/// let b = Bump::new();
+/// let v = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3];
+/// assert_eq!(v, [1, 2, 3]);
+/// ```
+///
+/// - Create a [`Vec`] from a given element and size:
+///
+/// ```
+/// use bumpalo::Bump;
+///
+/// let b = Bump::new();
+/// let v = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1; 3];
+/// assert_eq!(v, [1, 1, 1]);
+/// ```
+///
+/// Note that unlike array expressions, this syntax supports all elements
+/// which implement [`Clone`] and the number of elements doesn't have to be
+/// a constant.
+///
+/// This will use `clone` to duplicate an expression, so one should be careful
+/// using this with types having a non-standard `Clone` implementation. For
+/// example, `bumpalo::vec![in &bump; Rc::new(1); 5]` will create a vector of five references
+/// to the same boxed integer value, not five references pointing to independently
+/// boxed integers.
+///
+/// [`Vec`]: collections/vec/struct.Vec.html
+/// [`Clone`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/clone/trait.Clone.html
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! vec {
+    (in $bump:expr; $elem:expr; $n:expr) => {{
+        let n = $n;
+        let mut v = $crate::collections::Vec::with_capacity_in(n, $bump);
+        if n > 0 {
+            let elem = $elem;
+            for _ in 0..n - 1 {
+                v.push(elem.clone());
+            }
+            v.push(elem);
+        }
+        v
+    }};
+    (in $bump:expr) => { $crate::collections::Vec::new_in($bump) };
+    (in $bump:expr; $($x:expr),*) => {{
+        let mut v = $crate::collections::Vec::new_in($bump);
+        $( v.push($x); )*
+        v
+    }};
+    (in $bump:expr; $($x:expr,)*) => (bumpalo::vec![in $bump; $($x),*])
+}
+
+/// A contiguous growable array type, written `Vec<'bump, T>` but pronounced 'vector'.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+///
+/// let b = Bump::new();
+///
+/// let mut vec = Vec::new_in(&b);
+/// vec.push(1);
+/// vec.push(2);
+///
+/// assert_eq!(vec.len(), 2);
+/// assert_eq!(vec[0], 1);
+///
+/// assert_eq!(vec.pop(), Some(2));
+/// assert_eq!(vec.len(), 1);
+///
+/// vec[0] = 7;
+/// assert_eq!(vec[0], 7);
+///
+/// vec.extend([1, 2, 3].iter().cloned());
+///
+/// for x in &vec {
+///     println!("{}", x);
+/// }
+/// assert_eq!(vec, [7, 1, 2, 3]);
+/// ```
+///
+/// The [`vec!`] macro is provided to make initialization more convenient:
+///
+/// ```
+/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+///
+/// let b = Bump::new();
+///
+/// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3];
+/// vec.push(4);
+/// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3, 4]);
+/// ```
+///
+/// It can also initialize each element of a `Vec<'bump, T>` with a given value.
+/// This may be more efficient than performing allocation and initialization
+/// in separate steps, especially when initializing a vector of zeros:
+///
+/// ```
+/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+///
+/// let b = Bump::new();
+///
+/// let vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0; 5];
+/// assert_eq!(vec, [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
+///
+/// // The following is equivalent, but potentially slower:
+/// let mut vec1 = Vec::with_capacity_in(5, &b);
+/// vec1.resize(5, 0);
+/// ```
+///
+/// Use a `Vec<'bump, T>` as an efficient stack:
+///
+/// ```
+/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+///
+/// let b = Bump::new();
+///
+/// let mut stack = Vec::new_in(&b);
+///
+/// stack.push(1);
+/// stack.push(2);
+/// stack.push(3);
+///
+/// while let Some(top) = stack.pop() {
+///     // Prints 3, 2, 1
+///     println!("{}", top);
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// # Indexing
+///
+/// The `Vec` type allows to access values by index, because it implements the
+/// [`Index`] trait. An example will be more explicit:
+///
+/// ```
+/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+///
+/// let b = Bump::new();
+///
+/// let v = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0, 2, 4, 6];
+/// println!("{}", v[1]); // it will display '2'
+/// ```
+///
+/// However be careful: if you try to access an index which isn't in the `Vec`,
+/// your software will panic! You cannot do this:
+///
+/// ```should_panic
+/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+///
+/// let b = Bump::new();
+///
+/// let v = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0, 2, 4, 6];
+/// println!("{}", v[6]); // it will panic!
+/// ```
+///
+/// In conclusion: always check if the index you want to get really exists
+/// before doing it.
+///
+/// # Slicing
+///
+/// A `Vec` can be mutable. Slices, on the other hand, are read-only objects.
+/// To get a slice, use `&`. Example:
+///
+/// ```
+/// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+///
+/// fn read_slice(slice: &[usize]) {
+///     // ...
+/// }
+///
+/// let b = Bump::new();
+///
+/// let v = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0, 1];
+/// read_slice(&v);
+///
+/// // ... and that's all!
+/// // you can also do it like this:
+/// let x : &[usize] = &v;
+/// ```
+///
+/// In Rust, it's more common to pass slices as arguments rather than vectors
+/// when you just want to provide a read access. The same goes for [`String`] and
+/// [`&str`].
+///
+/// # Capacity and reallocation
+///
+/// The capacity of a vector is the amount of space allocated for any future
+/// elements that will be added onto the vector. This is not to be confused with
+/// the *length* of a vector, which specifies the number of actual elements
+/// within the vector. If a vector's length exceeds its capacity, its capacity
+/// will automatically be increased, but its elements will have to be
+/// reallocated.
+///
+/// For example, a vector with capacity 10 and length 0 would be an empty vector
+/// with space for 10 more elements. Pushing 10 or fewer elements onto the
+/// vector will not change its capacity or cause reallocation to occur. However,
+/// if the vector's length is increased to 11, it will have to reallocate, which
+/// can be slow. For this reason, it is recommended to use [`Vec::with_capacity_in`]
+/// whenever possible to specify how big the vector is expected to get.
+///
+/// # Guarantees
+///
+/// Due to its incredibly fundamental nature, `Vec` makes a lot of guarantees
+/// about its design. This ensures that it's as low-overhead as possible in
+/// the general case, and can be correctly manipulated in primitive ways
+/// by unsafe code. Note that these guarantees refer to an unqualified `Vec<'bump, T>`.
+/// If additional type parameters are added (e.g. to support custom allocators),
+/// overriding their defaults may change the behavior.
+///
+/// Most fundamentally, `Vec` is and always will be a (pointer, capacity, length)
+/// triplet. No more, no less. The order of these fields is completely
+/// unspecified, and you should use the appropriate methods to modify these.
+/// The pointer will never be null, so this type is null-pointer-optimized.
+///
+/// However, the pointer may not actually point to allocated memory. In particular,
+/// if you construct a `Vec` with capacity 0 via [`Vec::new_in`], [`bumpalo::vec![in bump]`][`vec!`],
+/// [`Vec::with_capacity_in(0)`][`Vec::with_capacity_in`], or by calling [`shrink_to_fit`]
+/// on an empty Vec, it will not allocate memory. Similarly, if you store zero-sized
+/// types inside a `Vec`, it will not allocate space for them. *Note that in this case
+/// the `Vec` may not report a [`capacity`] of 0*. `Vec` will allocate if and only
+/// if <code>[`mem::size_of::<T>`]\() * capacity() > 0</code>. In general, `Vec`'s allocation
+/// details are very subtle &mdash; if you intend to allocate memory using a `Vec`
+/// and use it for something else (either to pass to unsafe code, or to build your
+/// own memory-backed collection), be sure to deallocate this memory by using
+/// `from_raw_parts` to recover the `Vec` and then dropping it.
+///
+/// If a `Vec` *has* allocated memory, then the memory it points to is
+/// in the [`Bump`] arena used to construct it, and its
+/// pointer points to [`len`] initialized, contiguous elements in order (what
+/// you would see if you coerced it to a slice), followed by <code>[`capacity`] -
+/// [`len`]</code> logically uninitialized, contiguous elements.
