wasmtime 0.4.1 → 5.0.0

data/ext/cargo-vendor/toml-0.5.11/src/ser.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,1853 @@
+//! Serializing Rust structures into TOML.
+//!
+//! This module contains all the Serde support for serializing Rust structures
+//! into TOML documents (as strings). Note that some top-level functions here
+//! are also provided at the top of the crate.
+//!
+//! Note that the TOML format has a restriction that if a table itself contains
+//! tables, all keys with non-table values must be emitted first. This is
+//! typically easy to ensure happens when you're defining a `struct` as you can
+//! reorder the fields manually, but when working with maps (such as `BTreeMap`
+//! or `HashMap`) this can lead to serialization errors. In those situations you
+//! may use the `tables_last` function in this module like so:
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! # use serde_derive::Serialize;
+//! # use std::collections::HashMap;
+//! #[derive(Serialize)]
+//! struct Manifest {
+//!     package: Package,
+//!     #[serde(serialize_with = "toml::ser::tables_last")]
+//!     dependencies: HashMap<String, Dependency>,
+//! }
+//! # type Package = String;
+//! # type Dependency = String;
+//! # fn main() {}
+//! ```
+
+use std::cell::Cell;
+use std::error;
+use std::fmt::{self, Write};
+use std::marker;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use crate::datetime;
+use serde::ser;
+
+/// Serialize the given data structure as a TOML byte vector.
+///
+/// Serialization can fail if `T`'s implementation of `Serialize` decides to
+/// fail, if `T` contains a map with non-string keys, or if `T` attempts to
+/// serialize an unsupported datatype such as an enum, tuple, or tuple struct.
+pub fn to_vec<T: ?Sized>(value: &T) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Error>
+where
+    T: ser::Serialize,
+{
+    to_string(value).map(|e| e.into_bytes())
+}
+
+/// Serialize the given data structure as a String of TOML.
+///
+/// Serialization can fail if `T`'s implementation of `Serialize` decides to
+/// fail, if `T` contains a map with non-string keys, or if `T` attempts to
+/// serialize an unsupported datatype such as an enum, tuple, or tuple struct.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use serde_derive::Serialize;
+///
+/// #[derive(Serialize)]
+/// struct Config {
+///     database: Database,
+/// }
+///
+/// #[derive(Serialize)]
+/// struct Database {
+///     ip: String,
+///     port: Vec<u16>,
+///     connection_max: u32,
+///     enabled: bool,
+/// }
+///
+/// let config = Config {
+///     database: Database {
+///         ip: "192.168.1.1".to_string(),
+///         port: vec![8001, 8002, 8003],
+///         connection_max: 5000,
+///         enabled: false,
+///     },
+/// };
+///
+/// let toml = toml::to_string(&config).unwrap();
+/// println!("{}", toml)
+/// ```
+pub fn to_string<T: ?Sized>(value: &T) -> Result<String, Error>
+where
+    T: ser::Serialize,
+{
+    let mut dst = String::with_capacity(128);
+    value.serialize(&mut Serializer::new(&mut dst))?;
+    Ok(dst)
+}
+
+/// Serialize the given data structure as a "pretty" String of TOML.
+///
+/// This is identical to `to_string` except the output string has a more
+/// "pretty" output. See `Serializer::pretty` for more details.
+pub fn to_string_pretty<T: ?Sized>(value: &T) -> Result<String, Error>
+where
+    T: ser::Serialize,
+{
+    let mut dst = String::with_capacity(128);
+    value.serialize(&mut Serializer::pretty(&mut dst))?;
+    Ok(dst)
+}
+
+/// Errors that can occur when serializing a type.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum Error {
+    /// Indicates that a Rust type was requested to be serialized but it was not
+    /// supported.
+    ///
+    /// Currently the TOML format does not support serializing types such as
+    /// enums, tuples and tuple structs.
+    UnsupportedType,
+
+    /// The key of all TOML maps must be strings, but serialization was
+    /// attempted where the key of a map was not a string.
+    KeyNotString,
+
+    /// An error that we never omit but keep for backwards compatibility
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    KeyNewline,
+
+    /// An array had to be homogeneous, but now it is allowed to be heterogeneous.
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    ArrayMixedType,
+
+    /// All values in a TOML table must be emitted before further tables are
+    /// emitted. If a value is emitted *after* a table then this error is
+    /// generated.
+    ValueAfterTable,
+
+    /// A serialized date was invalid.
+    DateInvalid,
+
+    /// A serialized number was invalid.
+    NumberInvalid,
+
+    /// None was attempted to be serialized, but it's not supported.
+    UnsupportedNone,
+
+    /// A custom error which could be generated when serializing a particular
+    /// type.
+    Custom(String),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
+/// Internal place for holding array settings
+struct ArraySettings {
+    indent: usize,
+    trailing_comma: bool,
+}
+
+impl ArraySettings {
+    fn pretty() -> ArraySettings {
+        ArraySettings {
+            indent: 4,
+            trailing_comma: true,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
+/// String settings
+struct StringSettings {
+    /// Whether to use literal strings when possible
+    literal: bool,
+}
+
+impl StringSettings {
+    fn pretty() -> StringSettings {
+        StringSettings { literal: true }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
+/// Internal struct for holding serialization settings
+struct Settings {
+    array: Option<ArraySettings>,
+    string: Option<StringSettings>,
+}
+
+/// Serialization implementation for TOML.
