sproutit-sproutcore 1.0.0.20090407205609 → 1.0.0.20090408130025

data/frameworks/sproutcore/frameworks/runtime/system/binding.js

@@ -0,0 +1,891 @@
+// ==========================================================================
+// Project:   SproutCore Costello - Property Observing Library
+// Copyright: ©2006-2009 Sprout Systems, Inc. and contributors.
+//            Portions ©2008-2009 Apple, Inc. All rights reserved.
+// License:   Licened under MIT license (see license.js)
+// ==========================================================================
+
+require('system/object') ;
+
+/**
+  Debug parameter you can turn on.  This will log all bindings that fire to
+  the console.  This should be disabled in production code.  Note that you
+  can also enable this from the console or temporarily.
+*/
+SC.LOG_BINDING_NOTIFICATIONS = NO ;
+
+/**
+  Performance paramter.  This will benchmark the time spent firing each 
+  binding.
+*/
+SC.BENCHMARK_BINDING_NOTIFICATIONS = NO ;
+
+/**
+  Performance parameter.  This will benchmark the time spend configuring each
+  binding.  
+*/
+SC.BENCHMARK_BINDING_SETUP = NO;
+  
+/** 
+  Default placeholder for multiple values in bindings.
+*/
+SC.MULTIPLE_PLACEHOLDER = '@@MULT@@' ;
+
+/**
+  Default placeholder for null values in bindings.
+*/
+SC.NULL_PLACEHOLDER = '@@NULL@@' ;
+
+/**
+  Default placeholder for empty values in bindings.
+*/
+SC.EMPTY_PLACEHOLDER = '@@EMPTY@@' ;
+
+
+/**
+  A binding simply connects the properties of two objects so that whenever the
+  value of one property changes, the other property will be changed also.  You
+  do not usually work with Binding objects directly but instead describe
+  bindings in your class definition using something like:
+  
+    valueBinding: "MyApp.someController.title"
+    
+  This will create a binding from "MyApp.someController.title" to the "value"
+  property of your object instance automatically.  Now the two values will be
+  kept in sync.
+  
+  h2. Customizing Your Bindings
+  
+  In addition to synchronizing values, bindings can also perform some basic 
+  transforms on values.  These transforms can help to make sure the data fed 
+  into one object always meets the expectations of that object regardless of
+  what the other object outputs.
+  
+  To customize a binding, you can use one of the many helper methods defined 
+  on SC.Binding like so:
+  
+    valueBinding: SC.Binding.single("MyApp.someController.title") 
+    
+  This will create a binding just like the example above, except that now the
+  binding will convert the value of MyApp.someController.title to a single 
+  object (removing any arrays) before applying it to the "value" property of
+  your object.
+  
+  You can also chain helper methods to build custom bindings like so:
+  
+    valueBinding: SC.Binding.single("MyApp.someController.title").notEmpty("(EMPTY)")
+    
+  This will force the value of MyApp.someController.title to be a single value
+  and then check to see if the value is "empty" (null, undefined, empty array,
+  or an empty string).  If it is empty, the value will be set to the string 
+  "(EMPTY)".
+  
+  h2. One Way Bindings
+  
+  One especially useful binding customization you can use is the oneWay() 
+  helper.  This helper tells SproutCore that you are only interested in 
+  receiving changes on the object you are binding from.  For example, if you
+  are binding to a preference and you want to be notified if the preference 
+  has changed, but your object will not be changing the preference itself, you
+  could do:
+  
+    bigTitlesBinding: SC.Binding.oneWay("MyApp.preferencesController.bigTitles")
+    
+  This way if the value of MyApp.preferencesController.bigTitles changes the
+  "bigTitles" property of your object will change also.  However, if you change
+  the value of your "bigTitles" property, it will not update the 
+  preferencesController.
+  
+  One way bindings are almost twice as fast to setup and twice as fast to 
+  execute because the binding only has to worry about changes to one side.
