polars-df 0.13.0-x64-mingw-ucrt

data/lib/polars/lazy_frame.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2708 @@
+module Polars
+  # Representation of a Lazy computation graph/query against a DataFrame.
+  class LazyFrame
+    # @private
+    attr_accessor :_ldf
+
+    # Create a new LazyFrame.
+    def initialize(data = nil, schema: nil, schema_overrides: nil, orient: nil, infer_schema_length: 100, nan_to_null: false)
+      self._ldf = (
+        DataFrame.new(
+          data,
+          schema: schema,
+          schema_overrides: schema_overrides,
+          orient: orient,
+          infer_schema_length: infer_schema_length,
+          nan_to_null: nan_to_null
+        )
+        .lazy
+        ._ldf
+      )
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    def self._from_rbldf(rb_ldf)
+      ldf = LazyFrame.allocate
+      ldf._ldf = rb_ldf
+      ldf
+    end
+
+    # def self.from_json
+    # end
+
+    # Read a logical plan from a JSON file to construct a LazyFrame.
+    #
+    # @param file [String]
+    #   Path to a file or a file-like object.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    def self.read_json(file)
+      if Utils.pathlike?(file)
+        file = Utils.normalize_filepath(file)
+      end
+
+      Utils.wrap_ldf(RbLazyFrame.read_json(file))
+    end
+
+    # Get or set column names.
+    #
+    # @return [Array]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = (
+    #      Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #        {
+    #          "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #          "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #          "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #        }
+    #      )
+    #      .lazy
+    #      .select(["foo", "bar"])
+    #   )
+    #   df.columns
+    #   # => ["foo", "bar"]
+    def columns
+      _ldf.collect_schema.keys
+    end
+
+    # Get dtypes of columns in LazyFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [Array]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   lf = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   lf.dtypes
+    #   # => [Polars::Int64, Polars::Float64, Polars::String]
+    def dtypes
+      _ldf.collect_schema.values
+    end
+
+    # Get the schema.
+    #
+    # @return [Hash]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   lf = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   lf.schema
+    #   # => {"foo"=>Polars::Int64, "bar"=>Polars::Float64, "ham"=>Polars::String}
+    def schema
+      _ldf.collect_schema
+    end
+
+    # Get the width of the LazyFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [Integer]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   lf = Polars::DataFrame.new({"foo" => [1, 2, 3], "bar" => [4, 5, 6]}).lazy
+    #   lf.width
+    #   # => 2
+    def width
+      _ldf.collect_schema.length
+    end
+
+    # Check if LazyFrame includes key.
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    def include?(key)
+      columns.include?(key)
+    end
+
+    # clone handled by initialize_copy
+
+    # def [](item)
+    # end
+
+    # Returns a string representing the LazyFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [String]
+    def to_s
+      <<~EOS
+        naive plan: (run LazyFrame#describe_optimized_plan to see the optimized plan)
+
+        #{describe_plan}
+      EOS
+    end
+
+    # Write the logical plan of this LazyFrame to a file or string in JSON format.
+    #
+    # @param file [String]
+    #   File path to which the result should be written.
+    #
+    # @return [nil]
+    def write_json(file)
+      if Utils.pathlike?(file)
+        file = Utils.normalize_filepath(file)
+      end
+      _ldf.write_json(file)
+      nil
+    end
+
+    # Offers a structured way to apply a sequence of user-defined functions (UDFs).
+    #
+    # @param func [Object]
+    #   Callable; will receive the frame as the first parameter,
+    #   followed by any given args/kwargs.
+    # @param args [Object]
+    #   Arguments to pass to the UDF.
+    # @param kwargs [Object]
+    #   Keyword arguments to pass to the UDF.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   cast_str_to_int = lambda do |data, col_name:|
+    #     data.with_column(Polars.col(col_name).cast(:i64))
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"a" => [1, 2, 3, 4], "b" => ["10", "20", "30", "40"]}).lazy
+    #   df.pipe(cast_str_to_int, col_name: "b").collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 10  │
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 20  │
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 30  │
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ 40  │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def pipe(func, *args, **kwargs, &block)
+      func.call(self, *args, **kwargs, &block)
+    end
+
+    # Create a string representation of the unoptimized query plan.
+    #
+    # @return [String]
+    def describe_plan
+      _ldf.describe_plan
+    end
+
+    # Create a string representation of the optimized query plan.
+    #
+    # @return [String]
+    def describe_optimized_plan(
+      type_coercion: true,
+      predicate_pushdown: true,
+      projection_pushdown: true,
+      simplify_expression: true,
+      slice_pushdown: true,
+      common_subplan_elimination: true,
+      comm_subexpr_elim: true,
+      allow_streaming: false
+    )
+      ldf = _ldf.optimization_toggle(
+        type_coercion,
+        predicate_pushdown,
+        projection_pushdown,
+        simplify_expression,
+        slice_pushdown,
+        common_subplan_elimination,
+        comm_subexpr_elim,
+        allow_streaming,
+        false
+      )
+
+      ldf.describe_optimized_plan
+    end
+
+    # def show_graph
+    # end
+
+    # Sort the DataFrame.
