torch-rb 0.1.2 → 0.1.7

checksums.yaml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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data/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,38 @@
+## 0.1.7 (2019-01-10)
+
+- Fixed installation error with Ruby 2.7
+
+## 0.1.6 (2019-12-09)
+
+- Added recurrent layers
+- Added more pooling layers
+- Added normalization layers
+
+## 0.1.5 (2019-12-06)
+
+- Added many more functions
+- Added tensor classes - `FloatTensor`, `LongTensor`, etc
+- Improved modules
+
+## 0.1.4 (2019-12-01)
+
+- Added distance functions
+- Added more activations
+- Added more linear layers
+- Added more loss functions
+- Added more init methods
+- Added support for tensor assignment
+
+## 0.1.3 (2019-11-30)
+
+- Changed to BSD 3-Clause license to match PyTorch
+- Added many optimizers
+- Added `StepLR` learning rate scheduler
+- Added dropout
+- Added embedding
+- Added support for `bool` type
+- Improved performance of `from_numo`
+
 ## 0.1.2 (2019-11-27)
 
 - Added SGD optimizer

data/LICENSE.txt

@@ -1,22 +1,46 @@
-Copyright (c) 2019 Andrew Kane
-
-MIT License
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
-a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
-"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
-without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
-distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
-permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
-the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
-included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
-EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
-MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
-NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
-LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
-OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
-WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+BSD 3-Clause License
+
+From Torch-rb:
+
+Copyright (c) 2019-     Andrew Kane
+
+From PyTorch (for ported code):
+
+Copyright (c) 2016-     Facebook, Inc            (Adam Paszke)
+Copyright (c) 2014-     Facebook, Inc            (Soumith Chintala)
+Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Idiap Research Institute (Ronan Collobert)
+Copyright (c) 2012-2014 Deepmind Technologies    (Koray Kavukcuoglu)
+Copyright (c) 2011-2012 NEC Laboratories America (Koray Kavukcuoglu)
+Copyright (c) 2011-2013 NYU                      (Clement Farabet)
+Copyright (c) 2006-2010 NEC Laboratories America (Ronan Collobert, Leon Bottou, Iain Melvin, Jason Weston)
+Copyright (c) 2006      Idiap Research Institute (Samy Bengio)
+Copyright (c) 2001-2004 Idiap Research Institute (Ronan Collobert, Samy Bengio, Johnny Mariethoz)
+
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+3. Neither the names of Facebook, Deepmind Technologies, NYU, NEC Laboratories America
+   and IDIAP Research Institute nor the names of its contributors may be
+   used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+   specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
+CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
+SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

data/README.md

@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ Add this line to your application’s Gemfile:
 gem 'torch-rb'
 ```
 
+It can take a few minutes to compile the extension.
+
 ## Getting Started
 
 This library follows the [PyTorch API](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/torch.html). There are a few changes to make it more Ruby-like:
@@ -28,9 +30,11 @@ This library follows the [PyTorch API](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/torch.htm
 - Methods that return booleans use `?` instead of `is_`  (`tensor?` instead of `is_tensor`)
 - Numo is used instead of NumPy (`x.numo` instead of `x.numpy()`)
 
-Many methods and options are missing at the moment. PRs welcome!
+Some methods and options are missing at the moment. PRs welcome!
+
+## Tutorial
 
-Some examples below are from [Deep Learning with PyTorch: A 60 Minutes Blitz](https://pytorch.org/tutorials/beginner/deep_learning_60min_blitz.html).
+Some examples below are from [Deep Learning with PyTorch: A 60 Minutes Blitz](https://pytorch.org/tutorials/beginner/deep_learning_60min_blitz.html)
 
 ### Tensors
 
@@ -145,7 +149,7 @@ Convert a Numo array to a tensor
 
 ```ruby
 b = Numo::NArray.cast([1, 2, 3])
-Torch.from_numpy(b)
+Torch.from_numo(b)
 ```
 
 ### Autograd
@@ -180,10 +184,10 @@ Stop autograd from tracking history
 
 ```ruby
 x.requires_grad # true
-(x ** 2).requires_grad # true
+(x**2).requires_grad # true
 
 Torch.no_grad do
-  (x ** 2).requires_grad # false
+  (x**2).requires_grad # false
 end
 ```
 
@@ -359,6 +363,14 @@ Here’s a list of functions to create tensors (descriptions from the [C++ docs]
   Torch.zeros(3) # tensor([0, 0, 0])
   ```
 