+///
+/// This structure implements serialization support for TOML to serialize an
+/// arbitrary type to TOML. Note that the TOML format does not support all
+/// datatypes in Rust, such as enums, tuples, and tuple structs. These types
+/// will generate an error when serialized.
+///
+/// Currently a serializer always writes its output to an in-memory `String`,
+/// which is passed in when creating the serializer itself.
+pub struct Serializer<'a> {
+    dst: &'a mut String,
+    state: State<'a>,
+    settings: Rc<Settings>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+enum ArrayState {
+    Started,
+    StartedAsATable,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+enum State<'a> {
+    Table {
+        key: &'a str,
+        parent: &'a State<'a>,
+        first: &'a Cell<bool>,
+        table_emitted: &'a Cell<bool>,
+    },
+    Array {
+        parent: &'a State<'a>,
+        first: &'a Cell<bool>,
+        type_: &'a Cell<Option<ArrayState>>,
+        len: Option<usize>,
+    },
+    End,
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub struct SerializeSeq<'a, 'b> {
+    ser: &'b mut Serializer<'a>,
+    first: Cell<bool>,
+    type_: Cell<Option<ArrayState>>,
+    len: Option<usize>,
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub enum SerializeTable<'a, 'b> {
+    Datetime(&'b mut Serializer<'a>),
+    Table {
+        ser: &'b mut Serializer<'a>,
+        key: String,
+        first: Cell<bool>,
+        table_emitted: Cell<bool>,
+    },
+}
+
+impl<'a> Serializer<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new serializer which will emit TOML into the buffer provided.
+    ///
+    /// The serializer can then be used to serialize a type after which the data
+    /// will be present in `dst`.
+    pub fn new(dst: &'a mut String) -> Serializer<'a> {
+        Serializer {
+            dst,
+            state: State::End,
+            settings: Rc::new(Settings::default()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Instantiate a "pretty" formatter
+    ///
+    /// By default this will use:
+    ///
+    /// - pretty strings: strings with newlines will use the `'''` syntax. See
+    ///   `Serializer::pretty_string`
+    /// - pretty arrays: each item in arrays will be on a newline, have an indentation of 4 and
+    ///   have a trailing comma. See `Serializer::pretty_array`
+    pub fn pretty(dst: &'a mut String) -> Serializer<'a> {
+        Serializer {
+            dst,
+            state: State::End,
+            settings: Rc::new(Settings {
+                array: Some(ArraySettings::pretty()),
+                string: Some(StringSettings::pretty()),
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Enable or Disable pretty strings
+    ///
+    /// If enabled, literal strings will be used when possible and strings with
+    /// one or more newlines will use triple quotes (i.e.: `'''` or `"""`)
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Instead of:
+    ///
+    /// ```toml,ignore
+    /// single = "no newlines"
+    /// text = "\nfoo\nbar\n"
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// You will have:
+    ///
+    /// ```toml,ignore
+    /// single = 'no newlines'
+    /// text = '''
+    /// foo
+    /// bar
+    /// '''
+    /// ```
+    pub fn pretty_string(&mut self, value: bool) -> &mut Self {
+        Rc::get_mut(&mut self.settings).unwrap().string = if value {
+            Some(StringSettings::pretty())
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Enable or Disable Literal strings for pretty strings
+    ///
+    /// If enabled, literal strings will be used when possible and strings with
+    /// one or more newlines will use triple quotes (i.e.: `'''` or `"""`)
+    ///
+    /// If disabled, literal strings will NEVER be used and strings with one or
+    /// more newlines will use `"""`
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Instead of:
+    ///
+    /// ```toml,ignore
+    /// single = "no newlines"
+    /// text = "\nfoo\nbar\n"
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// You will have:
+    ///
+    /// ```toml,ignore
+    /// single = "no newlines"
+    /// text = """
+    /// foo
+    /// bar
+    /// """
+    /// ```
+    pub fn pretty_string_literal(&mut self, value: bool) -> &mut Self {
+        let use_default = if let Some(ref mut s) = Rc::get_mut(&mut self.settings).unwrap().string {
+            s.literal = value;
+            false
+        } else {
+            true
+        };
+
+        if use_default {
+            let mut string = StringSettings::pretty();
+            string.literal = value;
+            Rc::get_mut(&mut self.settings).unwrap().string = Some(string);
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Enable or Disable pretty arrays
+    ///
+    /// If enabled, arrays will always have each item on their own line.
+    ///
+    /// Some specific features can be controlled via other builder methods:
+    ///
+    /// - `Serializer::pretty_array_indent`: set the indent to a value other
+    ///   than 4.
+    /// - `Serializer::pretty_array_trailing_comma`: enable/disable the trailing
+    ///   comma on the last item.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Instead of:
+    ///
+    /// ```toml,ignore
+    /// array = ["foo", "bar"]
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// You will have:
+    ///
+    /// ```toml,ignore
+    /// array = [
+    ///     "foo",
+    ///     "bar",
+    /// ]
+    /// ```
+    pub fn pretty_array(&mut self, value: bool) -> &mut Self {
+        Rc::get_mut(&mut self.settings).unwrap().array = if value {
+            Some(ArraySettings::pretty())
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Set the indent for pretty arrays
+    ///
+    /// See `Serializer::pretty_array` for more details.
