shoesgem 0.1424.0

data/shoes/ruby/lib/date.rb

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+#
+# date.rb - date and time library
+#
+# Author: Tadayoshi Funaba 1998-2008
+#
+# Documentation: William Webber <william@williamwebber.com>
+#
+#--
+# $Id: date.rb,v 2.37 2008-01-17 20:16:31+09 tadf Exp $
+#++
+#
+# == Overview
+#
+# This file provides two classes for working with
+# dates and times.
+#
+# The first class, Date, represents dates.
+# It works with years, months, weeks, and days.
+# See the Date class documentation for more details.
+#
+# The second, DateTime, extends Date to include hours,
+# minutes, seconds, and fractions of a second.  It
+# provides basic support for time zones.  See the
+# DateTime class documentation for more details.
+#
+# === Ways of calculating the date.
+#
+# In common usage, the date is reckoned in years since or
+# before the Common Era (CE/BCE, also known as AD/BC), then
+# as a month and day-of-the-month within the current year.
+# This is known as the *Civil* *Date*, and abbreviated
+# as +civil+ in the Date class.
+#
+# Instead of year, month-of-the-year,  and day-of-the-month,
+# the date can also be reckoned in terms of year and
+# day-of-the-year.  This is known as the *Ordinal* *Date*,
+# and is abbreviated as +ordinal+ in the Date class.  (Note
+# that referring to this as the Julian date is incorrect.)
+#
+# The date can also be reckoned in terms of year, week-of-the-year,
+# and day-of-the-week.  This is known as the *Commercial*
+# *Date*, and is abbreviated as +commercial+ in the
+# Date class.  The commercial week runs Monday (day-of-the-week
+# 1) to Sunday (day-of-the-week 7), in contrast to the civil
+# week which runs Sunday (day-of-the-week 0) to Saturday
+# (day-of-the-week 6).  The first week of the commercial year
+# starts on the Monday on or before January 1, and the commercial
+# year itself starts on this Monday, not January 1.
+#
+# For scientific purposes, it is convenient to refer to a date
+# simply as a day count, counting from an arbitrary initial
+# day.  The date first chosen for this was January 1, 4713 BCE.
+# A count of days from this date is the *Julian* *Day* *Number*
+# or *Julian* *Date*, which is abbreviated as +jd+ in the
+# Date class.  This is in local time, and counts from midnight
+# on the initial day.  The stricter usage is in UTC, and counts
+# from midday on the initial day.  This is referred to in the
+# Date class as the *Astronomical* *Julian* *Day* *Number*, and
+# abbreviated as +ajd+.  In the Date class, the Astronomical
+# Julian Day Number includes fractional days.
+#
+# Another absolute day count is the *Modified* *Julian* *Day*
+# *Number*, which takes November 17, 1858 as its initial day.
+# This is abbreviated as +mjd+ in the Date class.  There
+# is also an *Astronomical* *Modified* *Julian* *Day* *Number*,
+# which is in UTC and includes fractional days.  This is
+# abbreviated as +amjd+ in the Date class.  Like the Modified
+# Julian Day Number (and unlike the Astronomical Julian
+# Day Number), it counts from midnight.
+#
+# Alternative calendars such as the Chinese Lunar Calendar,
+# the Islamic Calendar, or the French Revolutionary Calendar
+# are not supported by the Date class; nor are calendars that
+# are based on an Era different from the Common Era, such as
+# the Japanese Imperial Calendar or the Republic of China
+# Calendar.
+#
+# === Calendar Reform
+#
+# The standard civil year is 365 days long.  However, the
+# solar year is fractionally longer than this.  To account
+# for this, a *leap* *year* is occasionally inserted.  This
+# is a year with 366 days, the extra day falling on February 29.
+# In the early days of the civil calendar, every fourth
+# year without exception was a leap year.  This way of
+# reckoning leap years is the *Julian* *Calendar*.
+#
+# However, the solar year is marginally shorter than 365 1/4
+# days, and so the *Julian* *Calendar* gradually ran slow
+# over the centuries.  To correct this, every 100th year
+# (but not every 400th year) was excluded as a leap year.
+# This way of reckoning leap years, which we use today, is
+# the *Gregorian* *Calendar*.
+#
+# The Gregorian Calendar was introduced at different times
+# in different regions.  The day on which it was introduced
+# for a particular region is the *Day* *of* *Calendar*
+# *Reform* for that region.  This is abbreviated as +sg+
+# (for Start of Gregorian calendar) in the Date class.
+#
+# Two such days are of particular
+# significance.  The first is October 15, 1582, which was
+# the Day of Calendar Reform for Italy and most Catholic
+# countries.  The second is September 14, 1752, which was
+# the Day of Calendar Reform for England and its colonies
+# (including what is now the United States).  These two
+# dates are available as the constants Date::ITALY and
+# Date::ENGLAND, respectively.  (By comparison, Germany and
+# Holland, less Catholic than Italy but less stubborn than
+# England, changed over in 1698; Sweden in 1753; Russia not
+# till 1918, after the Revolution; and Greece in 1923.  Many
+# Orthodox churches still use the Julian Calendar.  A complete
+# list of Days of Calendar Reform can be found at
+# http://www.polysyllabic.com/GregConv.html.)
+#
+# Switching from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
+# involved skipping a number of days to make up for the
+# accumulated lag, and the later the switch was (or is)
+# done, the more days need to be skipped.  So in 1582 in Italy,
+# 4th October was followed by 15th October, skipping 10 days; in 1752
+# in England, 2nd September was followed by 14th September, skipping
+# 11 days; and if I decided to switch from Julian to Gregorian
+# Calendar this midnight, I would go from 27th July 2003 (Julian)
+# today to 10th August 2003 (Gregorian) tomorrow, skipping
+# 13 days.  The Date class is aware of this gap, and a supposed
+# date that would fall in the middle of it is regarded as invalid.
+#
+# The Day of Calendar Reform is relevant to all date representations
+# involving years.  It is not relevant to the Julian Day Numbers,
+# except for converting between them and year-based representations.
+#
+# In the Date and DateTime classes, the Day of Calendar Reform or
+# +sg+ can be specified a number of ways.  First, it can be as
+# the Julian Day Number of the Day of Calendar Reform.  Second,
+# it can be using the constants Date::ITALY or Date::ENGLAND; these
+# are in fact the Julian Day Numbers of the Day of Calendar Reform
+# of the respective regions.  Third, it can be as the constant
+# Date::JULIAN, which means to always use the Julian Calendar.
+# Finally, it can be as the constant Date::GREGORIAN, which means
+# to always use the Gregorian Calendar.
+#
+# Note: in the Julian Calendar, New Years Day was March 25.  The
+# Date class does not follow this convention.
+#
+# === Time Zones
+#
+# DateTime objects support a simple representation
+# of time zones.  Time zones are represented as an offset
+# from UTC, as a fraction of a day.  This offset is the
+# how much local time is later (or earlier) than UTC.
+# UTC offset 0 is centred on England (also known as GMT).
+# As you travel east, the offset increases until you
+# reach the dateline in the middle of the Pacific Ocean;
+# as you travel west, the offset decreases.  This offset
+# is abbreviated as +of+ in the Date class.
+#
+# This simple representation of time zones does not take
+# into account the common practice of Daylight Savings
+# Time or Summer Time.
+#
+# Most DateTime methods return the date and the
+# time in local time.  The two exceptions are
+# #ajd() and #amjd(), which return the date and time
+# in UTC time, including fractional days.
+#
+# The Date class does not support time zone offsets, in that
+# there is no way to create a Date object with a time zone.
+# However, methods of the Date class when used by a
+# DateTime instance will use the time zone offset of this
+# instance.
+#
+# == Examples of use
+#
+# === Print out the date of every Sunday between two dates.
+#
+#     def print_sundays(d1, d2)
+#         d1 +=1 while (d1.wday != 0)
+#         d1.step(d2, 7) do |date|
+#             puts "#{Date::MONTHNAMES[date.mon]} #{date.day}"
+#         end
+#     end
+#
+#     print_sundays(Date::civil(2003, 4, 8), Date::civil(2003, 5, 23))
+#
+# === Calculate how many seconds to go till midnight on New Year's Day.
