shalmaneser 1.2.0.rc4 → 1.2.rc5

data/lib/common/Tiger.rb

@@ -1,1448 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-require 'common/headz'
-require 'common/SalsaTigerRegXML'
-require 'common/ruby_class_extensions'
-class Array
-  include EnumerableDistribute
-end
-
-
-require 'common/AbstractSynInterface'
-
-#############################################
-#
-# max. projection:
-#
-# consists of methods that are 'building blocks' for computing
-# the maximum projection of a verb in TIGER syntax
-#
-# basically, computing the max. projection is about moving an
-# upper node upward. At the beginning it is the parent of the 
-# terminal node for the verb, and each building block moves it up
-# to its parent, if the building block matches. 
-#
-# Apart from the upper node, a lower node is also watched. At the 
-# beginning it is the terminal node for the verb, later it is usually
-# the 'HD' child of the upper node. This lower node is needed for
-# testing whether a building block matches. 
-#
-# For handling conjunction, the upper node is split into two, a 'lower upper' 
-# and an 'upper upper' node. The 'lower upper' is used when some relation
-# between the upper node and its descendants is tested, and the 'upper upper'
-# is used when some relation between the upper node and its predecessors
-# is tested. Usually the 'lower upper' and the 'upper upper' are the same,
-# but conjunction building blocks move the 'upper upper' up to its parent
-# while leaving the 'lower upper' unchanged.
-#
-# So all building block methods take three arguments: lower, upper_l and
-# upper_u. All three are nodes given as SalsaTigerSentence objects
-#
-# All building block methods give as their return value a list of three 
-# nodes: [new_lower, new_upper_l, new_upper_u], if the building block 
-# matched. If it does not match, nil is returned.
-#
-# The method explain describes all building blocks, 
-# the conditions for the building blocks matching, and shows
-# where the lower and the upper nodes will be after a building block matched. 
-#
-# building blocks:
-#  pp_pp
-#  pp_fin
-#  inf_fin
-#  vzinf_fin
-#  cvzinf_fin
-#  modal
-#  othermodal
-#  conj
-#
-# To compute the maximal projection of a verb,
-# we start at the parent of the terminal node for the verb
-# "and move upwards.
-# "The move upwards is broken up in little building blocks."
-# "Each of them licenses one step upward in the syntactic tree."
-#
-# "Each building block needs information about two nodes:"
-# "The current upper node (at the beginning, that is"
-# "the parent of the terminal node for the verb) and"
-# "one specific child of that current upper node"
-# "(at the beginning, that is the terminal node for the verb)."
-#
-# "Each building block provides information of"
-# "- where the new upper node is, depending on the current"
-# "  upper node, and"
-# "- where the new specific child is."
-#
-# "For handling conjunction, we need to complicate this picture somewhat:"
-# "We split the current upper node into an 'upper upper'"
-# "and a 'lower upper' node."
-# "If we want to check the edge from the current upper node upwards,"
-# "we use the 'upper upper'."
-# "If we want to check an edge from the current upper node downwards,"
-# "we use the 'lower upper'."
-# "Almost always, the 'lower upper' and the 'upper upper' will be the same."
-# "Except for the building block for conjunction:"
-# "It moves the 'upper upper' one level up,"
-# "but leaves the 'lower upper' the same."
-# 
-# "There are five levels of building blocks."
-#
-# "* 1st level: auxiliary verb constructions involving a participle"
-# " The following building blocks are tried, in this order:"
-# " CONJ, PP-PP, CONJ, PP_FIN"
-#
-# "* 2nd level: infinitive constructions"
-# " The following building blocks are tried, in this order:"
-# " CONJ, INF-FIN, VZINF-FIN, CVZINF-FIN"
-#
-# "* 3rd level: modals"
-# " The following building blocks are tried, in this order:"
-# " CONJ, MODAL, OTHERMODAL"
-#
-# "* 4th level = 1st level"
-#
-# "* 5th level = 2nd level"
-#
-#
-# "***These are the building blocks:"
-# 
-# "PP-PP"
-# "             VP (new uppermost node)"
-# "           / | \\OC"
-# "        HD/  |   VP|CVP (current uppermost node)"
-# "         /   |    |"
-# "        o    FE   |HD|CJ"
-# "POS: V[AMV]PP     |"
-# " new target     current target"
-# "                  POS: V[AMV]PP"
-# 
-# "PP-FIN"
-# "             S/VP (new uppermost node)"
-# "           / | \\OC or PD"
-# "        HD/  |   VP|CVP|CO (current uppermost node)"
-# "         /   |    |"
-# "        o    FE   |HD|CJ"
-# "POS: V[AMV]FIN    |"
-# "     V[AMV]INF  current target"
-# "or CAT: VZ        POS: V[AMV]PP"
-# 
-# "INF_FIN"
-# "             S/VP (new uppermost node)"
-# "           / | \\OC"
-# "        HD/  |   VP|CVP (current uppermost node)"
-# "         /   |    |"
-# "        o    FE   |HD|CJ"
-# "POS: VAFIN        |"
-# "     VAINF       current target"
-# "     VVINF        POS: V[AMV]INF"
-# "    new target"
-#
-# "VZINF-FIN"
-# "             S/VP (new uppermost node)"
-# "           / | \\OC"
-# "        HD/  |   VP (current uppermost node)"
-# "         /   |    |"
-# "        o    FE   |HD"
-# "POS: V[AV]FIN     |"
-# "   new target    current target"
-# "                  CAT: VZ"
-#
-# "CVZINF-FIN"
-# " S/VP (new uppermost node)"
-# " | \\OC"
-# " |   CVP (current uppermost node)"
-# " |    |"
-# " FE   |CJ"
-# "      |"
-# "     current and new target"
-# "     CAT: VZ"
-#
-# "MODAL"
-# "             S/VP (new uppermost node)"
-# "           / | \\OC"
-# "        HD/  |   VP|CVP (current uppermost node)"
-# "         /   |    |"
-# "        o    FE   |HD|CJ"
-# "      POS:        |"
-# "  VM(PP|FIN|INF)  current target"
-# "   new target     POS: V[AMV]INF"
-# 
-# "OTHERMODAL"
-# "             S/VP (new uppermost node)"
-# "           / | \\OC"
-# "        HD/  |   VP (current uppermost node)"
-# "         /   |   | \\"
-# "        o    FE  |HD \\OC"
-# "POS: VMFIN       |    \\"
-# "     VMINF      POS:    current target"
-# "     VMPP     V[AMV]INF   POS: V[AMV]PP"
-# "  new target  V[AMV]FIN"
-#
-# "CONJ"
-# "  CVP (new upper uppermost node)"
-# "   | \\CJ"
-# "   |   VP (current and new uppermost node)"
-# "   |    |"
-# "   FE   |"
-# "        |"
-# "   current and new target"
-###
-module TigerMaxProjection
-
-  def max_projection(node)
-    parent = node.parent
-    # node has no parent? recover somehow
-    if parent.nil?