+  
+  You should consider using one way bindings anytime you have an object that 
+  may be created frequently and you do not intend to change a property; only 
+  to monitor it for changes. (such as in the example above).
+      
+  h2. Adding Custom Transforms
+  
+  In addition to using the standard helpers provided by SproutCore, you can 
+  also defined your own custom transform functions which will be used to 
+  convert the value.  To do this, just define your transform function and add
+  it to the binding with the transform() helper.  The following example will 
+  not allow Integers less than ten.  Note that it checks the value of the 
+  bindings and allows all other values to pass:
+  
+  {{{
+    valueBinding: SC.Binding.transform(function(value, binding) {
+      return ((SC.typeOf(value) === SC.T_NUMBER) && (value < 10)) ? 10 : value;      
+    }).from("MyApp.someController.value")
+  }}}
+  
+  If you would like to instead use this transform on a number of bindings,
+  you can also optionally add your own helper method to SC.Binding.  This
+  method should simply return the value of this.transform(). The example 
+  below adds a new helper called notLessThan() which will limit the value to
+  be not less than the passed minimum:
+  
+  {{{
+    SC.Binding.notLessThan = function(minValue) {
+      return this.transform(function(value, binding) {
+        return ((SC.typeOf(value) === SC.T_NUMBER) && (value < minValue)) ? minValue : value ;
+      }) ;
+    } ;
+  }}}
+  
+  You could specify this in your core.js file, for example.  Then anywhere in 
+  your application you can use it to define bindings like so:
+  
+  {{{
+    valueBinding: SC.Binding.from("MyApp.someController.value").notLessThan(10)
+  }}}
+  
+  Also, remember that helpers are chained so you can use your helper along with
+  any other helpers.  The example below will create a one way binding that 
+  does not allow empty values or values less than 10:
+  
+  {{{
+    valueBinding: SC.Binding.oneWay("MyApp.someController.value").notEmpty().notLessThan(10)
+  }}}
+  
+  Note that the built in helper methods all allow you to pass a "from" property
+  path so you don't have to use the from() helper to set the path.  You can do
+  the same thing with your own helper methods if you like, but it is not 
+  required.
+  
+  h2. Creating Custom Binding Templates
+  
+  Another way you can customize bindings is to create a binding template.  A
+  template is simply a binding that is already partially or completely 
+  configured.  You can specify this template anywhere in your app and then use 
+  it instead of designating your own custom bindings.  This is a bit faster on
+  app startup but it is mostly useful in making your code less verbose.
+  
+  For example, let's say you will be frequently creating one way, not empty 
+  bindings that allow values greater than 10 throughout your app.  You could
+  create a binding template in your core.js like this:
+  
+    MyApp.LimitBinding = SC.Binding.oneWay().notEmpty().notLessThan(10);
+  
+  Then anywhere you want to use this binding, just refer to the template like 
+  so:
+  
+    valueBinding: MyApp.LimitBinding.beget("MyApp.someController.value")
+    
+  Note that when you use binding templates, it is very important that you always
+  start by using beget() to extend the template.  If you do not do this, you 
+  will end up using the same binding instance throughout your app which will 
+  lead to erratic behavior.
+  
+  h2. How to Manually Activate a Binding
+
+  All of the examples above show you how to configure a custom binding, but the
+  result of these customizations will be a binding template, not a fully active
+  binding.  The binding will actually become active only when you instantiate
+  the object the binding belongs to.  It is useful however, to understand what
+  actually happens when the binding is activated.
+  
+  For a binding to function it must have at least a "from" property and a "to"
+  property.  The from property path points to the object/key that you want to
+  bind from while the to path points to the object/key you want to bind to.  
+  
+  When you define a custom binding, you are usually describing the property 
+  you want to bind from (such as "MyApp.someController.value" in the examples
+  above).  When your object is created, it will automatically assign the value
+  you want to bind "to" based on the name of your binding key.  In the examples
+  above, during init, SproutCore objects will effectively call something like
+  this on your binding:
+  
+    binding = this.valueBinding.beget().to("value", this) ;
+    
+  This creates a new binding instance based on the template you provide, and 
+  sets the to path to the "value" property of the new object.  Now that the 
+  binding is fully configured with a "from" and a "to", it simply needs to be
+  connected to become active.  This is done through the connect() method:
+  
+    binding.connect() ;
+    
+  Now that the binding is connected, it will observe both the from and to side 
+  and relay changes.