+///
+/// `Vec` will never perform a "small optimization" where elements are actually
+/// stored on the stack for two reasons:
+///
+/// * It would make it more difficult for unsafe code to correctly manipulate
+///   a `Vec`. The contents of a `Vec` wouldn't have a stable address if it were
+///   only moved, and it would be more difficult to determine if a `Vec` had
+///   actually allocated memory.
+///
+/// * It would penalize the general case, incurring an additional branch
+///   on every access.
+///
+/// `Vec` will never automatically shrink itself, even if completely empty. This
+/// ensures no unnecessary allocations or deallocations occur. Emptying a `Vec`
+/// and then filling it back up to the same [`len`] should incur no calls to
+/// the allocator. If you wish to free up unused memory, use
+/// [`shrink_to_fit`][`shrink_to_fit`].
+///
+/// [`push`] and [`insert`] will never (re)allocate if the reported capacity is
+/// sufficient. [`push`] and [`insert`] *will* (re)allocate if
+/// <code>[`len`] == [`capacity`]</code>. That is, the reported capacity is completely
+/// accurate, and can be relied on. It can even be used to manually free the memory
+/// allocated by a `Vec` if desired. Bulk insertion methods *may* reallocate, even
+/// when not necessary.
+///
+/// `Vec` does not guarantee any particular growth strategy when reallocating
+/// when full, nor when [`reserve`] is called. The current strategy is basic
+/// and it may prove desirable to use a non-constant growth factor. Whatever
+/// strategy is used will of course guarantee `O(1)` amortized [`push`].
+///
+/// `bumpalo::vec![in bump; x; n]`, `bumpalo::vec![in bump; a, b, c, d]`, and
+/// [`Vec::with_capacity_in(n)`][`Vec::with_capacity_in`], will all produce a
+/// `Vec` with exactly the requested capacity. If <code>[`len`] == [`capacity`]</code>, (as
+/// is the case for the [`vec!`] macro), then a `Vec<'bump, T>` can be converted
+/// to and from a [`Box<[T]>`][owned slice] without reallocating or moving the
+/// elements.
+///
+/// `Vec` will not specifically overwrite any data that is removed from it,
+/// but also won't specifically preserve it. Its uninitialized memory is
+/// scratch space that it may use however it wants. It will generally just do
+/// whatever is most efficient or otherwise easy to implement. Do not rely on
+/// removed data to be erased for security purposes. Even if you drop a `Vec`, its
+/// buffer may simply be reused by another `Vec`. Even if you zero a `Vec`'s memory
+/// first, that may not actually happen because the optimizer does not consider
+/// this a side-effect that must be preserved. There is one case which we will
+/// not break, however: using `unsafe` code to write to the excess capacity,
+/// and then increasing the length to match, is always valid.
+///
+/// `Vec` does not currently guarantee the order in which elements are dropped.
+/// The order has changed in the past and may change again.
+///
+/// [`vec!`]: ../../macro.vec.html
+/// [`Index`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Index.html
+/// [`String`]: ../string/struct.String.html
+/// [`&str`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html
+/// [`Vec::with_capacity_in`]: struct.Vec.html#method.with_capacity_in
+/// [`Vec::new_in`]: struct.Vec.html#method.new_in
+/// [`shrink_to_fit`]: struct.Vec.html#method.shrink_to_fit
+/// [`capacity`]: struct.Vec.html#method.capacity
+/// [`mem::size_of::<T>`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.size_of.html
+/// [`len`]: struct.Vec.html#method.len
+/// [`push`]: struct.Vec.html#method.push
+/// [`insert`]: struct.Vec.html#method.insert
+/// [`reserve`]: struct.Vec.html#method.reserve
+/// [owned slice]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html
+pub struct Vec<'bump, T: 'bump> {
+    buf: RawVec<'bump, T>,
+    len: usize,
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Inherent methods
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump> Vec<'bump, T> {
+    /// Constructs a new, empty `Vec<'bump, T>`.
+    ///
+    /// The vector will not allocate until elements are pushed onto it.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # #![allow(unused_mut)]
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    /// let mut vec: Vec<i32> = Vec::new_in(&b);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new_in(bump: &'bump Bump) -> Vec<'bump, T> {
+        Vec {
+            buf: RawVec::new_in(bump),
+            len: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Constructs a new, empty `Vec<'bump, T>` with the specified capacity.
+    ///
+    /// The vector will be able to hold exactly `capacity` elements without
+    /// reallocating. If `capacity` is 0, the vector will not allocate.
+    ///
+    /// It is important to note that although the returned vector has the
+    /// *capacity* specified, the vector will have a zero *length*. For an
+    /// explanation of the difference between length and capacity, see
+    /// *[Capacity and reallocation]*.
+    ///
+    /// [Capacity and reallocation]: #capacity-and-reallocation
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity_in(10, &b);
+    ///
+    /// // The vector contains no items, even though it has capacity for more
+    /// assert_eq!(vec.len(), 0);
+    ///
+    /// // These are all done without reallocating...
+    /// for i in 0..10 {
+    ///     vec.push(i);
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// // ...but this may make the vector reallocate
+    /// vec.push(11);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn with_capacity_in(capacity: usize, bump: &'bump Bump) -> Vec<'bump, T> {
+        Vec {
+            buf: RawVec::with_capacity_in(capacity, bump),
+            len: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Construct a new `Vec` from the given iterator's items.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    /// use std::iter;
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    /// let v = Vec::from_iter_in(iter::repeat(7).take(3), &b);
+    /// assert_eq!(v, [7, 7, 7]);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn from_iter_in<I: IntoIterator<Item = T>>(iter: I, bump: &'bump Bump) -> Vec<'bump, T> {
+        let mut v = Vec::new_in(bump);
+        v.extend(iter);
+        v
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a `Vec<'bump, T>` directly from the raw components of another vector.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This is highly unsafe, due to the number of invariants that aren't
+    /// checked:
+    ///
+    /// * `ptr` needs to have been previously allocated via [`String`]/`Vec<'bump, T>`
+    ///   (at least, it's highly likely to be incorrect if it wasn't).
+    /// * `ptr`'s `T` needs to have the same size and alignment as it was allocated with.
+    /// * `length` needs to be less than or equal to `capacity`.
+    /// * `capacity` needs to be the capacity that the pointer was allocated with.
+    ///
+    /// Violating these may cause problems like corrupting the allocator's
+    /// internal data structures. For example it is **not** safe
+    /// to build a `Vec<u8>` from a pointer to a C `char` array and a `size_t`.
+    ///
+    /// The ownership of `ptr` is effectively transferred to the
+    /// `Vec<'bump, T>` which may then deallocate, reallocate or change the
+    /// contents of memory pointed to by the pointer at will. Ensure
+    /// that nothing else uses the pointer after calling this
+    /// function.
+    ///
+    /// [`String`]: ../string/struct.String.html
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// use std::ptr;
+    /// use std::mem;
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut v = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3];
+    ///
+    /// // Pull out the various important pieces of information about `v`
+    /// let p = v.as_mut_ptr();
+    /// let len = v.len();
+    /// let cap = v.capacity();
+    ///
+    /// unsafe {
+    ///     // Cast `v` into the void: no destructor run, so we are in
+    ///     // complete control of the allocation to which `p` points.