-      return {'max_proj' => node,
-              'max_proj_at_level' => [node]}
-    end
-
-    maxproj_at_level = Array.new
-    maxproj_at_level << parent
-
-    lower = node
-    upper_u = upper_l = parent
-    
-    lower, upper_l, upper_u = project_participle(lower, upper_l, upper_u)
-    maxproj_at_level << upper_u
-
-    lower, upper_l, upper_u = project_infinitive(lower, upper_l, upper_u)
-    maxproj_at_level << upper_u
-
-    lower, upper_l, upper_u = project_modal(lower, upper_l, upper_u)
-    maxproj_at_level << upper_u
-
-    lower, upper_l, upper_u = project_participle(lower, upper_l, upper_u)
-    maxproj_at_level << upper_u
-
-    lower, upper_l, upper_u = project_infinitive(lower, upper_l, upper_u)
-    maxproj_at_level << upper_u
-
-    return {'max_proj' => upper_u,
-            'max_proj_at_level' => maxproj_at_level}
-  end
-
-
-  ###
-  def test_localtrees(path)
-
-
-#HIER WEITER: was genau passiert hier?
-
-
-    retv = Hash.new
-
-    # test each step
-    path.each { |step|
-      retv = test_step(step, retv)
-      
-      if retv.nil?
-	return nil
-      end
-    }
-
-    # return result of last step
-    return retv
-  end
-
-  ######
-  private
-
-  ###
-  def test_step(path, previous)
-    if path['from'].nil? or path['to'].nil? or path['edge'].nil?
-      $stderr.puts 'TigerAux error: missing path hash entry'
-      exit 1
-    end
-    
-    from_node, *from_descr = path['from']
-    to_node, *to_descr = path['to']
-
-    # using the special flags tp_prev_to and tp_prev_from,
-    # a node can also be set to be the value in the 
-    # 'previous' hash
-    from_node = cf_previous(from_node, previous)
-    to_node = cf_previous(to_node, previous)
-    
-    # test if 'from' node description matches
-    unless test_node(from_node, from_descr)
-      return nil
-    end
-    
-    # try path
-    direction, edgelabel = path['edge']
-    case direction
-    when 'up'
-      label = from_node.parent_label()
-      if label =~ edgelabel
-	end_nodes = [from_node.parent()]
-      else
-	end_nodes = []
-      end
-    when 'dn'
-      end_nodes = []
-      from_node.each_child { |child|
-	if child.parent_label() =~ edgelabel
-	  end_nodes << child
-	end
-      }
-    else
-      $stderr.puts 'TigerAux error: unknown direction'
-      exit 1
-    end
-    
-    # check all prospective end nodes
-    remaining_end_nodes = end_nodes.select { |prosp_to_node|
-      if to_node.nil? or to_node == prosp_to_node
-	test_node(prosp_to_node, to_descr)
-      else
-	false
-      end
-    }
-    
-    if remaining_end_nodes.empty?
-      return nil
-    else
-      return {'from' => from_node,
-	  'to' => remaining_end_nodes}
-    end
-  end
-  
-  ###
-  def test_node(node, descr)
-
-    cat_or_pos, pattern = descr
-    if node.nil?
-      $stderr.puts 'TigerAux error: test_node nil'
-      exit 1
-    end
-    
-    case cat_or_pos
-    when 'pos'
-      if node.part_of_speech =~ pattern
-	return true
-      else
-	return false
-      end
-    when 'cat'
-      if node.category =~ pattern
-	return true
-      else
-	return false
-      end
-    when nil
-      return true
-    else
-      $stderr.puts 'TigerAux error: neither cat nor pos'
-      exit 1
-    end
-  end
-
-  ###
-  def cf_previous(node, previous)
-    case node
-    when 'tp_prev_to'
-      return previous['to'].first
-    when 'tp_prev_from'
-      return previous['from']
-    else
-      return node
-    end
-  end
-
-  ###
-  def project_participle(lower, upper_l, upper_u)
-    return project_this(lower, upper_l, upper_u,
-                              [self.method('conj'),
-                               self.method('pp_pp'),
-                               self.method('conj'),
-                               self.method('pp_fin')])
-  end
-  
-  ###
-  def project_infinitive(lower, upper_l, upper_u)
-    return project_this(lower, upper_l, upper_u,
-                        [self.method('conj'),
-                         self.method('inf_fin'),
-                         self.method('vzinf_fin'),
-                         self.method('cvzinf_fin')
-                        ])
-    end
-
-  ###
-  def project_modal(lower, upper_l, upper_u)
-    return project_this(lower, upper_l, upper_u,
-                        [self.method('conj'),
-                         self.method('modal'),
-                         self.method('othermodal')
-                        ])
-  end
-
-  ###
-  def project_participle_(lower, upper_l, upper_u)
-    return project_this(lower, upper_l, upper_u,
-                              [self.method('conj'),
-                               self.method('pp_pp'),
-                               self.method('conj'),
-                               self.method('pp_fin')])
-  end
-
-  ###
-  def project_this(lower, upper_l, upper_u, method_list)
-    method_list.each { |method|
-      retv = method.call(lower, upper_l, upper_u)
-      unless retv.nil?