+  
+  If you ever needed to do so (you almost never will, but it is useful to 
+  understand this anyway), you could manually create an active binding by 
+  doing the following:
+  
+  {{{
+    SC.Binding.from("MyApp.someController.value")
+     .to("MyApp.anotherObject.value")
+     .connect();
+  }}}
+     
+  You could also use the bind() helper method provided by SC.Object. (This is 
+  the same method used by SC.Object.init() to setup your bindings):
+  
+  {{{
+    MyApp.anotherObject.bind("value", "MyApp.someController.value") ;
+  }}}
+
+  Both of these code fragments have the same effect as doing the most friendly
+  form of binding creation like so:
+  
+  {{{
+    MyApp.anotherObject = SC.Object.create({
+      valueBinding: "MyApp.someController.value",
+      
+      // OTHER CODE FOR THIS OBJECT...
+      
+    }) ;
+  }}}
+  
+  SproutCore's built in binding creation method make it easy to automatically
+  create bindings for you.  You should always use the highest-level APIs 
+  available, even if you understand how to it works underneath.
+  
+  
+  @extends Object
+  
+*/
+SC.Binding = {
+  
+  /**
+    This is the core method you use to create a new binding instance.  The
+    binding instance will have the receiver instance as its parent which means
+    any configuration you have there will be inherited.  
+    
+    The returned instance will also have its parentBinding property set to the 
+    receiver.
+
+    @param fromPath {String} optional from path.
+    @returns {SC.Binding} new binding instance
+  */
+  beget: function(fromPath) {
+    var ret = SC.beget(this) ;
+    ret.parentBinding = this;
+    if (fromPath !== undefined) ret = ret.from(fromPath) ;
+    return ret ;
+  },
+  
+  /**
+    Returns a builder function for compatibility.  
+  */
+  builder: function() {
+    var binding = this ;
+    var ret = function(fromProperty) { return binding.beget().from(fromProperty); };
+    ret.beget = function() { return binding.beget(); } ;
+    return ret ;
+  },
+  
+  /**
+    This will set "from" property path to the specified value.  It will not
+    attempt to resolve this property path to an actual object/property tuple
+    until you connect the binding.
+
+    The binding will search for the property path starting at the root level 
+    unless you specify an alternate root object as the second paramter to this 
+    method.  Alternatively, you can begin your property path with either "." or
+    "*", which will use the root object of the to side be default.  This special
+    behavior is used to support the high-level API provided by SC.Object.
+    
+    @param propertyPath {String|Tuple} A property path or tuple
+    @param root {Object} optional root object to use when resolving the path.
+    @returns {SC.Binding} this
+  */
+  from: function(propertyPath, root) {
+    
+    // if the propertyPath is null/undefined, return this.  This allows the
+    // method to be called from other methods when the fromPath might be 
+    // optional. (cf single(), multiple())
+    if (!propertyPath) return this ;
+    
+    // beget if needed.
+    var binding = (this === SC.Binding) ? this.beget() : this ;
+    binding._fromPropertyPath = propertyPath ;
+    binding._fromRoot = root ;
+    binding._fromTuple = null ;
+    return binding ;
+  },
+  
+  /**
+   This will set the "to" property path to the specified value.  It will not 
+   attempt to reoslve this property path to an actual object/property tuple
+   until you connect the binding.
+    
+    @param propertyPath {String|Tuple} A property path or tuple
+    @param root {Object} optional root object to use when resolving the path.
+    @returns {SC.Binding} this
+  */
+  to: function(propertyPath, root) {
+    // beget if needed.