+#
+#     def secs_to_new_year(now = DateTime::now())
+#         new_year = DateTime.new(now.year + 1, 1, 1)
+#         dif = new_year - now
+#         hours, mins, secs, ignore_fractions = Date::day_fraction_to_time(dif)
+#         return hours * 60 * 60 + mins * 60 + secs
+#     end
+#
+#     puts secs_to_new_year()
+
+require 'date/format'
+
+# Class representing a date.
+#
+# See the documentation to the file date.rb for an overview.
+#
+# Internally, the date is represented as an Astronomical
+# Julian Day Number, +ajd+.  The Day of Calendar Reform, +sg+, is
+# also stored, for conversions to other date formats.  (There
+# is also an +of+ field for a time zone offset, but this
+# is only for the use of the DateTime subclass.)
+#
+# A new Date object is created using one of the object creation
+# class methods named after the corresponding date format, and the
+# arguments appropriate to that date format; for instance,
+# Date::civil() (aliased to Date::new()) with year, month,
+# and day-of-month, or Date::ordinal() with year and day-of-year.
+# All of these object creation class methods also take the
+# Day of Calendar Reform as an optional argument.
+#
+# Date objects are immutable once created.
+#
+# Once a Date has been created, date values
+# can be retrieved for the different date formats supported
+# using instance methods.  For instance, #mon() gives the
+# Civil month, #cwday() gives the Commercial day of the week,
+# and #yday() gives the Ordinal day of the year.  Date values
+# can be retrieved in any format, regardless of what format
+# was used to create the Date instance.
+#
+# The Date class includes the Comparable module, allowing
+# date objects to be compared and sorted, ranges of dates
+# to be created, and so forth.
+class Date
+
+  include Comparable
+
+  # Full month names, in English.  Months count from 1 to 12; a
+  # month's numerical representation indexed into this array
+  # gives the name of that month (hence the first element is nil).
+  MONTHNAMES = [nil] + %w(January February March April May June July
+			  August September October November December)
+
+  # Full names of days of the week, in English.  Days of the week
+  # count from 0 to 6 (except in the commercial week); a day's numerical
+  # representation indexed into this array gives the name of that day.
+  DAYNAMES = %w(Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday)
+
+  # Abbreviated month names, in English.
+  ABBR_MONTHNAMES = [nil] + %w(Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
+			       Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec)
+
+  # Abbreviated day names, in English.
+  ABBR_DAYNAMES = %w(Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat)
+
+  [MONTHNAMES, DAYNAMES, ABBR_MONTHNAMES, ABBR_DAYNAMES].each do |xs|
+    xs.each{|x| x.freeze unless x.nil?}.freeze
+  end
+
+  class Infinity < Numeric # :nodoc:
+
+    include Comparable
+
+    def initialize(d=1) @d = d <=> 0 end
+
+    def d() @d end
+
+    protected :d
+
+    def zero? () false end
+    def finite? () false end
+    def infinite? () d.nonzero? end
+    def nan? () d.zero? end
+
+    def abs() self.class.new end
+
+    def -@ () self.class.new(-d) end
+    def +@ () self.class.new(+d) end
+
+    def <=> (other)
+      case other
+      when Infinity; return d <=> other.d
+      when Numeric; return d
+      else
+	begin
+	  l, r = other.coerce(self)
+	  return l <=> r
+	rescue NoMethodError
+	end
+      end
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def coerce(other)
+      case other
+      when Numeric; return -d, d
+      else
+	super
+      end
+    end
+
+  end
+
+  # The Julian Day Number of the Day of Calendar Reform for Italy
+  # and the Catholic countries.
+  ITALY     = 2299161 # 1582-10-15
+
+  # The Julian Day Number of the Day of Calendar Reform for England
+  # and her Colonies.
+  ENGLAND   = 2361222 # 1752-09-14
+
+  # A constant used to indicate that a Date should always use the
+  # Julian calendar.
+  JULIAN    =  Infinity.new
+
+  # A constant used to indicate that a Date should always use the
+  # Gregorian calendar.
+  GREGORIAN = -Infinity.new
+
+  HALF_DAYS_IN_DAY       = Rational(1, 2) # :nodoc:
+  HOURS_IN_DAY           = Rational(1, 24) # :nodoc:
+  MINUTES_IN_DAY         = Rational(1, 1440) # :nodoc:
+  SECONDS_IN_DAY         = Rational(1, 86400) # :nodoc:
+  MILLISECONDS_IN_DAY    = Rational(1, 86400*10**3) # :nodoc:
+  NANOSECONDS_IN_DAY     = Rational(1, 86400*10**9) # :nodoc:
+  MILLISECONDS_IN_SECOND = Rational(1, 10**3) # :nodoc:
+  NANOSECONDS_IN_SECOND  = Rational(1, 10**9) # :nodoc:
+
+  MJD_EPOCH_IN_AJD       = Rational(4800001, 2) # 1858-11-17 # :nodoc:
+  UNIX_EPOCH_IN_AJD      = Rational(4881175, 2) # 1970-01-01 # :nodoc:
+  MJD_EPOCH_IN_CJD       = 2400001 # :nodoc:
+  UNIX_EPOCH_IN_CJD      = 2440588 # :nodoc:
+  LD_EPOCH_IN_CJD        = 2299160 # :nodoc:
+
+  t = Module.new do
+
+    private
+
+    def find_fdoy(y, sg) # :nodoc:
+      j = nil
+      1.upto(31) do |d|
+	break if j = _valid_civil?(y, 1, d, sg)
+      end
+      j
+    end
+
+    def find_ldoy(y, sg) # :nodoc:
+      j = nil
+      31.downto(1) do |d|
+	break if j = _valid_civil?(y, 12, d, sg)
+      end
+      j
+    end
+
+    def find_fdom(y, m, sg) # :nodoc:
+      j = nil
+      1.upto(31) do |d|
+	break if j = _valid_civil?(y, m, d, sg)
+      end
+      j
+    end
+
+    def find_ldom(y, m, sg) # :nodoc:
+      j = nil
+      31.downto(1) do |d|
+	break if j = _valid_civil?(y, m, d, sg)
+      end
+      j
+    end
+
+    # Convert an Ordinal Date to a Julian Day Number.
+    #
+    # +y+ and +d+ are the year and day-of-year to convert.
+    # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+    #
+    # Returns the corresponding Julian Day Number.
+    def ordinal_to_jd(y, d, sg=GREGORIAN) # :nodoc:
+      find_fdoy(y, sg) + d - 1
+    end
+
+    # Convert a Julian Day Number to an Ordinal Date.
+    #
+    # +jd+ is the Julian Day Number to convert.
+    # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+    #
+    # Returns the corresponding Ordinal Date as
+    # [year, day_of_year]
+    def jd_to_ordinal(jd, sg=GREGORIAN) # :nodoc:
+      y = jd_to_civil(jd, sg)[0]
+      j = find_fdoy(y, sg)
+      doy = jd - j + 1
+      return y, doy
+    end
+
+    # Convert a Civil Date to a Julian Day Number.
+    # +y+, +m+, and +d+ are the year, month, and day of the
+    # month.  +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+    #
+    # Returns the corresponding Julian Day Number.
+    def civil_to_jd(y, m, d, sg=GREGORIAN) # :nodoc:
+      if m <= 2
+	y -= 1
+	m += 12
+      end
+      a = (y / 100.0).floor
+      b = 2 - a + (a / 4.0).floor
+      jd = (365.25 * (y + 4716)).floor +
+	(30.6001 * (m + 1)).floor +
+	d + b - 1524
+      if jd < sg
+	jd -= b
+      end
+      jd
+    end
+
+    # Convert a Julian Day Number to a Civil Date.  +jd+ is
+    # the Julian Day Number. +sg+ specifies the Day of
+    # Calendar Reform.
+    #
+    # Returns the corresponding [year, month, day_of_month]
+    # as a three-element array.