-        lower, upper_l, upper_u = retv
-      end
-    }
-    return [lower, upper_l, upper_u]
-  end
-
-  ###
-  def pp_pp(lower, upper_l, upper_u)
-    
-    retv = 
-          test_localtrees([
-                            {'from' => [lower, 'pos', /^V[AMV]PP$/],
-                             'to' => [upper_l, 'cat', /^C?VP$/],
-                             'edge' => ['up', /^(HD)|(CJ)$/]},
-                            {'from' => [upper_u, 'cat', /^C?VP$/],
-                             'to' => [nil, 'cat', /^VP$/],
-                             'edge' => ['up', /^OC$/]},
-                            {'from' => ['tp_prev_to', 'cat', /^VP$/],
-                             'to' => [nil, 'pos', /^V[AMV]PP$/],
-                             'edge' => ['dn', /^HD$/]}
-                          ])
-      
-    if retv.nil?
-      return nil
-    else
-      return [retv['to'].first, retv['from'], retv['from']]
-    end
-  end
-
-  ###
-  def pp_fin(lower, upper_l, upper_u)
-    
-    retv = 
-          test_localtrees([
-                            {'from' => [lower, 'pos', /^V[AMV]PP$/], 
-                             'to' => [upper_l, 'cat', /^C?VP$/],
-                             'edge' => ['up', /^(HD)|(CJ)$/]},
-                            {'from' => [upper_u,'cat', /^C?VP$/], 
-                             'to' => [nil, 'cat', /^(VP)|S$/],
-                             'edge' => ['up', /^(OC)|(PD)$/]}
-                          ])
-    
-    if retv.nil?
-      return nil
-    end
-    
-    new_upper = retv['to'].first
-    
-    # test two alternatives:
-    # head child of new_upper is either a VXFIN or VXINF terminal...
-    retv = 
-          test_localtrees([
-                            {'from' => [new_upper, 'cat', /^(VP)|S$/],
-                             'to' => [nil, 'pos', /^V[AMV]((FIN)|(INF))$/],
-                             'edge' => ['dn', /^HD$/]}
-                          ])
-		  
-    # ... or a VZ nonterminal
-    if retv.nil?
-      retv = 
-            test_localtrees([
-                              {'from' => [new_upper, 'cat', /^(VP)|S$/],
-                               'to' => [nil, 'cat', /^VZ$/],
-                               'edge' => ['dn', /^HD$/]}
-                            ])
-    end
-
-    if retv.nil?
-      return nil
-    else
-      return [retv['to'].first, new_upper, new_upper]
-    end
-  end
-
- 
-  ###
-  def inf_fin(lower, upper_l, upper_u)
-    
-    retv = 
-          test_localtrees([
-                            {'from' => [lower, 'pos', /^V[AMV]INF$/], 
-                             'to' => [upper_l, 'cat', /^C?VP$/],
-                             'edge' => ['up', /^(HD)|(CJ)$/]},
-                            {'from' => [upper_u,'cat', /^C?VP$/], 
-                             'to' => [nil, 'cat', /^(VP)|S$/],
-                             'edge' => ['up', /^OC$/]},
-                            {'from' => ['tp_prev_to', 'cat', /^(VP)|S$/],
-                             'to' => [nil, 'pos', /^(VAFIN)|(VAINF)|(VVINF)$/],
-                             'edge' => ['dn', /^HD$/]}
-                          ])
-    if retv.nil?
-      return nil
-    else
-      return [retv['to'].first, retv['from'], retv['from']]
-    end
-  end
-
-
-  ###
-  def vzinf_fin(lower, upper_l, upper_u)
-    
-    retv = 
-          test_localtrees([
-                            {'from' => [lower, 'cat', /^VZ$/], 
-                             'to' => [upper_l, 'cat', /^VP$/],
-                             'edge' => ['up', /^HD$/]},
-                            {'from' => [upper_u,'cat', /^VP$/], 
-                             'to' => [nil, 'cat', /^(VP)|S$/],
-                             'edge' => ['up', /^OC$/]},
-                            {'from' => ['tp_prev_to', 'cat', /^(VP)|S$/],
-                             'to' => [nil, 'pos', /^V[AV]FIN$/],
-                             'edge' => ['dn', /^HD$/]}
-                          ])
-
-    if retv.nil?
-      return nil
-    else
-      return [retv['to'].first, retv['from'], retv['from']]
-    end
-  end
-
-  ###
-  def cvzinf_fin(lower, upper_l, upper_u)
-    
-    retv = 
-          test_localtrees([
-                            {'from' => [lower, 'cat', /^VZ$/], 
-                             'to' => [upper_l, 'cat', /^CVP$/],
-                             'edge' => ['up', /^CJ$/]},
-                            {'from' => [upper_u,'cat', /^CVP$/], 
-                             'to' => [nil, 'cat', /^(VP)|S$/],
-                             'edge' => ['up', /^OC$/]}
-                          ])
-    
-      if retv.nil?