+    ///     mem::forget(v);
+    ///
+    ///     // Overwrite memory with 4, 5, 6
+    ///     for i in 0..len as isize {
+    ///         ptr::write(p.offset(i), 4 + i);
+    ///     }
+    ///
+    ///     // Put everything back together into a Vec
+    ///     let rebuilt = Vec::from_raw_parts_in(p, len, cap, &b);
+    ///     assert_eq!(rebuilt, [4, 5, 6]);
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    pub unsafe fn from_raw_parts_in(
+        ptr: *mut T,
+        length: usize,
+        capacity: usize,
+        bump: &'bump Bump,
+    ) -> Vec<'bump, T> {
+        Vec {
+            buf: RawVec::from_raw_parts_in(ptr, capacity, bump),
+            len: length,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a shared reference to the allocator backing this `Vec`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// // uses the same allocator as the provided `Vec`
+    /// fn add_strings<'bump>(vec: &mut Vec<'bump, &'bump str>) {
+    ///     for string in ["foo", "bar", "baz"] {
+    ///         vec.push(vec.bump().alloc_str(string));
+    ///     }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn bump(&self) -> &'bump Bump {
+        self.buf.bump()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of elements the vector can hold without
+    /// reallocating.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    /// let vec: Vec<i32> = Vec::with_capacity_in(10, &b);
+    /// assert_eq!(vec.capacity(), 10);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn capacity(&self) -> usize {
+        self.buf.cap()
+    }
+
+    /// Reserves capacity for at least `additional` more elements to be inserted
+    /// in the given `Vec<'bump, T>`. The collection may reserve more space to avoid
+    /// frequent reallocations. After calling `reserve`, capacity will be
+    /// greater than or equal to `self.len() + additional`. Does nothing if
+    /// capacity is already sufficient.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the new capacity overflows `usize`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1];
+    /// vec.reserve(10);
+    /// assert!(vec.capacity() >= 11);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn reserve(&mut self, additional: usize) {
+        self.buf.reserve(self.len, additional);
+    }
+
+    /// Reserves the minimum capacity for exactly `additional` more elements to
+    /// be inserted in the given `Vec<'bump, T>`. After calling `reserve_exact`,
+    /// capacity will be greater than or equal to `self.len() + additional`.
+    /// Does nothing if the capacity is already sufficient.
+    ///
+    /// Note that the allocator may give the collection more space than it
+    /// requests. Therefore capacity can not be relied upon to be precisely
+    /// minimal. Prefer `reserve` if future insertions are expected.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the new capacity overflows `usize`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1];
+    /// vec.reserve_exact(10);
+    /// assert!(vec.capacity() >= 11);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn reserve_exact(&mut self, additional: usize) {
+        self.buf.reserve_exact(self.len, additional);
+    }
+
+    /// Attempts to reserve capacity for at least `additional` more elements to be inserted
+    /// in the given `Vec<'bump, T>`. The collection may reserve more space to avoid
+    /// frequent reallocations. After calling `try_reserve`, capacity will be
+    /// greater than or equal to `self.len() + additional`. Does nothing if
+    /// capacity is already sufficient.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the new capacity overflows `usize`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1];
+    /// vec.try_reserve(10).unwrap();
+    /// assert!(vec.capacity() >= 11);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn try_reserve(&mut self, additional: usize) -> Result<(), CollectionAllocErr> {
+        self.buf.try_reserve(self.len, additional)
+    }
+
+    /// Attempts to reserve the minimum capacity for exactly `additional` more elements to
+    /// be inserted in the given `Vec<'bump, T>`. After calling `try_reserve_exact`,
+    /// capacity will be greater than or equal to `self.len() + additional`.
+    /// Does nothing if the capacity is already sufficient.
+    ///
+    /// Note that the allocator may give the collection more space than it
+    /// requests. Therefore capacity can not be relied upon to be precisely
+    /// minimal. Prefer `try_reserve` if future insertions are expected.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the new capacity overflows `usize`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1];
+    /// vec.try_reserve_exact(10).unwrap();
+    /// assert!(vec.capacity() >= 11);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn try_reserve_exact(&mut self, additional: usize) -> Result<(), CollectionAllocErr> {
+        self.buf.try_reserve_exact(self.len, additional)
+    }
+
+    /// Shrinks the capacity of the vector as much as possible.
+    ///
+    /// It will drop down as close as possible to the length but the allocator
+    /// may still inform the vector that there is space for a few more elements.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity_in(10, &b);
+    /// vec.extend([1, 2, 3].iter().cloned());
+    /// assert_eq!(vec.capacity(), 10);
+    /// vec.shrink_to_fit();
+    /// assert!(vec.capacity() >= 3);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn shrink_to_fit(&mut self) {
+        if self.capacity() != self.len {
+            self.buf.shrink_to_fit(self.len);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Converts the vector into `&'bump [T]`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    /// let v = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3];
+    ///
+    /// let slice = v.into_bump_slice();
+    /// assert_eq!(slice, [1, 2, 3]);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn into_bump_slice(self) -> &'bump [T] {
+        unsafe {
+            let ptr = self.as_ptr();
+            let len = self.len();
+            mem::forget(self);
+            slice::from_raw_parts(ptr, len)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Converts the vector into `&'bump mut [T]`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    /// let v = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3];
+    ///
+    /// let mut slice = v.into_bump_slice_mut();
+    ///
+    /// slice[0] = 3;
+    /// slice[2] = 1;
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(slice, [3, 2, 1]);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn into_bump_slice_mut(mut self) -> &'bump mut [T] {
+        let ptr = self.as_mut_ptr();
+        let len = self.len();
+        mem::forget(self);
+
+        unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(ptr, len) }
+    }
+
+    /// Shortens the vector, keeping the first `len` elements and dropping
+    /// the rest.
+    ///
+    /// If `len` is greater than the vector's current length, this has no
+    /// effect.
+    ///
+    /// The [`drain`] method can emulate `truncate`, but causes the excess
+    /// elements to be returned instead of dropped.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this method has no effect on the allocated capacity
+    /// of the vector.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Truncating a five element vector to two elements:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+    /// vec.truncate(2);
+    /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// No truncation occurs when `len` is greater than the vector's current
+    /// length:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3];
+    /// vec.truncate(8);
+    /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Truncating when `len == 0` is equivalent to calling the [`clear`]
+    /// method.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3];
+    /// vec.truncate(0);
+    /// assert_eq!(vec, []);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`clear`]: #method.clear
+    /// [`drain`]: #method.drain
+    pub fn truncate(&mut self, len: usize) {
+        let current_len = self.len;
+        unsafe {
+            let mut ptr = self.as_mut_ptr().add(self.len);
+            // Set the final length at the end, keeping in mind that
+            // dropping an element might panic. Works around a missed
+            // optimization, as seen in the following issue:
+            // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/51802
+            let mut local_len = SetLenOnDrop::new(&mut self.len);
+
+            // drop any extra elements
+            for _ in len..current_len {
+                local_len.decrement_len(1);
+                ptr = ptr.offset(-1);
+                ptr::drop_in_place(ptr);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Extracts a slice containing the entire vector.
+    ///
+    /// Equivalent to `&s[..]`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    /// use std::io::{self, Write};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let buffer = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3, 5, 8];
+    /// io::sink().write(buffer.as_slice()).unwrap();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &[T] {
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Extracts a mutable slice of the entire vector.
+    ///
+    /// Equivalent to `&mut s[..]`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    /// use std::io::{self, Read};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    /// let mut buffer = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0; 3];
+    /// io::repeat(0b101).read_exact(buffer.as_mut_slice()).unwrap();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn as_mut_slice(&mut self) -> &mut [T] {
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a raw pointer to the vector's buffer, or a dangling raw pointer
+    /// valid for zero sized reads if the vector didn't allocate.
+    ///
+    /// The caller must ensure that the vector outlives the pointer this
+    /// function returns, or else it will end up pointing to garbage.
+    /// Modifying the vector may cause its buffer to be reallocated,
+    /// which would also make any pointers to it invalid.