+    #
+    # Sorting can be done by:
+    #
+    # - A single column name
+    # - An expression
+    # - Multiple expressions
+    #
+    # @param by [Object]
+    #   Column (expressions) to sort by.
+    # @param reverse [Boolean]
+    #   Sort in descending order.
+    # @param nulls_last [Boolean]
+    #   Place null values last. Can only be used if sorted by a single column.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   df.sort("foo", reverse: true).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8.0 ┆ c   │
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7.0 ┆ b   │
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6.0 ┆ a   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def sort(by, *more_by, reverse: false, nulls_last: false, maintain_order: false, multithreaded: true)
+      if by.is_a?(::String) && more_by.empty?
+        return _from_rbldf(
+          _ldf.sort(
+            by, reverse, nulls_last, maintain_order, multithreaded
+          )
+        )
+      end
+
+      by = Utils.parse_into_list_of_expressions(by, *more_by)
+      reverse = Utils.extend_bool(reverse, by.length, "reverse", "by")
+      nulls_last = Utils.extend_bool(nulls_last, by.length, "nulls_last", "by")
+      _from_rbldf(
+        _ldf.sort_by_exprs(
+          by, reverse, nulls_last, maintain_order, multithreaded
+        )
+      )
+    end
+
+    # def profile
+    # end
+
+    # Collect into a DataFrame.
+    #
+    # Note: use {#fetch} if you want to run your query on the first `n` rows
+    # only. This can be a huge time saver in debugging queries.
+    #
+    # @param type_coercion [Boolean]
+    #   Do type coercion optimization.
+    # @param predicate_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Do predicate pushdown optimization.
+    # @param projection_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Do projection pushdown optimization.
+    # @param simplify_expression [Boolean]
+    #   Run simplify expressions optimization.
+    # @param string_cache [Boolean]
+    #   This argument is deprecated. Please set the string cache globally.
+    #   The argument will be ignored
+    # @param no_optimization [Boolean]
+    #   Turn off (certain) optimizations.
+    # @param slice_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Slice pushdown optimization.
+    # @param common_subplan_elimination [Boolean]
+    #   Will try to cache branching subplans that occur on self-joins or unions.
+    # @param allow_streaming [Boolean]
+    #   Run parts of the query in a streaming fashion (this is in an alpha state)
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => ["a", "b", "a", "b", "b", "c"],
+    #       "b" => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
+    #       "c" => [6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   df.group_by("a", maintain_order: true).agg(Polars.all.sum).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ a   ┆ 4   ┆ 10  │
+    #   # │ b   ┆ 11  ┆ 10  │
+    #   # │ c   ┆ 6   ┆ 1   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def collect(
+      type_coercion: true,
+      predicate_pushdown: true,
+      projection_pushdown: true,
+      simplify_expression: true,
+      string_cache: false,
+      no_optimization: false,
+      slice_pushdown: true,
+      common_subplan_elimination: true,
+      comm_subexpr_elim: true,
+      allow_streaming: false,
+      _eager: false
+    )
+      if no_optimization
+        predicate_pushdown = false
+        projection_pushdown = false
+        slice_pushdown = false
+        common_subplan_elimination = false
+        comm_subexpr_elim = false
+      end
+
+      if allow_streaming
+        common_subplan_elimination = false
+      end
+
+      ldf = _ldf.optimization_toggle(
+        type_coercion,
+        predicate_pushdown,
+        projection_pushdown,
+        simplify_expression,
+        slice_pushdown,
+        common_subplan_elimination,
+        comm_subexpr_elim,
+        allow_streaming,
+        _eager
+      )
+      Utils.wrap_df(ldf.collect)
+    end
+
+    # Persists a LazyFrame at the provided path.
+    #
+    # This allows streaming results that are larger than RAM to be written to disk.
+    #
+    # @param path [String]
+    #   File path to which the file should be written.
+    # @param compression ["lz4", "uncompressed", "snappy", "gzip", "lzo", "brotli", "zstd"]
+    #   Choose "zstd" for good compression performance.
+    #   Choose "lz4" for fast compression/decompression.
+    #   Choose "snappy" for more backwards compatibility guarantees
+    #   when you deal with older parquet readers.
+    # @param compression_level [Integer]
+    #   The level of compression to use. Higher compression means smaller files on
+    #   disk.
+    #
+    #   - "gzip" : min-level: 0, max-level: 10.
+    #   - "brotli" : min-level: 0, max-level: 11.
+    #   - "zstd" : min-level: 1, max-level: 22.