+    pub fn pretty_array_indent(&mut self, value: usize) -> &mut Self {
+        let use_default = if let Some(ref mut a) = Rc::get_mut(&mut self.settings).unwrap().array {
+            a.indent = value;
+            false
+        } else {
+            true
+        };
+
+        if use_default {
+            let mut array = ArraySettings::pretty();
+            array.indent = value;
+            Rc::get_mut(&mut self.settings).unwrap().array = Some(array);
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Specify whether to use a trailing comma when serializing pretty arrays
+    ///
+    /// See `Serializer::pretty_array` for more details.
+    pub fn pretty_array_trailing_comma(&mut self, value: bool) -> &mut Self {
+        let use_default = if let Some(ref mut a) = Rc::get_mut(&mut self.settings).unwrap().array {
+            a.trailing_comma = value;
+            false
+        } else {
+            true
+        };
+
+        if use_default {
+            let mut array = ArraySettings::pretty();
+            array.trailing_comma = value;
+            Rc::get_mut(&mut self.settings).unwrap().array = Some(array);
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn display<T: fmt::Display>(&mut self, t: T, type_: ArrayState) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.emit_key(type_)?;
+        write!(self.dst, "{}", t).map_err(ser::Error::custom)?;
+        if let State::Table { .. } = self.state {
+            self.dst.push('\n');
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_key(&mut self, type_: ArrayState) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        self.array_type(type_)?;
+        let state = self.state.clone();
+        self._emit_key(&state)
+    }
+
+    // recursive implementation of `emit_key` above
+    fn _emit_key(&mut self, state: &State<'_>) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        match *state {
+            State::End => Ok(()),
+            State::Array {
+                parent,
+                first,
+                type_,
+                len,
+            } => {
+                assert!(type_.get().is_some());
+                if first.get() {
+                    self._emit_key(parent)?;
+                }
+                self.emit_array(first, len)
+            }
+            State::Table {
+                parent,
+                first,
+                table_emitted,
+                key,
+            } => {
+                if table_emitted.get() {
+                    return Err(Error::ValueAfterTable);
+                }
+                if first.get() {
+                    self.emit_table_header(parent)?;
+                    first.set(false);
+                }
+                self.escape_key(key)?;
+                self.dst.push_str(" = ");
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn emit_array(&mut self, first: &Cell<bool>, len: Option<usize>) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        match (len, &self.settings.array) {
+            (Some(0..=1), _) | (_, &None) => {
+                if first.get() {
+                    self.dst.push('[')
+                } else {
+                    self.dst.push_str(", ")
+                }
+            }
+            (_, &Some(ref a)) => {
+                if first.get() {
+                    self.dst.push_str("[\n")
+                } else {
+                    self.dst.push_str(",\n")
+                }
+                for _ in 0..a.indent {
+                    self.dst.push(' ');
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn array_type(&mut self, type_: ArrayState) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let prev = match self.state {
+            State::Array { type_, .. } => type_,
+            _ => return Ok(()),
+        };
+        if prev.get().is_none() {
+            prev.set(Some(type_));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn escape_key(&mut self, key: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let ok = !key.is_empty()
+            && key
+                .chars()
+                .all(|c| matches!(c,'a'..='z' | 'A'..='Z' | '0'..='9' | '-' | '_'));
+        if ok {
+            write!(self.dst, "{}", key).map_err(ser::Error::custom)?;
+        } else {
+            self.emit_str(key, true)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_str(&mut self, value: &str, is_key: bool) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        #[derive(PartialEq)]
+        enum Type {
+            NewlineTripple,
+            OnelineTripple,
+            OnelineSingle,
+        }
+
+        enum Repr {
+            /// represent as a literal string (using '')
+            Literal(String, Type),
+            /// represent the std way (using "")
+            Std(Type),
+        }
+
+        fn do_pretty(value: &str) -> Repr {
+            // For doing pretty prints we store in a new String
+            // because there are too many cases where pretty cannot
+            // work. We need to determine:
+            // - if we are a "multi-line" pretty (if there are \n)
+            // - if ['''] appears if multi or ['] if single
+            // - if there are any invalid control characters
+            //
+            // Doing it any other way would require multiple passes
+            // to determine if a pretty string works or not.
+            let mut out = String::with_capacity(value.len() * 2);
+            let mut ty = Type::OnelineSingle;
+            // found consecutive single quotes
+            let mut max_found_singles = 0;
+            let mut found_singles = 0;
+            let mut can_be_pretty = true;
+
+            for ch in value.chars() {
+                if can_be_pretty {
+                    if ch == '\'' {
+                        found_singles += 1;
+                        if found_singles >= 3 {
+                            can_be_pretty = false;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        if found_singles > max_found_singles {
+                            max_found_singles = found_singles;
+                        }
+                        found_singles = 0
+                    }
+                    match ch {
+                        '\t' => {}
+                        '\n' => ty = Type::NewlineTripple,
+                        // Escape codes are needed if any ascii control
+                        // characters are present, including \b \f \r.