+    ///
+    /// The caller must also ensure that the memory the pointer (non-transitively) points to
+    /// is never written to (except inside an `UnsafeCell`) using this pointer or any pointer
+    /// derived from it. If you need to mutate the contents of the slice, use [`as_mut_ptr`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let bump = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let x = bumpalo::vec![in &bump; 1, 2, 4];
+    /// let x_ptr = x.as_ptr();
+    ///
+    /// unsafe {
+    ///     for i in 0..x.len() {
+    ///         assert_eq!(*x_ptr.add(i), 1 << i);
+    ///     }
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`as_mut_ptr`]: Vec::as_mut_ptr
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const T {
+        // We shadow the slice method of the same name to avoid going through
+        // `deref`, which creates an intermediate reference.
+        let ptr = self.buf.ptr();
+        unsafe {
+            if ptr.is_null() {
+                core::hint::unreachable_unchecked();
+            }
+        }
+        ptr
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an unsafe mutable pointer to the vector's buffer, or a dangling
+    /// raw pointer valid for zero sized reads if the vector didn't allocate.
+    ///
+    /// The caller must ensure that the vector outlives the pointer this
+    /// function returns, or else it will end up pointing to garbage.
+    /// Modifying the vector may cause its buffer to be reallocated,
+    /// which would also make any pointers to it invalid.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let bump = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// // Allocate vector big enough for 4 elements.
+    /// let size = 4;
+    /// let mut x: Vec<i32> = Vec::with_capacity_in(size, &bump);
+    /// let x_ptr = x.as_mut_ptr();
+    ///
+    /// // Initialize elements via raw pointer writes, then set length.
+    /// unsafe {
+    ///     for i in 0..size {
+    ///         x_ptr.add(i).write(i as i32);
+    ///     }
+    ///     x.set_len(size);
+    /// }
+    /// assert_eq!(&*x, &[0, 1, 2, 3]);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn as_mut_ptr(&mut self) -> *mut T {
+        // We shadow the slice method of the same name to avoid going through
+        // `deref_mut`, which creates an intermediate reference.
+        let ptr = self.buf.ptr();
+        unsafe {
+            if ptr.is_null() {
+                core::hint::unreachable_unchecked();
+            }
+        }
+        ptr
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the length of a vector.
+    ///
+    /// This will explicitly set the size of the vector, without actually
+    /// modifying its buffers, so it is up to the caller to ensure that the
+    /// vector is actually the specified size.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// - `new_len` must be less than or equal to [`capacity()`].
+    /// - The elements at `old_len..new_len` must be initialized.
+    ///
+    /// [`capacity()`]: struct.Vec.html#method.capacity
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// use std::ptr;
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 'r', 'u', 's', 't'];
+    ///
+    /// unsafe {
+    ///     ptr::drop_in_place(&mut vec[3]);
+    ///     vec.set_len(3);
+    /// }
+    /// assert_eq!(vec, ['r', 'u', 's']);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// In this example, there is a memory leak since the memory locations
+    /// owned by the inner vectors were not freed prior to the `set_len` call:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b;
+    ///                             bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 0, 0],
+    ///                             bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0, 1, 0],
+    ///                             bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0, 0, 1]];
+    /// unsafe {
+    ///     vec.set_len(0);
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// In this example, the vector gets expanded from zero to four items
+    /// but we directly initialize uninitialized memory:
+    ///
+    // TODO: rely upon `spare_capacity_mut`
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let len = 4;
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity_in(len, &b);
+    ///
+    /// for i in 0..len {
+    ///     // SAFETY: we initialize memory via `pointer::write`
+    ///     unsafe { vec.as_mut_ptr().add(i).write(b'a') }
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// unsafe {
+    ///     vec.set_len(len);
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(b"aaaa", &*vec);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub unsafe fn set_len(&mut self, new_len: usize) {
+        self.len = new_len;
+    }
+
+    /// Removes an element from the vector and returns it.
+    ///
+    /// The removed element is replaced by the last element of the vector.
+    ///
+    /// This does not preserve ordering, but is O(1).
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `index` is out of bounds.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut v = bumpalo::vec![in &b; "foo", "bar", "baz", "qux"];
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(v.swap_remove(1), "bar");
+    /// assert_eq!(v, ["foo", "qux", "baz"]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(v.swap_remove(0), "foo");
+    /// assert_eq!(v, ["baz", "qux"]);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn swap_remove(&mut self, index: usize) -> T {
+        unsafe {
+            // We replace self[index] with the last element. Note that if the
+            // bounds check on hole succeeds there must be a last element (which
+            // can be self[index] itself).
+            let hole: *mut T = &mut self[index];
+            let last = ptr::read(self.get_unchecked(self.len - 1));
+            self.len -= 1;
+            ptr::replace(hole, last)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Inserts an element at position `index` within the vector, shifting all
+    /// elements after it to the right.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `index > len`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3];
+    /// vec.insert(1, 4);
+    /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 4, 2, 3]);
+    /// vec.insert(4, 5);
+    /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 4, 2, 3, 5]);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, index: usize, element: T) {
+        let len = self.len();
+        assert!(index <= len);
+
+        // space for the new element
+        if len == self.buf.cap() {
+            self.reserve(1);
+        }
+
+        unsafe {
+            // infallible
+            // The spot to put the new value
+            {
+                let p = self.as_mut_ptr().add(index);
+                // Shift everything over to make space. (Duplicating the
+                // `index`th element into two consecutive places.)
+                ptr::copy(p, p.offset(1), len - index);
+                // Write it in, overwriting the first copy of the `index`th
+                // element.
+                ptr::write(p, element);
+            }
+            self.set_len(len + 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Removes and returns the element at position `index` within the vector,
+    /// shifting all elements after it to the left.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `index` is out of bounds.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut v = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3];
+    /// assert_eq!(v.remove(1), 2);
+    /// assert_eq!(v, [1, 3]);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn remove(&mut self, index: usize) -> T {
+        let len = self.len();
+        assert!(index < len);
+        unsafe {
+            // infallible
+            let ret;
+            {
+                // the place we are taking from.
+                let ptr = self.as_mut_ptr().add(index);
+                // copy it out, unsafely having a copy of the value on
+                // the stack and in the vector at the same time.
+                ret = ptr::read(ptr);
+
+                // Shift everything down to fill in that spot.
+                ptr::copy(ptr.offset(1), ptr, len - index - 1);
+            }
+            self.set_len(len - 1);
+            ret
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Retains only the elements specified by the predicate.
+    ///
+    /// In other words, remove all elements `e` such that `f(&e)` returns `false`.
+    /// This method operates in place and preserves the order of the retained
+    /// elements.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3, 4];
+    /// vec.retain(|&x| x % 2 == 0);
+    /// assert_eq!(vec, [2, 4]);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn retain<F>(&mut self, mut f: F)
+    where
+        F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,
+    {
+        self.drain_filter(|x| !f(x));
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an iterator that removes the elements in the vector
+    /// for which the predicate returns `true` and yields the removed items.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::Bump;
+    /// use bumpalo::collections::{CollectIn, Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut numbers = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+    ///
+    /// let evens: Vec<_> = numbers.drain_filter(|x| *x % 2 == 0).collect_in(&b);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(numbers, &[1, 3, 5]);
+    /// assert_eq!(evens, &[2, 4]);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn drain_filter<'a, F>(&'a mut self, filter: F) -> DrainFilter<'a, 'bump, T, F>
+    where
+        F: FnMut(&mut T) -> bool,
+    {
+        let old_len = self.len();
+
+        // Guard against us getting leaked (leak amplification)
+        unsafe {
+            self.set_len(0);
+        }
+
+        DrainFilter {
+            vec: self,
+            idx: 0,
+            del: 0,
+            old_len,
+            pred: filter,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Removes all but the first of consecutive elements in the vector that resolve to the same
+    /// key.
+    ///
+    /// If the vector is sorted, this removes all duplicates.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 10, 20, 21, 30, 20];
+    ///
+    /// vec.dedup_by_key(|i| *i / 10);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(vec, [10, 20, 30, 20]);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn dedup_by_key<F, K>(&mut self, mut key: F)
+    where
+        F: FnMut(&mut T) -> K,
+        K: PartialEq,
+    {
+        self.dedup_by(|a, b| key(a) == key(b))
+    }
+
+    /// Removes all but the first of consecutive elements in the vector satisfying a given equality
+    /// relation.