+    # @param statistics [Boolean]
+    #   Write statistics to the parquet headers. This requires extra compute.
+    # @param row_group_size [Integer]
+    #   Size of the row groups in number of rows.
+    #   If `nil` (default), the chunks of the `DataFrame` are
+    #   used. Writing in smaller chunks may reduce memory pressure and improve
+    #   writing speeds.
+    # @param data_pagesize_limit [Integer]
+    #   Size limit of individual data pages.
+    #   If not set defaults to 1024 * 1024 bytes
+    # @param maintain_order [Boolean]
+    #   Maintain the order in which data is processed.
+    #   Setting this to `false` will  be slightly faster.
+    # @param type_coercion [Boolean]
+    #   Do type coercion optimization.
+    # @param predicate_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Do predicate pushdown optimization.
+    # @param projection_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Do projection pushdown optimization.
+    # @param simplify_expression [Boolean]
+    #   Run simplify expressions optimization.
+    # @param no_optimization [Boolean]
+    #   Turn off (certain) optimizations.
+    # @param slice_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Slice pushdown optimization.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   lf = Polars.scan_csv("/path/to/my_larger_than_ram_file.csv")
+    #   lf.sink_parquet("out.parquet")
+    def sink_parquet(
+      path,
+      compression: "zstd",
+      compression_level: nil,
+      statistics: true,
+      row_group_size: nil,
+      data_pagesize_limit: nil,
+      maintain_order: true,
+      type_coercion: true,
+      predicate_pushdown: true,
+      projection_pushdown: true,
+      simplify_expression: true,
+      no_optimization: false,
+      slice_pushdown: true
+    )
+      lf = _set_sink_optimizations(
+        type_coercion: type_coercion,
+        predicate_pushdown: predicate_pushdown,
+        projection_pushdown: projection_pushdown,
+        simplify_expression: simplify_expression,
+        slice_pushdown: slice_pushdown,
+        no_optimization: no_optimization
+      )
+
+      if statistics == true
+        statistics = {
+          min: true,
+          max: true,
+          distinct_count: false,
+          null_count: true
+        }
+      elsif statistics == false
+        statistics = {}
+      elsif statistics == "full"
+        statistics = {
+          min: true,
+          max: true,
+          distinct_count: true,
+          null_count: true
+        }
+      end
+
+      lf.sink_parquet(
+        path,
+        compression,
+        compression_level,
+        statistics,
+        row_group_size,
+        data_pagesize_limit,
+        maintain_order
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Evaluate the query in streaming mode and write to an IPC file.
+    #
+    # This allows streaming results that are larger than RAM to be written to disk.
+    #
+    # @param path [String]
+    #   File path to which the file should be written.
+    # @param compression ["lz4", "zstd"]
+    #   Choose "zstd" for good compression performance.
+    #   Choose "lz4" for fast compression/decompression.
+    # @param maintain_order [Boolean]
+    #   Maintain the order in which data is processed.
+    #   Setting this to `false` will  be slightly faster.
+    # @param type_coercion [Boolean]
+    #   Do type coercion optimization.
+    # @param predicate_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Do predicate pushdown optimization.
+    # @param projection_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Do projection pushdown optimization.
+    # @param simplify_expression [Boolean]
+    #   Run simplify expressions optimization.
+    # @param slice_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Slice pushdown optimization.
+    # @param no_optimization [Boolean]
+    #   Turn off (certain) optimizations.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   lf = Polars.scan_csv("/path/to/my_larger_than_ram_file.csv")
+    #   lf.sink_ipc("out.arrow")
+    def sink_ipc(
+      path,
+      compression: "zstd",
+      maintain_order: true,
+      type_coercion: true,
+      predicate_pushdown: true,
+      projection_pushdown: true,
+      simplify_expression: true,
+      slice_pushdown: true,
+      no_optimization: false
+    )
+      lf = _set_sink_optimizations(
+        type_coercion: type_coercion,
+        predicate_pushdown: predicate_pushdown,
+        projection_pushdown: projection_pushdown,
+        simplify_expression: simplify_expression,
+        slice_pushdown: slice_pushdown,
+        no_optimization: no_optimization
+      )
+
+      lf.sink_ipc(
+        path,
+        compression,
+        maintain_order
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Evaluate the query in streaming mode and write to a CSV file.
+    #
+    # This allows streaming results that are larger than RAM to be written to disk.
+    #
+    # @param path [String]
+    #   File path to which the file should be written.
+    # @param include_bom [Boolean]
+    #   Whether to include UTF-8 BOM in the CSV output.
+    # @param include_header [Boolean]
+    #   Whether to include header in the CSV output.
+    # @param separator [String]
+    #   Separate CSV fields with this symbol.
+    # @param line_terminator [String]
+    #   String used to end each row.
+    # @param quote_char [String]
+    #   Byte to use as quoting character.