+    def jd_to_civil(jd, sg=GREGORIAN) # :nodoc:
+      if jd < sg
+	a = jd
+      else
+	x = ((jd - 1867216.25) / 36524.25).floor
+	a = jd + 1 + x - (x / 4.0).floor
+      end
+      b = a + 1524
+      c = ((b - 122.1) / 365.25).floor
+      d = (365.25 * c).floor
+      e = ((b - d) / 30.6001).floor
+      dom = b - d - (30.6001 * e).floor
+      if e <= 13
+	m = e - 1
+	y = c - 4716
+      else
+	m = e - 13
+	y = c - 4715
+      end
+      return y, m, dom
+    end
+
+    # Convert a Commercial Date to a Julian Day Number.
+    #
+    # +y+, +w+, and +d+ are the (commercial) year, week of the year,
+    # and day of the week of the Commercial Date to convert.
+    # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+    def commercial_to_jd(y, w, d, sg=GREGORIAN) # :nodoc:
+      j = find_fdoy(y, sg) + 3
+      (j - (((j - 1) + 1) % 7)) +
+	7 * (w - 1) +
+	(d - 1)
+    end
+
+    # Convert a Julian Day Number to a Commercial Date
+    #
+    # +jd+ is the Julian Day Number to convert.
+    # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+    #
+    # Returns the corresponding Commercial Date as
+    # [commercial_year, week_of_year, day_of_week]
+    def jd_to_commercial(jd, sg=GREGORIAN) # :nodoc:
+      a = jd_to_civil(jd - 3, sg)[0]
+      y = if jd >= commercial_to_jd(a + 1, 1, 1, sg) then a + 1 else a end
+      w = 1 + ((jd - commercial_to_jd(y, 1, 1, sg)) / 7).floor
+      d = (jd + 1) % 7
+      d = 7 if d == 0
+      return y, w, d
+    end
+
+    def weeknum_to_jd(y, w, d, f=0, sg=GREGORIAN) # :nodoc:
+      a = find_fdoy(y, sg) + 6
+      (a - ((a - f) + 1) % 7 - 7) + 7 * w + d
+    end
+
+    def jd_to_weeknum(jd, f=0, sg=GREGORIAN) # :nodoc:
+      y, m, d = jd_to_civil(jd, sg)
+      a = find_fdoy(y, sg) + 6
+      w, d = (jd - (a - ((a - f) + 1) % 7) + 7).divmod(7)
+      return y, w, d
+    end
+
+    def nth_kday_to_jd(y, m, n, k, sg=GREGORIAN) # :nodoc:
+      j = if n > 0
+	    find_fdom(y, m, sg) - 1
+	  else
+	    find_ldom(y, m, sg) + 7
+	  end
+      (j - (((j - k) + 1) % 7)) + 7 * n
+    end
+
+    def jd_to_nth_kday(jd, sg=GREGORIAN) # :nodoc:
+      y, m, d = jd_to_civil(jd, sg)
+      j = find_fdom(y, m, sg)
+      return y, m, ((jd - j) / 7).floor + 1, jd_to_wday(jd)
+    end
+
+    # Convert an Astronomical Julian Day Number to a (civil) Julian
+    # Day Number.
+    #
+    # +ajd+ is the Astronomical Julian Day Number to convert.
+    # +of+ is the offset from UTC as a fraction of a day (defaults to 0).
+    #
+    # Returns the (civil) Julian Day Number as [day_number,
+    # fraction] where +fraction+ is always 1/2.
+    def ajd_to_jd(ajd, of=0) (ajd + of + HALF_DAYS_IN_DAY).divmod(1) end # :nodoc:
+
+    # Convert a (civil) Julian Day Number to an Astronomical Julian
+    # Day Number.
+    #
+    # +jd+ is the Julian Day Number to convert, and +fr+ is a
+    # fractional day.
+    # +of+ is the offset from UTC as a fraction of a day (defaults to 0).
+    #
+    # Returns the Astronomical Julian Day Number as a single
+    # numeric value.
+    def jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of=0) jd + fr - of - HALF_DAYS_IN_DAY end # :nodoc:
+
+    # Convert a fractional day +fr+ to [hours, minutes, seconds,
+    # fraction_of_a_second]
+    def day_fraction_to_time(fr) # :nodoc:
+      ss,  fr = fr.divmod(SECONDS_IN_DAY) # 4p
+      h,   ss = ss.divmod(3600)
+      min, s  = ss.divmod(60)
+      return h, min, s, fr * 86400
+    end
+
+    # Convert an +h+ hour, +min+ minutes, +s+ seconds period
+    # to a fractional day.
+    begin
+      Rational(Rational(1, 2), 2) # a challenge
+
+      def time_to_day_fraction(h, min, s)
+	Rational(h * 3600 + min * 60 + s, 86400) # 4p
+      end
+    rescue
+      def time_to_day_fraction(h, min, s)
+	if Integer === h && Integer === min && Integer === s
+	  Rational(h * 3600 + min * 60 + s, 86400) # 4p
+	else
+	  (h * 3600 + min * 60 + s).to_r/86400 # 4p
+	end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Convert an Astronomical Modified Julian Day Number to an
+    # Astronomical Julian Day Number.
+    def amjd_to_ajd(amjd) amjd + MJD_EPOCH_IN_AJD end # :nodoc:
+
+    # Convert an Astronomical Julian Day Number to an
+    # Astronomical Modified Julian Day Number.
+    def ajd_to_amjd(ajd) ajd - MJD_EPOCH_IN_AJD end # :nodoc:
+
+    # Convert a Modified Julian Day Number to a Julian
+    # Day Number.
+    def mjd_to_jd(mjd) mjd + MJD_EPOCH_IN_CJD end # :nodoc:
+
+    # Convert a Julian Day Number to a Modified Julian Day
+    # Number.
+    def jd_to_mjd(jd) jd - MJD_EPOCH_IN_CJD end # :nodoc:
+
+    # Convert a count of the number of days since the adoption
+    # of the Gregorian Calendar (in Italy) to a Julian Day Number.
+    def ld_to_jd(ld) ld +  LD_EPOCH_IN_CJD end # :nodoc:
+
+    # Convert a Julian Day Number to the number of days since
+    # the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar (in Italy).
+    def jd_to_ld(jd) jd -  LD_EPOCH_IN_CJD end # :nodoc:
+
+    # Convert a Julian Day Number to the day of the week.
+    #
+    # Sunday is day-of-week 0; Saturday is day-of-week 6.
+    def jd_to_wday(jd) (jd + 1) % 7 end # :nodoc:
+
+    # Is +jd+ a valid Julian Day Number?
+    #
+    # If it is, returns it.  In fact, any value is treated as a valid
+    # Julian Day Number.
+    def _valid_jd? (jd, sg=GREGORIAN) jd end # :nodoc:
+
+    # Do the year +y+ and day-of-year +d+ make a valid Ordinal Date?
+    # Returns the corresponding Julian Day Number if they do, or
+    # nil if they don't.
+    #
+    # +d+ can be a negative number, in which case it counts backwards
+    # from the end of the year (-1 being the last day of the year).
+    # No year wraparound is performed, however, so valid values of
+    # +d+ are -365 .. -1, 1 .. 365 on a non-leap-year,
+    # -366 .. -1, 1 .. 366 on a leap year.
+    # A date falling in the period skipped in the Day of Calendar Reform
+    # adjustment is not valid.
+    #
+    # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+    def _valid_ordinal? (y, d, sg=GREGORIAN) # :nodoc:
+      if d < 0
+	j = find_ldoy(y, sg)
+	ny, nd = jd_to_ordinal(j + d + 1, sg)
+	return unless ny == y
+	d = nd
+      end
+      jd = ordinal_to_jd(y, d, sg)
+      return unless [y, d] == jd_to_ordinal(jd, sg)
+      jd
+    end
+
+    # Do year +y+, month +m+, and day-of-month +d+ make a
+    # valid Civil Date?  Returns the corresponding Julian
+    # Day Number if they do, nil if they don't.