+                        c if c <= '\u{1f}' || c == '\u{7f}' => can_be_pretty = false,
+                        _ => {}
+                    }
+                    out.push(ch);
+                } else {
+                    // the string cannot be represented as pretty,
+                    // still check if it should be multiline
+                    if ch == '\n' {
+                        ty = Type::NewlineTripple;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if can_be_pretty && found_singles > 0 && value.ends_with('\'') {
+                // We cannot escape the ending quote so we must use """
+                can_be_pretty = false;
+            }
+            if !can_be_pretty {
+                debug_assert!(ty != Type::OnelineTripple);
+                return Repr::Std(ty);
+            }
+            if found_singles > max_found_singles {
+                max_found_singles = found_singles;
+            }
+            debug_assert!(max_found_singles < 3);
+            if ty == Type::OnelineSingle && max_found_singles >= 1 {
+                // no newlines, but must use ''' because it has ' in it
+                ty = Type::OnelineTripple;
+            }
+            Repr::Literal(out, ty)
+        }
+
+        let repr = if !is_key && self.settings.string.is_some() {
+            match (&self.settings.string, do_pretty(value)) {
+                (&Some(StringSettings { literal: false, .. }), Repr::Literal(_, ty)) => {
+                    Repr::Std(ty)
+                }
+                (_, r) => r,
+            }
+        } else {
+            Repr::Std(Type::OnelineSingle)
+        };
+        match repr {
+            Repr::Literal(literal, ty) => {
+                // A pretty string
+                match ty {
+                    Type::NewlineTripple => self.dst.push_str("'''\n"),
+                    Type::OnelineTripple => self.dst.push_str("'''"),
+                    Type::OnelineSingle => self.dst.push('\''),
+                }
+                self.dst.push_str(&literal);
+                match ty {
+                    Type::OnelineSingle => self.dst.push('\''),
+                    _ => self.dst.push_str("'''"),
+                }
+            }
+            Repr::Std(ty) => {
+                match ty {
+                    Type::NewlineTripple => self.dst.push_str("\"\"\"\n"),
+                    // note: OnelineTripple can happen if do_pretty wants to do
+                    // '''it's one line'''
+                    // but settings.string.literal == false
+                    Type::OnelineSingle | Type::OnelineTripple => self.dst.push('"'),
+                }
+                for ch in value.chars() {
+                    match ch {
+                        '\u{8}' => self.dst.push_str("\\b"),
+                        '\u{9}' => self.dst.push_str("\\t"),
+                        '\u{a}' => match ty {
+                            Type::NewlineTripple => self.dst.push('\n'),
+                            Type::OnelineSingle => self.dst.push_str("\\n"),
+                            _ => unreachable!(),
+                        },
+                        '\u{c}' => self.dst.push_str("\\f"),
+                        '\u{d}' => self.dst.push_str("\\r"),
+                        '\u{22}' => self.dst.push_str("\\\""),
+                        '\u{5c}' => self.dst.push_str("\\\\"),
+                        c if c <= '\u{1f}' || c == '\u{7f}' => {
+                            write!(self.dst, "\\u{:04X}", ch as u32).map_err(ser::Error::custom)?;
+                        }
+                        ch => self.dst.push(ch),
+                    }
+                }
+                match ty {
+                    Type::NewlineTripple => self.dst.push_str("\"\"\""),
+                    Type::OnelineSingle | Type::OnelineTripple => self.dst.push('"'),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_table_header(&mut self, state: &State<'_>) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        let array_of_tables = match *state {
+            State::End => return Ok(()),
+            State::Array { .. } => true,
+            _ => false,
+        };
+
+        // Unlike [..]s, we can't omit [[..]] ancestors, so be sure to emit table
+        // headers for them.
+        let mut p = state;
+        if let State::Array { first, parent, .. } = *state {
+            if first.get() {
+                p = parent;
+            }
+        }
+        while let State::Table { first, parent, .. } = *p {
+            p = parent;
+            if !first.get() {
+                break;
+            }
+            if let State::Array {
+                parent: &State::Table { .. },
+                ..
+            } = *parent
+            {
+                self.emit_table_header(parent)?;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        match *state {
+            State::Table { first, .. } => {
+                if !first.get() {
+                    // Newline if we are a table that is not the first
+                    // table in the document.
