polars-df 0.13.0-x64-mingw-ucrt

data/lib/polars/series.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,4444 @@
+module Polars
+  # A Series represents a single column in a polars DataFrame.
+  class Series
+    include ExprDispatch
+
+    # Create a new Series.
+    #
+    # @param name [String, Array, nil]
+    #   Name of the series. Will be used as a column name when used in a DataFrame.
+    #   When not specified, name is set to an empty string.
+    # @param values [Array, nil]
+    #   One-dimensional data in various forms. Supported are: Array and Series.
+    # @param dtype [Symbol, nil]
+    #   Polars dtype of the Series data. If not specified, the dtype is inferred.
+    # @param strict [Boolean]
+    #   Throw error on numeric overflow.
+    # @param nan_to_null [Boolean]
+    #   Not used.
+    # @param dtype_if_empty [Symbol, nil]
+    #   If no dtype is specified and values contains `nil` or an empty array,
+    #   set the Polars dtype of the Series data. If not specified, Float32 is used.
+    #
+    # @example Constructing a Series by specifying name and values positionally:
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #
+    # @example Notice that the dtype is automatically inferred as a polars `Int64`:
+    #   s.dtype
+    #   # => Polars::Int64
+    #
+    # @example Constructing a Series with a specific dtype:
+    #   s2 = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3], dtype: :f32)
+    #
+    # @example It is possible to construct a Series with values as the first positional argument. This syntax considered an anti-pattern, but it can be useful in certain scenarios. You must specify any other arguments through keywords.
+    #   s3 = Polars::Series.new([1, 2, 3])
+    def initialize(name = nil, values = nil, dtype: nil, strict: true, nan_to_null: false, dtype_if_empty: nil)
+      # Handle case where values are passed as the first argument
+      if !name.nil? && !name.is_a?(::String)
+        if values.nil?
+          values = name
+          name = nil
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "Series name must be a string."
+        end
+      end
+
+      name = "" if name.nil?
+
+      # TODO improve
+      if values.is_a?(Range) && values.begin.is_a?(::String)
+        values = values.to_a
+      end
+
+      if values.nil?
+        self._s = sequence_to_rbseries(name, [], dtype: dtype, dtype_if_empty: dtype_if_empty)
+      elsif values.is_a?(Series)
+        self._s = series_to_rbseries(name, values)
+      elsif values.is_a?(Range)
+        self._s =
+          Polars.arange(
+            values.first,
+            values.last + (values.exclude_end? ? 0 : 1),
+            step: 1,
+            eager: true,
+            dtype: dtype
+          )
+          .rename(name, in_place: true)
+          ._s
+      elsif values.is_a?(::Array)
+        self._s = sequence_to_rbseries(name, values, dtype: dtype, strict: strict, dtype_if_empty: dtype_if_empty)
+      elsif defined?(Numo::NArray) && values.is_a?(Numo::NArray)
+        self._s = numo_to_rbseries(name, values, strict: strict, nan_to_null: nan_to_null)
+
+        if !dtype.nil?
+          self._s = self.cast(dtype, strict: true)._s
+        end
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "Series constructor called with unsupported type; got #{values.class.name}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    def self._from_rbseries(s)
+      series = Series.allocate
+      series._s = s
+      series
+    end
+
+    # Get the data type of this Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Symbol]
+    def dtype
+      _s.dtype
+    end
+
+    # Get flags that are set on the Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Hash]
+    def flags
+      out = {
+        "SORTED_ASC" => _s.is_sorted_flag,
+        "SORTED_DESC" => _s.is_sorted_reverse_flag
+      }
+      if dtype.is_a?(List)
+        out["FAST_EXPLODE"] = _s.can_fast_explode_flag
+      end
+      out
+    end
+
+    # Get the inner dtype in of a List typed Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Symbol]
+    def inner_dtype
+      _s.inner_dtype
+    end
+
+    # Get the name of this Series.
+    #
+    # @return [String]
+    def name
+      _s.name
+    end
+
+    # Shape of this Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Array]
+    def shape
+      [_s.len]
+    end
+
+    # Get the time unit of underlying Datetime Series as `"ns"`, `"us"`, or `"ms"`.
+    #
+    # @return [String]
+    def time_unit
+      _s.time_unit
+    end
+
+    # Returns a string representing the Series.
+    #
+    # @return [String]
+    def to_s
+      _s.to_s
+    end
+    alias_method :inspect, :to_s
+
+    # Bitwise AND.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def &(other)
+      if !other.is_a?(Series)
+        other = Series.new([other])
+      end
+      Utils.wrap_s(_s.bitand(other._s))
+    end
+
+    # Bitwise OR.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def |(other)
+      if !other.is_a?(Series)
+        other = Series.new([other])
+      end
+      Utils.wrap_s(_s.bitor(other._s))
+    end
+
+    # Bitwise XOR.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def ^(other)
+      if !other.is_a?(Series)
+        other = Series.new([other])
+      end
+      Utils.wrap_s(_s.bitxor(other._s))
+    end
+
+    # Equal.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def ==(other)
+      _comp(other, :eq)
+    end
+
+    # Not equal.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def !=(other)
+      _comp(other, :neq)
+    end
+
+    # Greater than.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def >(other)
+      _comp(other, :gt)
+    end
+
+    # Less than.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def <(other)
+      _comp(other, :lt)
+    end
+
+    # Greater than or equal.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def >=(other)
+      _comp(other, :gt_eq)
+    end
+
+    # Less than or equal.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def <=(other)
+      _comp(other, :lt_eq)
+    end
+
+    # Method equivalent of operator expression `series <= other`.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def le(other)
+      self <= other
+    end
+
+    # Method equivalent of operator expression `series < other`.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def lt(other)
+      self < other
+    end
+
+    # Method equivalent of operator expression `series == other`.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def eq(other)
+      self == other
+    end
+
+    # Method equivalent of equality operator `series == other` where `nil == nil`.
+    #
+    # This differs from the standard `ne` where null values are propagated.
+    #
+    # @param other [Object]
+    #   A literal or expression value to compare with.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s1 = Polars::Series.new("a", [333, 200, nil])
+    #   s2 = Polars::Series.new("a", [100, 200, nil])
+    #   s1.eq(s2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         null
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s1.eq_missing(s2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         true
+    #   # ]
+    def eq_missing(other)
+      if other.is_a?(Expr)
+        return Polars.lit(self).eq_missing(other)
+      end
+      to_frame.select(Polars.col(name).eq_missing(other)).to_series
+    end
+
+    # Method equivalent of operator expression `series != other`.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def ne(other)
+      self != other
+    end
+
+    # Method equivalent of equality operator `series != other` where `None == None`.
+    #
+    # This differs from the standard `ne` where null values are propagated.
+    #
+    # @param other [Object]
+    #   A literal or expression value to compare with.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s1 = Polars::Series.new("a", [333, 200, nil])
+    #   s2 = Polars::Series.new("a", [100, 200, nil])
+    #   s1.ne(s2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         null
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s1.ne_missing(s2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         false
+    #   # ]
+    def ne_missing(other)
+      if other.is_a?(Expr)
+        return Polars.lit(self).ne_missing(other)
+      end
+      to_frame.select(Polars.col(name).ne_missing(other)).to_series
+    end
+
+    # Method equivalent of operator expression `series >= other`.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def ge(other)
+      self >= other
+    end
+
+    # Method equivalent of operator expression `series > other`.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def gt(other)
+      self > other
+    end
+
+    # Performs addition.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def +(other)
+      _arithmetic(other, :add)
+    end
+
+    # Performs subtraction.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def -(other)
+      _arithmetic(other, :sub)
+    end
+
+    # Performs multiplication.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def *(other)
+      if is_temporal
+        raise ArgumentError, "first cast to integer before multiplying datelike dtypes"
+      elsif other.is_a?(DataFrame)
+        other * self
+      else
+        _arithmetic(other, :mul)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Performs division.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def /(other)
+      if is_temporal
+        raise ArgumentError, "first cast to integer before dividing datelike dtypes"
+      end
+
+      if is_float
+        return _arithmetic(other, :div)
+      end
+
+      cast(Float64) / other
+    end
+
+    # Returns the modulo.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def %(other)
+      if is_datelike
+        raise ArgumentError, "first cast to integer before applying modulo on datelike dtypes"
+      end
+      _arithmetic(other, :rem)
+    end
+
+    # Raises to the power of exponent.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def **(power)
+      if is_datelike
+        raise ArgumentError, "first cast to integer before raising datelike dtypes to a power"
+      end
+      to_frame.select(Polars.col(name).pow(power)).to_series
+    end
+
+    # Performs boolean not.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def !
+      if dtype == Boolean
+        return Utils.wrap_s(_s.not)
+      end
+      raise NotImplementedError
+    end
+
+    # Performs negation.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def -@
+      0 - self
+    end
+
+    # Returns an enumerator.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    def each
+      return to_enum(:each) unless block_given?
+
+      length.times do |i|
+        yield self[i]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns elements of the Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    def [](item)
+      if item.is_a?(Series) && [UInt8, UInt16, UInt32, UInt64, Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64].include?(item.dtype)
+        return Utils.wrap_s(_s.take_with_series(_pos_idxs(item)._s))
+      end
+
+      if item.is_a?(Series) && item.bool?
+        return filter(item)
+      end
+
+      if item.is_a?(Integer)
+        if item < 0
+          item = len + item
+        end
+
+        return _s.get_idx(item)
+      end
+
+      if item.is_a?(Range)
+        return Slice.new(self).apply(item)
+      end
+
+      if Utils.is_int_sequence(item)
+        return Utils.wrap_s(_s.take_with_series(_pos_idxs(Series.new("", item))._s))
+      end
+
+      raise ArgumentError, "Cannot get item of type: #{item.class.name}"
+    end
+
+    # Sets an element of the Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    def []=(key, value)
+      if value.is_a?(::Array)
+        if is_numeric || is_datelike
+          scatter(key, value)
+          return
+        end
+        raise ArgumentError, "cannot set Series of dtype: #{dtype} with list/tuple as value; use a scalar value"
+      end
+
+      if key.is_a?(Series)
+        if key.dtype == Boolean
+          self._s = set(key, value)._s
+        elsif key.dtype == UInt64
+          self._s = scatter(key.cast(UInt32), value)._s
+        elsif key.dtype == UInt32
+          self._s = scatter(key, value)._s
+        else
+          raise Todo
+        end
+      elsif key.is_a?(::Array)
+        s = Utils.wrap_s(sequence_to_rbseries("", key, dtype: UInt32))
+        self[s] = value
+      elsif key.is_a?(Range)
+        s = Series.new("", key, dtype: UInt32)
+        self[s] = value
+      elsif key.is_a?(Integer)
+        self[[key]] = value
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "cannot use #{key} for indexing"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Return an estimation of the total (heap) allocated size of the Series.
+    #
+    # Estimated size is given in the specified unit (bytes by default).
+    #
+    # This estimation is the sum of the size of its buffers, validity, including
+    # nested arrays. Multiple arrays may share buffers and bitmaps. Therefore, the
+    # size of 2 arrays is not the sum of the sizes computed from this function. In
+    # particular, StructArray's size is an upper bound.