-	return nil
-      else
-	return [lower, upper_l, retv['to'].first]
-      end
-  end
-
-  ###
-  def modal(lower, upper_l, upper_u)
-    
-    retv = 
-          test_localtrees([
-                            {'from' => [lower, 'pos', /^V[AMV]INF$/], 
-                             'to' => [upper_l, 'cat', /^C?VP$/],
-                             'edge' => ['up', /^(HD)|(CJ)$/]},
-                            {'from' => [upper_u,'cat', /^C?VP$/], 
-                             'to' => [nil, 'cat', /^(VP)|S$/],
-                             'edge' => ['up', /^OC$/]},
-                            {'from' => ['tp_prev_to', 'cat', /^(VP)|S$/],
-                             'to' => [nil, 'pos', /^VM((PP)|(FIN)|(INF))$/],
-                             'edge' => ['dn', /^HD$/]}
-                          ])
-    
-    if retv.nil?
-      return nil
-    else
-      return [retv['to'].first, retv['from'], retv['from']]
-    end
-  end
-
-  ###
-  def othermodal(lower, upper_l, upper_u)
-    
-    retv = 
-          test_localtrees([
-                            {'from' => [lower, 'pos', /^V[AMV]PP$/], 
-                             'to' => [upper_l, 'cat', /^VP$/],
-                             'edge' => ['up', /^OC$/]},
-                            {'from' => [upper_l, 'cat', /^VP$/], 
-                             'to' => [nil, 'pos', /^V[AMV]((INF)|(FIN))$/],
-                             'edge' => ['dn', /^HD$/]},
-                            {'from' => [upper_u,'cat', /^VP$/], 
-                             'to' => [nil, 'cat', /^(VP)|S$/],
-                             'edge' => ['up', /^OC$/]},
-                            {'from' => ['tp_prev_to', 'cat', /^(VP)|S$/],
-                             'to' => [nil, 'pos', /^VM((PP)|(FIN)|(INF))$/],
-                             'edge' => ['dn', /^HD$/]}
-                          ])
-    
-    if retv.nil?
-      return nil
-    else
-      return [retv['to'].first, retv['from'], retv['from']]
-    end
-  end
-  
-  ###
-  def conj(lower, upper_l, upper_u)
-    
-    retv = test_localtrees([
-                             {'from' => [lower, nil, //], 
-                              'to' => [upper_l, 'cat', /^VP$/],
-                              'edge' => ['up', //]},
-                             {'from' => [upper_u,'cat', /^VP$/], 
-                              'to' => [nil, 'cat', /^CVP$/],
-                              'edge' => ['up', /^CJ$/]}
-                           ])
-    
-    if retv.nil?
-      return nil
-    else
-      return [lower, upper_l, retv['to'].first]
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-###########################################################3
-class Tiger < SynInterpreter
-
-  extend TigerMaxProjection
-  
-  @@heads_obj = Headz.new()
-
-  ###
-  # generalize over POS tags.
-  #
-  # returns one of:
-  #
-  # adj:  adjective (phrase)
-  # adv:  adverb (phrase)
-  # card: numbers, quantity phrases
-  # con:  conjunction
-  # det:  determiner, including possessive/demonstrative pronouns etc.
-  # for:  foreign material
-  # noun: noun (phrase), including personal pronouns, proper names, expletives
-  # part: particles, truncated words (German compound parts)
-  # prep: preposition (phrase)
-  # pun:  punctuation, brackets, etc.
-  # sent: sentence
-  # top:  top node of a sentence
-  # verb: verb (phrase)
-  # nil:  something went wrong
-  #
-  # default: return phrase type as is
-  def Tiger.category(node) # SynNode
-    pt = Tiger.pt(node)
-    if pt.nil?
-      # phrase type could not be determined
-      return nil
-    end
-
-    case pt.to_s.strip()
-    when /^C?ADJ/, /^PIS/, /^C?AP[^A-Za-z]?/ then return "adj"
-    when /^C?ADV/, /^C?AVP/, /^PROAV/ then  return "adv"
-    when /^CARD/  then return "card"
-    when  /^C?KO/             then return "con"
-    when /^PPOS/, /^ART/ ,/^PIAT/, /^PD/, /^PRELAT/, /^PWAT/ then return "det"
-    when /^FM/ , /^XY/ then return "for"
-    when /^C?N/, /^PPER/, /^PN/, /^PRELS/, /^PWS/ then return "noun"
-    when /^ITJ/ then return "sent"  
-    when  /^PRF/, /^PTK/, /^TRUNC/      then return "part"
-    when  /^C?PP/ , /^APPR/, /^PWAV/      then return "prep"
-    when /^\$/ then return "pun"
-    when /^C?S$/, /^CO/, /^DL/, /^CH/, /^ISU/  then return "sent" # I don't like to put CO/DL in here, but where should they go?
-    when /^TOP/                then return "top"
-    when /^C?V/               then return "verb"
-    else
-      #      $stderr.puts "WARNING Unknown category/POS "+c.to_s+" (German data)"
-      return nil
-    end
-  end
-
-  ###
-  # is relative pronoun?
-  #
-  def Tiger.relative_pronoun?(node) # SynNode
-    pt = Tiger.pt(node)
-    if pt.nil?