+    #
+    # +m+ and +d+ can be negative, in which case they count
+    # backwards from the end of the year and the end of the
+    # month respectively.  No wraparound is performed, however,
+    # and invalid values cause an ArgumentError to be raised.
+    # A date falling in the period skipped in the Day of Calendar
+    # Reform adjustment is not valid.
+    #
+    # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+    def _valid_civil? (y, m, d, sg=GREGORIAN) # :nodoc:
+      if m < 0
+	m += 13
+      end
+      if d < 0
+	j = find_ldom(y, m, sg)
+	ny, nm, nd = jd_to_civil(j + d + 1, sg)
+	return unless [ny, nm] == [y, m]
+	d = nd
+      end
+      jd = civil_to_jd(y, m, d, sg)
+      return unless [y, m, d] == jd_to_civil(jd, sg)
+      jd
+    end
+
+    # Do year +y+, week-of-year +w+, and day-of-week +d+ make a
+    # valid Commercial Date?  Returns the corresponding Julian
+    # Day Number if they do, nil if they don't.
+    #
+    # Monday is day-of-week 1; Sunday is day-of-week 7.
+    #
+    # +w+ and +d+ can be negative, in which case they count
+    # backwards from the end of the year and the end of the
+    # week respectively.  No wraparound is performed, however,
+    # and invalid values cause an ArgumentError to be raised.
+    # A date falling in the period skipped in the Day of Calendar
+    # Reform adjustment is not valid.
+    #
+    # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+    def _valid_commercial? (y, w, d, sg=GREGORIAN) # :nodoc:
+      if d < 0
+	d += 8
+      end
+      if w < 0
+	ny, nw, nd =
+	  jd_to_commercial(commercial_to_jd(y + 1, 1, 1, sg) + w * 7, sg)
+	return unless ny == y
+	w = nw
+      end
+      jd = commercial_to_jd(y, w, d, sg)
+      return unless [y, w, d] == jd_to_commercial(jd, sg)
+      jd
+    end
+
+    def _valid_weeknum? (y, w, d, f, sg=GREGORIAN) # :nodoc:
+      if d < 0
+	d += 7
+      end
+      if w < 0
+	ny, nw, nd, nf =
+	  jd_to_weeknum(weeknum_to_jd(y + 1, 1, f, f, sg) + w * 7, f, sg)
+	return unless ny == y
+	w = nw
+      end
+      jd = weeknum_to_jd(y, w, d, f, sg)
+      return unless [y, w, d] == jd_to_weeknum(jd, f, sg)
+      jd
+    end
+
+    def _valid_nth_kday? (y, m, n, k, sg=GREGORIAN) # :nodoc:
+      if k < 0
+	k += 7
+      end
+      if n < 0
+	ny, nm = (y * 12 + m).divmod(12)
+	nm,    = (nm + 1)    .divmod(1)
+	ny, nm, nn, nk =
+	  jd_to_nth_kday(nth_kday_to_jd(ny, nm, 1, k, sg) + n * 7, sg)
+	return unless [ny, nm] == [y, m]
+	n = nn
+      end
+      jd = nth_kday_to_jd(y, m, n, k, sg)
+      return unless [y, m, n, k] == jd_to_nth_kday(jd, sg)
+      jd
+    end
+
+    # Do hour +h+, minute +min+, and second +s+ constitute a valid time?
+    #
+    # If they do, returns their value as a fraction of a day.  If not,
+    # returns nil.
+    #
+    # The 24-hour clock is used.  Negative values of +h+, +min+, and
+    # +sec+ are treating as counting backwards from the end of the
+    # next larger unit (e.g. a +min+ of -2 is treated as 58).  No
+    # wraparound is performed.
+    def _valid_time? (h, min, s) # :nodoc:
+      h   += 24 if h   < 0
+      min += 60 if min < 0
+      s   += 60 if s   < 0
+      return unless ((0...24) === h &&
+		     (0...60) === min &&
+		     (0...60) === s) ||
+		     (24 == h &&
+		       0 == min &&
+		       0 == s)
+      time_to_day_fraction(h, min, s)
+    end
+
+  end
+
+  extend  t
+  include t
+
+  # Is a year a leap year in the Julian calendar?
+  #
+  # All years divisible by 4 are leap years in the Julian calendar.
+  def self.julian_leap? (y) y % 4 == 0 end
+
+  # Is a year a leap year in the Gregorian calendar?
+  #
+  # All years divisible by 4 are leap years in the Gregorian calendar,
+  # except for years divisible by 100 and not by 400.
+  def self.gregorian_leap? (y) y % 4 == 0 && y % 100 != 0 || y % 400 == 0 end
+
+  class << self; alias_method :leap?, :gregorian_leap? end
+  class << self; alias_method :new!, :new end
+
+  def self.valid_jd? (jd, sg=ITALY)
+    !!_valid_jd?(jd, sg)
+  end
+
+  def self.valid_ordinal? (y, d, sg=ITALY)
+    !!_valid_ordinal?(y, d, sg)
+  end
+
+  def self.valid_civil? (y, m, d, sg=ITALY)
+    !!_valid_civil?(y, m, d, sg)
+  end
+
+  class << self; alias_method :valid_date?, :valid_civil? end
+
+  def self.valid_commercial? (y, w, d, sg=ITALY)
+    !!_valid_commercial?(y, w, d, sg)
+  end
+
+  def self.valid_weeknum? (y, w, d, f, sg=ITALY) # :nodoc:
+    !!_valid_weeknum?(y, w, d, f, sg)
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :valid_weeknum?
+
+  def self.valid_nth_kday? (y, m, n, k, sg=ITALY) # :nodoc:
+    !!_valid_nth_kday?(y, m, n, k, sg)
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :valid_nth_kday?
+
+  def self.valid_time? (h, min, s) # :nodoc:
+    !!_valid_time?(h, min, s)
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :valid_time?
+
+  # Create a new Date object from a Julian Day Number.
+  #
+  # +jd+ is the Julian Day Number; if not specified, it defaults to
+  # 0.
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  def self.jd(jd=0, sg=ITALY)
+    jd = _valid_jd?(jd, sg)
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, sg)
+  end
+
+  # Create a new Date object from an Ordinal Date, specified
+  # by year +y+ and day-of-year +d+. +d+ can be negative,
+  # in which it counts backwards from the end of the year.
+  # No year wraparound is performed, however.  An invalid
+  # value for +d+ results in an ArgumentError being raised.
+  #
+  # +y+ defaults to -4712, and +d+ to 1; this is Julian Day
+  # Number day 0.
+  #
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  def self.ordinal(y=-4712, d=1, sg=ITALY)
+    unless jd = _valid_ordinal?(y, d, sg)
+      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, sg)
+  end
+
+  # Create a new Date object for the Civil Date specified by
+  # year +y+, month +m+, and day-of-month +d+.
+  #
+  # +m+ and +d+ can be negative, in which case they count
+  # backwards from the end of the year and the end of the
+  # month respectively.  No wraparound is performed, however,
+  # and invalid values cause an ArgumentError to be raised.
+  # can be negative
+  #
+  # +y+ defaults to -4712, +m+ to 1, and +d+ to 1; this is
+  # Julian Day Number day 0.
+  #
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  def self.civil(y=-4712, m=1, d=1, sg=ITALY)
+    unless jd = _valid_civil?(y, m, d, sg)
+      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, sg)
+  end
+
+  class << self; alias_method :new, :civil end
+
+  # Create a new Date object for the Commercial Date specified by
+  # year +y+, week-of-year +w+, and day-of-week +d+.
+  #
+  # Monday is day-of-week 1; Sunday is day-of-week 7.
+  #
+  # +w+ and +d+ can be negative, in which case they count
+  # backwards from the end of the year and the end of the
+  # week respectively.  No wraparound is performed, however,
+  # and invalid values cause an ArgumentError to be raised.
+  #
+  # +y+ defaults to -4712, +w+ to 1, and +d+ to 1; this is
+  # Julian Day Number day 0.