+    #
+    # When an array is sliced, its allocated size remains constant because the buffer
+    # unchanged. However, this function will yield a smaller number. This is because
+    # this function returns the visible size of the buffer, not its total capacity.
+    #
+    # FFI buffers are included in this estimation.
+    #
+    # @param unit ["b", "kb", "mb", "gb", "tb"]
+    #   Scale the returned size to the given unit.
+    #
+    # @return [Numeric]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("values", 1..1_000_000, dtype: :u32)
+    #   s.estimated_size
+    #   # => 4000000
+    #   s.estimated_size("mb")
+    #   # => 3.814697265625
+    def estimated_size(unit = "b")
+      sz = _s.estimated_size
+      Utils.scale_bytes(sz, to: unit)
+    end
+
+    # Compute the square root of the elements.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def sqrt
+      self**0.5
+    end
+
+    # Check if any boolean value in the column is `true`.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    def any?(ignore_nulls: true, &block)
+      if block_given?
+        apply(skip_nulls: ignore_nulls, &block).any?
+      else
+        _s.any(ignore_nulls)
+      end
+    end
+    alias_method :any, :any?
+
+    # Check if all boolean values in the column are `true`.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    def all?(ignore_nulls: true, &block)
+      if block_given?
+        apply(skip_nulls: ignore_nulls, &block).all?
+      else
+        _s.all(ignore_nulls)
+      end
+    end
+    alias_method :all, :all?
+
+    # Check if all boolean values in the column are `false`.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    def none?(&block)
+      if block_given?
+        apply(&block).none?
+      else
+        to_frame.select(Polars.col(name).is_not.all).to_series[0]
+      end
+    end
+    alias_method :none, :none?
+
+    # Compute the logarithm to a given base.
+    #
+    # @param base [Float]
+    #   Given base, defaults to `Math::E`.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def log(base = Math::E)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Compute the base 10 logarithm of the input array, element-wise.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def log10
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Compute the exponential, element-wise.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def exp
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Create a new Series that copies data from this Series without null values.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def drop_nulls
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Drop NaN values.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def drop_nans
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Cast this Series to a DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    def to_frame
+      Utils.wrap_df(RbDataFrame.new([_s]))
+    end
+
+    # Quick summary statistics of a series.
+    #
+    # Series with mixed datatypes will return summary statistics for the datatype of
+    # the first value.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   series_num = Polars::Series.new([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    #   series_num.describe
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6, 2)
+    #   # ┌────────────┬──────────┐
+    #   # │ statistic  ┆ value    │
+    #   # │ ---        ┆ ---      │
+    #   # │ str        ┆ f64      │
+    #   # ╞════════════╪══════════╡
+    #   # │ min        ┆ 1.0      │
+    #   # │ max        ┆ 5.0      │
+    #   # │ null_count ┆ 0.0      │
+    #   # │ mean       ┆ 3.0      │
+    #   # │ std        ┆ 1.581139 │
+    #   # │ count      ┆ 5.0      │
+    #   # └────────────┴──────────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   series_str = Polars::Series.new(["a", "a", nil, "b", "c"])
+    #   series_str.describe
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌────────────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ statistic  ┆ value │
+    #   # │ ---        ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ str        ┆ i64   │
+    #   # ╞════════════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ unique     ┆ 4     │
+    #   # │ null_count ┆ 1     │
+    #   # │ count      ┆ 5     │
+    #   # └────────────┴───────┘
+    def describe
+      if len == 0
+        raise ArgumentError, "Series must contain at least one value"
+      elsif is_numeric
+        s = cast(:f64)
+        stats = {
+          "min" => s.min,
+          "max" => s.max,
+          "null_count" => s.null_count,
+          "mean" => s.mean,
+          "std" => s.std,
+          "count" => s.len
+        }
+      elsif is_boolean
+        stats = {
+          "sum" => sum,
+          "null_count" => null_count,
+          "count" => len
+        }
+      elsif is_utf8
+        stats = {
+          "unique" => unique.length,
+          "null_count" => null_count,
+          "count" => len
+        }
+      elsif is_datelike
+        # we coerce all to string, because a polars column
+        # only has a single dtype and dates: datetime and count: int don't match
+        stats = {
+          "min" => dt.min.to_s,
+          "max" => dt.max.to_s,
+          "null_count" => null_count.to_s,
+          "count" => len.to_s
+        }
+      else
+        raise TypeError, "This type is not supported"
+      end
+
+      Polars::DataFrame.new(
+        {"statistic" => stats.keys, "value" => stats.values}
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Reduce this Series to the sum value.
+    #
+    # @return [Numeric]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   Dtypes `:i8`, `:u8`, `:i16`, and `:u16` are cast to
+    #   `:i64` before summing to prevent overflow issues.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.sum
+    #   # => 6
+    def sum
+      _s.sum
+    end
+
+    # Reduce this Series to the mean value.
+    #
+    # @return [Float, nil]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.mean
+    #   # => 2.0
+    def mean
+      _s.mean
+    end
+
+    # Reduce this Series to the product value.
+    #
+    # @return [Numeric]
+    def product
+      to_frame.select(Polars.col(name).product).to_series[0]
+    end
+
+    # Get the minimal value in this Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.min
+    #   # => 1
+    def min
+      _s.min
+    end
+
+    # Get the maximum value in this Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.max
+    #   # => 3
+    def max
+      _s.max
+    end
+
+    # Get maximum value, but propagate/poison encountered NaN values.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    def nan_max
+      to_frame.select(Polars.col(name).nan_max)[0, 0]
+    end
+
+    # Get minimum value, but propagate/poison encountered NaN values.
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    def nan_min
+      to_frame.select(Polars.col(name).nan_min)[0, 0]
+    end
+
+    # Get the standard deviation of this Series.
+    #
+    # @param ddof [Integer]
+    #  “Delta Degrees of Freedom”: the divisor used in the calculation is N - ddof,
+    #   where N represents the number of elements.
+    #
+    # @return [Float, nil]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.std
+    #   # => 1.0
+    def std(ddof: 1)
+      if !is_numeric
+        nil
+      else
+        to_frame.select(Polars.col(name).std(ddof: ddof)).to_series[0]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Get variance of this Series.
+    #
+    # @param ddof [Integer]
+    #  “Delta Degrees of Freedom”: the divisor used in the calculation is N - ddof,
+    #   where N represents the number of elements.
+    #
+    # @return [Float, nil]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.var
+    #   # => 1.0
+    def var(ddof: 1)
+      if !is_numeric
+        nil
+      else
+        to_frame.select(Polars.col(name).var(ddof: ddof)).to_series[0]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Get the median of this Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Float, nil]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.median
+    #   # => 2.0
+    def median
+      _s.median
+    end
+
+    # Get the quantile value of this Series.
+    #
+    # @param quantile [Float, nil]
+    #   Quantile between 0.0 and 1.0.
+    # @param interpolation ["nearest", "higher", "lower", "midpoint", "linear"]
+    #   Interpolation method.
+    #
+    # @return [Float, nil]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.quantile(0.5)
+    #   # => 2.0
+    def quantile(quantile, interpolation: "nearest")
+      _s.quantile(quantile, interpolation)
+    end
+
+    # Get dummy variables.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.to_dummies
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a_1 ┆ a_2 ┆ a_3 │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ u8  ┆ u8  ┆ u8  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 0   ┆ 0   │
+    #   # │ 0   ┆ 1   ┆ 0   │
+    #   # │ 0   ┆ 0   ┆ 1   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def to_dummies(separator: "_", drop_first: false)
+      Utils.wrap_df(_s.to_dummies(separator, drop_first))
+    end
+
+    # Bin continuous values into discrete categories.
+    #
+    # @param breaks [Array]
+    #   List of unique cut points.
+    # @param labels [Array]
+    #   Names of the categories. The number of labels must be equal to the number
+    #   of cut points plus one.
+    # @param left_closed [Boolean]
+    #   Set the intervals to be left-closed instead of right-closed.
+    # @param include_breaks [Boolean]
+    #   Include a column with the right endpoint of the bin each observation falls
+    #   in. This will change the data type of the output from a
+    #   `Categorical` to a `Struct`.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example Divide the column into three categories.
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("foo", [-2, -1, 0, 1, 2])
+    #   s.cut([-1, 1], labels: ["a", "b", "c"])
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'foo' [cat]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         "a"
+    #   #         "a"
+    #   #         "b"
+    #   #         "b"
+    #   #         "c"
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example Create a DataFrame with the breakpoint and category for each value.
+    #   cut = s.cut([-1, 1], include_breaks: true).alias("cut")
+    #   s.to_frame.with_columns(cut).unnest("cut")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────────────┬────────────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ break_point ┆ category   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---         ┆ ---        │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64         ┆ cat        │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════════════╪════════════╡
+    #   # │ -2  ┆ -1.0        ┆ (-inf, -1] │
+    #   # │ -1  ┆ -1.0        ┆ (-inf, -1] │
+    #   # │ 0   ┆ 1.0         ┆ (-1, 1]    │
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 1.0         ┆ (-1, 1]    │
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ inf         ┆ (1, inf]   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────────────┴────────────┘
+    def cut(breaks, labels: nil, left_closed: false, include_breaks: false)
+      result = (
+        to_frame
+        .select(
+          Polars.col(name).cut(
+            breaks,
+            labels: labels,
+            left_closed: left_closed,
+            include_breaks: include_breaks
+          )
+        )
+        .to_series
+      )
+
+      if include_breaks
+        result = result.struct.rename_fields(["break_point", "category"])
+      end
+
+      result
+    end
+
+    # Bin continuous values into discrete categories based on their quantiles.
+    #
+    # @param quantiles [Array]
+    #   Either a list of quantile probabilities between 0 and 1 or a positive
+    #   integer determining the number of bins with uniform probability.
+    # @param labels [Array]
+    #   Names of the categories. The number of labels must be equal to the number
+    #   of cut points plus one.
+    # @param left_closed [Boolean]
+    #   Set the intervals to be left-closed instead of right-closed.
+    # @param allow_duplicates [Boolean]
+    #   If set to `true`, duplicates in the resulting quantiles are dropped,
+    #   rather than raising a `DuplicateError`. This can happen even with unique
+    #   probabilities, depending on the data.
+    # @param include_breaks [Boolean]
+    #   Include a column with the right endpoint of the bin each observation falls
+    #   in. This will change the data type of the output from a
+    #   `Categorical` to a `Struct`.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example Divide a column into three categories according to pre-defined quantile probabilities.
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("foo", [-2, -1, 0, 1, 2])
+    #   s.qcut([0.25, 0.75], labels: ["a", "b", "c"])
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'foo' [cat]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         "a"
+    #   #         "a"
+    #   #         "b"
+    #   #         "b"
+    #   #         "c"
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example Divide a column into two categories using uniform quantile probabilities.
+    #   s.qcut(2, labels: ["low", "high"], left_closed: true)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'foo' [cat]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         "low"
+    #   #         "low"
+    #   #         "high"
+    #   #         "high"
+    #   #         "high"
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example Create a DataFrame with the breakpoint and category for each value.