+                    self.dst.push('\n');
+                }
+            }
+            State::Array { parent, first, .. } => {
+                if !first.get() {
+                    // Always newline if we are not the first item in the
+                    // table-array
+                    self.dst.push('\n');
+                } else if let State::Table { first, .. } = *parent {
+                    if !first.get() {
+                        // Newline if we are not the first item in the document
+                        self.dst.push('\n');
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        self.dst.push('[');
+        if array_of_tables {
+            self.dst.push('[');
+        }
+        self.emit_key_part(state)?;
+        if array_of_tables {
+            self.dst.push(']');
+        }
+        self.dst.push_str("]\n");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn emit_key_part(&mut self, key: &State<'_>) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+        match *key {
+            State::Array { parent, .. } => self.emit_key_part(parent),
+            State::End => Ok(true),
+            State::Table {
+                key,
+                parent,
+                table_emitted,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                table_emitted.set(true);
+                let first = self.emit_key_part(parent)?;
+                if !first {
+                    self.dst.push('.');
+                }
+                self.escape_key(key)?;
+                Ok(false)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! serialize_float {
+    ($this:expr, $v:expr) => {{
+        $this.emit_key(ArrayState::Started)?;
+        match ($v.is_sign_negative(), $v.is_nan(), $v == 0.0) {
+            (true, true, _) => write!($this.dst, "-nan"),
+            (false, true, _) => write!($this.dst, "nan"),
+            (true, false, true) => write!($this.dst, "-0.0"),
+            (false, false, true) => write!($this.dst, "0.0"),
+            (_, false, false) => write!($this.dst, "{}", $v).and_then(|_| {
+                if $v % 1.0 == 0.0 {
+                    write!($this.dst, ".0")
+                } else {
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            }),
+        }
+        .map_err(ser::Error::custom)?;
+
+        if let State::Table { .. } = $this.state {
+            $this.dst.push_str("\n");
+        }
+        return Ok(());
+    }};
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'b> ser::Serializer for &'b mut Serializer<'a> {
+    type Ok = ();
+    type Error = Error;
+    type SerializeSeq = SerializeSeq<'a, 'b>;
+    type SerializeTuple = SerializeSeq<'a, 'b>;
+    type SerializeTupleStruct = SerializeSeq<'a, 'b>;
+    type SerializeTupleVariant = SerializeSeq<'a, 'b>;
+    type SerializeMap = SerializeTable<'a, 'b>;
+    type SerializeStruct = SerializeTable<'a, 'b>;
+    type SerializeStructVariant = ser::Impossible<(), Error>;
+
+    fn serialize_bool(self, v: bool) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.display(v, ArrayState::Started)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i8(self, v: i8) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.display(v, ArrayState::Started)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i16(self, v: i16) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.display(v, ArrayState::Started)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i32(self, v: i32) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.display(v, ArrayState::Started)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i64(self, v: i64) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.display(v, ArrayState::Started)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u8(self, v: u8) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.display(v, ArrayState::Started)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u16(self, v: u16) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.display(v, ArrayState::Started)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u32(self, v: u32) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.display(v, ArrayState::Started)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u64(self, v: u64) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.display(v, ArrayState::Started)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_f32(self, v: f32) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        serialize_float!(self, v)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_f64(self, v: f64) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        serialize_float!(self, v)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_char(self, v: char) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        let mut buf = [0; 4];
+        self.serialize_str(v.encode_utf8(&mut buf))
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_str(self, value: &str) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.emit_key(ArrayState::Started)?;
+        self.emit_str(value, false)?;
+        if let State::Table { .. } = self.state {
+            self.dst.push('\n');
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_bytes(self, value: &[u8]) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        use serde::ser::Serialize;
+        value.serialize(self)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_none(self) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::UnsupportedNone)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_some<T: ?Sized>(self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        T: ser::Serialize,
+    {
+        value.serialize(self)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_unit(self) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::UnsupportedType)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_unit_struct(self, _name: &'static str) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::UnsupportedType)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_unit_variant(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _variant_index: u32,
+        variant: &'static str,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.serialize_str(variant)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_newtype_struct<T: ?Sized>(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        value: &T,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        T: ser::Serialize,
+    {
+        value.serialize(self)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_newtype_variant<T: ?Sized>(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _variant_index: u32,
+        _variant: &'static str,
+        _value: &T,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        T: ser::Serialize,
+    {
+        Err(Error::UnsupportedType)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_seq(self, len: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self::SerializeSeq, Self::Error> {
+        self.array_type(ArrayState::Started)?;
+        Ok(SerializeSeq {
+            ser: self,
+            first: Cell::new(true),
+            type_: Cell::new(None),
+            len,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_tuple(self, len: usize) -> Result<Self::SerializeTuple, Self::Error> {
+        self.serialize_seq(Some(len))
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_tuple_struct(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeTupleStruct, Self::Error> {
+        self.serialize_seq(Some(len))
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_tuple_variant(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _variant_index: u32,
+        _variant: &'static str,
+        len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeTupleVariant, Self::Error> {
+        self.serialize_seq(Some(len))
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_map(self, _len: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self::SerializeMap, Self::Error> {
+        self.array_type(ArrayState::StartedAsATable)?;
+        Ok(SerializeTable::Table {
+            ser: self,
+            key: String::new(),
+            first: Cell::new(true),
+            table_emitted: Cell::new(false),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_struct(
+        self,
+        name: &'static str,
+        _len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeStruct, Self::Error> {