-      # phrase type could not be determined
-      return nil
-    end
-
-    case pt.to_s.strip()
-    when /^PREL/, /^PWAV/,  /^PWAT/
-      return true
-    else
-      return false
-    end
-  end
-
-
-  ###
-  # lemma_backoff:
-  #
-  # if we have lemma information, return that,
-  # and failing that, return the word
-  #
-  # returns: string or nil
-  def Tiger.lemma_backoff(node)
-    lemma = super(node)
-    # lemmatizer has returned more than one possible lemma form: 
-    # just accept the first 
-    if lemma =~ /^([^|]+)|/ 
-      return $1
-    else
-      return lemma
-    end
-  end
-
-  ###
-  # verb_with_particle:
-  #
-  # given a node and a nodelist,
-  # if the node represents a verb:
-  # see if the verb has a particle among the nodes in nodelist
-  # if so, return it
-  def Tiger.particle_of_verb(node,           # SynNode
-                             node_list)      # array: SynNode
-
-    # must be verb
-    unless Tiger.category(node) == "verb"
-      return nil
-    end
-
-    # must have parent
-    unless node.parent
-      return nil
-    end
-
-    particles = node.parent.children.select { |sister|
-      # look for sisters of the verb node that are in node_list
-      node_list.include? sister
-    }.select { |sister|
-      # see if its incoming edge is labeled "SVP"
-      sister.parent_label() == "SVP"
-    }.reject { |particle|
-      # Sleepy parser problem: it often tags ")" as a separate verb particle
-      particle.get_attribute("lemma") == ")" or
-	particle.word == ")"
-    }
-
-    if particles.length == 0
-      return nil
-    else
-      return particles.first
-    end
-  end
-
-
-  ###
-  # auxiliary?
-  # 
-  # returns true if the given node is an auxiliary
-  # default: no recognition of auxiliaries
-  def Tiger.auxiliary?(node)
-    if node.part_of_speech() and
-        node.part_of_speech =~ /^VA/
-      return true
-    else
-      return false
-    end
-  end
-
-  ###
-  # modal?
-  #
-  # returns true if the given node is a modal verb
-  #
-  # returns: boolean
-  def Tiger.modal?(node)
-    if node.part_of_speech() and
-	node.part_of_speech =~ /^VM/
-      return true
-    else
-      return false
-    end
-  end
-
-  ###
-  # head_terminal
-  #
-  # given a constituent, return the terminal node
-  # that describes its headword
-  # default: a heuristic that assumes the existence of a 'head' 
-  #   attribute on nodes:
-  #   find the first node in my yield corresponding to my head attribute.
-  # add-on: if this doesn't work, ask the headz package for the head
-  #
-  # returns: a SynNode object if successful, else nil
-  def Tiger.head_terminal(node)
-    if (head = super(node))
-      return head
-    end
-
-    head_hash = @@heads_obj.get_sem_head(node)
-    if head_hash.nil?
-      return nil
-    elsif head_hash["prep"]
-      return head_hash["prep"]
-    else
-      return head_hash["head"]
-    end
-  end
-
-
-  #####################################
-  # verbs(sobj)  sobj is a sentence in SalsaTigerSentence format
-  #
-  # return a list of the nodes of full verbs in a given sentence:
-  # it is a list of lists. An item in that list is
-  # - either a pair [verb, svp]
-  #   of the node of a verb with separable prefix 
-  #   and the node of its separate prefix
-  # - or a singleton [verb]
-  #   of the node of a verb without separate prefix 
-  def Tiger.verbs(sobj)
-    return sobj.terminals().select { |t|
-      # verbs
-
-      Tiger.category(t) == "verb"
-    }.map { |verb|
-
-      # watch out for separate verb prefixes
-      parent = verb.parent
-      if parent.nil?
-        # verb is root node, for whatever reason
-        [verb]
-      else
-        
-        svp_children = parent.children_by_edgelabels(['SVP'])
-        if svp_children.empty?
-          # verb has no separate verb prefix
-          [verb]
-        elsif svp_children.length == 1
-          # verb has exactly one separate verb prefix
-          [verb, svp_children.first]
-        else
-          # more than one separate verb prefix? weird.
-          $stderr.print 'Tiger warning: more than one separate verb prefix '
-          $stderr.print 'for node ', verb.id, "\n"
-          [verb, svp_children.first]
-        end
-      end
-    }
-  end
-
-  ###
-  # preposition
-  #
-  # if the given node represents a PP, return the preposition (string)
-  def Tiger.preposition(node) # SynNode
-    hash = @@heads_obj.get_sem_head(node) 
-    if hash and hash["prep"]
-      return hash["prep"].to_s
-    end
-
-    # this didn't work, try something else: first preposition among my terminals
-    pnode = node.terminals_sorted().detect { |n|
-      Tiger.category(n) == "prep"
-    }
-    if pnode
-      return pnode.word()
-    else
-      return nil
-    end
-  end
-
-
-  ###
-  # voice
-  #
-  # given a constituent, return 
-  # - "active"/"passive" if it is a verb
-  # - nil, else
-  def Tiger.voice(node)
-
-    unless Tiger.category(node) == "verb"
-      return nil
-    end
-
-    # node is a participle linked to its VP or S parent by HD or CJ
-    retv = test_localtrees([ {'from' => [node, 'pos', /^V[AMV]PP$/],
-                              'to' => [nil, 'cat', /^(CVP)|(VP)|S|(CS)$/],
-                              'edge' => ['up', /^(HD)|(CJ)$/]}])
-
-    if retv
-      verb_parent = retv['to'].first
-
-      # coordination?