+    # @param batch_size [Integer]
+    #   Number of rows that will be processed per thread.
+    # @param datetime_format [String]
+    #   A format string, with the specifiers defined by the
+    #   `chrono <https://docs.rs/chrono/latest/chrono/format/strftime/index.html>`_
+    #   Rust crate. If no format specified, the default fractional-second
+    #   precision is inferred from the maximum timeunit found in the frame's
+    #   Datetime cols (if any).
+    # @param date_format [String]
+    #   A format string, with the specifiers defined by the
+    #   `chrono <https://docs.rs/chrono/latest/chrono/format/strftime/index.html>`_
+    #   Rust crate.
+    # @param time_format [String]
+    #   A format string, with the specifiers defined by the
+    #   `chrono <https://docs.rs/chrono/latest/chrono/format/strftime/index.html>`_
+    #   Rust crate.
+    # @param float_precision [Integer]
+    #   Number of decimal places to write, applied to both `Float32` and
+    #   `Float64` datatypes.
+    # @param null_value [String]
+    #   A string representing null values (defaulting to the empty string).
+    # @param quote_style ["necessary", "always", "non_numeric", "never"]
+    #   Determines the quoting strategy used.
+    #
+    #   - necessary (default): This puts quotes around fields only when necessary.
+    #     They are necessary when fields contain a quote,
+    #     delimiter or record terminator.
+    #     Quotes are also necessary when writing an empty record
+    #     (which is indistinguishable from a record with one empty field).
+    #     This is the default.
+    #   - always: This puts quotes around every field. Always.
+    #   - never: This never puts quotes around fields, even if that results in
+    #     invalid CSV data (e.g.: by not quoting strings containing the
+    #     separator).
+    #   - non_numeric: This puts quotes around all fields that are non-numeric.
+    #     Namely, when writing a field that does not parse as a valid float
+    #     or integer, then quotes will be used even if they aren`t strictly
+    #     necessary.
+    # @param maintain_order [Boolean]
+    #   Maintain the order in which data is processed.
+    #   Setting this to `false` will  be slightly faster.
+    # @param type_coercion [Boolean]
+    #   Do type coercion optimization.
+    # @param predicate_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Do predicate pushdown optimization.
+    # @param projection_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Do projection pushdown optimization.
+    # @param simplify_expression [Boolean]
+    #   Run simplify expressions optimization.
+    # @param slice_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Slice pushdown optimization.
+    # @param no_optimization [Boolean]
+    #   Turn off (certain) optimizations.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   lf = Polars.scan_csv("/path/to/my_larger_than_ram_file.csv")
+    #   lf.sink_csv("out.csv")
+    def sink_csv(
+      path,
+      include_bom: false,
+      include_header: true,
+      separator: ",",
+      line_terminator: "\n",
+      quote_char: '"',
+      batch_size: 1024,
+      datetime_format: nil,
+      date_format: nil,
+      time_format: nil,
+      float_scientific: nil,
+      float_precision: nil,
+      null_value: nil,
+      quote_style: nil,
+      maintain_order: true,
+      type_coercion: true,
+      predicate_pushdown: true,
+      projection_pushdown: true,
+      simplify_expression: true,
+      slice_pushdown: true,
+      no_optimization: false
+    )
+      Utils._check_arg_is_1byte("separator", separator, false)
+      Utils._check_arg_is_1byte("quote_char", quote_char, false)
+
+      lf = _set_sink_optimizations(
+        type_coercion: type_coercion,
+        predicate_pushdown: predicate_pushdown,
+        projection_pushdown: projection_pushdown,
+        simplify_expression: simplify_expression,
+        slice_pushdown: slice_pushdown,
+        no_optimization: no_optimization
+      )
+
+      lf.sink_csv(
+        path,
+        include_bom,
+        include_header,
+        separator.ord,
+        line_terminator,
+        quote_char.ord,
+        batch_size,
+        datetime_format,
+        date_format,
+        time_format,
+        float_scientific,
+        float_precision,
+        null_value,
+        quote_style,
+        maintain_order
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Evaluate the query in streaming mode and write to an NDJSON file.
+    #
+    # This allows streaming results that are larger than RAM to be written to disk.
+    #
+    # @param path [String]
+    #   File path to which the file should be written.
+    # @param maintain_order [Boolean]
+    #   Maintain the order in which data is processed.
+    #   Setting this to `false` will be slightly faster.
+    # @param type_coercion [Boolean]
+    #   Do type coercion optimization.
+    # @param predicate_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Do predicate pushdown optimization.
+    # @param projection_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Do projection pushdown optimization.
+    # @param simplify_expression [Boolean]
+    #   Run simplify expressions optimization.
+    # @param slice_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Slice pushdown optimization.
+    # @param no_optimization [Boolean]
+    #   Turn off (certain) optimizations.