+    ///
+    /// The `same_bucket` function is passed references to two elements from the vector and
+    /// must determine if the elements compare equal. The elements are passed in opposite order
+    /// from their order in the slice, so if `same_bucket(a, b)` returns `true`, `a` is removed.
+    ///
+    /// If the vector is sorted, this removes all duplicates.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; "foo", "bar", "Bar", "baz", "bar"];
+    ///
+    /// vec.dedup_by(|a, b| a.eq_ignore_ascii_case(b));
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(vec, ["foo", "bar", "baz", "bar"]);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn dedup_by<F>(&mut self, same_bucket: F)
+    where
+        F: FnMut(&mut T, &mut T) -> bool,
+    {
+        let len = {
+            let (dedup, _) = partition_dedup_by(self.as_mut_slice(), same_bucket);
+            dedup.len()
+        };
+        self.truncate(len);
+    }
+
+    /// Appends an element to the back of a vector.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the number of elements in the vector overflows a `usize`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2];
+    /// vec.push(3);
+    /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3]);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn push(&mut self, value: T) {
+        // This will panic or abort if we would allocate > isize::MAX bytes
+        // or if the length increment would overflow for zero-sized types.
+        if self.len == self.buf.cap() {
+            self.reserve(1);
+        }
+        unsafe {
+            let end = self.buf.ptr().add(self.len);
+            ptr::write(end, value);
+            self.len += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Removes the last element from a vector and returns it, or [`None`] if it
+    /// is empty.
+    ///
+    /// [`None`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/enum.Option.html#variant.None
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3];
+    /// assert_eq!(vec.pop(), Some(3));
+    /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2]);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
+        if self.len == 0 {
+            None
+        } else {
+            unsafe {
+                self.len -= 1;
+                Some(ptr::read(self.as_ptr().add(self.len())))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Moves all the elements of `other` into `Self`, leaving `other` empty.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the number of elements in the vector overflows a `usize`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3];
+    /// let mut vec2 = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 4, 5, 6];
+    /// vec.append(&mut vec2);
+    /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
+    /// assert_eq!(vec2, []);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn append(&mut self, other: &mut Self) {
+        unsafe {
+            self.append_elements(other.as_slice() as _);
+            other.set_len(0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Appends elements to `Self` from other buffer.
+    #[inline]
+    unsafe fn append_elements(&mut self, other: *const [T]) {
+        let count = (*other).len();
+        self.reserve(count);
+        let len = self.len();
+        ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(other as *const T, self.as_mut_ptr().add(len), count);
+        self.len += count;
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a draining iterator that removes the specified range in the vector
+    /// and yields the removed items.
+    ///
+    /// Note 1: The element range is removed even if the iterator is only
+    /// partially consumed or not consumed at all.
+    ///
+    /// Note 2: It is unspecified how many elements are removed from the vector
+    /// if the `Drain` value is leaked.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the starting point is greater than the end point or if
+    /// the end point is greater than the length of the vector.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::Bump;
+    /// use bumpalo::collections::{CollectIn, Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut v = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3];
+    ///
+    /// let u: Vec<_> = v.drain(1..).collect_in(&b);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(v, &[1]);
+    /// assert_eq!(u, &[2, 3]);
+    ///
+    /// // A full range clears the vector
+    /// v.drain(..);
+    /// assert_eq!(v, &[]);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn drain<R>(&mut self, range: R) -> Drain<T>
+    where
+        R: RangeBounds<usize>,
+    {
+        // Memory safety
+        //
+        // When the Drain is first created, it shortens the length of
+        // the source vector to make sure no uninitialized or moved-from elements
+        // are accessible at all if the Drain's destructor never gets to run.
+        //
+        // Drain will ptr::read out the values to remove.
+        // When finished, remaining tail of the vec is copied back to cover
+        // the hole, and the vector length is restored to the new length.
+        //
+        let len = self.len();
+        let start = match range.start_bound() {
+            Included(&n) => n,
+            Excluded(&n) => n + 1,
+            Unbounded => 0,
+        };
+        let end = match range.end_bound() {
+            Included(&n) => n + 1,
+            Excluded(&n) => n,
+            Unbounded => len,
+        };
+        assert!(start <= end);
+        assert!(end <= len);
+
+        unsafe {
+            // set self.vec length's to start, to be safe in case Drain is leaked
+            self.set_len(start);
+            // Use the borrow in the IterMut to indicate borrowing behavior of the
+            // whole Drain iterator (like &mut T).
+            let range_slice = slice::from_raw_parts_mut(self.as_mut_ptr().add(start), end - start);
+            Drain {
+                tail_start: end,
+                tail_len: len - end,
+                iter: range_slice.iter(),
+                vec: NonNull::from(self),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Clears the vector, removing all values.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this method has no effect on the allocated capacity
+    /// of the vector.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut v = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3];
+    ///
+    /// v.clear();
+    ///
+    /// assert!(v.is_empty());
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.truncate(0)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of elements in the vector, also referred to
+    /// as its 'length'.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let a = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.len(), 3);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.len
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the vector contains no elements.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut v = Vec::new_in(&b);
+    /// assert!(v.is_empty());
+    ///
+    /// v.push(1);
+    /// assert!(!v.is_empty());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.len() == 0
+    }
+
+    /// Splits the collection into two at the given index.
+    ///
+    /// Returns a newly allocated vector. `self` contains elements `[0, at)`,
+    /// and the returned vector contains elements `[at, len)`.
+    ///
+    /// Note that the capacity of `self` does not change.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `at > len`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3];
+    /// let vec2 = vec.split_off(1);
+    /// assert_eq!(vec, [1]);
+    /// assert_eq!(vec2, [2, 3]);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn split_off(&mut self, at: usize) -> Self {
+        assert!(at <= self.len(), "`at` out of bounds");
+
+        let other_len = self.len - at;
+        let mut other = Vec::with_capacity_in(other_len, self.buf.bump());
+
+        // Unsafely `set_len` and copy items to `other`.
+        unsafe {
+            self.set_len(at);
+            other.set_len(other_len);
+
+            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(self.as_ptr().add(at), other.as_mut_ptr(), other.len());
+        }
+        other
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "boxed")]
+impl<'bump, T> Vec<'bump, T> {
+    /// Converts the vector into [`Box<[T]>`][owned slice].
+    ///
+    /// Note that this will drop any excess capacity.
+    ///
+    /// [owned slice]: ../../boxed/struct.Box.html
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec, vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let v = vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3];
+    ///
+    /// let slice = v.into_boxed_slice();
+    /// ```
+    pub fn into_boxed_slice(mut self) -> crate::boxed::Box<'bump, [T]> {
+        use crate::boxed::Box;
+
+        // Unlike `alloc::vec::Vec` shrinking here isn't necessary as `bumpalo::boxed::Box` doesn't own memory.
+        unsafe {
+            let slice = slice::from_raw_parts_mut(self.as_mut_ptr(), self.len);
+            let output: Box<'bump, [T]> = Box::from_raw(slice);
+            mem::forget(self);
+            output
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump + Clone> Vec<'bump, T> {
+    /// Resizes the `Vec` in-place so that `len` is equal to `new_len`.
+    ///
+    /// If `new_len` is greater than `len`, the `Vec` is extended by the
+    /// difference, with each additional slot filled with `value`.
+    /// If `new_len` is less than `len`, the `Vec` is simply truncated.