+        if name == datetime::NAME {
+            self.array_type(ArrayState::Started)?;
+            Ok(SerializeTable::Datetime(self))
+        } else {
+            self.array_type(ArrayState::StartedAsATable)?;
+            Ok(SerializeTable::Table {
+                ser: self,
+                key: String::new(),
+                first: Cell::new(true),
+                table_emitted: Cell::new(false),
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_struct_variant(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _variant_index: u32,
+        _variant: &'static str,
+        _len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeStructVariant, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::UnsupportedType)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'b> ser::SerializeSeq for SerializeSeq<'a, 'b> {
+    type Ok = ();
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn serialize_element<T: ?Sized>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Error>
+    where
+        T: ser::Serialize,
+    {
+        value.serialize(&mut Serializer {
+            dst: &mut *self.ser.dst,
+            state: State::Array {
+                parent: &self.ser.state,
+                first: &self.first,
+                type_: &self.type_,
+                len: self.len,
+            },
+            settings: self.ser.settings.clone(),
+        })?;
+        self.first.set(false);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        match self.type_.get() {
+            Some(ArrayState::StartedAsATable) => return Ok(()),
+            Some(ArrayState::Started) => match (self.len, &self.ser.settings.array) {
+                (Some(0..=1), _) | (_, &None) => {
+                    self.ser.dst.push(']');
+                }
+                (_, &Some(ref a)) => {
+                    if a.trailing_comma {
+                        self.ser.dst.push(',');
+                    }
+                    self.ser.dst.push_str("\n]");
+                }
+            },
+            None => {
+                assert!(self.first.get());
+                self.ser.emit_key(ArrayState::Started)?;
+                self.ser.dst.push_str("[]")
+            }
+        }
+        if let State::Table { .. } = self.ser.state {
+            self.ser.dst.push('\n');
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'b> ser::SerializeTuple for SerializeSeq<'a, 'b> {
+    type Ok = ();
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn serialize_element<T: ?Sized>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Error>
+    where
+        T: ser::Serialize,
+    {
+        ser::SerializeSeq::serialize_element(self, value)
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        ser::SerializeSeq::end(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'b> ser::SerializeTupleVariant for SerializeSeq<'a, 'b> {
+    type Ok = ();
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn serialize_field<T: ?Sized>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Error>
+    where
+        T: ser::Serialize,
+    {
+        ser::SerializeSeq::serialize_element(self, value)
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        ser::SerializeSeq::end(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'b> ser::SerializeTupleStruct for SerializeSeq<'a, 'b> {
+    type Ok = ();
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn serialize_field<T: ?Sized>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Error>
+    where
+        T: ser::Serialize,
+    {
+        ser::SerializeSeq::serialize_element(self, value)
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        ser::SerializeSeq::end(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'b> ser::SerializeMap for SerializeTable<'a, 'b> {
+    type Ok = ();
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn serialize_key<T: ?Sized>(&mut self, input: &T) -> Result<(), Error>
+    where
+        T: ser::Serialize,
+    {
+        match *self {
+            SerializeTable::Datetime(_) => panic!(), // shouldn't be possible
+            SerializeTable::Table { ref mut key, .. } => {
+                key.truncate(0);
+                *key = input.serialize(StringExtractor)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_value<T: ?Sized>(&mut self, value: &T) -> Result<(), Error>
+    where
+        T: ser::Serialize,
+    {
+        match *self {
+            SerializeTable::Datetime(_) => panic!(), // shouldn't be possible
+            SerializeTable::Table {
+                ref mut ser,
+                ref key,
+                ref first,
+                ref table_emitted,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                let res = value.serialize(&mut Serializer {
+                    dst: &mut *ser.dst,
+                    state: State::Table {
+                        key,
+                        parent: &ser.state,
+                        first,
+                        table_emitted,
+                    },
+                    settings: ser.settings.clone(),
+                });
+                match res {
+                    Ok(()) => first.set(false),
+                    Err(Error::UnsupportedNone) => {}
+                    Err(e) => return Err(e),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        match self {
+            SerializeTable::Datetime(_) => panic!(), // shouldn't be possible
+            SerializeTable::Table { ser, first, .. } => {
+                if first.get() {
+                    let state = ser.state.clone();
+                    ser.emit_table_header(&state)?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'b> ser::SerializeStruct for SerializeTable<'a, 'b> {
+    type Ok = ();
+    type Error = Error;
+
+    fn serialize_field<T: ?Sized>(&mut self, key: &'static str, value: &T) -> Result<(), Error>
+    where
+        T: ser::Serialize,
+    {
+        match *self {
+            SerializeTable::Datetime(ref mut ser) => {
+                if key == datetime::FIELD {
+                    value.serialize(DateStrEmitter(*ser))?;
+                } else {
+                    return Err(Error::DateInvalid);
+                }
+            }
+            SerializeTable::Table {
+                ref mut ser,
+                ref first,
+                ref table_emitted,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                let res = value.serialize(&mut Serializer {
+                    dst: &mut *ser.dst,
+                    state: State::Table {
+                        key,
+                        parent: &ser.state,
+                        first,
+                        table_emitted,
+                    },
+                    settings: ser.settings.clone(),
+                });
+                match res {
+                    Ok(()) => first.set(false),
+                    Err(Error::UnsupportedNone) => {}
+                    Err(e) => return Err(e),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<(), Error> {
+        match self {
+            SerializeTable::Datetime(_) => {}
+            SerializeTable::Table { ser, first, .. } => {
+                if first.get() {
+                    let state = ser.state.clone();
+                    ser.emit_table_header(&state)?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+struct DateStrEmitter<'a, 'b>(&'b mut Serializer<'a>);
+
+impl<'a, 'b> ser::Serializer for DateStrEmitter<'a, 'b> {
+    type Ok = ();
+    type Error = Error;
+    type SerializeSeq = ser::Impossible<(), Error>;
+    type SerializeTuple = ser::Impossible<(), Error>;
+    type SerializeTupleStruct = ser::Impossible<(), Error>;
+    type SerializeTupleVariant = ser::Impossible<(), Error>;
+    type SerializeMap = ser::Impossible<(), Error>;
+    type SerializeStruct = ser::Impossible<(), Error>;
+    type SerializeStructVariant = ser::Impossible<(), Error>;
+