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   lf = Polars.scan_csv("/path/to/my_larger_than_ram_file.csv")
+    #   lf.sink_ndjson("out.ndjson")
+    def sink_ndjson(
+      path,
+      maintain_order: true,
+      type_coercion: true,
+      predicate_pushdown: true,
+      projection_pushdown: true,
+      simplify_expression: true,
+      slice_pushdown: true,
+      no_optimization: false
+    )
+      lf = _set_sink_optimizations(
+        type_coercion: type_coercion,
+        predicate_pushdown: predicate_pushdown,
+        projection_pushdown: projection_pushdown,
+        simplify_expression: simplify_expression,
+        slice_pushdown: slice_pushdown,
+        no_optimization: no_optimization
+      )
+
+      lf.sink_json(path, maintain_order)
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    def _set_sink_optimizations(
+      type_coercion: true,
+      predicate_pushdown: true,
+      projection_pushdown: true,
+      simplify_expression: true,
+      slice_pushdown: true,
+      no_optimization: false
+    )
+      if no_optimization
+        predicate_pushdown = false
+        projection_pushdown = false
+        slice_pushdown = false
+      end
+
+      _ldf.optimization_toggle(
+        type_coercion,
+        predicate_pushdown,
+        projection_pushdown,
+        simplify_expression,
+        slice_pushdown,
+        false,
+        false,
+        true,
+        false
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Collect a small number of rows for debugging purposes.
+    #
+    # Fetch is like a {#collect} operation, but it overwrites the number of rows
+    # read by every scan operation. This is a utility that helps debug a query on a
+    # smaller number of rows.
+    #
+    # Note that the fetch does not guarantee the final number of rows in the
+    # DataFrame. Filter, join operations and a lower number of rows available in the
+    # scanned file influence the final number of rows.
+    #
+    # @param n_rows [Integer]
+    #   Collect n_rows from the data sources.
+    # @param type_coercion [Boolean]
+    #   Run type coercion optimization.
+    # @param predicate_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Run predicate pushdown optimization.
+    # @param projection_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Run projection pushdown optimization.
+    # @param simplify_expression [Boolean]
+    #   Run simplify expressions optimization.
+    # @param string_cache [Boolean]
+    #   This argument is deprecated. Please set the string cache globally.
+    #   The argument will be ignored
+    # @param no_optimization [Boolean]
+    #   Turn off optimizations.
+    # @param slice_pushdown [Boolean]
+    #   Slice pushdown optimization
+    # @param common_subplan_elimination [Boolean]
+    #   Will try to cache branching subplans that occur on self-joins or unions.
+    # @param allow_streaming [Boolean]
+    #   Run parts of the query in a streaming fashion (this is in an alpha state)
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => ["a", "b", "a", "b", "b", "c"],
+    #       "b" => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
+    #       "c" => [6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   df.group_by("a", maintain_order: true).agg(Polars.all.sum).fetch(2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ a   ┆ 1   ┆ 6   │
+    #   # │ b   ┆ 2   ┆ 5   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def fetch(
+      n_rows = 500,
+      type_coercion: true,
+      predicate_pushdown: true,
+      projection_pushdown: true,
+      simplify_expression: true,
+      string_cache: false,
+      no_optimization: false,
+      slice_pushdown: true,
+      common_subplan_elimination: true,
+      comm_subexpr_elim: true,
+      allow_streaming: false
+    )
+      if no_optimization
+        predicate_pushdown = false
+        projection_pushdown = false
+        slice_pushdown = false
+        common_subplan_elimination = false
+      end
+
+      ldf = _ldf.optimization_toggle(
+        type_coercion,
+        predicate_pushdown,
+        projection_pushdown,
+        simplify_expression,
+        slice_pushdown,
+        common_subplan_elimination,
+        comm_subexpr_elim,
+        allow_streaming,
+        false
+      )
+      Utils.wrap_df(ldf.fetch(n_rows))
+    end
+
+    # Return lazy representation, i.e. itself.
+    #
+    # Useful for writing code that expects either a `DataFrame` or
+    # `LazyFrame`.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [nil, 2, 3, 4],
+    #       "b" => [0.5, nil, 2.5, 13],
+    #       "c" => [true, true, false, nil]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.lazy
+    def lazy
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Cache the result once the execution of the physical plan hits this node.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    def cache
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.cache)
+    end
+
+    # TODO
+    # def cast
+    # end
+
+    # Create an empty copy of the current LazyFrame.