+    ///
+    /// This method requires [`Clone`] to be able clone the passed value. If
+    /// you need more flexibility (or want to rely on [`Default`] instead of
+    /// [`Clone`]), use [`resize_with`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; "hello"];
+    /// vec.resize(3, "world");
+    /// assert_eq!(vec, ["hello", "world", "world"]);
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3, 4];
+    /// vec.resize(2, 0);
+    /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Clone`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/clone/trait.Clone.html
+    /// [`Default`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html
+    /// [`resize_with`]: #method.resize_with
+    pub fn resize(&mut self, new_len: usize, value: T) {
+        let len = self.len();
+
+        if new_len > len {
+            self.extend_with(new_len - len, ExtendElement(value))
+        } else {
+            self.truncate(new_len);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Clones and appends all elements in a slice to the `Vec`.
+    ///
+    /// Iterates over the slice `other`, clones each element, and then appends
+    /// it to this `Vec`. The `other` vector is traversed in-order.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this function is same as [`extend`] except that it is
+    /// specialized to work with slices instead. If and when Rust gets
+    /// specialization this function will likely be deprecated (but still
+    /// available).
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1];
+    /// vec.extend_from_slice(&[2, 3, 4]);
+    /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3, 4]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`extend`]: #method.extend
+    pub fn extend_from_slice(&mut self, other: &[T]) {
+        self.extend(other.iter().cloned())
+    }
+}
+
+// This code generalises `extend_with_{element,default}`.
+trait ExtendWith<T> {
+    fn next(&mut self) -> T;
+    fn last(self) -> T;
+}
+
+struct ExtendElement<T>(T);
+impl<T: Clone> ExtendWith<T> for ExtendElement<T> {
+    fn next(&mut self) -> T {
+        self.0.clone()
+    }
+    fn last(self) -> T {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump> Vec<'bump, T> {
+    /// Extend the vector by `n` values, using the given generator.
+    fn extend_with<E: ExtendWith<T>>(&mut self, n: usize, mut value: E) {
+        self.reserve(n);
+
+        unsafe {
+            let mut ptr = self.as_mut_ptr().add(self.len());
+            // Use SetLenOnDrop to work around bug where compiler
+            // may not realize the store through `ptr` through self.set_len()
+            // don't alias.
+            let mut local_len = SetLenOnDrop::new(&mut self.len);
+
+            // Write all elements except the last one
+            for _ in 1..n {
+                ptr::write(ptr, value.next());
+                ptr = ptr.offset(1);
+                // Increment the length in every step in case next() panics
+                local_len.increment_len(1);
+            }
+
+            if n > 0 {
+                // We can write the last element directly without cloning needlessly
+                ptr::write(ptr, value.last());
+                local_len.increment_len(1);
+            }
+
+            // len set by scope guard
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Set the length of the vec when the `SetLenOnDrop` value goes out of scope.
+//
+// The idea is: The length field in SetLenOnDrop is a local variable
+// that the optimizer will see does not alias with any stores through the Vec's data
+// pointer. This is a workaround for alias analysis issue #32155
+struct SetLenOnDrop<'a> {
+    len: &'a mut usize,
+    local_len: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> SetLenOnDrop<'a> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn new(len: &'a mut usize) -> Self {
+        SetLenOnDrop {
+            local_len: *len,
+            len,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn increment_len(&mut self, increment: usize) {
+        self.local_len += increment;
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn decrement_len(&mut self, decrement: usize) {
+        self.local_len -= decrement;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Drop for SetLenOnDrop<'a> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        *self.len = self.local_len;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump + PartialEq> Vec<'bump, T> {
+    /// Removes consecutive repeated elements in the vector according to the
+    /// [`PartialEq`] trait implementation.
+    ///
+    /// If the vector is sorted, this removes all duplicates.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 2, 3, 2];
+    ///
+    /// vec.dedup();
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3, 2]);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn dedup(&mut self) {
+        self.dedup_by(|a, b| a == b)
+    }
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Common trait implementations for Vec
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump + Clone> Clone for Vec<'bump, T> {
+    #[cfg(not(test))]
+    fn clone(&self) -> Vec<'bump, T> {
+        let mut v = Vec::with_capacity_in(self.len(), self.buf.bump());
+        v.extend(self.iter().cloned());
+        v
+    }
+
+    // HACK(japaric): with cfg(test) the inherent `[T]::to_vec` method, which is
+    // required for this method definition, is not available. Instead use the
+    // `slice::to_vec`  function which is only available with cfg(test)
+    // NB see the slice::hack module in slice.rs for more information
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    fn clone(&self) -> Vec<'bump, T> {
+        let mut v = Vec::new_in(self.buf.bump());
+        v.extend(self.iter().cloned());
+        v
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump + Hash> Hash for Vec<'bump, T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn hash<H: hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        Hash::hash(&**self, state)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T, I> Index<I> for Vec<'bump, T>
+where
+    I: ::core::slice::SliceIndex<[T]>,
+{
+    type Output = I::Output;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn index(&self, index: I) -> &Self::Output {
+        Index::index(&**self, index)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T, I> IndexMut<I> for Vec<'bump, T>
+where
+    I: ::core::slice::SliceIndex<[T]>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn index_mut(&mut self, index: I) -> &mut Self::Output {
+        IndexMut::index_mut(&mut **self, index)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump> ops::Deref for Vec<'bump, T> {
+    type Target = [T];
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &[T] {
+        unsafe {
+            let p = self.buf.ptr();
+            // assume(!p.is_null());
+            slice::from_raw_parts(p, self.len)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump> ops::DerefMut for Vec<'bump, T> {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [T] {
+        unsafe {
+            let ptr = self.buf.ptr();
+            // assume(!ptr.is_null());
+            slice::from_raw_parts_mut(ptr, self.len)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump> IntoIterator for Vec<'bump, T> {
+    type Item = T;
+    type IntoIter = IntoIter<'bump, T>;
+
+    /// Creates a consuming iterator, that is, one that moves each value out of
+    /// the vector (from start to end). The vector cannot be used after calling
+    /// this.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let v = bumpalo::vec![in &b; "a".to_string(), "b".to_string()];
+    /// for s in v.into_iter() {
+    ///     // s has type String, not &String
+    ///     println!("{}", s);
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    fn into_iter(mut self) -> IntoIter<'bump, T> {
+        unsafe {
+            let begin = self.as_mut_ptr();
+            // assume(!begin.is_null());
+            let end = if mem::size_of::<T>() == 0 {
+                arith_offset(begin as *const i8, self.len() as isize) as *const T
+            } else {
+                begin.add(self.len()) as *const T
+            };
+            mem::forget(self);
+            IntoIter {
+                phantom: PhantomData,
+                ptr: begin,
+                end,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'bump, T> IntoIterator for &'a Vec<'bump, T> {
+    type Item = &'a T;
+    type IntoIter = slice::Iter<'a, T>;
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> slice::Iter<'a, T> {
+        self.iter()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'bump, T> IntoIterator for &'a mut Vec<'bump, T> {
+    type Item = &'a mut T;
+    type IntoIter = slice::IterMut<'a, T>;
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> slice::IterMut<'a, T> {
+        self.iter_mut()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump> Extend<T> for Vec<'bump, T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = T>>(&mut self, iter: I) {
+        let iter = iter.into_iter();
+        self.reserve(iter.size_hint().0);
+
+        for t in iter {
+            self.push(t);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump> Vec<'bump, T> {
+    /// Creates a splicing iterator that replaces the specified range in the vector
+    /// with the given `replace_with` iterator and yields the removed items.
+    /// `replace_with` does not need to be the same length as `range`.
+    ///
+    /// Note 1: The element range is removed even if the iterator is not
+    /// consumed until the end.
+    ///
+    /// Note 2: It is unspecified how many elements are removed from the vector,
+    /// if the `Splice` value is leaked.
+    ///
+    /// Note 3: The input iterator `replace_with` is only consumed
+    /// when the `Splice` value is dropped.
+    ///
+    /// Note 4: This is optimal if:
+    ///
+    /// * The tail (elements in the vector after `range`) is empty,
+    /// * or `replace_with` yields fewer elements than `range`’s length
+    /// * or the lower bound of its `size_hint()` is exact.