+  #
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  def self.commercial(y=-4712, w=1, d=1, sg=ITALY)
+    unless jd = _valid_commercial?(y, w, d, sg)
+      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, sg)
+  end
+
+  def self.weeknum(y=-4712, w=0, d=1, f=0, sg=ITALY)
+    unless jd = _valid_weeknum?(y, w, d, f, sg)
+      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, sg)
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :weeknum
+
+  def self.nth_kday(y=-4712, m=1, n=1, k=1, sg=ITALY)
+    unless jd = _valid_nth_kday?(y, m, n, k, sg)
+      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, sg)
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :nth_kday
+
+  def self.rewrite_frags(elem) # :nodoc:
+    elem ||= {}
+    if seconds = elem[:seconds]
+      d,   fr = seconds.divmod(86400)
+      h,   fr = fr.divmod(3600)
+      min, fr = fr.divmod(60)
+      s,   fr = fr.divmod(1)
+      elem[:jd] = UNIX_EPOCH_IN_CJD + d
+      elem[:hour] = h
+      elem[:min] = min
+      elem[:sec] = s
+      elem[:sec_fraction] = fr
+      elem.delete(:seconds)
+      elem.delete(:offset)
+    end
+    elem
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :rewrite_frags
+
+  def self.complete_frags(elem) # :nodoc:
+    i = 0
+    g = [[:time, [:hour, :min, :sec]],
+	 [nil, [:jd]],
+	 [:ordinal, [:year, :yday, :hour, :min, :sec]],
+	 [:civil, [:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec]],
+	 [:commercial, [:cwyear, :cweek, :cwday, :hour, :min, :sec]],
+	 [:wday, [:wday, :hour, :min, :sec]],
+	 [:wnum0, [:year, :wnum0, :wday, :hour, :min, :sec]],
+	 [:wnum1, [:year, :wnum1, :wday, :hour, :min, :sec]],
+	 [nil, [:cwyear, :cweek, :wday, :hour, :min, :sec]],
+	 [nil, [:year, :wnum0, :cwday, :hour, :min, :sec]],
+	 [nil, [:year, :wnum1, :cwday, :hour, :min, :sec]]].
+      collect{|k, a| e = elem.values_at(*a).compact; [k, a, e]}.
+      select{|k, a, e| e.size > 0}.
+      sort_by{|k, a, e| [e.size, i -= 1]}.last
+
+    d = nil
+
+    if g && g[0] && (g[1].size - g[2].size) != 0
+      d ||= Date.today
+
+      case g[0]
+      when :ordinal
+	elem[:year] ||= d.year
+	elem[:yday] ||= 1
+      when :civil
+	g[1].each do |e|
+	  break if elem[e]
+	  elem[e] = d.__send__(e)
+	end
+	elem[:mon]  ||= 1
+	elem[:mday] ||= 1
+      when :commercial
+	g[1].each do |e|
+	  break if elem[e]
+	  elem[e] = d.__send__(e)
+	end
+	elem[:cweek] ||= 1
+	elem[:cwday] ||= 1
+      when :wday
+	elem[:jd] ||= (d - d.wday + elem[:wday]).jd
+      when :wnum0
+	g[1].each do |e|
+	  break if elem[e]
+	  elem[e] = d.__send__(e)
+	end
+	elem[:wnum0] ||= 0
+	elem[:wday]  ||= 0
+      when :wnum1
+	g[1].each do |e|
+	  break if elem[e]
+	  elem[e] = d.__send__(e)
+	end
+	elem[:wnum1] ||= 0
+	elem[:wday]  ||= 0
+      end
+    end
+
+    if g && g[0] == :time
+      if self <= DateTime
+	d ||= Date.today
+	elem[:jd] ||= d.jd
+      end
+    end
+
+    elem[:hour] ||= 0
+    elem[:min]  ||= 0
+    elem[:sec]  ||= 0
+    elem[:sec] = [elem[:sec], 59].min
+
+    elem
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :complete_frags
+
+  def self.valid_date_frags?(elem, sg) # :nodoc:
+    catch :jd do
+      a = elem.values_at(:jd)
+      if a.all?
+	if jd = _valid_jd?(*(a << sg))
+	  throw :jd, jd
+	end
+      end
+
+      a = elem.values_at(:year, :yday)
+      if a.all?
+	if jd = _valid_ordinal?(*(a << sg))
+	  throw :jd, jd
+	end
+      end
+
+      a = elem.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday)
+      if a.all?
+	if jd = _valid_civil?(*(a << sg))
+	  throw :jd, jd
+	end
+      end
+
+      a = elem.values_at(:cwyear, :cweek, :cwday)
+      if a[2].nil? && elem[:wday]
+	a[2] = elem[:wday].nonzero? || 7
+      end
+      if a.all?
+	if jd = _valid_commercial?(*(a << sg))
+	  throw :jd, jd
+	end
+      end
+
+      a = elem.values_at(:year, :wnum0, :wday)
+      if a[2].nil? && elem[:cwday]
+	a[2] = elem[:cwday] % 7
+      end
+      if a.all?
+	if jd = _valid_weeknum?(*(a << 0 << sg))
+	  throw :jd, jd
+	end
+      end
+
+      a = elem.values_at(:year, :wnum1, :wday)
+      if a[2]
+	a[2] = (a[2] - 1) % 7
+      end
+      if a[2].nil? && elem[:cwday]
+	a[2] = (elem[:cwday] - 1) % 7
+      end
+      if a.all?
+	if jd = _valid_weeknum?(*(a << 1 << sg))
+	  throw :jd, jd
+	end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :valid_date_frags?
+
+  def self.valid_time_frags? (elem) # :nodoc:
+    h, min, s = elem.values_at(:hour, :min, :sec)
+    _valid_time?(h, min, s)
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :valid_time_frags?
+
+  def self.new_by_frags(elem, sg) # :nodoc:
+    elem = rewrite_frags(elem)
+    elem = complete_frags(elem)
+    unless jd = valid_date_frags?(elem, sg)
+      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, sg)
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :new_by_frags
+
+  # Create a new Date object by parsing from a String
+  # according to a specified format.
+  #
+  # +str+ is a String holding a date representation.
+  # +fmt+ is the format that the date is in.  See
+  # date/format.rb for details on supported formats.
+  #
+  # The default +str+ is '-4712-01-01', and the default
+  # +fmt+ is '%F', which means Year-Month-Day_of_Month.
+  # This gives Julian Day Number day 0.
+  #
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  #
+  # An ArgumentError will be raised if +str+ cannot be
+  # parsed.
+  def self.strptime(str='-4712-01-01', fmt='%F', sg=ITALY)
+    elem = _strptime(str, fmt)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
+  end
+
+  # Create a new Date object by parsing from a String,
+  # without specifying the format.
+  #
+  # +str+ is a String holding a date representation.
+  # +comp+ specifies whether to interpret 2-digit years
+  # as 19XX (>= 69) or 20XX (< 69); the default is not to.
+  # The method will attempt to parse a date from the String
+  # using various heuristics; see #_parse in date/format.rb
+  # for more details.  If parsing fails, an ArgumentError
+  # will be raised.
+  #
+  # The default +str+ is '-4712-01-01'; this is Julian
+  # Day Number day 0.