+    var binding = (this === SC.Binding) ? this.beget() : this ;
+    binding._toPropertyPath = propertyPath ;
+    binding._toRoot = root ;
+    binding._toTuple = null ; // clear out any existing one.
+    return binding ;
+  },
+
+  /**
+    Attempts to connect this binding instance so that it can receive and relay
+    changes.  This method will raise an exception if you have not set the 
+    from/to properties yet.
+    
+    @returns {SC.Binding} this
+  */
+  connect: function() {
+    // If the binding is already connected, do nothing.
+    if (this.isConnected) return this ;
+    this.isConnected = YES ;
+    this._connectionPending = YES ; // its connected but not really...    
+    SC.Binding._connectQueue.add(this) ;
+    return this; 
+  },
+  
+  /** @private
+    Actually connects the binding.  This is done at the end of the runloop
+    to give you time to setup your entire object graph before the bindings 
+    try to activate.
+  */
+  _connect: function() {
+    if (!this._connectionPending) return; //nothing to do
+    this._connectionPending = NO ;
+
+    var path, root ;
+    var bench = SC.BENCHMARK_BINDING_SETUP;
+
+    if (bench) SC.Benchmark.start("SC.Binding.connect()");
+    
+    // try to connect the from side.
+    // as a special behavior, if the from property path begins with either a 
+    // . or * and the fromRoot is null, use the toRoot instead.  This allows 
+    // for support for the SC.Object shorthand:
+    //
+    // contentBinding: "*owner.value"
+    //
+    path = this._fromPropertyPath; root = this._fromRoot ;
+    if (SC.typeOf(path) === SC.T_STRING) {
+      
+      // if the first character is a '.', this is a static path.  make the 
+      // toRoot the default root.
+      if (path.indexOf('.') === 0) {
+        path = path.slice(1);
+        if (!root) root = this._toRoot ;
+        
+      // if the first character is a '*', then setup a tuple since this is a 
+      // chained path.
+      } else if (path.indexOf('*') === 0) {
+        path = [this._fromRoot || this._toRoot, path.slice(1)] ;
+        root = null ;
+      }
+    }
+    SC.Observers.addObserver(path, this, this.fromPropertyDidChange, root) ;
+    
+    // try to connect the to side
+    if (!this._oneWay) {
+      path = this._toPropertyPath; root = this._toRoot ;
+      SC.Observers.addObserver(path, this, this.toPropertyDidChange, root) ;  
+    }
+
+    if (bench) SC.Benchmark.end("SC.Binding.connect()");
+
+    // now try to sync if needed
+    if (this._syncOnConnect) {
+      this._syncOnConnect = NO ;
+      if (bench) SC.Benchmark.start("SC.Binding.connect().sync");
+      this.sync();
+      if (bench) SC.Benchmark.end("SC.Binding.connect().sync");
+    }
+  },
+  
+  /**
+    Disconnects the binding instance.  Changes will no longer be relayed.  You
+    will not usually need to call this method.
+    
+    @returns {SC.Binding} this
+  */
+  disconnect: function() {
+    if (!this.isConnected) return this; // nothing to do.
+    
+    // if connection is still pending, just cancel
+    if (this._connectionPending) {
+      this._connectionPending = NO ;
+      
+    // connection is completed, disconnect.
+    } else {
+      SC.Observers.removeObserver(this._fromPropertyPath, this, this.fromPropertyDidChange, this._fromRoot) ;
+      if (!this._oneWay) {
+        SC.Observers.removeObserver(this._toPropertyPath, this, this.toPropertyDidChange, this._toRoot) ;
+      }
+    }
+    
+    this.isConnected = NO ;
+    return this ;  
+  },
+
+  /**
+    Invoked whenever the value of the "from" property changes.  This will mark
+    the binding as dirty if the value has changed.
+  */
+  fromPropertyDidChange: function(target, key) {
+    var v = target.get(key) ;
+
+    //console.log("fromPropertyDidChange: %@ v = %@".fmt(this, v)) ;
+    
+    // if the new value is different from the current binding value, then 
+    // schedule to register an update.