+    #   cut = s.qcut([0.25, 0.75], include_breaks: true).alias("cut")
+    #   s.to_frame.with_columns(cut).unnest("cut")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────────────┬────────────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ break_point ┆ category   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---         ┆ ---        │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64         ┆ cat        │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════════════╪════════════╡
+    #   # │ -2  ┆ -1.0        ┆ (-inf, -1] │
+    #   # │ -1  ┆ -1.0        ┆ (-inf, -1] │
+    #   # │ 0   ┆ 1.0         ┆ (-1, 1]    │
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 1.0         ┆ (-1, 1]    │
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ inf         ┆ (1, inf]   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────────────┴────────────┘
+    def qcut(quantiles, labels: nil, left_closed: false, allow_duplicates: false, include_breaks: false)
+      result = (
+        to_frame
+        .select(
+          Polars.col(name).qcut(
+            quantiles,
+            labels: labels,
+            left_closed: left_closed,
+            allow_duplicates: allow_duplicates,
+            include_breaks: include_breaks
+          )
+        )
+        .to_series
+      )
+
+      if include_breaks
+        result = result.struct.rename_fields(["break_point", "category"])
+      end
+
+      result
+    end
+
+    # Get the lengths of runs of identical values.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("s", [1, 1, 2, 1, nil, 1, 3, 3])
+    #   s.rle.struct.unnest
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ len ┆ value │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ u32 ┆ i64   │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 1     │
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 2     │
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 1     │
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ null  │
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 1     │
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 3     │
+    #   # └─────┴───────┘
+    def rle
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Map values to run IDs.
+    #
+    # Similar to RLE, but it maps each value to an ID corresponding to the run into
+    # which it falls. This is especially useful when you want to define groups by
+    # runs of identical values rather than the values themselves.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("s", [1, 1, 2, 1, nil, 1, 3, 3])
+    #   s.rle_id
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (8,)
+    #   # Series: 's' [u32]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         0
+    #   #         0
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         4
+    #   #         5
+    #   #         5
+    #   # ]
+    def rle_id
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Count the unique values in a Series.
+    #
+    # @param sort [Boolean]
+    #   Ensure the output is sorted from most values to least.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 2, 3])
+    #   s.value_counts.sort("a")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬────────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ counts │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---    │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ u32    │
+    #   # ╞═════╪════════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 1      │
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 2      │
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 1      │
+    #   # └─────┴────────┘
+    def value_counts(
+      sort: false,
+      parallel: false,
+      name: nil,
+      normalize: false
+    )
+      if name.nil?
+        if normalize
+          name = "proportion"
+        else
+          name = "count"
+        end
+      end
+      DataFrame._from_rbdf(
+        self._s.value_counts(
+          sort, parallel, name, normalize
+        )
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Return a count of the unique values in the order of appearance.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("id", ["a", "b", "b", "c", "c", "c"])
+    #   s.unique_counts
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'id' [u32]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    def unique_counts
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Computes the entropy.
+    #
+    # Uses the formula `-sum(pk * log(pk)` where `pk` are discrete probabilities.
+    #
+    # @param base [Float]
+    #   Given base, defaults to `e`
+    # @param normalize [Boolean]
+    #   Normalize pk if it doesn't sum to 1.
+    #
+    # @return [Float, nil]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   a = Polars::Series.new([0.99, 0.005, 0.005])
+    #   a.entropy(normalize: true)
+    #   # => 0.06293300616044681
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   b = Polars::Series.new([0.65, 0.10, 0.25])
+    #   b.entropy(normalize: true)
+    #   # => 0.8568409950394724
+    def entropy(base: Math::E, normalize: false)
+      Polars.select(Polars.lit(self).entropy(base: base, normalize: normalize)).to_series[0]
+    end
+
+    # Run an expression over a sliding window that increases `1` slot every iteration.
+    #
+    # @param expr [Expr]
+    #   Expression to evaluate
+    # @param min_periods [Integer]
+    #   Number of valid values there should be in the window before the expression
+    #   is evaluated. valid values = `length - null_count`
+    # @param parallel [Boolean]
+    #   Run in parallel. Don't do this in a group by or another operation that
+    #   already has much parallelization.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   This functionality is experimental and may change without it being considered a
+    #   breaking change.
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   This can be really slow as it can have `O(n^2)` complexity. Don't use this
+    #   for operations that visit all elements.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("values", [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    #   s.cumulative_eval(Polars.element.first - Polars.element.last ** 2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'values' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         0
+    #   #         -3
+    #   #         -8
+    #   #         -15
+    #   #         -24
+    #   # ]
+    def cumulative_eval(expr, min_periods: 1, parallel: false)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Return a copy of the Series with a new alias/name.
+    #
+    # @param name [String]
+    #   New name.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("x", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.alias("y")
+    def alias(name)
+      s = dup
+      s._s.rename(name)
+      s
+    end
+
+    # Rename this Series.
+    #
+    # @param name [String]
+    #   New name.
+    # @param in_place [Boolean]
+    #   Modify the Series in-place.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.rename("b")
+    def rename(name, in_place: false)
+      if in_place
+        _s.rename(name)
+        self
+      else
+        self.alias(name)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Get the length of each individual chunk.
+    #
+    # @return [Array]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s2 = Polars::Series.new("b", [4, 5, 6])
+    #
+    # @example Concatenate Series with rechunk: true
+    #   Polars.concat([s, s2]).chunk_lengths
+    #   # => [6]
+    #
+    # @example Concatenate Series with rechunk: false
+    #   Polars.concat([s, s2], rechunk: false).chunk_lengths
+    #   # => [3, 3]
+    def chunk_lengths
+      _s.chunk_lengths
+    end
+
+    # Get the number of chunks that this Series contains.
+    #
+    # @return [Integer]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s2 = Polars::Series.new("b", [4, 5, 6])
+    #
+    # @example Concatenate Series with rechunk: true
+    #   Polars.concat([s, s2]).n_chunks
+    #   # => 1
+    #
+    # @example Concatenate Series with rechunk: false
+    #   Polars.concat([s, s2], rechunk: false).n_chunks
+    #   # => 2
+    def n_chunks
+      _s.n_chunks
+    end
+
+    # Get an array with the cumulative sum computed at every element.
+    #
+    # @param reverse [Boolean]
+    #   reverse the operation.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   Dtypes `:i8`, `:u8`, `:i16`, and `:u16` are cast to
+    #   `:i64` before summing to prevent overflow issues.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.cum_sum
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         6
+    #   # ]
+    def cum_sum(reverse: false)
+      super
+    end
+    alias_method :cumsum, :cum_sum
+
+    # Get an array with the cumulative min computed at every element.
+    #
+    # @param reverse [Boolean]
+    #   reverse the operation.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [3, 5, 1])
+    #   s.cum_min
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         1
+    #   # ]
+    def cum_min(reverse: false)
+      super
+    end
+    alias_method :cummin, :cum_min
+
+    # Get an array with the cumulative max computed at every element.
+    #
+    # @param reverse [Boolean]
+    #   reverse the operation.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [3, 5, 1])
+    #   s.cum_max
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         5
+    #   #         5
+    #   # ]
+    def cum_max(reverse: false)
+      super
+    end
+    alias_method :cummax, :cum_max
+
+    # Get an array with the cumulative product computed at every element.
+    #
+    # @param reverse [Boolean]
+    #   reverse the operation.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   Dtypes `:i8`, `:u8`, `:i16`, and `:u16` are cast to
+    #   `:i64` before multiplying to prevent overflow issues.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.cum_prod
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         6
+    #   # ]
+    def cum_prod(reverse: false)
+      super
+    end
+    alias_method :cumprod, :cum_prod
+
+    # Get the first `n` rows.
+    #
+    # Alias for {#head}.
+    #
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #   Number of rows to return.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.limit(2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   # ]
+    def limit(n = 10)
+      to_frame.select(F.col(name).limit(n)).to_series
+    end
+
+    # Get a slice of this Series.
+    #
+    # @param offset [Integer]
+    #   Start index. Negative indexing is supported.
+    # @param length [Integer, nil]
+    #   Length of the slice. If set to `nil`, all rows starting at the offset
+    #   will be selected.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3, 4])
+    #   s.slice(1, 2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    def slice(offset, length = nil)
+      self.class._from_rbseries(_s.slice(offset, length))
+    end
+
+    # Append a Series to this one.
+    #
+    # @param other [Series]
+    #   Series to append.
+    # @param append_chunks [Boolean]
+    #   If set to `true` the append operation will add the chunks from `other` to
+    #   self. This is super cheap.
+    #
+    #   If set to `false` the append operation will do the same as
+    #   {DataFrame#extend} which extends the memory backed by this Series with
+    #   the values from `other`.
+    #
+    #   Different from `append_chunks`, `extend` appends the data from `other` to
+    #   the underlying memory locations and thus may cause a reallocation (which is
+    #   expensive).
+    #
+    #   If this does not cause a reallocation, the resulting data structure will not
+    #   have any extra chunks and thus will yield faster queries.
+    #
+    #   Prefer `extend` over `append_chunks` when you want to do a query after a
+    #   single append. For instance during online operations where you add `n` rows
+    #   and rerun a query.
+    #
+    #   Prefer `append_chunks` over `extend` when you want to append many times
+    #   before doing a query. For instance, when you read in multiple files and when
+    #   to store them in a single Series. In the latter case, finish the sequence
+    #   of `append_chunks` operations with a `rechunk`.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s2 = Polars::Series.new("b", [4, 5, 6])
+    #   s.append(s2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         4
+    #   #         5
+    #   #         6
+    #   # ]
+    def append(other, append_chunks: true)
+      begin
+        if append_chunks
+          _s.append(other._s)
+        else
+          _s.extend(other._s)
+        end
+      rescue => e
+        if e.message == "Already mutably borrowed"
+          append(other.clone, append_chunks)
+        else
+          raise e
+        end
+      end
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Filter elements by a boolean mask.
+    #
+    # @param predicate [Series, Array]
+    #   Boolean mask.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   mask = Polars::Series.new("", [true, false, true])
+    #   s.filter(mask)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    def filter(predicate)
+      if predicate.is_a?(::Array)
+        predicate = Series.new("", predicate)
+      end
+      Utils.wrap_s(_s.filter(predicate._s))
+    end
+
+    # Get the first `n` rows.
+    #
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #   Number of rows to return.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.head(2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   # ]
+    def head(n = 10)
+      to_frame.select(F.col(name).head(n)).to_series
+    end
+
+    # Get the last `n` rows.
+    #
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #   Number of rows to return.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.tail(2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    def tail(n = 10)
+      to_frame.select(F.col(name).tail(n)).to_series
+    end
+
+    # Take every nth value in the Series and return as new Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3, 4])
+    #   s.take_every(2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    def take_every(n)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Sort this Series.
+    #
+    # @param reverse [Boolean]
+    #   Reverse sort.
+    # @param in_place [Boolean]
+    #   Sort in place.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 3, 4, 2])
+    #   s.sort
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         4
+    #   # ]
+    #   s.sort(reverse: true)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         4
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         1
+    #   # ]
+    def sort(reverse: false, nulls_last: false, multithreaded: true, in_place: false)
+      if in_place
+        self._s = _s.sort(reverse, nulls_last, multithreaded)
+        self
+      else
+        Utils.wrap_s(_s.sort(reverse, nulls_last, multithreaded))
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Return the `k` largest elements.