+  #
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  def self.parse(str='-4712-01-01', comp=true, sg=ITALY)
+    elem = _parse(str, comp)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
+  end
+
+  def self.iso8601(str='-4712-01-01', sg=ITALY) # :nodoc:
+    elem = _iso8601(str)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
+  end
+
+  def self.rfc3339(str='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00', sg=ITALY) # :nodoc:
+    elem = _rfc3339(str)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
+  end
+
+  def self.xmlschema(str='-4712-01-01', sg=ITALY) # :nodoc:
+    elem = _xmlschema(str)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
+  end
+
+  def self.rfc2822(str='Mon, 1 Jan -4712 00:00:00 +0000', sg=ITALY) # :nodoc:
+    elem = _rfc2822(str)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
+  end
+
+  class << self; alias_method :rfc822, :rfc2822 end
+
+  def self.httpdate(str='Mon, 01 Jan -4712 00:00:00 GMT', sg=ITALY) # :nodoc:
+    elem = _httpdate(str)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
+  end
+
+  def self.jisx0301(str='-4712-01-01', sg=ITALY) # :nodoc:
+    elem = _jisx0301(str)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
+  end
+
+  class << self
+
+    def once(*ids) # :nodoc: -- restricted
+      for id in ids
+	module_eval <<-"end;"
+	  alias_method :__#{id.object_id}__, :#{id.to_s}
+	  private :__#{id.object_id}__
+	  def #{id.to_s}(*args)
+	    @__ca__[#{id.object_id}] ||= __#{id.object_id}__(*args)
+	  end
+	end;
+      end
+    end
+
+    private :once
+
+  end
+
+  # *NOTE* this is the documentation for the method new!().  If
+  # you are reading this as the documentation for new(), that is
+  # because rdoc doesn't fully support the aliasing of the
+  # initialize() method.
+  # new() is in
+  # fact an alias for #civil(): read the documentation for that
+  # method instead.
+  #
+  # Create a new Date object.
+  #
+  # +ajd+ is the Astronomical Julian Day Number.
+  # +of+ is the offset from UTC as a fraction of a day.
+  # Both default to 0.
+  #
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform to use for this
+  # Date object.
+  #
+  # Using one of the factory methods such as Date::civil is
+  # generally easier and safer.
+  def initialize(ajd=0, of=0, sg=ITALY)
+    @ajd, @of, @sg = ajd, of, sg
+    @__ca__ = {}
+  end
+
+  # Get the date as an Astronomical Julian Day Number.
+  def ajd() @ajd end
+
+  # Get the date as an Astronomical Modified Julian Day Number.
+  def amjd() ajd_to_amjd(@ajd) end
+
+  once :amjd
+
+  # Get the date as a Julian Day Number.
+  def jd() ajd_to_jd(@ajd, @of)[0] end
+
+  # Get any fractional day part of the date.
+  def day_fraction() ajd_to_jd(@ajd, @of)[1] end
+
+  # Get the date as a Modified Julian Day Number.
+  def mjd() jd_to_mjd(jd) end
+
+  # Get the date as the number of days since the Day of Calendar
+  # Reform (in Italy and the Catholic countries).
+  def ld() jd_to_ld(jd) end
+
+  once :jd, :day_fraction, :mjd, :ld
+
+  # Get the date as a Civil Date, [year, month, day_of_month]
+  def civil() jd_to_civil(jd, @sg) end # :nodoc:
+
+  # Get the date as an Ordinal Date, [year, day_of_year]
+  def ordinal() jd_to_ordinal(jd, @sg) end # :nodoc:
+
+  # Get the date as a Commercial Date, [year, week_of_year, day_of_week]
+  def commercial() jd_to_commercial(jd, @sg) end # :nodoc:
+
+  def weeknum0() jd_to_weeknum(jd, 0, @sg) end # :nodoc:
+  def weeknum1() jd_to_weeknum(jd, 1, @sg) end # :nodoc:
+
+  once :civil, :ordinal, :commercial, :weeknum0, :weeknum1
+  private :civil, :ordinal, :commercial, :weeknum0, :weeknum1
+
+  # Get the year of this date.
+  def year() civil[0] end
+
+  # Get the day-of-the-year of this date.
+  #
+  # January 1 is day-of-the-year 1
+  def yday() ordinal[1] end
+
+  # Get the month of this date.
+  #
+  # January is month 1.
+  def mon() civil[1] end
+
+  # Get the day-of-the-month of this date.
+  def mday() civil[2] end
+
+  alias_method :month, :mon
+  alias_method :day, :mday
+
+  def wnum0() weeknum0[1] end # :nodoc:
+  def wnum1() weeknum1[1] end # :nodoc:
+
+  private :wnum0, :wnum1
+
+  # Get the time of this date as [hours, minutes, seconds,
+  # fraction_of_a_second]
+  def time() day_fraction_to_time(day_fraction) end # :nodoc:
+
+  once :time
+  private :time
+
+  # Get the hour of this date.
+  def hour() time[0] end
+
+  # Get the minute of this date.
+  def min() time[1] end
+
+  # Get the second of this date.
+  def sec() time[2] end
+
+  # Get the fraction-of-a-second of this date.
+  def sec_fraction() time[3] end
+
+  alias_method :minute, :min
+  alias_method :second, :sec
+  alias_method :second_fraction, :sec_fraction
+
+  private :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction,
+	  :minute, :second, :second_fraction
+
+  def zone() strftime('%:z') end
+
+  private :zone
+
+  # Get the commercial year of this date.  See *Commercial* *Date*
+  # in the introduction for how this differs from the normal year.
+  def cwyear() commercial[0] end
+
+  # Get the commercial week of the year of this date.
+  def cweek() commercial[1] end
+
+  # Get the commercial day of the week of this date.  Monday is
+  # commercial day-of-week 1; Sunday is commercial day-of-week 7.
+  def cwday() commercial[2] end
+
+  # Get the week day of this date.  Sunday is day-of-week 0;
+  # Saturday is day-of-week 6.
+  def wday() jd_to_wday(jd) end
+
+  once :wday
+
+=begin
+  MONTHNAMES.each_with_index do |n, i|
+    if n
+      define_method(n.downcase + '?'){mon == i}
+    end
+  end
+=end
+
+  DAYNAMES.each_with_index do |n, i|
+    define_method(n.downcase + '?'){wday == i}
+  end
+
+  def nth_kday? (n, k)
+    k == wday && jd === nth_kday_to_jd(year, mon, n, k, start)
+  end
+
+  private :nth_kday?
+
+  # Is the current date old-style (Julian Calendar)?
+  def julian? () jd < @sg end
+
+  # Is the current date new-style (Gregorian Calendar)?
+  def gregorian? () !julian? end
+
+  once :julian?, :gregorian?
+
+  def fix_style # :nodoc:
+    if julian?
+    then self.class::JULIAN
+    else self.class::GREGORIAN end
+  end
+
+  private :fix_style
+
+  # Is this a leap year?
+  def leap?
+    jd_to_civil(civil_to_jd(year, 3, 1, fix_style) - 1,
+		fix_style)[-1] == 29
+  end
+
+  once :leap?
+
+  # When is the Day of Calendar Reform for this Date object?
+  def start() @sg end
+
+  # Create a copy of this Date object using a new Day of Calendar Reform.
+  def new_start(sg=self.class::ITALY) self.class.new!(@ajd, @of, sg) end
+
+  # Create a copy of this Date object that uses the Italian/Catholic
+  # Day of Calendar Reform.
+  def italy() new_start(self.class::ITALY) end
+
+  # Create a copy of this Date object that uses the English/Colonial
+  # Day of Calendar Reform.
+  def england() new_start(self.class::ENGLAND) end
+
+  # Create a copy of this Date object that always uses the Julian
+  # Calendar.
+  def julian() new_start(self.class::JULIAN) end
+
+  # Create a copy of this Date object that always uses the Gregorian
+  # Calendar.
+  def gregorian() new_start(self.class::GREGORIAN) end
+
+  def offset() @of end
+
+  def new_offset(of=0)
+    if String === of
+      of = Rational(zone_to_diff(of) || 0, 86400)
+    end
+    self.class.new!(@ajd, of, @sg)
+  end
+
+  private :offset, :new_offset
+
+  # Return a new Date object that is +n+ days later than the
+  # current one.
+  #
+  # +n+ may be a negative value, in which case the new Date
+  # is earlier than the current one; however, #-() might be
+  # more intuitive.
+  #
+  # If +n+ is not a Numeric, a TypeError will be thrown.  In
+  # particular, two Dates cannot be added to each other.
+  def + (n)
+    case n
+    when Numeric; return self.class.new!(@ajd + n, @of, @sg)
+    end
+    raise TypeError, 'expected numeric'
+  end
+
+  # If +x+ is a Numeric value, create a new Date object that is
+  # +x+ days earlier than the current one.