+    if (v !== this._bindingValue) {
+
+      this._setBindingValue(v) ;
+      this._changePending = YES ;
+      SC.Binding._changeQueue.add(this) ; // save for later.  
+    }
+  },
+
+  /**
+    Invoked whenever the value of the "to" property changes.  This will mark the
+    binding as dirty only if:
+    
+    - the binding is not one way
+    - the value does not match the stored transformedBindingValue
+    
+    if the value does not match the transformedBindingValue, then it will 
+    become the new bindingValue. 
+  */
+  toPropertyDidChange: function(target, key) {
+    if (this._oneWay) return; // nothing to do
+    
+    var v = target.get(key) ;
+    
+    // if the new value is different from the current binding value, then 
+    // schedule to register an update.
+    if (v !== this._transformedBindingValue) {
+      this._setBindingValue(v) ;
+      this._changePending = YES ;
+      SC.Binding._changeQueue.add(this) ; // save for later.  
+    }
+  },
+  
+  _setBindingValue: function(v) {
+    this._bindingValue = v ;
+    
+    // apply any transforms to get the to property value also
+    var transforms = this._transforms;
+    if (transforms) {
+      var len = transforms.length ;
+      for(var idx=0;idx<len;idx++) {
+        var transform = transforms[idx] ;
+        v = transform(v, this) ;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // if error objects are not allowed, and the value is an error, then
+    // change it to null.
+    if (this._noError && SC.typeOf(v) === SC.T_ERROR) v = null ;
+    
+    this._transformedBindingValue = v;
+  },
+  
+  _connectQueue: SC.Set.create(),
+  _alternateConnectQueue: SC.Set.create(),
+  _changeQueue: SC.Set.create(),
+  _alternateChangeQueue: SC.Set.create(),
+  _changePending: NO,
+
+  /**
+    Call this method on SC.Binding to flush all bindings with changed pending.
+    
+    @returns {Boolean} YES if changes were flushed.
+  */
+  flushPendingChanges: function() {
+    
+    // don't allow flushing more than one at a time
+    if (this._isFlushing) return NO; 
+    this._isFlushing = YES ;
+
+    var didFlush = NO ;
+    var log = SC.LOG_BINDING_NOTIFICATIONS ;
+    
+    // connect any bindings
+    var queue, binding ;
+    while((queue = this._connectQueue).length >0) {
+      this._connectQueue = this._alternateConnectQueue ;
+      this._alternateConnectQueue = queue ;
+      while(binding = queue.pop()) binding._connect() ;
+    }
+    
+    // loop through the changed queue...
+    while ((queue = this._changeQueue).length > 0) {
+      if (log) console.log("Begin: Trigger changed bindings") ;
+      
+      didFlush = YES ;
+      
+      // first, swap the change queues.  This way any binding changes that
+      // happen while we flush the current queue can be queued up.
+      this._changeQueue = this._alternateChangeQueue ;
+      this._alternateChangeQueue = queue ;
+      
+      // next, apply any bindings in the current queue.  This may cause 
+      // additional bindings to trigger, which will end up in the new active 
+      // queue.
+      while(binding = queue.pop()) binding.applyBindingValue() ;
+      
+      // now loop back and see if there are additional changes pending in the
+      // active queue.  Repeat this until all bindings that need to trigger 
+      // have triggered.
+      if (log) console.log("End: Trigger changed bindings") ;
+    }
+    
+    // clean up
+    this._isFlushing = NO ;
+    return didFlush ;
+  },
+  
+  /**
+    This method is called at the end of the Run Loop to relay the changed 
+    binding value from one side to the other.
+  */
+  applyBindingValue: function() {
+    this._changePending = NO ;
+
+    // compute the binding targets if needed.
+    this._computeBindingTargets() ;
+    
+    var v = this._bindingValue ;
+    var tv = this._transformedBindingValue ;
+    var bench = SC.BENCHMARK_BINDING_NOTIFICATIONS ;
+    var log = SC.LOG_BINDING_NOTIFICATIONS ; 
+    
+    // the from property value will always be the binding value, update if 
+    // needed.