+## Examples
+
+Here are a few full examples:
+
+- [Image classification with MNIST](examples/mnist) ([日本語版](https://qiita.com/kojix2/items/c19c36dc1bf73ea93409))
+- [Collaborative filtering with MovieLens](examples/movielens)
+- [Sequence models and word embeddings](examples/nlp)
+
 ## LibTorch Installation
 
 [Download LibTorch](https://pytorch.org/). For Linux, use the `cxx11 ABI` version. Then run:
@@ -405,7 +417,7 @@ To get started with development:
 git clone https://github.com/ankane/torch-rb.git
 cd torch-rb
 bundle install
-bundle exec rake compile
+bundle exec rake compile -- --with-torch-dir=/path/to/libtorch
 bundle exec rake test
 ```
 

data/ext/torch/ext.cpp

@@ -6,95 +6,29 @@
 #include <rice/Class.hpp>
 #include <rice/Constructor.hpp>
 
-using namespace Rice;
-
-template<>
-inline
-long long from_ruby<long long>(Object x)
-{
-  return NUM2LL(x);
-}
+#include "templates.hpp"
 
-template<>
-inline
-Object to_ruby<long long>(long long const & x)
-{
-  return LL2NUM(x);
-}
+// generated with:
+// rake generate:functions
+#include "torch_functions.hpp"
+#include "tensor_functions.hpp"
+#include "nn_functions.hpp"
 
-template<>
-inline
-unsigned long long from_ruby<unsigned long long>(Object x)
-{
-  return NUM2ULL(x);
-}
-
-template<>
-inline
-Object to_ruby<unsigned long long>(unsigned long long const & x)
-{
-  return ULL2NUM(x);
-}
-
-template<>
-inline
-short from_ruby<short>(Object x)
-{
-  return NUM2SHORT(x);
-}
-
-template<>
-inline
-Object to_ruby<short>(short const & x)
-{
-  return INT2NUM(x);
-}
-
-template<>
-inline
-unsigned short from_ruby<unsigned short>(Object x)
-{
-  return NUM2USHORT(x);
-}
+using namespace Rice;
 
-template<>
-inline
-Object to_ruby<unsigned short>(unsigned short const & x)
+extern "C"
+void Init_ext()
 {
-  return UINT2NUM(x);
-}
+  Module rb_mTorch = define_module("Torch");
+  add_torch_functions(rb_mTorch);
 
-// need to wrap torch::IntArrayRef() since
-// it doesn't own underlying data
-class IntArrayRef {
-  std::vector<int64_t> vec;
-  public:
-    IntArrayRef(Object o) {
-      Array a = Array(o);
-      for (size_t i = 0; i < a.size(); i++) {
-        vec.push_back(from_ruby<int64_t>(a[i]));
-      }
-    }
-    operator torch::IntArrayRef() {
-      return torch::IntArrayRef(vec);
-    }
-};
-
-template<>
-inline
-IntArrayRef from_ruby<IntArrayRef>(Object x)
-{
-  return IntArrayRef(x);
-}
+  Class rb_cTensor = define_class_under<torch::Tensor>(rb_mTorch, "Tensor");
+  add_tensor_functions(rb_cTensor);
 
-// for now
-typedef float Scalar;
+  Module rb_mNN = define_module_under(rb_mTorch, "NN");
+  add_nn_functions(rb_mNN);
 
-extern "C"
-void Init_ext()
-{
-  Module rb_mTorch = define_module("Torch")
-    .define_singleton_method(
+  rb_mTorch.define_singleton_method(
       "grad_enabled?",
       *[]() {
         return torch::GradMode::is_enabled();
@@ -104,11 +38,6 @@ void Init_ext()
       *[](bool enabled) {
         torch::GradMode::set_enabled(enabled);
       })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "floating_point?",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input) {
-        return torch::is_floating_point(input);
-      })
     .define_singleton_method(
       "manual_seed",
       *[](uint64_t seed) {
@@ -177,321 +106,100 @@ void Init_ext()
       })
     // begin operations
     .define_singleton_method(
-      "_mean",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input) {
-        return torch::mean(input);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_mean_dim",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, int64_t dim, bool keepdim) {
-        return torch::mean(input, dim, keepdim);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_sum",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input) {
-        return torch::sum(input);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_sum_dim",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, int64_t dim, bool keepdim) {
-        return torch::sum(input, dim, keepdim);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_argmax",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input) {
-        return torch::argmax(input);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_argmax_dim",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, int64_t dim, bool keepdim) {
-        return torch::argmax(input, dim, keepdim);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_norm",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input) {
-        return torch::norm(input);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_min",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input) {
-        return torch::min(input);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_max",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input) {
-        return torch::max(input);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_exp",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input) {
-        return torch::exp(input);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_log",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input) {
-        return torch::log(input);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_unsqueeze",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, int64_t dim) {
-        return torch::unsqueeze(input, dim);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_dot",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, torch::Tensor& tensor) {