+    #
+    # @param k [Integer]
+    #   Number of elements to return.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [2, 5, 1, 4, 3])
+    #   s.top_k(k: 3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         5
+    #   #         4
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    def top_k(k: 5)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Return the `k` smallest elements.
+    #
+    # @param k [Integer]
+    #   Number of elements to return.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [2, 5, 1, 4, 3])
+    #   s.bottom_k(k: 3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    def bottom_k(k: 5)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Get the index values that would sort this Series.
+    #
+    # @param reverse [Boolean]
+    #   Sort in reverse (descending) order.
+    # @param nulls_last [Boolean]
+    #   Place null values last instead of first.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [5, 3, 4, 1, 2])
+    #   s.arg_sort
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [u32]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         4
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         0
+    #   # ]
+    def arg_sort(reverse: false, nulls_last: false)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Get the index values that would sort this Series.
+    #
+    # Alias for {#arg_sort}.
+    #
+    # @param reverse [Boolean]
+    #   Sort in reverse (descending) order.
+    # @param nulls_last [Boolean]
+    #   Place null values last instead of first.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def argsort(reverse: false, nulls_last: false)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Get unique index as Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 2, 3])
+    #   s.arg_unique
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [u32]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         0
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    def arg_unique
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Get the index of the minimal value.
+    #
+    # @return [Integer, nil]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [3, 2, 1])
+    #   s.arg_min
+    #   # => 2
+    def arg_min
+      _s.arg_min
+    end
+
+    # Get the index of the maximal value.
+    #
+    # @return [Integer, nil]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [3, 2, 1])
+    #   s.arg_max
+    #   # => 0
+    def arg_max
+      _s.arg_max
+    end
+
+    # Find indices where elements should be inserted to maintain order.
+    #
+    # @param element [Object]
+    #   Expression or scalar value.
+    #
+    # @return [Integer]
+    def search_sorted(element, side: "any")
+      if element.is_a?(Integer) || element.is_a?(Float)
+        return Polars.select(Polars.lit(self).search_sorted(element, side: side)).item
+      end
+      element = Series.new(element)
+      Polars.select(Polars.lit(self).search_sorted(element, side: side)).to_series
+    end
+
+    # Get unique elements in series.
+    #
+    # @param maintain_order [Boolean]
+    #   Maintain order of data. This requires more work.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 2, 3])
+    #   s.unique.sort
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    def unique(maintain_order: false)
+      super
+    end
+    alias_method :uniq, :unique
+
+    # Take values by index.
+    #
+    # @param indices [Array]
+    #   Index location used for selection.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3, 4])
+    #   s.take([1, 3])
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         4
+    #   # ]
+    def take(indices)
+      to_frame.select(Polars.col(name).take(indices)).to_series
+    end
+
+    # Count the null values in this Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Integer]
+    def null_count
+      _s.null_count
+    end
+
+    # Return `true` if the Series has a validity bitmask.
+    #
+    # If there is none, it means that there are no null values.
+    # Use this to swiftly assert a Series does not have null values.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    def has_nulls
+      _s.has_nulls
+    end
+    alias_method :has_validity, :has_nulls
+
+    # Check if the Series is empty.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [])
+    #   s.is_empty
+    #   # => true
+    def is_empty
+      len == 0
+    end
+    alias_method :empty?, :is_empty
+
+    # Returns a boolean Series indicating which values are null.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, nil])
+    #   s.is_null
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         true
+    #   # ]
+    def is_null
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Returns a boolean Series indicating which values are not null.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, nil])
+    #   s.is_not_null
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         false
+    #   # ]
+    def is_not_null
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Returns a boolean Series indicating which values are finite.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 2.0, Float::INFINITY])
+    #   s.is_finite
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         false
+    #   # ]
+    def is_finite
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Returns a boolean Series indicating which values are infinite.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 2.0, Float::INFINITY])
+    #   s.is_infinite
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         true
+    #   # ]
+    def is_infinite
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Returns a boolean Series indicating which values are NaN.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, Float::NAN])
+    #   s.is_nan
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         true
+    #   # ]
+    def is_nan
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Returns a boolean Series indicating which values are not NaN.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, Float::NAN])
+    #   s.is_not_nan
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         false
+    #   # ]
+    def is_not_nan
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Check if elements of this Series are in the other Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s2 = Polars::Series.new("b", [2, 4])
+    #   s2.is_in(s)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2,)
+    #   # Series: 'b' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         false
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   sets = Polars::Series.new("sets", [[1, 2, 3], [1, 2], [9, 10]])
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'sets' [list[i64]]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         [1, 2, 3]
+    #   #         [1, 2]
+    #   #         [9, 10]
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   optional_members = Polars::Series.new("optional_members", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'optional_members' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   optional_members.is_in(sets)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'optional_members' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         false
+    #   # ]
+    def is_in(other)
+      super
+    end
+    alias_method :in?, :is_in
+
+    # Get index values where Boolean Series evaluate `true`.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   (s == 2).arg_true
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [u32]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   # ]
+    def arg_true
+      Polars.arg_where(self, eager: true)
+    end
+
+    # Get mask of all unique values.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 2, 3])
+    #   s.is_unique
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         true
+    #   # ]
+    def is_unique
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Get a mask of the first unique value.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def is_first
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Get mask of all duplicated values.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 2, 3])
+    #   s.is_duplicated
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         false
+    #   # ]
+    def is_duplicated
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Explode a list or utf8 Series.
+    #
+    # This means that every item is expanded to a new row.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [[1, 2], [3, 4], [9, 10]])
+    #   s.explode
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         4
+    #   #         9
+    #   #         10
+    #   # ]
+    def explode
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Check if series is equal with another Series.
+    #
+    # @param other [Series]
+    #   Series to compare with.
+    # @param strict [Boolean]
+    #   Require data types to match.
+    # @param check_names [Boolean]
+    #   Require names to match.
+    # @param null_equal [Boolean]
+    #   Consider null values as equal.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s2 = Polars::Series.new("b", [4, 5, 6])
+    #   s.equals(s)
+    #   # => true
+    #   s.equals(s2)
+    #   # => false
+    def equals(other, strict: false, check_names: false, null_equal: false)
+      _s.equals(other._s, strict, check_names, null_equal)
+    end
+    alias_method :series_equal, :equals
+
+    # Return the number of elements in the Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Integer]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, nil])
+    #   s.count
+    #   # => 2
+    def count
+      len - null_count
+    end
+
+    # Return the number of elements in the Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Integer]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, nil])
+    #   s.len
+    #   # => 3
+    def len
+      _s.len
+    end
+    alias_method :length, :len
+    alias_method :size, :len
+
+    # Cast between data types.
+    #
+    # @param dtype [Symbol]
+    #   DataType to cast to
+    # @param strict [Boolean]
+    #   Throw an error if a cast could not be done for instance due to an overflow
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [true, false, true])
+    #   s.cast(:u32)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [u32]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         0
+    #   #         1
+    #   # ]
+    def cast(dtype, strict: true)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Cast to physical representation of the logical dtype.
+    #
+    # - `:date` -> `:i32`
+    # - `:datetime` -> `:i64`
+    # - `:time` -> `:i64`
+    # - `:duration` -> `:i64`
+    # - `:cat` -> `:u32`
+    # - other data types will be left unchanged.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("values", ["a", nil, "x", "a"])
+    #   s.cast(:cat).to_physical
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: 'values' [u32]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         0
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         0
+    #   # ]
+    def to_physical
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Convert this Series to a Ruby Array. This operation clones data.
+    #
+    # @return [Array]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.to_a
+    #   # => [1, 2, 3]
+    def to_a
+      _s.to_a
+    end
+
+    # Create a single chunk of memory for this Series.
+    #
+    # @param in_place [Boolean]
+    #   In place or not.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def rechunk(in_place: false)
+      opt_s = _s.rechunk(in_place)
+      in_place ? self : Utils.wrap_s(opt_s)
+    end
+
+    # Return Series in reverse order.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3], dtype: :i8)
+    #   s.reverse
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i8]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         1
+    #   # ]
+    def reverse
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Check if this Series datatype is numeric.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.is_numeric
+    #   # => true
+    def is_numeric
+      [Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64, UInt8, UInt16, UInt32, UInt64, Float32, Float64].include?(dtype)
+    end
+    alias_method :numeric?, :is_numeric
+
+    # Check if this Series datatype is datelike.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new([Date.new(2021, 1, 1), Date.new(2021, 1, 2), Date.new(2021, 1, 3)])
+    #   s.is_datelike
+    #   # => true
+    def is_datelike
+      [Date, Time].include?(dtype) || dtype.is_a?(Datetime) || dtype.is_a?(Duration)
+    end
+    alias_method :datelike?, :is_datelike
+    alias_method :is_temporal, :is_datelike
+    alias_method :temporal?, :is_datelike
+
+    # Check if this Series has floating point numbers.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
+    #   s.is_float
+    #   # => true
+    def is_float
+      [Float32, Float64].include?(dtype)
+    end
+    alias_method :float?, :is_float
+
+    # Check if this Series is a Boolean.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [true, false, true])
+    #   s.is_boolean
+    #   # => true
+    def is_boolean
+      dtype == Boolean
+    end
+    alias_method :boolean?, :is_boolean
+    alias_method :is_bool, :is_boolean
+    alias_method :bool?, :is_boolean
+
+    # Check if this Series datatype is a Utf8.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("x", ["a", "b", "c"])
+    #   s.is_utf8
+    #   # => true
+    def is_utf8
+      dtype == String
+    end
+    alias_method :utf8?, :is_utf8
+
+    # def view
+    # end
+
+    # Convert this Series to a Numo array. This operation clones data but is completely safe.
+    #
+    # @return [Numo::NArray]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.to_numo
+    #   # =>
+    #   # Numo::Int64#shape=[3]
+    #   # [1, 2, 3]
+    def to_numo
+      if !has_validity
+        if is_datelike
+          Numo::RObject.cast(to_a)
+        elsif is_numeric
+          # TODO make more efficient
+          {
+            UInt8 => Numo::UInt8,
+            UInt16 => Numo::UInt16,
+            UInt32 => Numo::UInt32,
+            UInt64 => Numo::UInt64,
+            Int8 => Numo::Int8,
+            Int16 => Numo::Int16,
+            Int32 => Numo::Int32,
+            Int64 => Numo::Int64,
+            Float32 => Numo::SFloat,
+            Float64 => Numo::DFloat
+          }.fetch(dtype.class).cast(to_a)
+        elsif is_boolean
+          Numo::Bit.cast(to_a)
+        else
+          _s.to_numo
+        end
+      elsif is_datelike
+        Numo::RObject.cast(to_a)
+      else
+        _s.to_numo
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Set masked values.
+    #
+    # @param filter [Series]
+    #   Boolean mask.
+    # @param value [Object]
+    #   Value with which to replace the masked values.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   Use of this function is frequently an anti-pattern, as it can
+    #   block optimization (predicate pushdown, etc). Consider using
+    #   `Polars.when(predicate).then(value).otherwise(self)` instead.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.set(s == 2, 10)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         10
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    def set(filter, value)
+      Utils.wrap_s(_s.send("set_with_mask_#{DTYPE_TO_FFINAME.fetch(dtype.class)}", filter._s, value))
+    end
+
+    # Set values at the index locations.