+  #
+  # If +x+ is a Date, return the number of days between the
+  # two dates; or, more precisely, how many days later the current
+  # date is than +x+.
+  #
+  # If +x+ is neither Numeric nor a Date, a TypeError is raised.
+  def - (x)
+    case x
+    when Numeric; return self.class.new!(@ajd - x, @of, @sg)
+    when Date;    return @ajd - x.ajd
+    end
+    raise TypeError, 'expected numeric or date'
+  end
+
+  # Compare this date with another date.
+  #
+  # +other+ can also be a Numeric value, in which case it is
+  # interpreted as an Astronomical Julian Day Number.
+  #
+  # Comparison is by Astronomical Julian Day Number, including
+  # fractional days.  This means that both the time and the
+  # timezone offset are taken into account when comparing
+  # two DateTime instances.  When comparing a DateTime instance
+  # with a Date instance, the time of the latter will be
+  # considered as falling on midnight UTC.
+  def <=> (other)
+    case other
+    when Numeric; return @ajd <=> other
+    when Date;    return @ajd <=> other.ajd
+    end
+    nil
+  end
+
+  # The relationship operator for Date.
+  #
+  # Compares dates by Julian Day Number.  When comparing
+  # two DateTime instances, or a DateTime with a Date,
+  # the instances will be regarded as equivalent if they
+  # fall on the same date in local time.
+  def === (other)
+    case other
+    when Numeric; return jd == other
+    when Date;    return jd == other.jd
+    end
+    false
+  end
+
+  def next_day(n=1) self + n end
+  def prev_day(n=1) self - n end
+
+  # Return a new Date one day after this one.
+  def next() next_day end
+
+  alias_method :succ, :next
+
+  # Return a new Date object that is +n+ months later than
+  # the current one.
+  #
+  # If the day-of-the-month of the current Date is greater
+  # than the last day of the target month, the day-of-the-month
+  # of the returned Date will be the last day of the target month.
+  def >> (n)
+    y, m = (year * 12 + (mon - 1) + n).divmod(12)
+    m,   = (m + 1)                    .divmod(1)
+    d = mday
+    d -= 1 until jd2 = _valid_civil?(y, m, d, @sg)
+    self + (jd2 - jd)
+  end
+
+  # Return a new Date object that is +n+ months earlier than
+  # the current one.
+  #
+  # If the day-of-the-month of the current Date is greater
+  # than the last day of the target month, the day-of-the-month
+  # of the returned Date will be the last day of the target month.
+  def << (n) self >> -n end
+
+  def next_month(n=1) self >> n end
+  def prev_month(n=1) self << n end
+
+  def next_year(n=1) self >> n * 12 end
+  def prev_year(n=1) self << n * 12 end
+
+  require 'enumerator'
+
+  # Step the current date forward +step+ days at a
+  # time (or backward, if +step+ is negative) until
+  # we reach +limit+ (inclusive), yielding the resultant
+  # date at each step.
+  def step(limit, step=1) # :yield: date
+=begin
+    if step.zero?
+      raise ArgumentError, "step can't be 0"
+    end
+=end
+    unless block_given?
+      return to_enum(:step, limit, step)
+    end
+    da = self
+    op = %w(- <= >=)[step <=> 0]
+    while da.__send__(op, limit)
+      yield da
+      da += step
+    end
+    self
+  end
+
+  # Step forward one day at a time until we reach +max+
+  # (inclusive), yielding each date as we go.
+  def upto(max, &block) # :yield: date
+    step(max, +1, &block)
+  end
+
+  # Step backward one day at a time until we reach +min+
+  # (inclusive), yielding each date as we go.
+  def downto(min, &block) # :yield: date
+    step(min, -1, &block)
+  end
+
+  # Is this Date equal to +other+?
+  #
+  # +other+ must both be a Date object, and represent the same date.
+  def eql? (other) Date === other && self == other end
+
+  # Calculate a hash value for this date.
+  def hash() @ajd.hash end
+
+  # Return internal object state as a programmer-readable string.
+  def inspect
+    format('#<%s: %s (%s,%s,%s)>', self.class, to_s, @ajd, @of, @sg)
+  end
+
+  # Return the date as a human-readable string.
+  #
+  # The format used is YYYY-MM-DD.
+  def to_s() format('%.4d-%02d-%02d', year, mon, mday) end # 4p
+
+  # Dump to Marshal format.
+  def marshal_dump() [@ajd, @of, @sg] end
+
+  # Load from Marshal format.
+  def marshal_load(a)
+    @ajd, @of, @sg, = a
+    @__ca__ = {}
+  end
+
+end
+
+# Class representing a date and time.
+#
+# See the documentation to the file date.rb for an overview.
+#
+# DateTime objects are immutable once created.
+#
+# == Other methods.
+#
+# The following methods are defined in Date, but declared private
+# there.  They are made public in DateTime.  They are documented
+# here.
+#
+# === hour()
+#
+# Get the hour-of-the-day of the time.  This is given
+# using the 24-hour clock, counting from midnight.  The first
+# hour after midnight is hour 0; the last hour of the day is
+# hour 23.
+#
+# === min()
+#
+# Get the minute-of-the-hour of the time.
+#
+# === sec()
+#
+# Get the second-of-the-minute of the time.
+#
+# === sec_fraction()
+#
+# Get the fraction of a second of the time.  This is returned as
+# a +Rational+.
+#
+# === zone()
+#
+# Get the time zone as a String.  This is representation of the
+# time offset such as "+1000", not the true time-zone name.
+#
+# === offset()
+#
+# Get the time zone offset as a fraction of a day.  This is returned
+# as a +Rational+.
+#
+# === new_offset(of=0)
+#
+# Create a new DateTime object, identical to the current one, except
+# with a new time zone offset of +of+.  +of+ is the new offset from
+# UTC as a fraction of a day.
+#
+class DateTime < Date
+
+  # Create a new DateTime object corresponding to the specified
+  # Julian Day Number +jd+ and hour +h+, minute +min+, second +s+.
+  #
+  # The 24-hour clock is used.  Negative values of +h+, +min+, and
+  # +sec+ are treating as counting backwards from the end of the
+  # next larger unit (e.g. a +min+ of -2 is treated as 58).  No
+  # wraparound is performed.  If an invalid time portion is specified,
+  # an ArgumentError is raised.
+  #
+  # +of+ is the offset from UTC as a fraction of a day (defaults to 0).
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  #
+  # All day/time values default to 0.
+  def self.jd(jd=0, h=0, min=0, s=0, of=0, sg=ITALY)
+    unless (jd = _valid_jd?(jd, sg)) &&
+	   (fr = _valid_time?(h, min, s))
+      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
+    end
+    if String === of
+      of = Rational(zone_to_diff(of) || 0, 86400)
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, sg)
+  end
+
+  # Create a new DateTime object corresponding to the specified
+  # Ordinal Date and hour +h+, minute +min+, second +s+.
+  #
+  # The 24-hour clock is used.  Negative values of +h+, +min+, and
+  # +sec+ are treating as counting backwards from the end of the
+  # next larger unit (e.g. a +min+ of -2 is treated as 58).  No
+  # wraparound is performed.  If an invalid time portion is specified,
+  # an ArgumentError is raised.
+  #
+  # +of+ is the offset from UTC as a fraction of a day (defaults to 0).
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  #
+  # +y+ defaults to -4712, and +d+ to 1; this is Julian Day Number
+  # day 0.  The time values default to 0.
+  def self.ordinal(y=-4712, d=1, h=0, min=0, s=0, of=0, sg=ITALY)
+    unless (jd = _valid_ordinal?(y, d, sg)) &&
+	   (fr = _valid_time?(h, min, s))
+      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
+    end
+    if String === of
+      of = Rational(zone_to_diff(of) || 0, 86400)
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, sg)
+  end
+
+  # Create a new DateTime object corresponding to the specified
+  # Civil Date and hour +h+, minute +min+, second +s+.