+    ///
+    /// Otherwise, a temporary vector is allocated and the tail is moved twice.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the starting point is greater than the end point or if
+    /// the end point is greater than the length of the vector.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let mut v = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 1, 2, 3];
+    /// let new = [7, 8];
+    /// let u: Vec<_> = Vec::from_iter_in(v.splice(..2, new.iter().cloned()), &b);
+    /// assert_eq!(v, &[7, 8, 3]);
+    /// assert_eq!(u, &[1, 2]);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn splice<R, I>(&mut self, range: R, replace_with: I) -> Splice<I::IntoIter>
+    where
+        R: RangeBounds<usize>,
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = T>,
+    {
+        Splice {
+            drain: self.drain(range),
+            replace_with: replace_with.into_iter(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Extend implementation that copies elements out of references before pushing them onto the Vec.
+///
+/// This implementation is specialized for slice iterators, where it uses [`copy_from_slice`] to
+/// append the entire slice at once.
+///
+/// [`copy_from_slice`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.slice.html#method.copy_from_slice
+impl<'a, 'bump, T: 'a + Copy> Extend<&'a T> for Vec<'bump, T> {
+    fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a T>>(&mut self, iter: I) {
+        self.extend(iter.into_iter().cloned())
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! __impl_slice_eq1 {
+    ($Lhs: ty, $Rhs: ty) => {
+        __impl_slice_eq1! { $Lhs, $Rhs, Sized }
+    };
+    ($Lhs: ty, $Rhs: ty, $Bound: ident) => {
+        impl<'a, 'b, A: $Bound, B> PartialEq<$Rhs> for $Lhs
+        where
+            A: PartialEq<B>,
+        {
+            #[inline]
+            fn eq(&self, other: &$Rhs) -> bool {
+                self[..] == other[..]
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+__impl_slice_eq1! { Vec<'a, A>, Vec<'b, B> }
+__impl_slice_eq1! { Vec<'a, A>, &'b [B] }
+__impl_slice_eq1! { Vec<'a, A>, &'b mut [B] }
+// __impl_slice_eq1! { Cow<'a, [A]>, Vec<'b, B>, Clone }
+
+macro_rules! __impl_slice_eq1_array {
+    ($Lhs: ty, $Rhs: ty) => {
+        impl<'a, 'b, A, B, const N: usize> PartialEq<$Rhs> for $Lhs
+        where
+            A: PartialEq<B>,
+        {
+            #[inline]
+            fn eq(&self, other: &$Rhs) -> bool {
+                self[..] == other[..]
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+__impl_slice_eq1_array! { Vec<'a, A>, [B; N] }
+__impl_slice_eq1_array! { Vec<'a, A>, &'b [B; N] }
+__impl_slice_eq1_array! { Vec<'a, A>, &'b mut [B; N] }
+
+/// Implements comparison of vectors, lexicographically.
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump + PartialOrd> PartialOrd for Vec<'bump, T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Vec<'bump, T>) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        PartialOrd::partial_cmp(&**self, &**other)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump + Eq> Eq for Vec<'bump, T> {}
+
+/// Implements ordering of vectors, lexicographically.
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump + Ord> Ord for Vec<'bump, T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Vec<'bump, T>) -> Ordering {
+        Ord::cmp(&**self, &**other)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump + fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for Vec<'bump, T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Debug::fmt(&**self, f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump> AsRef<Vec<'bump, T>> for Vec<'bump, T> {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Vec<'bump, T> {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump> AsMut<Vec<'bump, T>> for Vec<'bump, T> {
+    fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Vec<'bump, T> {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump> AsRef<[T]> for Vec<'bump, T> {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[T] {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump> AsMut<[T]> for Vec<'bump, T> {
+    fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [T] {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "boxed")]
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump> From<Vec<'bump, T>> for crate::boxed::Box<'bump, [T]> {
+    fn from(v: Vec<'bump, T>) -> crate::boxed::Box<'bump, [T]> {
+        v.into_boxed_slice()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump> Borrow<[T]> for Vec<'bump, T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn borrow(&self) -> &[T] {
+        &self[..]
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump> BorrowMut<[T]> for Vec<'bump, T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [T] {
+        &mut self[..]
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T> Drop for Vec<'bump, T> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        unsafe {
+            // use drop for [T]
+            // use a raw slice to refer to the elements of the vector as weakest necessary type;
+            // could avoid questions of validity in certain cases
+            ptr::drop_in_place(ptr::slice_from_raw_parts_mut(self.as_mut_ptr(), self.len))
+        }
+        // RawVec handles deallocation
+    }
+}
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Clone-on-write
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// impl<'a, 'bump, T: Clone> From<Vec<'bump, T>> for Cow<'a, [T]> {
+//     fn from(v: Vec<'bump, T>) -> Cow<'a, [T]> {
+//         Cow::Owned(v)
+//     }
+// }
+
+// impl<'a, 'bump, T: Clone> From<&'a Vec<'bump, T>> for Cow<'a, [T]> {
+//     fn from(v: &'a Vec<'bump, T>) -> Cow<'a, [T]> {
+//         Cow::Borrowed(v.as_slice())
+//     }
+// }
+
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Iterators
+////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+/// An iterator that moves out of a vector.
+///
+/// This `struct` is created by the [`Vec::into_iter`] method
+/// (provided by the [`IntoIterator`] trait).
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html
+pub struct IntoIter<'bump, T> {
+    phantom: PhantomData<&'bump [T]>,
+    ptr: *const T,
+    end: *const T,
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for IntoIter<'bump, T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_tuple("IntoIter").field(&self.as_slice()).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump> IntoIter<'bump, T> {
+    /// Returns the remaining items of this iterator as a slice.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 'a', 'b', 'c'];
+    /// let mut into_iter = vec.into_iter();
+    /// assert_eq!(into_iter.as_slice(), &['a', 'b', 'c']);
+    /// let _ = into_iter.next().unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(into_iter.as_slice(), &['b', 'c']);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &[T] {
+        unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(self.ptr, self.len()) }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the remaining items of this iterator as a mutable slice.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::Vec};
+    ///
+    /// let b = Bump::new();
+    ///
+    /// let vec = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 'a', 'b', 'c'];
+    /// let mut into_iter = vec.into_iter();
+    /// assert_eq!(into_iter.as_slice(), &['a', 'b', 'c']);
+    /// into_iter.as_mut_slice()[2] = 'z';
+    /// assert_eq!(into_iter.next().unwrap(), 'a');
+    /// assert_eq!(into_iter.next().unwrap(), 'b');
+    /// assert_eq!(into_iter.next().unwrap(), 'z');
+    /// ```
+    pub fn as_mut_slice(&mut self) -> &mut [T] {
+        unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(self.ptr as *mut T, self.len()) }
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl<'bump, T: Send> Send for IntoIter<'bump, T> {}
+unsafe impl<'bump, T: Sync> Sync for IntoIter<'bump, T> {}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump> Iterator for IntoIter<'bump, T> {
+    type Item = T;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
+        unsafe {
+            if self.ptr as *const _ == self.end {
+                None
+            } else if mem::size_of::<T>() == 0 {
+                // purposefully don't use 'ptr.offset' because for
+                // vectors with 0-size elements this would return the
+                // same pointer.
+                self.ptr = arith_offset(self.ptr as *const i8, 1) as *mut T;
+
+                // Make up a value of this ZST.
+                Some(mem::zeroed())
+            } else {
+                let old = self.ptr;
+                self.ptr = self.ptr.offset(1);
+
+                Some(ptr::read(old))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let exact = if mem::size_of::<T>() == 0 {
+            (self.end as usize).wrapping_sub(self.ptr as usize)
+        } else {
+            unsafe { offset_from(self.end, self.ptr) as usize }
+        };
+        (exact, Some(exact))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn count(self) -> usize {
+        self.len()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump> DoubleEndedIterator for IntoIter<'bump, T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
+        unsafe {
+            if self.end == self.ptr {
+                None
+            } else if mem::size_of::<T>() == 0 {
+                // See above for why 'ptr.offset' isn't used
+                self.end = arith_offset(self.end as *const i8, -1) as *mut T;
+
+                // Make up a value of this ZST.