+    if (!this._oneWay && this._fromTarget) {
+      if (log) console.log("%@: %@ -> %@".fmt(this, v, tv)) ;
+      if (bench) SC.Benchmark.start(this.toString() + "->") ;
+      this._fromTarget.setPathIfChanged(this._fromPropertyKey, v) ;
+      if (bench) SC.Benchmark.end(this.toString() + "->") ;
+    }
+    
+    // update the to value with the transformed value if needed.
+    if (this._toTarget) {
+      if (log) console.log("%@: %@ <- %@".fmt(this, v, tv)) ;
+      if (bench) SC.Benchmark.start(this.toString() + "<-") ;
+      this._toTarget.setPathIfChanged(this._toPropertyKey, tv) ;
+      if (bench) SC.Benchmark.start(this.toString() + "<-") ;
+    }
+  },
+
+  /**
+    Calling this method on a binding will cause it to check the value of the 
+    from side of the binding matches the current expected value of the 
+    binding. If not, it will relay the change as if the from side's value has 
+    just changed.
+    
+    This method is useful when you are dynamically connecting bindings to a 
+    network of objects that may have already been initialized.
+  */
+  sync: function() {
+
+    // do nothing if not connected
+    if (!this.isConnected) return this;
+    
+    // connection is pending, just note that we should sync also
+    if (this._connectionPending) {
+      this._syncOnConnect = YES ;
+      
+    // we are connected, go ahead and sync
+    } else {
+      this._computeBindingTargets() ;
+      var target = this._fromTarget ;
+      var key = this._fromPropertyKey ;
+      if (!target || !key) return this ; // nothing to do
+
+      // get the new value
+      var v = target.getPath(key) ;
+
+      // if the new value is different from the current binding value, then 
+      // schedule to register an update.
+      if (v !== this._bindingValue) {
+        this._setBindingValue(v) ;
+        this._changePending = YES ;
+        SC.Binding._changeQueue.add(this) ; // save for later.  
+      }
+    }
+    
+    return this ;
+  },
+  
+  // set if you call sync() when the binding connection is still pending.
+  _syncOnConnect: NO,
+  
+  _computeBindingTargets: function() {
+    if (!this._fromTarget) {
+
+      var path, root, tuple ;
+      
+      // if the fromPropertyPath begins with a . or * then we may use the 
+      // toRoot as the root object.  Similar code exists in connect() so if 
+      // you make a change to one be sure to update the other.
+      path = this._fromPropertyPath; root = this._fromRoot ;
+      if (SC.typeOf(path) === SC.T_STRING) {
+        
+        // static path beginning with the toRoot
+        if (path.indexOf('.') === 0) {
+          path = path.slice(1) ; // remove the .
+          if (!root) root = this._toRoot; // use the toRoot optionally
+          
+        // chained path beginning with toRoot.  Setup a tuple
+        } else if (path.indexOf('*') === 0) {
+          path = [root || this._toRoot, path.slice(1)];
+          root = null ;
+        }
+      }
+      
+      tuple = SC.tupleForPropertyPath(path, root) ;
+      if (tuple) {
+        this._fromTarget = tuple[0]; this._fromPropertyKey = tuple[1] ;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!this._toTarget) {
+      path = this._toPropertyPath; root = this._toRoot ;
+      tuple = SC.tupleForPropertyPath(path, root) ;
+      if (tuple) {
+        this._toTarget = tuple[0]; this._toPropertyKey = tuple[1] ;
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  
+  /**
+    Configures the binding as one way.  A one-way binding will relay changes
+    on the "from" side to the "to" side, but not the other way around.  This
+    means that if you change the "to" side directly, the "from" side may have 
+    a different value.
+    
+    @param fromPath {String} optional from path to connect.
+    @param aFlag {Boolean} Optionally pass NO to set the binding back to two-way
+    @returns {SC.Binding} this
+  */
+  oneWay: function(fromPath, aFlag) {
+    
+    // If fromPath is a bool but aFlag is undefined, swap.