+    #
+    # @param idx [Object]
+    #   Integers representing the index locations.
+    # @param value [Object]
+    #   Replacement values.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.set_at_idx(1, 10)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         10
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    def scatter(idx, value)
+      if idx.is_a?(Integer)
+        idx = [idx]
+      end
+      if idx.length == 0
+        return self
+      end
+
+      idx = Series.new("", idx)
+      if value.is_a?(Integer) || value.is_a?(Float) || Utils.bool?(value) || value.is_a?(::String) || value.nil?
+        value = Series.new("", [value])
+
+        # if we need to set more than a single value, we extend it
+        if idx.length > 0
+          value = value.extend_constant(value[0], idx.length - 1)
+        end
+      elsif !value.is_a?(Series)
+        value = Series.new("", value)
+      end
+      _s.scatter(idx._s, value._s)
+      self
+    end
+    alias_method :set_at_idx, :scatter
+
+    # Create an empty copy of the current Series.
+    #
+    # The copy has identical name/dtype but no data.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [nil, true, false])
+    #   s.cleared
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (0,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   # ]
+    def cleared
+      len > 0 ? limit(0) : clone
+    end
+
+    # clone handled by initialize_copy
+
+    # Fill floating point NaN value with a fill value.
+    #
+    # @param fill_value [Object]
+    #   Value used to fill nan values.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, Float::NAN])
+    #   s.fill_nan(0)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         2.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         0.0
+    #   # ]
+    def fill_nan(fill_value)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Fill null values using the specified value or strategy.
+    #
+    # @param value [Object]
+    #   Value used to fill null values.
+    # @param strategy [nil, "forward", "backward", "min", "max", "mean", "zero", "one"]
+    #   Strategy used to fill null values.
+    # @param limit
+    #   Number of consecutive null values to fill when using the "forward" or
+    #   "backward" strategy.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3, nil])
+    #   s.fill_null(strategy: "forward")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s.fill_null(strategy: "min")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         1
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("b", ["x", nil, "z"])
+    #   s.fill_null(Polars.lit(""))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'b' [str]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         "x"
+    #   #         ""
+    #   #         "z"
+    #   # ]
+    def fill_null(value = nil, strategy: nil, limit: nil)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Rounds down to the nearest integer value.
+    #
+    # Only works on floating point Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.12345, 2.56789, 3.901234])
+    #   s.floor
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         2.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   # ]
+    def floor
+      Utils.wrap_s(_s.floor)
+    end
+
+    # Rounds up to the nearest integer value.
+    #
+    # Only works on floating point Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.12345, 2.56789, 3.901234])
+    #   s.ceil
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         2.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         4.0
+    #   # ]
+    def ceil
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Round underlying floating point data by `decimals` digits.
+    #
+    # @param decimals [Integer]
+    #   number of decimals to round by.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.12345, 2.56789, 3.901234])
+    #   s.round(2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1.12
+    #   #         2.57
+    #   #         3.9
+    #   # ]
+    def round(decimals = 0)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Compute the dot/inner product between two Series.
+    #
+    # @param other [Object]
+    #   Series (or array) to compute dot product with.
+    #
+    # @return [Numeric]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s2 = Polars::Series.new("b", [4.0, 5.0, 6.0])
+    #   s.dot(s2)
+    #   # => 32.0
+    def dot(other)
+      if !other.is_a?(Series)
+        other = Series.new(other)
+      end
+      if len != other.len
+        n, m = len, other.len
+        raise ArgumentError, "Series length mismatch: expected #{n}, found #{m}"
+      end
+      _s.dot(other._s)
+    end
+
+    # Compute the most occurring value(s).
+    #
+    # Can return multiple Values.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 2, 3])
+    #   s.mode
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         2
+    #   # ]
+    def mode
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Compute the element-wise indication of the sign.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [-9.0, -0.0, 0.0, 4.0, nil])
+    #   s.sign
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         -1
+    #   #         0
+    #   #         0
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         null
+    #   # ]
+    def sign
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Compute the element-wise value for the sine.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [0.0, Math::PI / 2.0, Math::PI])
+    #   s.sin
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         0.0
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         1.2246e-16
+    #   # ]
+    def sin
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Compute the element-wise value for the cosine.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [0.0, Math::PI / 2.0, Math::PI])
+    #   s.cos
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         6.1232e-17
+    #   #         -1.0
+    #   # ]
+    def cos
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Compute the element-wise value for the tangent.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [0.0, Math::PI / 2.0, Math::PI])
+    #   s.tan
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         0.0
+    #   #         1.6331e16
+    #   #         -1.2246e-16
+    #   # ]
+    def tan
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Compute the element-wise value for the inverse sine.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 0.0, -1.0])
+    #   s.arcsin
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1.570796
+    #   #         0.0
+    #   #         -1.570796
+    #   # ]
+    def arcsin
+      super
+    end
+    alias_method :asin, :arcsin
+
+    # Compute the element-wise value for the inverse cosine.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 0.0, -1.0])
+    #   s.arccos
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         0.0
+    #   #         1.570796
+    #   #         3.141593
+    #   # ]
+    def arccos
+      super
+    end
+    alias_method :acos, :arccos
+
+    # Compute the element-wise value for the inverse tangent.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 0.0, -1.0])
+    #   s.arctan
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         0.785398
+    #   #         0.0
+    #   #         -0.785398
+    #   # ]
+    def arctan
+      super
+    end
+    alias_method :atan, :arctan
+
+    # Compute the element-wise value for the inverse hyperbolic sine.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 0.0, -1.0])
+    #   s.arcsinh
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         0.881374
+    #   #         0.0
+    #   #         -0.881374
+    #   # ]
+    def arcsinh
+      super
+    end
+    alias_method :asinh, :arcsinh
+
+    # Compute the element-wise value for the inverse hyperbolic cosine.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [5.0, 1.0, 0.0, -1.0])
+    #   s.arccosh
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         2.292432
+    #   #         0.0
+    #   #         NaN
+    #   #         NaN
+    #   # ]
+    def arccosh
+      super
+    end
+    alias_method :acosh, :arccosh
+
+    # Compute the element-wise value for the inverse hyperbolic tangent.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.0, -0.5, -1.0, -1.1])
+    #   s.arctanh
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (7,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         NaN
+    #   #         inf
+    #   #         0.549306
+    #   #         0.0
+    #   #         -0.549306
+    #   #         -inf
+    #   #         NaN
+    #   # ]
+    def arctanh
+      super
+    end
+    alias_method :atanh, :arctanh
+
+    # Compute the element-wise value for the hyperbolic sine.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 0.0, -1.0])
+    #   s.sinh
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1.175201
+    #   #         0.0
+    #   #         -1.175201
+    #   # ]
+    def sinh
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Compute the element-wise value for the hyperbolic cosine.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 0.0, -1.0])
+    #   s.cosh
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1.543081
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         1.543081
+    #   # ]
+    def cosh
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Compute the element-wise value for the hyperbolic tangent.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 0.0, -1.0])
+    #   s.tanh
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         0.761594
+    #   #         0.0
+    #   #         -0.761594
+    #   # ]
+    def tanh
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Apply a custom/user-defined function (UDF) over elements in this Series and
+    # return a new Series.
+    #
+    # If the function returns another datatype, the return_dtype arg should be set,
+    # otherwise the method will fail.
+    #
+    # @param return_dtype [Symbol]
+    #   Output datatype. If none is given, the same datatype as this Series will be
+    #   used.
+    # @param skip_nulls [Boolean]
+    #   Nulls will be skipped and not passed to the Ruby function.
+    #   This is faster because Ruby can be skipped and because we call
+    #   more specialized functions.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.map_elements { |x| x + 10 }
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         11
+    #   #         12
+    #   #         13
+    #   # ]
+    def map_elements(return_dtype: nil, skip_nulls: true, &func)
+      if return_dtype.nil?
+        pl_return_dtype = nil
+      else
+        pl_return_dtype = Utils.rb_type_to_dtype(return_dtype)
+      end
+      Utils.wrap_s(_s.apply_lambda(func, pl_return_dtype, skip_nulls))
+    end
+    alias_method :map, :map_elements
+    alias_method :apply, :map_elements
+
+    # Shift the values by a given period.
+    #
+    # @param periods [Integer]
+    #   Number of places to shift (may be negative).
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.shift(1)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s.shift(-1)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         null
+    #   # ]
+    def shift(periods = 1)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Shift the values by a given period and fill the resulting null values.
+    #
+    # @param periods [Integer]
+    #   Number of places to shift (may be negative).
+    # @param fill_value [Object]
+    #   Fill None values with the result of this expression.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def shift_and_fill(periods, fill_value)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Take values from self or other based on the given mask.
+    #
+    # Where mask evaluates true, take values from self. Where mask evaluates false,
+    # take values from other.
+    #
+    # @param mask [Series]
+    #   Boolean Series.
+    # @param other [Series]
+    #   Series of same type.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s1 = Polars::Series.new([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    #   s2 = Polars::Series.new([5, 4, 3, 2, 1])
+    #   s1.zip_with(s1 < s2, s2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: '' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         1
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   mask = Polars::Series.new([true, false, true, false, true])
+    #   s1.zip_with(mask, s2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: '' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         4
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         5
+    #   # ]
+    def zip_with(mask, other)
+      Utils.wrap_s(_s.zip_with(mask._s, other._s))
+    end
+
+    # Apply a rolling min (moving min) over the values in this array.
+    #
+    # A window of length `window_size` will traverse the array. The values that fill
+    # this window will (optionally) be multiplied with the weights given by the
+    # `weight` vector. The resulting values will be aggregated to their sum.
+    #
+    # @param window_size [Integer]
+    #   The length of the window.
+    # @param weights [Array]
+    #   An optional slice with the same length as the window that will be multiplied
+    #   elementwise with the values in the window.
+    # @param min_periods [Integer]
+    #   The number of values in the window that should be non-null before computing
+    #   a result. If None, it will be set equal to window size.
+    # @param center [Boolean]
+    #   Set the labels at the center of the window
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [100, 200, 300, 400, 500])
+    #   s.rolling_min(3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         100
+    #   #         200
+    #   #         300
+    #   # ]
+    def rolling_min(
+      window_size,
+      weights: nil,
+      min_periods: nil,
+      center: false
+    )
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Apply a rolling max (moving max) over the values in this array.
+    #
+    # A window of length `window_size` will traverse the array. The values that fill
+    # this window will (optionally) be multiplied with the weights given by the
+    # `weight` vector. The resulting values will be aggregated to their sum.
+    #
+    # @param window_size [Integer]
+    #   The length of the window.
+    # @param weights [Array]
+    #   An optional slice with the same length as the window that will be multiplied
+    #   elementwise with the values in the window.
+    # @param min_periods [Integer]
+    #   The number of values in the window that should be non-null before computing
+    #   a result. If None, it will be set equal to window size.