+    fn serialize_bool(self, _v: bool) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i8(self, _v: i8) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i16(self, _v: i16) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i32(self, _v: i32) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i64(self, _v: i64) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u8(self, _v: u8) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u16(self, _v: u16) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u32(self, _v: u32) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u64(self, _v: u64) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_f32(self, _v: f32) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_f64(self, _v: f64) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_char(self, _v: char) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_str(self, value: &str) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        self.0.display(value, ArrayState::Started)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_bytes(self, _value: &[u8]) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_none(self) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_some<T: ?Sized>(self, _value: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        T: ser::Serialize,
+    {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_unit(self) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_unit_struct(self, _name: &'static str) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_unit_variant(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _variant_index: u32,
+        _variant: &'static str,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_newtype_struct<T: ?Sized>(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _value: &T,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        T: ser::Serialize,
+    {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_newtype_variant<T: ?Sized>(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _variant_index: u32,
+        _variant: &'static str,
+        _value: &T,
+    ) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        T: ser::Serialize,
+    {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_seq(self, _len: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self::SerializeSeq, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_tuple(self, _len: usize) -> Result<Self::SerializeTuple, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_tuple_struct(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeTupleStruct, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_tuple_variant(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _variant_index: u32,
+        _variant: &'static str,
+        _len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeTupleVariant, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_map(self, _len: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self::SerializeMap, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_struct(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeStruct, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_struct_variant(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _variant_index: u32,
+        _variant: &'static str,
+        _len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeStructVariant, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::DateInvalid)
+    }
+}
+
+struct StringExtractor;
+
+impl ser::Serializer for StringExtractor {
+    type Ok = String;
+    type Error = Error;
+    type SerializeSeq = ser::Impossible<String, Error>;
+    type SerializeTuple = ser::Impossible<String, Error>;
+    type SerializeTupleStruct = ser::Impossible<String, Error>;
+    type SerializeTupleVariant = ser::Impossible<String, Error>;
+    type SerializeMap = ser::Impossible<String, Error>;
+    type SerializeStruct = ser::Impossible<String, Error>;
+    type SerializeStructVariant = ser::Impossible<String, Error>;
+
+    fn serialize_bool(self, _v: bool) -> Result<String, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i8(self, _v: i8) -> Result<String, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i16(self, _v: i16) -> Result<String, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i32(self, _v: i32) -> Result<String, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i64(self, _v: i64) -> Result<String, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u8(self, _v: u8) -> Result<String, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u16(self, _v: u16) -> Result<String, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u32(self, _v: u32) -> Result<String, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u64(self, _v: u64) -> Result<String, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_f32(self, _v: f32) -> Result<String, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_f64(self, _v: f64) -> Result<String, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_char(self, _v: char) -> Result<String, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_str(self, value: &str) -> Result<String, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(value.to_string())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_bytes(self, _value: &[u8]) -> Result<String, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_none(self) -> Result<String, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_some<T: ?Sized>(self, _value: &T) -> Result<String, Self::Error>
+    where
+        T: ser::Serialize,
+    {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_unit(self) -> Result<String, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_unit_struct(self, _name: &'static str) -> Result<String, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_unit_variant(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _variant_index: u32,
+        _variant: &'static str,
+    ) -> Result<String, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_newtype_struct<T: ?Sized>(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        value: &T,
+    ) -> Result<String, Self::Error>
+    where
+        T: ser::Serialize,
+    {
+        value.serialize(self)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_newtype_variant<T: ?Sized>(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _variant_index: u32,
+        _variant: &'static str,
+        _value: &T,
+    ) -> Result<String, Self::Error>
+    where
+        T: ser::Serialize,
+    {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_seq(self, _len: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self::SerializeSeq, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_tuple(self, _len: usize) -> Result<Self::SerializeTuple, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_tuple_struct(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeTupleStruct, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_tuple_variant(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _variant_index: u32,
+        _variant: &'static str,
+        _len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeTupleVariant, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_map(self, _len: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self::SerializeMap, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_struct(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeStruct, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_struct_variant(
+        self,
+        _name: &'static str,
+        _variant_index: u32,
+        _variant: &'static str,
+        _len: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeStructVariant, Self::Error> {
+        Err(Error::KeyNotString)
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Error {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match *self {
+            Error::UnsupportedType => "unsupported Rust type".fmt(f),
+            Error::KeyNotString => "map key was not a string".fmt(f),
+            Error::ValueAfterTable => "values must be emitted before tables".fmt(f),
+            Error::DateInvalid => "a serialized date was invalid".fmt(f),
+            Error::NumberInvalid => "a serialized number was invalid".fmt(f),
+            Error::UnsupportedNone => "unsupported None value".fmt(f),
+            Error::Custom(ref s) => s.fmt(f),
+            Error::KeyNewline => unreachable!(),
+            Error::ArrayMixedType => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl error::Error for Error {}
+
+impl ser::Error for Error {
+    fn custom<T: fmt::Display>(msg: T) -> Error {
+        Error::Custom(msg.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+enum Category {
+    Primitive,
+    Array,
+    Table,
+}
+
+/// Convenience function to serialize items in a map in an order valid with
+/// TOML.