+    #
+    # The copy has an identical schema but no data.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   lf = Polars::LazyFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [nil, 2, 3, 4],
+    #       "b" => [0.5, nil, 2.5, 13],
+    #       "c" => [true, true, false, nil],
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   lf.clear.fetch
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (0, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   ┆ c    │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ bool │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪══════╡
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴──────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   lf.clear(2).fetch
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌──────┬──────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ a    ┆ b    ┆ c    │
+    #   # │ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ i64  ┆ f64  ┆ bool │
+    #   # ╞══════╪══════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ null ┆ null ┆ null │
+    #   # │ null ┆ null ┆ null │
+    #   # └──────┴──────┴──────┘
+    def clear(n = 0)
+      DataFrame.new(columns: schema).clear(n).lazy
+    end
+    alias_method :cleared, :clear
+
+    # Filter the rows in the DataFrame based on a predicate expression.
+    #
+    # @param predicate [Object]
+    #   Expression that evaluates to a boolean Series.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example Filter on one condition:
+    #   lf = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   lf.filter(Polars.col("foo") < 3).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7   ┆ b   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Filter on multiple conditions:
+    #   lf.filter((Polars.col("foo") < 3) & (Polars.col("ham") == "a")).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def filter(predicate)
+      _from_rbldf(
+        _ldf.filter(
+          Utils.parse_into_expression(predicate, str_as_lit: false)
+        )
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Select columns from this DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @param exprs [Array]
+    #   Column(s) to select, specified as positional arguments.
+    #   Accepts expression input. Strings are parsed as column names,
+    #   other non-expression inputs are parsed as literals.
+    # @param named_exprs [Hash]
+    #   Additional columns to select, specified as keyword arguments.
+    #   The columns will be renamed to the keyword used.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"],
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   df.select("foo").collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────┐
+    #   # │ foo │
+    #   # │ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   │
+    #   # │ 2   │
+    #   # │ 3   │
+    #   # └─────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.select(["foo", "bar"]).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6   │
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7   │
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.select(Polars.col("foo") + 1).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────┐
+    #   # │ foo │
+    #   # │ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╡
+    #   # │ 2   │
+    #   # │ 3   │
+    #   # │ 4   │
+    #   # └─────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.select([Polars.col("foo") + 1, Polars.col("bar") + 1]).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7   │
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8   │
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ 9   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.select(Polars.when(Polars.col("foo") > 2).then(10).otherwise(0)).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────────┐
+    #   # │ literal │
+    #   # │ ---     │
+    #   # │ i32     │
+    #   # ╞═════════╡
+    #   # │ 0       │
+    #   # │ 0       │
+    #   # │ 10      │
+    #   # └─────────┘
+    def select(*exprs, **named_exprs)
+      structify = ENV.fetch("POLARS_AUTO_STRUCTIFY", "0") != "0"
+
+      rbexprs = Utils.parse_into_list_of_expressions(
+        *exprs, **named_exprs, __structify: structify
+      )
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.select(rbexprs))
+    end
+
+    # Start a group by operation.
+    #
+    # @param by [Array]
+    #   Column(s) to group by.
+    # @param maintain_order [Boolean]
+    #   Make sure that the order of the groups remain consistent. This is more
+    #   expensive than a default group by.
+    # @param named_by [Hash]
+    #   Additional columns to group by, specified as keyword arguments.
+    #   The columns will be renamed to the keyword used.
+    # @return [LazyGroupBy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => ["a", "b", "a", "b", "b", "c"],
+    #       "b" => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
+    #       "c" => [6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   df.group_by("a", maintain_order: true).agg(Polars.col("b").sum).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ str ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ a   ┆ 4   │
+    #   # │ b   ┆ 11  │
+    #   # │ c   ┆ 6   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def group_by(*by, maintain_order: false, **named_by)
+      exprs = Utils.parse_into_list_of_expressions(*by, **named_by)
+      lgb = _ldf.group_by(exprs, maintain_order)
+      LazyGroupBy.new(lgb)
+    end
+    alias_method :groupby, :group_by
+    alias_method :group, :group_by
+
+    # Create rolling groups based on a time column.
+    #
+    # Also works for index values of type `:i32` or `:i64`.
+    #
+    # Different from a `dynamic_group_by` the windows are now determined by the
+    # individual values and are not of constant intervals. For constant intervals
+    # use *group_by_dynamic*.
+    #
+    # The `period` and `offset` arguments are created either from a timedelta, or
+    # by using the following string language:
+    #
+    # - 1ns   (1 nanosecond)
+    # - 1us   (1 microsecond)
+    # - 1ms   (1 millisecond)
+    # - 1s    (1 second)
+    # - 1m    (1 minute)
+    # - 1h    (1 hour)
+    # - 1d    (1 day)
+    # - 1w    (1 week)
+    # - 1mo   (1 calendar month)
+    # - 1y    (1 calendar year)
+    # - 1i    (1 index count)
+    #
+    # Or combine them:
+    # "3d12h4m25s" # 3 days, 12 hours, 4 minutes, and 25 seconds
+    #
+    # In case of a group_by_rolling on an integer column, the windows are defined by:
+    #
+    # - "1i"      # length 1
+    # - "10i"     # length 10
+    #
+    # @param index_column [Object]
+    #   Column used to group based on the time window.