-      retv = test_localtrees([{'from' => [verb_parent, nil, //],
-                             'to' => [nil, 'cat', /^CVP$/],
-                             'edge' => ['up', /^CJ$/]}])
-      if retv
-
-     	# yes, coordination
-	#   S/VP
-	#    |OC
-	#   CVP
-	#    | CJ
-	#   VP
-	#    | HD
-	# participle
-      
-	cvp = retv['to'].first  
-   
-	retv = test_localtrees([{'from' => [cvp, nil, //],
-                             'to' => [nil, 'cat', /^S|(VP)$/],
-                             'edge' => ['up', /^OC$/]}])
-
-      else
-	# node's parent is linked to its parent via an OC edge
-	retv = test_localtrees([{'from' => [verb_parent, nil, //],
-				   'to' => [nil, 'cat', /^(VP)|S$/],
-				   'edge' => ['up', /^OC$/]}]) 
-      end
-
-      if retv.nil?
-        return "active"
-      end
-   
-      verb_grandparent = retv['to'].first
-   
-    else
-      # KE Dec 19: test whether the participle
-      # is linked to its parent via an OC edge.
-      # if so, it has the same  function as the
-      # verb_grandparent above
-
-      # node is a participle linked to its VP or S parent by OC
-      retv = test_localtrees([ {'from' => [node, 'pos', /^V[AMV]PP$/],
-                              'to' => [nil, 'cat', /^(CVP)|(VP)|S|(CS)$/],
-                              'edge' => ['up', /^OC$/]}])
-
-      if retv
-	verb_grandparent = retv['to'].first
-
-      else
-	# this test has failed
-	return "active"
-      end
-    end
-   
-    #puts test_localtrees([{'from' => [verb_grandparent, nil, //],
-    #                         'to' => [nil, 'pos', /^VA.*$/],
-    #                         'edge' => ['dn', /^HD$/]}])
-
-    # node's grandparent has a HD child that is a terminal node, an auxiliary
-    retv = test_localtrees([{'from' => [verb_grandparent, nil, //],
-                             'to' => [nil, 'pos', /^VA.*$/],
-                             'edge' => ['dn', /^HD$/]}])
-    
-    if retv.nil?
-      return "active"
-    end
-
-    # that HD child is a form of 'werden'
-    may_be_werden = retv['to'].first
-
-    unless may_be_werden.part_of_speech() =~ /^VA/ 
-      return "active"
-    end
-
-    # no morphology, so approximate it using regexp.s
-    case may_be_werden.word
-    when "geworden"
-    when /^w.+rd(e|en|et|st|est)?$/
-    else
-      return "active"
-    end
-
-    # all tests passed successfully
-    return "passive"
-  end
-
-  ###
-  # gfs
-  #
-  # grammatical functions of a constituent:
-  # 
-  # returns: a list of pairs [relation(string), node(SynNode)]
-  # where <node> stands in the relation <relation> to the parameter
-  # that the method was called with
-  #
-  def Tiger.gfs(node,   # SynNode object
-                sent)   # SalsaTigerSentence object
-
-    case Tiger.category(node)
-    when "adj"
-      return Tiger.gfs_adj(node)
-    when "noun"
-      return Tiger.gfs_noun(node, sent)
-    when "verb"
-      return Tiger.gfs_verb(node)
-    else
-      return []
-    end
-  end
-
-
-  ###
-  # informative_content_node
-  #
-  # for most constituents: nil
-  # for a PP, the NP
-  # for an SBAR, the VP
-  # for a VP, the embedded VP 
-  def Tiger.informative_content_node(node)
-    this_pt = Tiger.simplified_pt(node)
-
-    unless ["S", "CS", "VP", "CVP", "PP", "CPP"].include? this_pt
-      return nil
-    end
-
-    nh = Tiger.head_terminal(node)
-    unless nh
-      return nil
-    end
-    headlemma = Tiger.lemma_backoff(nh)
-    
-    nonhead_children = node.children().reject { |n| 
-      nnh = Tiger.head_terminal(n)
-      not(nnh) or 
-        Tiger.lemma_backoff(nnh) == headlemma 
-    }
-    if nonhead_children.length() == 1
-      return nonhead_children.first
-    end
-
-    # more than one child:
-    # for SBAR and VP take child with head POS starting in VB,
-    # for PP child with head POS starting in NN
-    case this_pt
-    when /^C?S/, /^C?VP/
-      icont_child = nonhead_children.detect { |n|
-        h = Tiger.head_terminal(n)
-        h and h.part_of_speech() =~ /^V/
-      }
-    when /^C?PP/
-      icont_child = nonhead_children.detect { |n|
-        h = Tiger.head_terminal(n)
-        h and h.part_of_speech() =~ /^N/
-      }
-    else
-      raise "Shouldn't be here"
-    end
-
-    if icont_child
-      return icont_child
-    else
-      return nonhead_children.first
-    end
-  end
-
-  ###
-  # main node of expression
-  #
-  # second argument non-nil: 
-  # don't handle multiword expressions beyond verbs with separate particles
-  # 
-  # returns: SynNode, main node, if found
-  # else nil
-  def Tiger.main_node_of_expr(nodelist, 
-                              no_mwes = nil) 
-
-    # map nodes to terminals
-    nodelist = nodelist.map { |n| n.yield_nodes() }.flatten
-
-    # do we have a list of length 2,
-    # one member being "zu", the other a verb, with a common parent "VZ"? 
-    # then return the verb
-    if nodelist.length() == 2
-      zu, verb = nodelist.distribute { |n| n.part_of_speech() == "PTKZU" }
-      if zu.length() == 1 and
-          Tiger.category(verb.first) == "verb" and
-          verb.first.parent == zu.first.parent and
-          verb.first.parent.category() == "VZ"
-        return verb.first
-      end
-    end
-
-    # no joy: try method offered by abstract class
-    return super(nodelist, no_mwes)
-  end
-
-
-  ########
-  # prune?