-        return torch::dot(input, tensor);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_matmul",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, torch::Tensor& other) {
-        return torch::matmul(input, other);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_eq",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, torch::Tensor& other) {
-        return torch::eq(input, other);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_add",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, torch::Tensor& other) {
-        return torch::add(input, other);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_add_scalar",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, float other) {
-        return torch::add(input, other);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_add_out",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& out, torch::Tensor& input, torch::Tensor& other) {
-        return torch::add_out(out, input, other);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_sub",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, torch::Tensor& other) {
-        return torch::sub(input, other);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_sub_scalar",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, float other) {
-        return torch::sub(input, other);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_mul",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, torch::Tensor& other) {
-        return torch::mul(input, other);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_mul_scalar",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, float other) {
-        return torch::mul(input, other);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_div",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, torch::Tensor& other) {
-        return torch::div(input, other);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_div_scalar",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, float other) {
-        return torch::div(input, other);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_remainder",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, torch::Tensor& other) {
-        return torch::remainder(input, other);
+      "_save",
+      *[](const Tensor &value) {
+        auto v = torch::pickle_save(value);
+        std::string str(v.begin(), v.end());
+        return str;
       })
     .define_singleton_method(
-      "_remainder_scalar",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, float other) {
-        return torch::remainder(input, other);
+      "_binary_cross_entropy_with_logits",
+      *[](const Tensor &input, const Tensor &target, OptionalTensor weight, OptionalTensor pos_weight, MyReduction reduction) {
+        return torch::binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(input, target, weight, pos_weight, reduction);
       })
     .define_singleton_method(
-      "_pow",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, Scalar exponent) {
-        return torch::pow(input, exponent);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_neg",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input) {
-        return torch::neg(input);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "_reshape",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, IntArrayRef shape) {
-        return torch::reshape(input, shape);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "relu",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input) {
-        return torch::relu(input);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "prelu",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, torch::Tensor& weight) {
-        return torch::prelu(input, weight);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "leaky_relu",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, Scalar negative_slope = 0.01) {
-        return torch::leaky_relu(input, negative_slope);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "conv2d",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, torch::Tensor& weight, torch::Tensor& bias, IntArrayRef stride, IntArrayRef padding) {
-        return torch::conv2d(input, weight, bias, stride, padding);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "linear",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, torch::Tensor& weight, torch::Tensor& bias) {
-        return torch::linear(input, weight, bias);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "max_pool2d",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, IntArrayRef kernel_size) {
-        return torch::max_pool2d(input, kernel_size);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "avg_pool2d",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, IntArrayRef kernel_size) {
-        return torch::avg_pool2d(input, kernel_size);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "mse_loss",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, torch::Tensor& target, std::string reduction) {
-        auto red = reduction == "mean" ? Reduction::Mean : Reduction::Sum;
-        return torch::mse_loss(input, target, red);
-      })
-    .define_singleton_method(
-      "nll_loss",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, torch::Tensor& target) {
-        return torch::nll_loss(input, target);
+      "_from_blob",
+      *[](String s, IntArrayRef size, const torch::TensorOptions &options) {
+        void *data = const_cast<char *>(s.c_str());