+    #   Often to type Date/Datetime
+    #   This column must be sorted in ascending order. If not the output will not
+    #   make sense.
+    #
+    #   In case of a rolling group by on indices, dtype needs to be one of
+    #   `:i32`, `:i64`. Note that `:i32` gets temporarily cast to `:i64`, so if
+    #   performance matters use an `:i64` column.
+    # @param period [Object]
+    #   Length of the window.
+    # @param offset [Object]
+    #   Offset of the window. Default is -period.
+    # @param closed ["right", "left", "both", "none"]
+    #   Define whether the temporal window interval is closed or not.
+    # @param by [Object]
+    #   Also group by this column/these columns.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   dates = [
+    #     "2020-01-01 13:45:48",
+    #     "2020-01-01 16:42:13",
+    #     "2020-01-01 16:45:09",
+    #     "2020-01-02 18:12:48",
+    #     "2020-01-03 19:45:32",
+    #     "2020-01-08 23:16:43"
+    #   ]
+    #   df = Polars::LazyFrame.new({"dt" => dates, "a" => [3, 7, 5, 9, 2, 1]}).with_column(
+    #     Polars.col("dt").str.strptime(Polars::Datetime).set_sorted
+    #   )
+    #   df.rolling(index_column: "dt", period: "2d").agg(
+    #     [
+    #       Polars.sum("a").alias("sum_a"),
+    #       Polars.min("a").alias("min_a"),
+    #       Polars.max("a").alias("max_a")
+    #     ]
+    #   ).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6, 4)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────────┬───────┬───────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ dt                  ┆ sum_a ┆ min_a ┆ max_a │
+    #   # │ ---                 ┆ ---   ┆ ---   ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ datetime[μs]        ┆ i64   ┆ i64   ┆ i64   │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════════╪═══════╪═══════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ 2020-01-01 13:45:48 ┆ 3     ┆ 3     ┆ 3     │
+    #   # │ 2020-01-01 16:42:13 ┆ 10    ┆ 3     ┆ 7     │
+    #   # │ 2020-01-01 16:45:09 ┆ 15    ┆ 3     ┆ 7     │
+    #   # │ 2020-01-02 18:12:48 ┆ 24    ┆ 3     ┆ 9     │
+    #   # │ 2020-01-03 19:45:32 ┆ 11    ┆ 2     ┆ 9     │
+    #   # │ 2020-01-08 23:16:43 ┆ 1     ┆ 1     ┆ 1     │
+    #   # └─────────────────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┘
+    def rolling(
+      index_column:,
+      period:,
+      offset: nil,
+      closed: "right",
+      by: nil
+    )
+      index_column = Utils.parse_into_expression(index_column)
+      if offset.nil?
+        offset = Utils.negate_duration_string(Utils.parse_as_duration_string(period))
+      end
+
+      rbexprs_by = (
+        !by.nil? ? Utils.parse_into_list_of_expressions(by) : []
+      )
+      period = Utils.parse_as_duration_string(period)
+      offset = Utils.parse_as_duration_string(offset)
+
+      lgb = _ldf.rolling(index_column, period, offset, closed, rbexprs_by)
+      LazyGroupBy.new(lgb)
+    end
+    alias_method :group_by_rolling, :rolling
+    alias_method :groupby_rolling, :rolling
+
+    # Group based on a time value (or index value of type `:i32`, `:i64`).
+    #
+    # Time windows are calculated and rows are assigned to windows. Different from a
+    # normal group by is that a row can be member of multiple groups. The time/index
+    # window could be seen as a rolling window, with a window size determined by
+    # dates/times/values instead of slots in the DataFrame.
+    #
+    # A window is defined by:
+    #
+    # - every: interval of the window
+    # - period: length of the window
+    # - offset: offset of the window
+    #
+    # The `every`, `period` and `offset` arguments are created with
+    # the following string language:
+    #
+    # - 1ns   (1 nanosecond)
+    # - 1us   (1 microsecond)
+    # - 1ms   (1 millisecond)
+    # - 1s    (1 second)
+    # - 1m    (1 minute)
+    # - 1h    (1 hour)
+    # - 1d    (1 day)
+    # - 1w    (1 week)
+    # - 1mo   (1 calendar month)
+    # - 1y    (1 calendar year)
+    # - 1i    (1 index count)
+    #
+    # Or combine them:
+    # "3d12h4m25s" # 3 days, 12 hours, 4 minutes, and 25 seconds
+    #
+    # In case of a group_by_dynamic on an integer column, the windows are defined by:
+    #
+    # - "1i"      # length 1
+    # - "10i"     # length 10
+    #
+    # @param index_column [Object]
+    #   Column used to group based on the time window.