-  # given a target node t and another node n of the syntactic structure,
-  # decide whether n is likely to instantiate a semantic role
-  # of t. If not, recommend n for pruning. 
-  #
-  # This method implements a slight variant of Xue and Palmer (EMNLP 2004).
-  # Pruning according to Xue & Palmer, EMNLP 2004.
-  # "Step 1: Designate the predicate as the current node and 
-  #    collect its sisters (constituents attached at the same level
-  #    as the predicate) unless its sisters are coordinated with the 
-  #    predicate.
-  #
-  #  Step 2: Reset the current node to its parent and repeat Step 1
-  #    till it reaches the top level node.
-  #
-  # Modifications made here:
-  # - paths of length 0 accepted in any case
-  # - TIGER coordination allowed (phrase types CX) 
-  #
-  # returns: false to recommend n for pruning, else true
-  def Tiger.prune?(node, # SynNode
-                   paths_to_target, # hash: node ID -> Path object: paths from nodes to target
-                   terminal_index)  # hash: terminal node -> word index in sentence
-    
-    path_to_target = paths_to_target[node.id()]
-    
-    if not path_to_target
-      # no path from target to node: suggest for pruning
-      return 0
-    elsif path_to_target.length == 0 
-      # target may be its own role: definite accept
-      return 1
-    else
-      # consider path from target to node: 
-      # (1) If the path to the current node includes at least one Up
-      # and exactly one Down, keep.
-      # (2) If the parth to the current node includes at least one Up
-      # and two Down and the roof node is a C-something, keep (coordination).
-      # (3) else discard
-
-      # count number of up and down steps in path to target      
-      num_up = 0
-      num_down = 0
-      path_to_target.each_step { |direction, edgelabel, nodelabel, endnode|
-        case direction
-        when /U/
-          num_up += 1
-        when /D/
-          num_down += 1
-        end
-      }
-            
-      if num_up >= 1 and num_down == 1
-        # case (1)
-        return  1
-      elsif num_up >= 1 and num_down == 2 and CollinsTntInterpreter.category(path_to_target.lca()) =~ /^C/
-        # case (2)
-        return 1
-      else
-        # case (3)
-        return 0
-      end
-    end
-  end
-  
-
-  ################################
-  private
-  ################################
-
-  ###
-  def Tiger.subject(verb_node)
-
-    unless Tiger.category(verb_node) == "verb"
-      return nil
-    end
-
-    if Tiger.voice(verb_node) == "passive"
-      # passive: then what we would like to return as subject
-      # is the SBP sibling of this verb
-    
-      parent = verb_node.parent
-
-      if parent.nil?
-        # verb_node seems to be the root, strangely enough
-        return []
-      end
-      return parent.children_by_edgelabels(['SBP'])
-
-    else
-      # not passive: then the subject of the verb
-      # is actually its subject in this sentence
-
-      # needed???
-      # return if there is no surface subject
-      # e.g. parser errors like ADJD => VVPP
-    
-      return Tiger.surface_subject(verb_node)
-    end
- 
-  end
-
-
-  ###
-  def Tiger.direct_object(verb_node)
-
-    unless Tiger.category(verb_node) == "verb"
-      return nil
-    end
-
-    if Tiger.voice(verb_node) == "passive"
-      # passive: then what we would like to return as direct object
-      # is the subject of this verb
-      return Tiger.surface_subject(verb_node)
-    else
-
-      # not passive: then the direct object
-      # is an OA sibling of the node verb_node
-      parent = verb_node.parent
-      
-      if parent.nil?
-        # verb_node seems to be the root, strangely enough
-        return []
-      end
-      
-      return parent.children_by_edgelabels(['OA'])
-    end
-  end
-
-  ###
-  def Tiger.dative_object(verb_node)
-
-    unless Tiger.category(verb_node) == "verb"
-      return nil
-    end
-
-    parent = verb_node.parent
-
-    if parent.nil?
-      return []
-    end
-
-    return parent.children_by_edgelabels(['DA'])
-  end
-
-  ###
-  def Tiger.prep_object(verb_node, preposition)
-      
-    unless Tiger.category(verb_node) == "verb"
-      return nil
-    end
-
-    parent = verb_node.parent()
-    if parent.nil?
-	  # verb_node seems to be the root, strangely enough
-      return []
-    end
-    
-    # find all PPs that are siblings of verb_node
-    pps = []
-    parent.each_child { |child|
-      if child.category == 'PP'
-        pps << child
-      end
-    }
-
-    # now filter for those with the right preposition
-    if preposition.nil?
-      return pps
-    else
-      return pps.find_all { |node|
-        # prepositions are AC children of PP nodes
-        node.children_by_edgelabels(['AC']).map { |prep_node|
-          # prepositions are terminal words
-          prep_node.word()
-          # we are interested in those that match the parameter 'preposition'
-        }.include? preposition
-      }
-    end
-  end
-
-  ###
-  def Tiger.surface_subject(verb_node)
- 
-    max_proj = Tiger.max_projection(verb_node)
-    # test each level in the computation of the maximal projection,
-    # from the lowest (the parent of verb_node)
-    # to the highest
-    max_proj['max_proj_at_level'].each { |node|
-      # test if this node has a SB child
-      # if so, use it
-      sb_children = node.children_by_edgelabels(['SB'])
-   
-      unless sb_children.empty?