+    if ((aFlag === undefined) && (SC.typeOf(fromPath) === SC.T_BOOL)) {
+      aFlag = fromPath; fromPath = null ;
+    }
+    
+    // beget if needed.
+    var binding = this.from(fromPath) ;
+    if (binding === SC.Binding) binding = binding.beget() ;
+    binding._oneWay = (aFlag === undefined) ? YES : aFlag ;
+    return binding ;
+  },
+  
+  /**
+    Adds the specified transform function to the array of transform functions.
+    
+    The function you pass must have the following signature:
+    
+    {{{
+      function(value) {} ;
+    }}}
+    
+    It must return either the transformed value or an error object.  
+        
+    Transform functions are chained, so they are called in order.  If you are
+    extending a binding and want to reset the transforms, you can call
+    resetTransform() first.
+    
+    @param transformFunc {Function} the transform function.
+    @returns {SC.Binding} this
+  */
+  transform: function(transformFunc) {
+    var binding = (this === SC.Binding) ? this.beget() : this ;
+    var t = binding._transforms ;
+    
+    // clone the transform array if this comes from the parent
+    if (t && (t === binding.parentBinding._transform)) {
+      t = binding._transforms = t.slice() ;
+    }
+    
+    // create the transform array if needed.
+    if (!t) t = binding._transforms = [] ;
+    
+    // add the transform function
+    t.push(transformFunc) ;
+    return binding;
+  },
+  
+  /**
+    Resets the transforms for the binding.  After calling this method the 
+    binding will no longer transform values.  You can then add new transforms
+    as needed.
+  
+    @returns {SC.Binding} this
+  */
+  resetTransforms: function() {
+    var binding = (this === SC.Binding) ? this.beget() : this ;
+    binding._transforms = null ; return binding ;
+  },
+  
+  /**
+    Specifies that the binding should not return error objects.  If the value
+    of a binding is an Error object, it will be transformed to a null value
+    instead.
+    
+    Note that this is not a transform function since it will be called at the
+    end of the transform chain.
+    
+    @param fromPath {String} optional from path to connect.
+    @param aFlag {Boolean} optionally pass NO to allow error objects again.
+    @returns {SC.Binding} this
+  */
+  noError: function(fromPath, aFlag) {
+    // If fromPath is a bool but aFlag is undefined, swap.
+    if ((aFlag === undefined) && (SC.typeOf(fromPath) === SC.T_BOOL)) {
+      aFlag = fromPath; fromPath = null ;
+    }
+    
+    // beget if needed.
+    var binding = this.from(fromPath) ;
+    if (binding === SC.Binding) binding = binding.beget() ;
+    binding._noError = (aFlag === undefined) ? YES : aFlag ;
+    return binding ;
+  },
+  
+  /**
+    Adds a transform to the chain that will allow only single values to pass.
+    This will allow single values, nulls, and error values to pass through.  If
+    you pass an array, it will be mapped as so:
+    
+    {{{
+      [] => null
+      [a] => a
+      [a,b,c] => Multiple Placeholder
+    }}}
+    
+    You can pass in an optional multiple placeholder or it will use the 
+    default.
+    
+    Note that this transform will only happen on forwarded valued.  Reverse
+    values are send unchanged.
+    
+    @param fromPath {String} from path or null
+    @param placeholder {Object} optional placeholder value.
+    @returns {SC.Binding} this
+  */
+  single: function(fromPath, placeholder) {
+    if (placeholder === undefined) {
+      placeholder = SC.MULTIPLE_PLACEHOLDER ;
+    }
+    return this.from(fromPath).transform(function(value, isForward) {
+      if (SC.isArray(value)) {
+        value = (value.length>1) ? placeholder : (value.length<=0) ? null : (value.objectAt ? value.objectAt(0) : value[0]);
+      }
+      return value ;
+    }) ;
+  },
+  
+  /** 
+    Adds a transform that will return the placeholder value if the value is 
+    null, undefined, an empty array or an empty string.  See also notNull().