+        return torch::from_blob(data, size, options);
       })
     .define_singleton_method(
       "_tensor",
       *[](Object o, IntArrayRef size, const torch::TensorOptions &options) {
         Array a = Array(o);
-        std::vector<float> vec;
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < a.size(); i++) {
-          vec.push_back(from_ruby<float>(a[i]));
+        auto dtype = options.dtype();
+        torch::Tensor t;
+        if (dtype == torch::kBool) {
+          throw std::runtime_error("Cannot create bool from tensor method yet");
+        } else {
+          std::vector<float> vec;
+          for (size_t i = 0; i < a.size(); i++) {
+            vec.push_back(from_ruby<float>(a[i]));
+          }
+          t = torch::tensor(vec, options);
         }
-        return torch::tensor(vec, options).reshape(size);
+        return t.reshape(size);
       });
 
-  Class rb_cTensor = define_class_under<torch::Tensor>(rb_mTorch, "Tensor")
+  rb_cTensor
     .define_method("cuda?", &torch::Tensor::is_cuda)
-    .define_method("distributed?", &torch::Tensor::is_distributed)
-    .define_method("complex?", &torch::Tensor::is_complex)
-    .define_method("floating_point?", &torch::Tensor::is_floating_point)
-    .define_method("signed?", &torch::Tensor::is_signed)
     .define_method("sparse?", &torch::Tensor::is_sparse)
     .define_method("quantized?", &torch::Tensor::is_quantized)
     .define_method("dim", &torch::Tensor::dim)
-    .define_method("numel", &torch::Tensor::numel)
     .define_method("element_size", &torch::Tensor::element_size)
     .define_method("requires_grad", &torch::Tensor::requires_grad)
     .define_method(
-      "zero!",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self) {
-        return self.zero_();
-      })
-    .define_method(
-      "detach!",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self) {
-        return self.detach_();
+      "addcmul!",
+      *[](Tensor& self, Scalar value, const Tensor & tensor1, const Tensor & tensor2) {
+        return self.addcmul_(tensor1, tensor2, value);
       })
     .define_method(
-      "_select",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self, int64_t dim, int64_t index) {
-        return self.select(dim, index);
-      })
-    .define_method(
-      "_slice",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self, int64_t dim, int64_t start, int64_t end, int64_t step) {
-        return self.slice(dim, start, end, step);
+      "addcdiv!",
+      *[](Tensor& self, Scalar value, const Tensor & tensor1, const Tensor & tensor2) {
+        return self.addcdiv_(tensor1, tensor2, value);
       })
     .define_method(
       "_requires_grad!",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self, bool requires_grad) {
+      *[](Tensor& self, bool requires_grad) {
         return self.set_requires_grad(requires_grad);
       })
     .define_method(
       "_backward",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self) {
-        return self.backward();
-      })
-    .define_method(
-      "_backward_gradient",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self, const torch::Tensor& gradient) {
-        return self.backward(gradient);
+      *[](Tensor& self, Object gradient) {
+        return gradient.is_nil() ? self.backward() : self.backward(from_ruby<torch::Tensor>(gradient));
       })
     .define_method(
       "grad",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self) {
+      *[](Tensor& self) {
         return self.grad();
       })
     .define_method(
       "_dtype",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self) {
+      *[](Tensor& self) {
         return (int) at::typeMetaToScalarType(self.dtype());
       })
     .define_method(
       "_type",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self, int dtype) {
+      *[](Tensor& self, int dtype) {
         return self.toType((torch::ScalarType) dtype);
       })
     .define_method(
       "_layout",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self) {
+      *[](Tensor& self) {
         std::stringstream s;
         s << self.layout();
         return s.str();
       })
     .define_method(
       "device",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self) {
+      *[](Tensor& self) {
         std::stringstream s;
         s << self.device();
         return s.str();
       })
     .define_method(
-      "_view",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self, IntArrayRef size) {
-        return self.view(size);
-      })
-    .define_method(
-      "add!",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self, torch::Tensor& other) {
-        self.add_(other);
-      })
-    .define_method(
-      "sub!",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self, torch::Tensor& other) {
-        self.sub_(other);
-      })
-    .define_method(
-      "mul!",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self, torch::Tensor& other) {
-        self.mul_(other);
-      })
-    .define_method(
-      "div!",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self, torch::Tensor& other) {
-        self.div_(other);
-      })
-    .define_method(
-      "log_softmax",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self, int64_t dim) {
-        return self.log_softmax(dim);
-      })
-    .define_method(
-      "data",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self) {
-        return self.data();
-      })
-    .define_method(