-        return sb_children
-      end
-    }
-    return []
-  end
-
-
-  ##################
-  # gfs_verb
-  #
-  # given a node (a SynNode object) that is a terminal node
-  # representing a verb, determine 
-  # all grammatical functions of this verb 
-  # along with their head words
-  #
-  # verb_node: SynNode object, terminal node representing a verb
-  #
-  # returns: a list of pairs [relation(string), node(SynNode)]
-  #  'relation' is 'SB', 'OA', 'DA', 'MO', 'OC'
-  #  'node' is the constituent that stands in this relation to verb_node
-  
-  def Tiger.gfs_verb(verb_node)
-
-    unless Tiger.category(verb_node) == "verb"
-      return []
-    end
-
-    # construct a list of pairs [relation, node]
-    nodes = Array.new
-    # subjects:
-    n_arr = Tiger.subject(verb_node)
-
-    if n_arr.length() > 0
-      nodes << ["SB", n_arr.first]
-    end
-
-#extrem frustrierend , sondern auch schädlich 
-#sagte
-#Däubler-Gmelin
-#&apos;&apos;
-#die gesamte SPD 
-#nicht nur für Euch extrem frustrierend , sondern auch schädlich für die gesamte SPD &apos;&apos; gewesen 
-#die Streitigkeiten zwischen Führungsmitgliedern 
-#gewesen
-#die Streitigkeiten zwischen Führungsmitgliedern 
-#frustrierend
-    
-    # direct object:
-    n_arr = Tiger.direct_object(verb_node)
-    if n_arr.length() > 0
-      nodes << ["OA", n_arr.first]
-    end
-    
-    # dative object:
-    n_arr = Tiger.dative_object(verb_node)
-    if n_arr.length() > 0
-      nodes << ["DA", n_arr.first]
-    end
-    
-
-    # pp objects and adjuncts:
-    nodes.concat Tiger.prep_object(verb_node, nil).map { |n| 
-      unless (edgelabel = n.parent_label)
-        edgelabel = "MO"
-      end       
-      [edgelabel + "-" + Tiger.preposition(n).to_s, n]
-    }
-
-    # sentence complement:
-    # verb node's parent has an OC child
-    parent = verb_node.parent
-    unless parent.nil?
-      parent.children_by_edgelabels(["OC"]).each { |n|
-	nodes << ["OC", n]
-      }
-    end
-
-    return nodes
-  end
-
-  ###
-  # gfs_noun
-  #
-  # determine relation names and relation-bearing syntax nodes
-  # for noun targets
-  #
-  # returns: a list of pairs
-  # [rel(string), node(SynNode)]
-  def Tiger.gfs_noun(noun_node, # SynNode object: terminal, noun
-                     sent_obj)  # SalsaTigerSentence object: sentence in which this noun occurs
-
-  
-    # construct a list of pairs [relation, node]
-    retv = Array.new
-    
-    ##
-    # determine noun-noun relations:
-    #  (1) edge label leading to this node is NK, and
-    #     parent of this node has child with edge label not NK
-    #     then: that child
-    #  (2) or parent of this node is NP/PP, the grandparent is NP,
-    #     and parent and grandparent are not linked by an NK edge
-    #     then: the grandparent
-    #   (3) or grandparent of this node is CNP
-    #     then: that CNP's other children
-    parent = noun_node.parent()
-    np_pp_labels_without_cnp = ["NP", "PP", "PN"]
-    np_pp_labels = ["NP", "PP", "PN", "CNP"]
-  
-    if parent and 
-	noun_node.parent_label() == "NK"
-      # (1)
-      parent.children().select { |n| 
-	n.parent_label() != "NK"
-      }.each { |n|
-	unless n == noun_node
-	  
-	  retv << [n.parent_label(), n]
-	end
-      }
-    end
-    
-    # (2)
-    if parent
-      grandparent = parent.parent()
-    end
-
-    if parent and grandparent and 
-	np_pp_labels.include? parent.category() and
-	np_pp_labels_without_cnp.include? grandparent.category() and
-	parent.parent_label() != "NK"
-	
-	retv << [parent.parent_label(), grandparent]
-    end
-      
-    # (3)
-    if parent and grandparent and 
-	grandparent.category() == "CNP"
-	
-      grandparent.each_child() { |n|
-	if np_pp_labels.include? n.category() and
-	    n != parent
-
-	  retv << ["CJ", n]
-	end
-      }
-    end
-
-    return retv
-  end
-
-  ###
-  # gfs_adj
-  #
-  # determine relation names and relation-bearing syntax nodes
-  # for adjective targets
-  #
-  # returns: a list of pairs
-  # [rel(string), node(SynNode)]
-  #
-  # although in this case it's just one pair (if we can find it),
-  # describing the head noun
-  def Tiger.gfs_adj(adj_node) # SynNode object: terminal, adjective
-    
-    parent = adj_node.parent()
-    
-    if parent.nil?
-      return []
-    end
-
-    if ["NP", "CNP", "PP", "CPP", "PN"].include? parent.category() 
-      return [["HD", parent]]
-    else
-      return []
-    end
-  end
-  
-
-end
-
-#( (TOP (S (KON_JU Und) (ADV_MO schon) (VVFIN_HD weiÃ<9f>) (NP_SB (ART_NK der) (ADJA_NK Berliner) (NN_NK Verkehrsverein)) ($, ,) (S_OC (PWS_SB was) (ADV_MO da) (PIS_MNR alles) (PP_MO (APPR_AC auf) (ART_NK die) (NN_NK Stadt) ($, ,) (PPOSAT_NK seine) (AP_NK (PP_MO (APPR_AC durch) (ART_NK eine) (NN_NK Rekonstruktion)) (ADV_MO so) (ADJA_HD prachtvoll)) (ADJA_NK markierte) (NN_NK Mitte) ($, ,) (AP_NK (PIS_HD alles))) (VVFIN_HD zukommt))) ($. .)))