+    
+    @param fromPath {String} from path or null
+    @param placeholder {Object} optional placeholder.
+    @returns {SC.Binding} this
+  */
+  notEmpty: function(fromPath, placeholder) {
+    if (placeholder === undefined) placeholder = SC.EMPTY_PLACEHOLDER ;
+    return this.from(fromPath).transform(function(value, isForward) {
+      if (SC.none(value) || (value === '') || (SC.isArray(value) && value.length === 0)) {
+        value = placeholder ;
+      }
+      return value ;
+    }) ;
+  },
+  
+  /**
+    Adds a transform that will return the placeholder value if the value is
+    null.  Otherwise it will passthrough untouched.  See also notEmpty().
+    
+    @param fromPath {String} from path or null
+    @param placeholder {Object} optional placeholder;
+    @returns {SC.Binding} this
+  */
+  notNull: function(fromPath, placeholder) {
+    if (placeholder === undefined) placeholder = SC.EMPTY_PLACEHOLDER ;
+    return this.from(fromPath).transform(function(value, isForward) {
+      if (SC.none(value)) value = placeholder ;
+      return value ;
+    }) ;
+  },
+
+  /** 
+    Adds a transform that will convert the passed value to an array.  If 
+    the value is null or undefined, it will be converted to an empty array.
+
+    @param fromPath {String} optional from path
+    @returns {SC.Binding} this
+  */
+  multiple: function(fromPath) {
+    return this.from(fromPath).transform(function(value) {
+      if (!SC.isArray(value)) value = (value == null) ? [] : [value] ;
+      return value ;
+    }) ;
+  },
+  
+  /**
+    Adds a transform to convert the value to a bool value.  If the value is
+    an array it will return YES if array is not empty.  If the value is a string
+    it will return YES if the string is not empty.
+  
+    @param fromPath {String} optional from path
+    @returns {SC.Binding} this
+  */
+  bool: function(fromPath) {
+    return this.from(fromPath).transform(function(v) {
+      var t = SC.typeOf(v) ;
+      if (t === SC.T_ERROR) return v ;
+      return (t == SC.T_ARRAY) ? (v.length > 0) : (v === '') ? NO : !!v ;
+    }) ;
+  },
+  
+  /**
+    Adds a transform to convert the value to the inverse of a bool value.  This
+    uses the same transform as bool() but inverts it.
+    
+    @param fromPath {String} optional from path
+    @returns {SC.Binding} this
+  */
+  not: function(fromPath) {
+    return this.from(fromPath).transform(function(v) {
+      var t = SC.typeOf(v) ;
+      if (t === SC.T_ERROR) return v ;
+      return !((t == SC.T_ARRAY) ? (v.length > 0) : (v === '') ? NO : !!v) ;
+    }) ;
+  },
+  
+  /**
+    Adds a transform that will return YES if the value is null, NO otherwise.
+    
+    @returns {SC.Binding} this
+  */
+  isNull: function(fromPath) {
+    return this.from(fromPath).transform(function(v) { 
+      var t = SC.typeOf(v) ;
+      return (t === SC.T_ERROR) ? v : SC.none(v) ;
+    });
+  },
+  
+  toString: function() {
+    var from = this._fromRoot ? "<%@>:%@".fmt(this._fromRoot,this._fromPropertyPath) : this._fromPropertyPath;
+
+    var to = this._toRoot ? "<%@>:%@".fmt(this._toRoot,this._toPropertyPath) : this._toPropertyPath;
+    
+    return "SC.Binding%@(%@ -> %@)".fmt(SC.guidFor(this), from, to) ;
+  }  
+} ;
+
+/** 
+  Shorthand method to define a binding.  This is the same as calling:
+  
+  {{{
+    SC.binding(path) = SC.Binding.from(path)
+  }}}
+*/
+SC.binding = function(path, root) { return SC.Binding.from(path,root); } ;
+