+    # @param center [Boolean]
+    #   Set the labels at the center of the window
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [100, 200, 300, 400, 500])
+    #   s.rolling_max(2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         200
+    #   #         300
+    #   #         400
+    #   #         500
+    #   # ]
+    def rolling_max(
+      window_size,
+      weights: nil,
+      min_periods: nil,
+      center: false
+    )
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Apply a rolling mean (moving mean) over the values in this array.
+    #
+    # A window of length `window_size` will traverse the array. The values that fill
+    # this window will (optionally) be multiplied with the weights given by the
+    # `weight` vector. The resulting values will be aggregated to their sum.
+    #
+    # @param window_size [Integer]
+    #   The length of the window.
+    # @param weights [Array]
+    #   An optional slice with the same length as the window that will be multiplied
+    #   elementwise with the values in the window.
+    # @param min_periods [Integer]
+    #   The number of values in the window that should be non-null before computing
+    #   a result. If None, it will be set equal to window size.
+    # @param center [Boolean]
+    #   Set the labels at the center of the window
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [100, 200, 300, 400, 500])
+    #   s.rolling_mean(2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         150.0
+    #   #         250.0
+    #   #         350.0
+    #   #         450.0
+    #   # ]
+    def rolling_mean(
+      window_size,
+      weights: nil,
+      min_periods: nil,
+      center: false
+    )
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Apply a rolling sum (moving sum) over the values in this array.
+    #
+    # A window of length `window_size` will traverse the array. The values that fill
+    # this window will (optionally) be multiplied with the weights given by the
+    # `weight` vector. The resulting values will be aggregated to their sum.
+    #
+    # @param window_size [Integer]
+    #   The length of the window.
+    # @param weights [Array]
+    #   An optional slice with the same length as the window that will be multiplied
+    #   elementwise with the values in the window.
+    # @param min_periods [Integer]
+    #   The number of values in the window that should be non-null before computing
+    #   a result. If None, it will be set equal to window size.
+    # @param center [Boolean]
+    #   Set the labels at the center of the window
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    #   s.rolling_sum(2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         5
+    #   #         7
+    #   #         9
+    #   # ]
+    def rolling_sum(
+      window_size,
+      weights: nil,
+      min_periods: nil,
+      center: false
+    )
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Compute a rolling std dev.
+    #
+    # A window of length `window_size` will traverse the array. The values that fill
+    # this window will (optionally) be multiplied with the weights given by the
+    # `weight` vector. The resulting values will be aggregated to their sum.
+    #
+    # @param window_size [Integer]
+    #   The length of the window.
+    # @param weights [Array]
+    #   An optional slice with the same length as the window that will be multiplied
+    #   elementwise with the values in the window.
+    # @param min_periods [Integer]
+    #   The number of values in the window that should be non-null before computing
+    #   a result. If None, it will be set equal to window size.
+    # @param center [Boolean]
+    #   Set the labels at the center of the window
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0])
+    #   s.rolling_std(3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         1.527525
+    #   #         2.0
+    #   # ]
+    def rolling_std(
+      window_size,
+      weights: nil,
+      min_periods: nil,
+      center: false,
+      ddof: 1
+    )
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Compute a rolling variance.
+    #
+    # A window of length `window_size` will traverse the array. The values that fill
+    # this window will (optionally) be multiplied with the weights given by the
+    # `weight` vector. The resulting values will be aggregated to their sum.
+    #
+    # @param window_size [Integer]
+    #   The length of the window.
+    # @param weights [Array]
+    #   An optional slice with the same length as the window that will be multiplied
+    #   elementwise with the values in the window.
+    # @param min_periods [Integer]
+    #   The number of values in the window that should be non-null before computing
+    #   a result. If None, it will be set equal to window size.
+    # @param center [Boolean]
+    #   Set the labels at the center of the window
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0])
+    #   s.rolling_var(3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         2.333333
+    #   #         4.0
+    #   # ]
+    def rolling_var(
+      window_size,
+      weights: nil,
+      min_periods: nil,
+      center: false,
+      ddof: 1
+    )
+      super
+    end
+
+    # def rolling_apply
+    # end
+
+    # Compute a rolling median.
+    #
+    # @param window_size [Integer]
+    #   The length of the window.
+    # @param weights [Array]
+    #   An optional slice with the same length as the window that will be multiplied
+    #   elementwise with the values in the window.
+    # @param min_periods [Integer]
+    #   The number of values in the window that should be non-null before computing
+    #   a result. If None, it will be set equal to window size.
+    # @param center [Boolean]
+    #   Set the labels at the center of the window
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0])
+    #   s.rolling_median(3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         2.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         4.0
+    #   #         6.0
+    #   # ]
+    def rolling_median(
+      window_size,
+      weights: nil,
+      min_periods: nil,
+      center: false
+    )
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Compute a rolling quantile.
+    #
+    # @param quantile [Float]
+    #   Quantile between 0.0 and 1.0.
+    # @param interpolation ["nearest", "higher", "lower", "midpoint", "linear"]
+    #   Interpolation method.
+    # @param window_size [Integer]
+    #   The length of the window.
+    # @param weights [Array]
+    #   An optional slice with the same length as the window that will be multiplied
+    #   elementwise with the values in the window.
+    # @param min_periods [Integer]
+    #   The number of values in the window that should be non-null before computing
+    #   a result. If None, it will be set equal to window size.
+    # @param center [Boolean]
+    #   Set the labels at the center of the window
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0])
+    #   s.rolling_quantile(0.33, window_size: 3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         2.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         4.0
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s.rolling_quantile(0.33, interpolation: "linear", window_size: 3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         1.66
+    #   #         2.66
+    #   #         3.66
+    #   #         5.32
+    #   # ]
+    def rolling_quantile(
+      quantile,
+      interpolation: "nearest",
+      window_size: 2,
+      weights: nil,
+      min_periods: nil,
+      center: false
+    )
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Compute a rolling skew.
+    #
+    # @param window_size [Integer]
+    #   Integer size of the rolling window.
+    # @param bias [Boolean]
+    #   If false, the calculations are corrected for statistical bias.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0])
+    #   s.rolling_skew(3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         0.0
+    #   #         0.0
+    #   #         0.381802
+    #   #         0.0
+    #   # ]
+    def rolling_skew(window_size, bias: true)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Sample from this Series.
+    #
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #   Number of items to return. Cannot be used with `frac`. Defaults to 1 if
+    #   `frac` is None.
+    # @param frac [Float]
+    #   Fraction of items to return. Cannot be used with `n`.
+    # @param with_replacement [Boolean]
+    #   Allow values to be sampled more than once.
+    # @param shuffle [Boolean]
+    #   Shuffle the order of sampled data points.
+    # @param seed [Integer]
+    #   Seed for the random number generator. If set to None (default), a random
+    #   seed is used.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    #   s.sample(n: 2, seed: 0)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         5
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    def sample(
+      n: nil,
+      frac: nil,
+      with_replacement: false,
+      shuffle: false,
+      seed: nil
+    )
+      if !n.nil? && !frac.nil?
+        raise ArgumentError, "cannot specify both `n` and `frac`"
+      end
+
+      if n.nil? && !frac.nil?
+        return Utils.wrap_s(_s.sample_frac(frac, with_replacement, shuffle, seed))
+      end
+
+      if n.nil?
+        n = 1
+      end
+      Utils.wrap_s(_s.sample_n(n, with_replacement, shuffle, seed))
+    end
+
+    # Get a boolean mask of the local maximum peaks.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    #   s.peak_max
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         true
+    #   # ]
+    def peak_max
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Get a boolean mask of the local minimum peaks.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [4, 1, 3, 2, 5])
+    #   s.peak_min
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         false
+    #   # ]
+    def peak_min
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Count the number of unique values in this Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Integer]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 2, 3])
+    #   s.n_unique
+    #   # => 3
+    def n_unique
+      _s.n_unique
+    end
+
+    # Shrink Series memory usage.
+    #
+    # Shrinks the underlying array capacity to exactly fit the actual data.
+    # (Note that this function does not change the Series data type).
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def shrink_to_fit(in_place: false)
+      if in_place
+        _s.shrink_to_fit
+        self
+      else
+        series = clone
+        series._s.shrink_to_fit
+        series
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Hash the Series.
+    #
+    # The hash value is of type `:u64`.
+    #
+    # @param seed [Integer]
+    #   Random seed parameter. Defaults to 0.
+    # @param seed_1 [Integer]
+    #   Random seed parameter. Defaults to `seed` if not set.
+    # @param seed_2 [Integer]
+    #   Random seed parameter. Defaults to `seed` if not set.
+    # @param seed_3 [Integer]
+    #   Random seed parameter. Defaults to `seed` if not set.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s._hash(42)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [u64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         2374023516666777365
+    #   #         10386026231460783898
+    #   #         17796317186427479491
+    #   # ]
+    def _hash(seed = 0, seed_1 = nil, seed_2 = nil, seed_3 = nil)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Reinterpret the underlying bits as a signed/unsigned integer.
+    #
+    # This operation is only allowed for 64bit integers. For lower bits integers,
+    # you can safely use that cast operation.
+    #
+    # @param signed [Boolean]
+    #   If true, reinterpret as `:i64`. Otherwise, reinterpret as `:u64`.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def reinterpret(signed: true)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Interpolate intermediate values. The interpolation method is linear.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, nil, nil, 5])
+    #   s.interpolate
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         2.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         4.0
+    #   #         5.0
+    #   # ]
+    def interpolate(method: "linear")
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Compute absolute values.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def abs
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Assign ranks to data, dealing with ties appropriately.
+    #
+    # @param method ["average", "min", "max", "dense", "ordinal", "random"]
+    #   The method used to assign ranks to tied elements.
+    #   The following methods are available (default is 'average'):
+    #
+    #   - 'average' : The average of the ranks that would have been assigned to
+    #     all the tied values is assigned to each value.
+    #   - 'min' : The minimum of the ranks that would have been assigned to all
+    #     the tied values is assigned to each value. (This is also referred to
+    #     as "competition" ranking.)
+    #   - 'max' : The maximum of the ranks that would have been assigned to all
+    #     the tied values is assigned to each value.
+    #   - 'dense' : Like 'min', but the rank of the next highest element is
+    #     assigned the rank immediately after those assigned to the tied
+    #     elements.
+    #   - 'ordinal' : All values are given a distinct rank, corresponding to
+    #     the order that the values occur in the Series.
+    #   - 'random' : Like 'ordinal', but the rank for ties is not dependent
+    #     on the order that the values occur in the Series.
+    # @param reverse [Boolean]
+    #   Reverse the operation.
+    # @param seed [Integer]
+    #   If `method: "random"`, use this as seed.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example The 'average' method:
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [3, 6, 1, 1, 6])
+    #   s.rank
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         4.5
+    #   #         1.5
+    #   #         1.5
+    #   #         4.5
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example The 'ordinal' method:
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [3, 6, 1, 1, 6])
+    #   s.rank(method: "ordinal")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [u32]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         4
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         5
+    #   # ]
+    def rank(method: "average", reverse: false, seed: nil)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Calculate the n-th discrete difference.
+    #
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #   Number of slots to shift.
+    # @param null_behavior ["ignore", "drop"]
+    #   How to handle null values.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def diff(n: 1, null_behavior: "ignore")
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Computes percentage change between values.