+                Some(mem::zeroed())
+            } else {
+                self.end = self.end.offset(-1);
+
+                Some(ptr::read(self.end))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump> ExactSizeIterator for IntoIter<'bump, T> {}
+
+impl<'bump, T: 'bump> FusedIterator for IntoIter<'bump, T> {}
+
+impl<'bump, T> Drop for IntoIter<'bump, T> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // drop all remaining elements
+        self.for_each(drop);
+    }
+}
+
+/// A draining iterator for `Vec<'bump, T>`.
+///
+/// This `struct` is created by the [`Vec::drain`] method.
+pub struct Drain<'a, 'bump, T: 'a + 'bump> {
+    /// Index of tail to preserve
+    tail_start: usize,
+    /// Length of tail
+    tail_len: usize,
+    /// Current remaining range to remove
+    iter: slice::Iter<'a, T>,
+    vec: NonNull<Vec<'bump, T>>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'bump, T: 'a + 'bump + fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for Drain<'a, 'bump, T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_tuple("Drain").field(&self.iter.as_slice()).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl<'a, 'bump, T: Sync> Sync for Drain<'a, 'bump, T> {}
+unsafe impl<'a, 'bump, T: Send> Send for Drain<'a, 'bump, T> {}
+
+impl<'a, 'bump, T> Iterator for Drain<'a, 'bump, T> {
+    type Item = T;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
+        self.iter
+            .next()
+            .map(|elt| unsafe { ptr::read(elt as *const _) })
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        self.iter.size_hint()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'bump, T> DoubleEndedIterator for Drain<'a, 'bump, T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
+        self.iter
+            .next_back()
+            .map(|elt| unsafe { ptr::read(elt as *const _) })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'bump, T> Drop for Drain<'a, 'bump, T> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // exhaust self first
+        self.for_each(drop);
+
+        if self.tail_len > 0 {
+            unsafe {
+                let source_vec = self.vec.as_mut();
+                // memmove back untouched tail, update to new length
+                let start = source_vec.len();
+                let tail = self.tail_start;
+                if tail != start {
+                    let src = source_vec.as_ptr().add(tail);
+                    let dst = source_vec.as_mut_ptr().add(start);
+                    ptr::copy(src, dst, self.tail_len);
+                }
+                source_vec.set_len(start + self.tail_len);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'bump, T> ExactSizeIterator for Drain<'a, 'bump, T> {}
+
+impl<'a, 'bump, T> FusedIterator for Drain<'a, 'bump, T> {}
+
+/// A splicing iterator for `Vec`.
+///
+/// This struct is created by the [`Vec::splice`] method. See its
+/// documentation for more information.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Splice<'a, 'bump, I: Iterator + 'a + 'bump> {
+    drain: Drain<'a, 'bump, I::Item>,
+    replace_with: I,
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'bump, I: Iterator> Iterator for Splice<'a, 'bump, I> {
+    type Item = I::Item;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.drain.next()
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        self.drain.size_hint()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'bump, I: Iterator> DoubleEndedIterator for Splice<'a, 'bump, I> {
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.drain.next_back()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'bump, I: Iterator> ExactSizeIterator for Splice<'a, 'bump, I> {}
+
+impl<'a, 'bump, I: Iterator> Drop for Splice<'a, 'bump, I> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.drain.by_ref().for_each(drop);
+
+        unsafe {
+            if self.drain.tail_len == 0 {
+                self.drain.vec.as_mut().extend(self.replace_with.by_ref());
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // First fill the range left by drain().
+            if !self.drain.fill(&mut self.replace_with) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // There may be more elements. Use the lower bound as an estimate.
+            // FIXME: Is the upper bound a better guess? Or something else?
+            let (lower_bound, _upper_bound) = self.replace_with.size_hint();
+            if lower_bound > 0 {
+                self.drain.move_tail(lower_bound);
+                if !self.drain.fill(&mut self.replace_with) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Collect any remaining elements.
+            // This is a zero-length vector which does not allocate if `lower_bound` was exact.
+            let mut collected = Vec::new_in(self.drain.vec.as_ref().buf.bump());
+            collected.extend(self.replace_with.by_ref());
+            let mut collected = collected.into_iter();
+            // Now we have an exact count.
+            if collected.len() > 0 {
+                self.drain.move_tail(collected.len());
+                let filled = self.drain.fill(&mut collected);
+                debug_assert!(filled);
+                debug_assert_eq!(collected.len(), 0);
+            }
+        }
+        // Let `Drain::drop` move the tail back if necessary and restore `vec.len`.
+    }
+}
+
+/// Private helper methods for `Splice::drop`
+impl<'a, 'bump, T> Drain<'a, 'bump, T> {
+    /// The range from `self.vec.len` to `self.tail_start` contains elements
+    /// that have been moved out.
+    /// Fill that range as much as possible with new elements from the `replace_with` iterator.
+    /// Return whether we filled the entire range. (`replace_with.next()` didn’t return `None`.)
+    unsafe fn fill<I: Iterator<Item = T>>(&mut self, replace_with: &mut I) -> bool {
+        let vec = self.vec.as_mut();
+        let range_start = vec.len;
+        let range_end = self.tail_start;
+        let range_slice =
+            slice::from_raw_parts_mut(vec.as_mut_ptr().add(range_start), range_end - range_start);
+
+        for place in range_slice {
+            if let Some(new_item) = replace_with.next() {
+                ptr::write(place, new_item);
+                vec.len += 1;
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// Make room for inserting more elements before the tail.
+    unsafe fn move_tail(&mut self, extra_capacity: usize) {
+        let vec = self.vec.as_mut();
+        let used_capacity = self.tail_start + self.tail_len;
+        vec.buf.reserve(used_capacity, extra_capacity);
+
+        let new_tail_start = self.tail_start + extra_capacity;
+        let src = vec.as_ptr().add(self.tail_start);
+        let dst = vec.as_mut_ptr().add(new_tail_start);
+        ptr::copy(src, dst, self.tail_len);
+        self.tail_start = new_tail_start;
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator produced by calling [`Vec::drain_filter`].
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DrainFilter<'a, 'bump: 'a, T: 'a + 'bump, F>
+where
+    F: FnMut(&mut T) -> bool,
+{
+    vec: &'a mut Vec<'bump, T>,
+    idx: usize,
+    del: usize,
+    old_len: usize,
+    pred: F,
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'bump, T, F> Iterator for DrainFilter<'a, 'bump, T, F>
+where
+    F: FnMut(&mut T) -> bool,
+{
+    type Item = T;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
+        unsafe {
+            while self.idx != self.old_len {
+                let i = self.idx;
+                self.idx += 1;
+                let v = slice::from_raw_parts_mut(self.vec.as_mut_ptr(), self.old_len);
+                if (self.pred)(&mut v[i]) {
+                    self.del += 1;
+                    return Some(ptr::read(&v[i]));
+                } else if self.del > 0 {
+                    let del = self.del;
+                    let src: *const T = &v[i];
+                    let dst: *mut T = &mut v[i - del];
+                    // This is safe because self.vec has length 0
+                    // thus its elements will not have Drop::drop
+                    // called on them in the event of a panic.
+                    ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(src, dst, 1);
+                }
+            }
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        (0, Some(self.old_len - self.idx))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'bump, T, F> Drop for DrainFilter<'a, 'bump, T, F>
+where
+    F: FnMut(&mut T) -> bool,
+{
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.for_each(drop);
+        unsafe {
+            self.vec.set_len(self.old_len - self.del);
+        }
+    }
+}