-      "_data",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self) {
+      "_flat_data",
+      *[](Tensor& self) {
         Array a;
         auto dtype = self.dtype();
 
@@ -532,21 +240,23 @@ void Init_ext()
             a.push(data[i]);
           }
         } else if (dtype == torch::kBool) {
-          // bool
-          throw std::runtime_error("Type not supported yet");
+          bool* data = self.data_ptr<bool>();
+          for (int i = 0; i < self.numel(); i++) {
+            a.push(data[i] ? True : False);
+          }
         } else {
           throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported type");
         }
         return a;
       })
     .define_method(
-      "_size",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& self, int i) {
-        return self.size(i);
+      "_to",
+      *[](Tensor& self, torch::Device device, int dtype, bool non_blocking, bool copy) {
+        return self.to(device, (torch::ScalarType) dtype, non_blocking, copy);
       })
     .define_singleton_method(
       "_make_subclass",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& rd, bool requires_grad) {
+      *[](Tensor& rd, bool requires_grad) {
         auto data = torch::autograd::as_variable_ref(rd).detach();
         data.unsafeGetTensorImpl()->set_allow_tensor_metadata_change(true);
         auto var = data.set_requires_grad(requires_grad);
@@ -593,30 +303,99 @@ void Init_ext()
         return self.requires_grad(requires_grad);
       });
 
-  Module rb_mNN = define_module_under(rb_mTorch, "NN");
-
   Module rb_mInit = define_module_under(rb_mNN, "Init")
     .define_singleton_method(
-      "kaiming_uniform_",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, double a) {
-        return torch::nn::init::kaiming_uniform_(input, a);
+      "_calculate_gain",
+      *[](NonlinearityType nonlinearity, double param) {
+        return torch::nn::init::calculate_gain(nonlinearity, param);
+      })
+    .define_singleton_method(
+      "_uniform!",
+      *[](Tensor tensor, double low, double high) {
+        return torch::nn::init::uniform_(tensor, low, high);
+      })
+    .define_singleton_method(
+      "_normal!",
+      *[](Tensor tensor, double mean, double std) {
+        return torch::nn::init::normal_(tensor, mean, std);
+      })
+    .define_singleton_method(
+      "_constant!",
+      *[](Tensor tensor, Scalar value) {
+        return torch::nn::init::constant_(tensor, value);
+      })
+    .define_singleton_method(
+      "_ones!",
+      *[](Tensor tensor) {
+        return torch::nn::init::ones_(tensor);
+      })
+    .define_singleton_method(
+      "_zeros!",
+      *[](Tensor tensor) {
+        return torch::nn::init::zeros_(tensor);
+      })
+    .define_singleton_method(
+      "_eye!",
+      *[](Tensor tensor) {
+        return torch::nn::init::eye_(tensor);
+      })
+    .define_singleton_method(
+      "_dirac!",
+      *[](Tensor tensor) {
+        return torch::nn::init::dirac_(tensor);
+      })
+    .define_singleton_method(
+      "_xavier_uniform!",
+      *[](Tensor tensor, double gain) {
+        return torch::nn::init::xavier_uniform_(tensor, gain);
+      })
+    .define_singleton_method(
+      "_xavier_normal!",
+      *[](Tensor tensor, double gain) {
+        return torch::nn::init::xavier_normal_(tensor, gain);
+      })
+    .define_singleton_method(
+      "_kaiming_uniform!",
+      *[](Tensor tensor, double a, FanModeType mode, NonlinearityType nonlinearity) {
+        return torch::nn::init::kaiming_uniform_(tensor, a, mode, nonlinearity);
+      })
+    .define_singleton_method(
+      "_kaiming_normal!",
+      *[](Tensor tensor, double a, FanModeType mode, NonlinearityType nonlinearity) {
+        return torch::nn::init::kaiming_normal_(tensor, a, mode, nonlinearity);
+      })
+    .define_singleton_method(
+      "_orthogonal!",
+      *[](Tensor tensor, double gain) {
+        return torch::nn::init::orthogonal_(tensor, gain);
       })
     .define_singleton_method(
-      "uniform_",
-      *[](torch::Tensor& input, double to, double from) {
-        return torch::nn::init::uniform_(input, to, from);
+      "_sparse!",
+      *[](Tensor tensor, double sparsity, double std) {
+        return torch::nn::init::sparse_(tensor, sparsity, std);
       });
 
   Class rb_cParameter = define_class_under<torch::autograd::Variable, torch::Tensor>(rb_mNN, "Parameter")
-    // TODO return grad or nil to remove need for 2nd function
     .define_method(
-      "_grad",
+      "grad",
       *[](torch::autograd::Variable& self) {
-        return self.grad();
-      })
+        auto grad = self.grad();
+        return grad.defined() ? to_ruby<torch::Tensor>(grad) : Nil;
+      });
+
+  Class rb_cDevice = define_class_under<torch::Device>(rb_mTorch, "Device")
+    .define_constructor(Constructor<torch::Device, std::string>())
+    .define_method("index", &torch::Device::index)
+    .define_method("index?", &torch::Device::has_index)
     .define_method(
-      "_grad_defined",
-      *[](torch::autograd::Variable& self) {
-        return self.grad().defined();
+      "type",
+      *[](torch::Device& self) {
+        std::stringstream s;
+        s << self.type();
+        return s.str();
       });
+
+  Module rb_mCUDA = define_module_under(rb_mTorch, "CUDA")
+    .define_singleton_method("available?", &torch::cuda::is_available)
+    .define_singleton_method("device_count", &torch::cuda::device_count);
 }