+    #
+    # Percentage change (as fraction) between current element and most-recent
+    # non-null element at least `n` period(s) before the current element.
+    #
+    # Computes the change from the previous row by default.
+    #
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #   periods to shift for forming percent change.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   Polars::Series.new(0..9).pct_change
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (10,)
+    #   # Series: '' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         inf
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         0.5
+    #   #         0.333333
+    #   #         0.25
+    #   #         0.2
+    #   #         0.166667
+    #   #         0.142857
+    #   #         0.125
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   Polars::Series.new([1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512]).pct_change(n: 2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (10,)
+    #   # Series: '' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   # ]
+    def pct_change(n: 1)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Compute the sample skewness of a data set.
+    #
+    # For normally distributed data, the skewness should be about zero. For
+    # unimodal continuous distributions, a skewness value greater than zero means
+    # that there is more weight in the right tail of the distribution. The
+    # function `skewtest` can be used to determine if the skewness value
+    # is close enough to zero, statistically speaking.
+    #
+    # @param bias [Boolean]
+    #   If `false`, the calculations are corrected for statistical bias.
+    #
+    # @return [Float, nil]
+    def skew(bias: true)
+      _s.skew(bias)
+    end
+
+    # Compute the kurtosis (Fisher or Pearson) of a dataset.
+    #
+    # Kurtosis is the fourth central moment divided by the square of the
+    # variance. If Fisher's definition is used, then 3.0 is subtracted from
+    # the result to give 0.0 for a normal distribution.
+    # If bias is false, then the kurtosis is calculated using k statistics to
+    # eliminate bias coming from biased moment estimators
+    #
+    # @param fisher [Boolean]
+    #   If `true`, Fisher's definition is used (normal ==> 0.0). If `false`,
+    #   Pearson's definition is used (normal ==> 3.0).
+    # @param bias [Boolean]
+    #   If `false`, the calculations are corrected for statistical bias.
+    #
+    # @return [Float, nil]
+    def kurtosis(fisher: true, bias: true)
+      _s.kurtosis(fisher, bias)
+    end
+
+    # Clip (limit) the values in an array to a `min` and `max` boundary.
+    #
+    # Only works for numerical types.
+    #
+    # If you want to clip other dtypes, consider writing a "when, then, otherwise"
+    # expression. See {#when} for more information.
+    #
+    # @param min_val [Numeric]
+    #   Minimum value.
+    # @param max_val [Numeric]
+    #   Maximum value.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("foo", [-50, 5, nil, 50])
+    #   s.clip(1, 10)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: 'foo' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         5
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         10
+    #   # ]
+    def clip(min_val = nil, max_val = nil)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Clip (limit) the values in an array to a `min` boundary.
+    #
+    # Only works for numerical types.
+    #
+    # If you want to clip other dtypes, consider writing a "when, then, otherwise"
+    # expression. See {#when} for more information.
+    #
+    # @param min_val [Numeric]
+    #   Minimum value.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def clip_min(min_val)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Clip (limit) the values in an array to a `max` boundary.
+    #
+    # Only works for numerical types.
+    #
+    # If you want to clip other dtypes, consider writing a "when, then, otherwise"
+    # expression. See {#when} for more information.
+    #
+    # @param max_val [Numeric]
+    #   Maximum value.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def clip_max(max_val)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Replace values by different values.
+    #
+    # @param old [Object]
+    #   Value or sequence of values to replace.
+    #   Also accepts a mapping of values to their replacement.
+    # @param new [Object]
+    #   Value or sequence of values to replace by.
+    #   Length must match the length of `old` or have length 1.
+    # @param default [Object]
+    #   Set values that were not replaced to this value.
+    #   Defaults to keeping the original value.
+    #   Accepts expression input. Non-expression inputs are parsed as literals.
+    # @param return_dtype [Object]
+    #   The data type of the resulting Series. If set to `nil` (default),
+    #   the data type is determined automatically based on the other inputs.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example Replace a single value by another value. Values that were not replaced remain unchanged.
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new([1, 2, 2, 3])
+    #   s.replace(2, 100)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: '' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         100
+    #   #         100
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example Replace multiple values by passing sequences to the `old` and `new` parameters.
+    #   s.replace([2, 3], [100, 200])
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: '' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         100
+    #   #         100
+    #   #         200
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example Passing a mapping with replacements is also supported as syntactic sugar.
+    #   mapping = {2 => 100, 3 => 200}
+    #   s.replace(mapping)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: '' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         100
+    #   #         100
+    #   #         200
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example The original data type is preserved when replacing by values of a different data type.
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new(["x", "y", "z"])
+    #   mapping = {"x" => 1, "y" => 2, "z" => 3}
+    #   s.replace(mapping)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: '' [str]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         "1"
+    #   #         "2"
+    #   #         "3"
+    #   # ]
+    def replace(old, new = Expr::NO_DEFAULT, default: Expr::NO_DEFAULT, return_dtype: nil)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Reshape this Series to a flat Series or a Series of Lists.
+    #
+    # @param dims [Array]
+    #   Tuple of the dimension sizes. If a -1 is used in any of the dimensions, that
+    #   dimension is inferred.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def reshape(dims)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Shuffle the contents of this Series.
+    #
+    # @param seed [Integer, nil]
+    #   Seed for the random number generator.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.shuffle(seed: 1)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    def shuffle(seed: nil)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Exponentially-weighted moving average.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def ewm_mean(
+      com: nil,
+      span: nil,
+      half_life: nil,
+      alpha: nil,
+      adjust: true,
+      min_periods: 1,
+      ignore_nulls: true
+    )
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Exponentially-weighted moving standard deviation.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def ewm_std(
+      com: nil,
+      span: nil,
+      half_life: nil,
+      alpha: nil,
+      adjust: true,
+      bias: false,
+      min_periods: 1,
+      ignore_nulls: true
+    )
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Exponentially-weighted moving variance.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def ewm_var(
+      com: nil,
+      span: nil,
+      half_life: nil,
+      alpha: nil,
+      adjust: true,
+      bias: false,
+      min_periods: 1,
+      ignore_nulls: true
+    )
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Extend the Series with given number of values.
+    #
+    # @param value [Object]
+    #   The value to extend the Series with. This value may be `nil` to fill with
+    #   nulls.
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #   The number of values to extend.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.extend_constant(99, 2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         99
+    #   #         99
+    #   # ]
+    def extend_constant(value, n)
+      Utils.wrap_s(_s.extend_constant(value, n))
+    end
+
+    # Flags the Series as sorted.
+    #
+    # Enables downstream code to user fast paths for sorted arrays.
+    #
+    # @param reverse [Boolean]
+    #   If the Series order is reversed, e.g. descending.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   This can lead to incorrect results if this Series is not sorted!!
+    #   Use with care!
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.set_sorted.max
+    #   # => 3
+    def set_sorted(reverse: false)
+      Utils.wrap_s(_s.set_sorted(reverse))
+    end
+
+    # Create a new Series filled with values from the given index.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def new_from_index(index, length)
+      Utils.wrap_s(_s.new_from_index(index, length))
+    end
+
+    # Shrink numeric columns to the minimal required datatype.
+    #
+    # Shrink to the dtype needed to fit the extrema of this Series.
+    # This can be used to reduce memory pressure.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def shrink_dtype
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Create an object namespace of all list related methods.
+    #
+    # @return [ListNameSpace]
+    def list
+      ListNameSpace.new(self)
+    end
+
+    # Create an object namespace of all array related methods.
+    #
+    # @return [ArrayNameSpace]
+    def arr
+      ArrayNameSpace.new(self)
+    end
+
+    # Create an object namespace of all binary related methods.
+    #
+    # @return [BinaryNameSpace]
+    def bin
+      BinaryNameSpace.new(self)
+    end
+
+    # Create an object namespace of all categorical related methods.
+    #
+    # @return [CatNameSpace]
+    def cat
+      CatNameSpace.new(self)
+    end
+
+    # Create an object namespace of all datetime related methods.
+    #
+    # @return [DateTimeNameSpace]
+    def dt
+      DateTimeNameSpace.new(self)
+    end
+
+    # Create an object namespace of all string related methods.
+    #
+    # @return [StringNameSpace]
+    def str
+      StringNameSpace.new(self)
+    end
+
+    # Create an object namespace of all struct related methods.
+    #
+    # @return [StructNameSpace]
+    def struct
+      StructNameSpace.new(self)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def initialize_copy(other)
+      super
+      self._s = _s._clone
+    end
+
+    def coerce(other)
+      if other.is_a?(Numeric)
+        # TODO improve
+        series = to_frame.select(Polars.lit(other)).to_series
+        [series, self]
+      else
+        raise TypeError, "#{self.class} can't be coerced into #{other.class}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def _pos_idxs(idxs)
+      idx_type = Plr.get_index_type
+
+      if idxs.is_a?(Series)
+        if idxs.dtype == idx_type
+          return idxs
+        end
+        if [UInt8, UInt16, idx_type == UInt32 ? UInt64 : UInt32, Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64].include?(idxs.dtype)
+          if idx_type == UInt32
+            if [Int64, UInt64].include?(idxs.dtype)
+              if idxs.max >= 2**32
+                raise ArgumentError, "Index positions should be smaller than 2^32."
+              end
+            end
+            if idxs.dtype == Int64
+              if idxs.min < -(2**32)
+                raise ArgumentError, "Index positions should be bigger than -2^32 + 1."
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          if [Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64].include?(idxs.dtype)
+            if idxs.min < 0
+              if idx_type == UInt32
+                if [Int8, Int16].include?(idxs.dtype)
+                  idxs = idxs.cast(Int32)
+                end
+              else
+                if [Int8, Int16, Int32].include?(idxs.dtype)
+                  idxs = idxs.cast(Int64)
+                end
+              end
+
+              # Update negative indexes to absolute indexes.
+              return (
+                idxs.to_frame
+                .select(
+                  Polars.when(Polars.col(idxs.name) < 0)
+                    .then(len + Polars.col(idxs.name))
+                    .otherwise(Polars.col(idxs.name))
+                    .cast(idx_type)
+                )
+                .to_series(0)
+              )
+            end
+          end
+
+          return idxs.cast(idx_type)
+        end
+      end
+
+      raise ArgumentError, "Unsupported idxs datatype."
+    end
+
+    def _comp(other, op)
+      if dtype == Boolean && Utils.bool?(other) && [:eq, :neq].include?(op)
+        if (other == true && op == :eq) || (other == false && op == :neq)
+          return clone
+        elsif (other == false && op == :eq) || (other == true && op == :neq)
+          return !self
+        end
+      end
+
+      if other.is_a?(::Time) && dtype.is_a?(Datetime)
+        ts = Utils.datetime_to_int(other, time_unit)
+        f = ffi_func("#{op}_<>", Int64, _s)
+        fail if f.nil?
+        return Utils.wrap_s(f.call(ts))
+      elsif other.is_a?(::Date) && dtype == Date
+        d = Utils.date_to_int(other)
+        f = ffi_func("#{op}_<>", Int32, _s)
+        fail if f.nil?
+        return Utils.wrap_s(f.call(d))
+      end
+
+      if other.is_a?(Series)
+        return Utils.wrap_s(_s.send(op, other._s))
+      end
+
+      f = ffi_func("#{op}_<>", dtype, _s)
+      if f.nil?