+  #
+  # The 24-hour clock is used.  Negative values of +h+, +min+, and
+  # +sec+ are treating as counting backwards from the end of the
+  # next larger unit (e.g. a +min+ of -2 is treated as 58).  No
+  # wraparound is performed.  If an invalid time portion is specified,
+  # an ArgumentError is raised.
+  #
+  # +of+ is the offset from UTC as a fraction of a day (defaults to 0).
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  #
+  # +y+ defaults to -4712, +m+ to 1, and +d+ to 1; this is Julian Day
+  # Number day 0.  The time values default to 0.
+  def self.civil(y=-4712, m=1, d=1, h=0, min=0, s=0, of=0, sg=ITALY)
+    unless (jd = _valid_civil?(y, m, d, sg)) &&
+	   (fr = _valid_time?(h, min, s))
+      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
+    end
+    if String === of
+      of = Rational(zone_to_diff(of) || 0, 86400)
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, sg)
+  end
+
+  class << self; alias_method :new, :civil end
+
+  # Create a new DateTime object corresponding to the specified
+  # Commercial Date and hour +h+, minute +min+, second +s+.
+  #
+  # The 24-hour clock is used.  Negative values of +h+, +min+, and
+  # +sec+ are treating as counting backwards from the end of the
+  # next larger unit (e.g. a +min+ of -2 is treated as 58).  No
+  # wraparound is performed.  If an invalid time portion is specified,
+  # an ArgumentError is raised.
+  #
+  # +of+ is the offset from UTC as a fraction of a day (defaults to 0).
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  #
+  # +y+ defaults to -4712, +w+ to 1, and +d+ to 1; this is
+  # Julian Day Number day 0.
+  # The time values default to 0.
+  def self.commercial(y=-4712, w=1, d=1, h=0, min=0, s=0, of=0, sg=ITALY)
+    unless (jd = _valid_commercial?(y, w, d, sg)) &&
+	   (fr = _valid_time?(h, min, s))
+      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
+    end
+    if String === of
+      of = Rational(zone_to_diff(of) || 0, 86400)
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, sg)
+  end
+
+  def self.weeknum(y=-4712, w=0, d=1, f=0, h=0, min=0, s=0, of=0, sg=ITALY) # :nodoc:
+    unless (jd = _valid_weeknum?(y, w, d, f, sg)) &&
+	   (fr = _valid_time?(h, min, s))
+      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
+    end
+    if String === of
+      of = Rational(zone_to_diff(of) || 0, 86400)
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, sg)
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :weeknum
+
+  def self.nth_kday(y=-4712, m=1, n=1, k=1, h=0, min=0, s=0, of=0, sg=ITALY) # :nodoc:
+    unless (jd = _valid_nth_kday?(y, m, n, k, sg)) &&
+	   (fr = _valid_time?(h, min, s))
+      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
+    end
+    if String === of
+      of = Rational(zone_to_diff(of) || 0, 86400)
+    end
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, sg)
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :nth_kday
+
+  def self.new_by_frags(elem, sg) # :nodoc:
+    elem = rewrite_frags(elem)
+    elem = complete_frags(elem)
+    unless (jd = valid_date_frags?(elem, sg)) &&
+	   (fr = valid_time_frags?(elem))
+      raise ArgumentError, 'invalid date'
+    end
+    fr += (elem[:sec_fraction] || 0) / 86400
+    of = Rational(elem[:offset] || 0, 86400)
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, sg)
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :new_by_frags
+
+  # Create a new DateTime object by parsing from a String
+  # according to a specified format.
+  #
+  # +str+ is a String holding a date-time representation.
+  # +fmt+ is the format that the date-time is in.  See
+  # date/format.rb for details on supported formats.
+  #
+  # The default +str+ is '-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00', and the default
+  # +fmt+ is '%FT%T%z'.  This gives midnight on Julian Day Number day 0.
+  #
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  #
+  # An ArgumentError will be raised if +str+ cannot be
+  # parsed.
+  def self.strptime(str='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00', fmt='%FT%T%z', sg=ITALY)
+    elem = _strptime(str, fmt)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
+  end
+
+  # Create a new DateTime object by parsing from a String,
+  # without specifying the format.
+  #
+  # +str+ is a String holding a date-time representation.
+  # +comp+ specifies whether to interpret 2-digit years
+  # as 19XX (>= 69) or 20XX (< 69); the default is not to.
+  # The method will attempt to parse a date-time from the String
+  # using various heuristics; see #_parse in date/format.rb
+  # for more details.  If parsing fails, an ArgumentError
+  # will be raised.
+  #
+  # The default +str+ is '-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00'; this is Julian
+  # Day Number day 0.
+  #
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  def self.parse(str='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00', comp=true, sg=ITALY)
+    elem = _parse(str, comp)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
+  end
+
+  def self.iso8601(str='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00', sg=ITALY) # :nodoc:
+    elem = _iso8601(str)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
+  end
+
+  def self.rfc3339(str='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00', sg=ITALY) # :nodoc:
+    elem = _rfc3339(str)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
+  end
+
+  def self.xmlschema(str='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00', sg=ITALY) # :nodoc:
+    elem = _xmlschema(str)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
+  end
+
+  def self.rfc2822(str='Mon, 1 Jan -4712 00:00:00 +0000', sg=ITALY) # :nodoc:
+    elem = _rfc2822(str)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
+  end
+
+  class << self; alias_method :rfc822, :rfc2822 end
+
+  def self.httpdate(str='Mon, 01 Jan -4712 00:00:00 GMT', sg=ITALY) # :nodoc:
+    elem = _httpdate(str)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
+  end
+
+  def self.jisx0301(str='-4712-01-01T00:00:00+00:00', sg=ITALY) # :nodoc:
+    elem = _jisx0301(str)
+    new_by_frags(elem, sg)
+  end
+
+  public :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction, :zone, :offset, :new_offset,
+	 :minute, :second, :second_fraction
+
+  def to_s # 4p
+    format('%.4d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d%s',
+	   year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, zone)
+  end
+
+end
+
+class Time
+
+  def to_time() getlocal end
+
+  def to_date
+    jd = Date.__send__(:civil_to_jd, year, mon, mday, Date::ITALY)
+    Date.new!(Date.__send__(:jd_to_ajd, jd, 0, 0), 0, Date::ITALY)
+  end
+
+  def to_datetime
+    jd = DateTime.__send__(:civil_to_jd, year, mon, mday, DateTime::ITALY)
+    fr = DateTime.__send__(:time_to_day_fraction, hour, min, [sec, 59].min) +
+      Rational(nsec, 86400_000_000_000)
+    of = Rational(utc_offset, 86400)
+    DateTime.new!(DateTime.__send__(:jd_to_ajd, jd, fr, of),
+		  of, DateTime::ITALY)
+  end
+
+end
+
+class Date
+
+  def to_time() Time.local(year, mon, mday) end
+  def to_date() self end
+  def to_datetime() DateTime.new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), @of, @sg) end
+
+  # Create a new Date object representing today.
+  #
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  def self.today(sg=ITALY)
+    t = Time.now
+    jd = civil_to_jd(t.year, t.mon, t.mday, sg)
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, sg)
+  end
+
+  # Create a new DateTime object representing the current time.
+  #
+  # +sg+ specifies the Day of Calendar Reform.
+  def self.now(sg=ITALY)
+    t = Time.now
+    jd = civil_to_jd(t.year, t.mon, t.mday, sg)
+    fr = time_to_day_fraction(t.hour, t.min, [t.sec, 59].min) +
+      Rational(t.nsec, 86400_000_000_000)
+    of = Rational(t.utc_offset, 86400)
+    new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, fr, of), of, sg)
+  end
+
+  private_class_method :now
+
+end
+
+class DateTime < Date
+
+  def to_time
+    d = new_offset(0)
+    d.instance_eval do
+      Time.utc(year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec +
+	       sec_fraction)
+    end.
+	getlocal
+  end
+
+  def to_date() Date.new!(jd_to_ajd(jd, 0, 0), 0, @sg) end
+  def to_datetime() self end
+
+  private_class_method :today
+  public_class_method  :now
+
+end