+///
+/// TOML carries the restriction that keys in a table must be serialized last if
+/// their value is a table itself. This isn't always easy to guarantee, so this
+/// helper can be used like so:
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use serde_derive::Serialize;
+/// # use std::collections::HashMap;
+/// #[derive(Serialize)]
+/// struct Manifest {
+///     package: Package,
+///     #[serde(serialize_with = "toml::ser::tables_last")]
+///     dependencies: HashMap<String, Dependency>,
+/// }
+/// # type Package = String;
+/// # type Dependency = String;
+/// # fn main() {}
+/// ```
+pub fn tables_last<'a, I, K, V, S>(data: &'a I, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+where
+    &'a I: IntoIterator<Item = (K, V)>,
+    K: ser::Serialize,
+    V: ser::Serialize,
+    S: ser::Serializer,
+{
+    use serde::ser::SerializeMap;
+
+    let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(None)?;
+    for (k, v) in data {
+        if let Category::Primitive = v.serialize(Categorize::new())? {
+            map.serialize_entry(&k, &v)?;
+        }
+    }
+    for (k, v) in data {
+        if let Category::Array = v.serialize(Categorize::new())? {
+            map.serialize_entry(&k, &v)?;
+        }
+    }
+    for (k, v) in data {
+        if let Category::Table = v.serialize(Categorize::new())? {
+            map.serialize_entry(&k, &v)?;
+        }
+    }
+    map.end()
+}
+
+struct Categorize<E>(marker::PhantomData<E>);
+
+impl<E> Categorize<E> {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Categorize(marker::PhantomData)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: ser::Error> ser::Serializer for Categorize<E> {
+    type Ok = Category;
+    type Error = E;
+    type SerializeSeq = Self;
+    type SerializeTuple = Self;
+    type SerializeTupleStruct = Self;
+    type SerializeTupleVariant = Self;
+    type SerializeMap = Self;
+    type SerializeStruct = Self;
+    type SerializeStructVariant = ser::Impossible<Category, E>;
+
+    fn serialize_bool(self, _: bool) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Primitive)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i8(self, _: i8) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Primitive)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i16(self, _: i16) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Primitive)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i32(self, _: i32) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Primitive)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_i64(self, _: i64) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Primitive)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u8(self, _: u8) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Primitive)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u16(self, _: u16) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Primitive)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u32(self, _: u32) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Primitive)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_u64(self, _: u64) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Primitive)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_f32(self, _: f32) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Primitive)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_f64(self, _: f64) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Primitive)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_char(self, _: char) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Primitive)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_str(self, _: &str) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Primitive)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_bytes(self, _: &[u8]) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Array)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_none(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Err(ser::Error::custom("unsupported"))
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_some<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(self, v: &T) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        v.serialize(self)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_unit(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Err(ser::Error::custom("unsupported"))
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_unit_struct(self, _: &'static str) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Err(ser::Error::custom("unsupported"))
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_unit_variant(
+        self,
+        _: &'static str,
+        _: u32,
+        _: &'static str,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Err(ser::Error::custom("unsupported"))
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_newtype_struct<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(
+        self,
+        _: &'static str,
+        v: &T,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        v.serialize(self)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_newtype_variant<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(
+        self,
+        _: &'static str,
+        _: u32,
+        _: &'static str,
+        _: &T,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Err(ser::Error::custom("unsupported"))
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_seq(self, _: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_tuple(self, _: usize) -> Result<Self::SerializeTuple, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_tuple_struct(
+        self,
+        _: &'static str,
+        _: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeTupleStruct, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_tuple_variant(
+        self,
+        _: &'static str,
+        _: u32,
+        _: &'static str,
+        _: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeTupleVariant, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_map(self, _: Option<usize>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_struct(self, _: &'static str, _: usize) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_struct_variant(
+        self,
+        _: &'static str,
+        _: u32,
+        _: &'static str,
+        _: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Self::SerializeStructVariant, Self::Error> {
+        Err(ser::Error::custom("unsupported"))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: ser::Error> ser::SerializeSeq for Categorize<E> {
+    type Ok = Category;
+    type Error = E;
+
+    fn serialize_element<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(&mut self, _: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Array)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: ser::Error> ser::SerializeTuple for Categorize<E> {
+    type Ok = Category;
+    type Error = E;
+
+    fn serialize_element<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(&mut self, _: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Array)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: ser::Error> ser::SerializeTupleVariant for Categorize<E> {
+    type Ok = Category;
+    type Error = E;
+
+    fn serialize_field<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(&mut self, _: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Array)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: ser::Error> ser::SerializeTupleStruct for Categorize<E> {
+    type Ok = Category;
+    type Error = E;
+
+    fn serialize_field<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(&mut self, _: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Array)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: ser::Error> ser::SerializeMap for Categorize<E> {
+    type Ok = Category;
+    type Error = E;
+
+    fn serialize_key<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(&mut self, _: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn serialize_value<T: ?Sized + ser::Serialize>(&mut self, _: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Table)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<E: ser::Error> ser::SerializeStruct for Categorize<E> {
+    type Ok = Category;
+    type Error = E;
+
+    fn serialize_field<T: ?Sized>(&mut self, _: &'static str, _: &T) -> Result<(), Self::Error>
+    where
+        T: ser::Serialize,
+    {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn end(self) -> Result<Self::Ok, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(Category::Table)
+    }
+}