+        raise NotImplementedError
+      end
+      Utils.wrap_s(f.call(other))
+    end
+
+    def ffi_func(name, dtype, _s)
+      _s.method(name.sub("<>", DTYPE_TO_FFINAME.fetch(dtype.class))) if DTYPE_TO_FFINAME.key?(dtype.class)
+    end
+
+    def _arithmetic(other, op)
+      if other.is_a?(Expr)
+        other = to_frame.select(other).to_series
+      end
+      if other.is_a?(Series)
+        return Utils.wrap_s(_s.send(op, other._s))
+      end
+
+      if (other.is_a?(Float) || other.is_a?(::Date) || other.is_a?(::DateTime) || other.is_a?(::Time) || other.is_a?(::String)) && !is_float
+        _s2 = sequence_to_rbseries(name, [other])
+        return Utils.wrap_s(_s.send(op, _s2))
+      end
+
+      f = ffi_func("#{op}_<>", dtype, _s)
+      if f.nil?
+        raise ArgumentError, "cannot do arithmetic with series of dtype: #{dtype} and argument of type: #{other.class.name}"
+      end
+      Utils.wrap_s(f.call(other))
+    end
+
+    DTYPE_TO_FFINAME = {
+      Int8 => "i8",
+      Int16 => "i16",
+      Int32 => "i32",
+      Int64 => "i64",
+      UInt8 => "u8",
+      UInt16 => "u16",
+      UInt32 => "u32",
+      UInt64 => "u64",
+      Float32 => "f32",
+      Float64 => "f64",
+      Boolean => "bool",
+      Utf8 => "str",
+      List => "list",
+      Date => "date",
+      Datetime => "datetime",
+      Duration => "duration",
+      Time => "time",
+      Object => "object",
+      Categorical => "categorical",
+      Struct => "struct",
+      Binary => "binary"
+    }
+
+    def series_to_rbseries(name, values)
+      # should not be in-place?
+      values.rename(name, in_place: true)
+      values._s
+    end
+
+    def numo_to_rbseries(name, values, strict: true, nan_to_null: false)
+      # not needed yet
+      # if !values.contiguous?
+      # end
+
+      if values.shape.length == 1
+        values, dtype = numo_values_and_dtype(values)
+        strict = nan_to_null if [Numo::SFloat, Numo::DFloat].include?(dtype)
+        if dtype == Numo::RObject
+          sequence_to_rbseries(name, values.to_a, strict: strict)
+        else
+          constructor = numo_type_to_constructor(dtype)
+          # TODO improve performance
+          constructor.call(name, values.to_a, strict)
+        end
+      elsif values.shape.sum == 0
+        raise Todo
+      else
+        original_shape = values.shape
+        values = values.reshape(original_shape.inject(&:*))
+        rb_s = numo_to_rbseries(
+          name,
+          values,
+          strict: strict,
+          nan_to_null: nan_to_null
+        )
+        Utils.wrap_s(rb_s).reshape(original_shape)._s
+      end
+    end
+
+    def numo_values_and_dtype(values)
+      [values, values.class]
+    end
+
+    def numo_type_to_constructor(dtype)
+      {
+        Numo::Float32 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_f32),
+        Numo::Float64 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_f64),
+        Numo::Int8 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_i8),
+        Numo::Int16 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_i16),
+        Numo::Int32 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_i32),
+        Numo::Int64 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_i64),
+        Numo::UInt8 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_u8),
+        Numo::UInt16 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_u16),
+        Numo::UInt32 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_u32),
+        Numo::UInt64 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_u64)
+      }.fetch(dtype)
+    rescue KeyError
+      RbSeries.method(:new_object)
+    end
+
+    def sequence_to_rbseries(name, values, dtype: nil, strict: true, dtype_if_empty: nil)
+      ruby_dtype = nil
+
+      if (values.nil? || values.empty?) && dtype.nil?
+        dtype = dtype_if_empty || Float32
+      elsif dtype == List
+        ruby_dtype = ::Array
+      end
+
+      rb_temporal_types = [::Date, ::DateTime, ::Time]
+      rb_temporal_types << ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone if defined?(ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone)
+
+      value = _get_first_non_none(values)
+      if !value.nil?
+        if value.is_a?(Hash)
+          return DataFrame.new(values).to_struct(name)._s
+        end
+      end
+
+      if !dtype.nil? && ![List, Struct, Unknown].include?(dtype) && Utils.is_polars_dtype(dtype) && ruby_dtype.nil?
+        if dtype == Array && !dtype.is_a?(Array) && value.is_a?(::Array)
+          dtype = Array.new(nil, value.size)
+        end
+
+        constructor = polars_type_to_constructor(dtype)
+        # TODO remove
+        strict = false if dtype == Decimal
+        rbseries = constructor.call(name, values, strict)
+
+        base_type = dtype.is_a?(DataType) ? dtype.class : dtype
+        if [Date, Datetime, Duration, Time, Categorical, Boolean, Enum].include?(base_type)
+          if rbseries.dtype != dtype
+            rbseries = rbseries.cast(dtype, true)
+          end
+        end
+        rbseries
+      elsif dtype == Struct
+        struct_schema = dtype.is_a?(Struct) ? dtype.to_schema : nil
+        empty = {}
+        DataFrame.sequence_to_rbdf(
+          values.map { |v| v.nil? ? empty : v },
+          schema: struct_schema,
+          orient: "row",
+        ).to_struct(name)
+      else
+        if ruby_dtype.nil?
+          if value.nil?
+            # generic default dtype
+            ruby_dtype = Float
+          else
+            ruby_dtype = value.class
+          end
+        end
+
+        # temporal branch
+        if rb_temporal_types.include?(ruby_dtype)
+          if dtype.nil?
+            dtype = Utils.rb_type_to_dtype(ruby_dtype)
+          elsif rb_temporal_types.include?(dtype)
+            dtype = Utils.rb_type_to_dtype(dtype)
+          end
+          # TODO
+          time_unit = nil
+
+          rb_series = RbSeries.new_from_any_values(name, values, strict)
+          if time_unit.nil?
+            s = Utils.wrap_s(rb_series)
+          else
+            s = Utils.wrap_s(rb_series).dt.cast_time_unit(time_unit)
+          end
+          s._s
+        elsif defined?(Numo::NArray) && value.is_a?(Numo::NArray) && value.shape.length == 1
+          raise Todo
+        elsif ruby_dtype == ::Array
+          if dtype.is_a?(Object)
+            return RbSeries.new_object(name, values, strict)
+          end
+          if dtype
+            srs = sequence_from_anyvalue_or_object(name, values)
+            if dtype != srs.dtype
+              srs = srs.cast(dtype, strict: false)
+            end
+            return srs
+          end
+          sequence_from_anyvalue_or_object(name, values)
+        elsif ruby_dtype == Series
+          RbSeries.new_series_list(name, values.map(&:_s), strict)
+        elsif ruby_dtype == RbSeries
+          RbSeries.new_series_list(name, values, strict)
+        else
+          constructor =
+            if value.is_a?(::String)
+              if value.encoding == Encoding::UTF_8
+                RbSeries.method(:new_str)
+              else
+                RbSeries.method(:new_binary)
+              end
+            elsif value.is_a?(Integer) && values.any? { |v| v.is_a?(Float) }
+              # TODO improve performance
+              RbSeries.method(:new_opt_f64)
+            else
+              rb_type_to_constructor(value.class)
+            end
+
+          construct_series_with_fallbacks(constructor, name, values, dtype, strict: strict)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def construct_series_with_fallbacks(constructor, name, values, dtype, strict:)
+      begin
+        constructor.call(name, values, strict)
+      rescue
+        if dtype.nil?
+          RbSeries.new_from_any_values(name, values, strict)
+        else
+          RbSeries.new_from_any_values_and_dtype(name, values, dtype, strict)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def sequence_from_anyvalue_or_object(name, values)
+      RbSeries.new_from_any_values(name, values, true)
+    rescue
+      RbSeries.new_object(name, values, false)
+    end
+
+    POLARS_TYPE_TO_CONSTRUCTOR = {
+      Float32 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_f32),
+      Float64 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_f64),
+      Int8 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_i8),
+      Int16 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_i16),
+      Int32 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_i32),
+      Int64 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_i64),
+      UInt8 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_u8),
+      UInt16 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_u16),
+      UInt32 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_u32),
+      UInt64 => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_u64),
+      Decimal => RbSeries.method(:new_decimal),
+      Date => RbSeries.method(:new_from_any_values),
+      Datetime => RbSeries.method(:new_from_any_values),
+      Duration => RbSeries.method(:new_from_any_values),
+      Time => RbSeries.method(:new_from_any_values),
+      Boolean => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_bool),
+      Utf8 => RbSeries.method(:new_str),
+      Object => RbSeries.method(:new_object),
+      Categorical => RbSeries.method(:new_str),
+      Enum => RbSeries.method(:new_str),
+      Binary => RbSeries.method(:new_binary),
+      Null => RbSeries.method(:new_null)
+    }
+
+    SYM_TYPE_TO_CONSTRUCTOR = {
+      f32: RbSeries.method(:new_opt_f32),
+      f64: RbSeries.method(:new_opt_f64),
+      i8: RbSeries.method(:new_opt_i8),
+      i16: RbSeries.method(:new_opt_i16),
+      i32: RbSeries.method(:new_opt_i32),
+      i64: RbSeries.method(:new_opt_i64),
+      u8: RbSeries.method(:new_opt_u8),
+      u16: RbSeries.method(:new_opt_u16),
+      u32: RbSeries.method(:new_opt_u32),
+      u64: RbSeries.method(:new_opt_u64),
+      bool: RbSeries.method(:new_opt_bool),
+      str: RbSeries.method(:new_str)
+    }
+
+    def polars_type_to_constructor(dtype)
+      if dtype.is_a?(Array)
+        lambda do |name, values, strict|
+          RbSeries.new_array(dtype.width, dtype.inner, name, values, strict)
+        end
+      elsif dtype.is_a?(Class) && dtype < DataType
+        POLARS_TYPE_TO_CONSTRUCTOR.fetch(dtype)
+      elsif dtype.is_a?(DataType)
+        POLARS_TYPE_TO_CONSTRUCTOR.fetch(dtype.class)
+      else
+        SYM_TYPE_TO_CONSTRUCTOR.fetch(dtype.to_sym)
+      end
+    rescue KeyError
+      raise ArgumentError, "Cannot construct RbSeries for type #{dtype}."
+    end
+
+    RB_TYPE_TO_CONSTRUCTOR = {
+      Float => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_f64),
+      Integer => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_i64),
+      TrueClass => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_bool),
+      FalseClass => RbSeries.method(:new_opt_bool),
+      BigDecimal => RbSeries.method(:new_decimal),
+      NilClass => RbSeries.method(:new_null)
+    }
+
+    def rb_type_to_constructor(dtype)
+      RB_TYPE_TO_CONSTRUCTOR.fetch(dtype)
+    rescue KeyError
+      RbSeries.method(:new_object)
+    end
+
+    def _get_first_non_none(values)
+      values.find { |v| !v.nil? }
+    end
+  end
+end