+    #   Often to type Date/Datetime
+    #   This column must be sorted in ascending order. If not the output will not
+    #   make sense.
+    #
+    #   In case of a dynamic group by on indices, dtype needs to be one of
+    #   `:i32`, `:i64`. Note that `:i32` gets temporarily cast to `:i64`, so if
+    #   performance matters use an `:i64` column.
+    # @param every [Object]
+    #   Interval of the window.
+    # @param period [Object]
+    #   Length of the window, if None it is equal to 'every'.
+    # @param offset [Object]
+    #   Offset of the window if None and period is None it will be equal to negative
+    #   `every`.
+    # @param truncate [Boolean]
+    #   Truncate the time value to the window lower bound.
+    # @param include_boundaries [Boolean]
+    #   Add the lower and upper bound of the window to the "_lower_bound" and
+    #   "_upper_bound" columns. This will impact performance because it's harder to
+    #   parallelize
+    # @param closed ["right", "left", "both", "none"]
+    #   Define whether the temporal window interval is closed or not.
+    # @param by [Object]
+    #   Also group by this column/these columns
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "time" => Polars.datetime_range(
+    #         DateTime.new(2021, 12, 16),
+    #         DateTime.new(2021, 12, 16, 3),
+    #         "30m",
+    #         time_unit: "us",
+    #         eager: true
+    #       ),
+    #       "n" => 0..6
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (7, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ time                ┆ n   │
+    #   # │ ---                 ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ datetime[μs]        ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 0   │
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 00:30:00 ┆ 1   │
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2   │
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 01:30:00 ┆ 3   │
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 4   │
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 02:30:00 ┆ 5   │
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 6   │
+    #   # └─────────────────────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Group by windows of 1 hour starting at 2021-12-16 00:00:00.
+    #   df.group_by_dynamic("time", every: "1h", closed: "right").agg(
+    #     [
+    #       Polars.col("time").min.alias("time_min"),
+    #       Polars.col("time").max.alias("time_max")
+    #     ]
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┐
+    #   # │ time                ┆ time_min            ┆ time_max            │
+    #   # │ ---                 ┆ ---                 ┆ ---                 │
+    #   # │ datetime[μs]        ┆ datetime[μs]        ┆ datetime[μs]        │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════════╪═════════════════════╪═════════════════════╡
+    #   # │ 2021-12-15 23:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 │
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 00:30:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 │
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 01:30:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 │
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:30:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 │
+    #   # └─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┘
+    #
+    # @example The window boundaries can also be added to the aggregation result.
+    #   df.group_by_dynamic(
+    #     "time", every: "1h", include_boundaries: true, closed: "right"
+    #   ).agg([Polars.col("time").count.alias("time_count")])
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 4)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬────────────┐
+    #   # │ _lower_boundary     ┆ _upper_boundary     ┆ time                ┆ time_count │
+    #   # │ ---                 ┆ ---                 ┆ ---                 ┆ ---        │
+    #   # │ datetime[μs]        ┆ datetime[μs]        ┆ datetime[μs]        ┆ u32        │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════════╪═════════════════════╪═════════════════════╪════════════╡
+    #   # │ 2021-12-15 23:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-15 23:00:00 ┆ 1          │
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2          │
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2          │
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2          │
+    #   # └─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────┘
+    #
+    # @example When closed="left", should not include right end of interval.
+    #   df.group_by_dynamic("time", every: "1h", closed: "left").agg(
+    #     [
+    #       Polars.col("time").count.alias("time_count"),
+    #       Polars.col("time").alias("time_agg_list")
+    #     ]
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────────┬────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┐
+    #   # │ time                ┆ time_count ┆ time_agg_list                   │
+    #   # │ ---                 ┆ ---        ┆ ---                             │
+    #   # │ datetime[μs]        ┆ u32        ┆ list[datetime[μs]]              │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════════╪════════════╪═════════════════════════════════╡
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2          ┆ [2021-12-16 00:00:00, 2021-12-… │
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2          ┆ [2021-12-16 01:00:00, 2021-12-… │
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2          ┆ [2021-12-16 02:00:00, 2021-12-… │
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 1          ┆ [2021-12-16 03:00:00]           │
+    #   # └─────────────────────┴────────────┴─────────────────────────────────┘
+    #
+    # @example When closed="both" the time values at the window boundaries belong to 2 groups.
+    #   df.group_by_dynamic("time", every: "1h", closed: "both").agg(
+    #     [Polars.col("time").count.alias("time_count")]
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────────┬────────────┐
+    #   # │ time                ┆ time_count │
+    #   # │ ---                 ┆ ---        │
+    #   # │ datetime[μs]        ┆ u32        │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════════╪════════════╡
+    #   # │ 2021-12-15 23:00:00 ┆ 1          │
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 3          │
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 3          │
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 3          │
+    #   # │ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 1          │
+    #   # └─────────────────────┴────────────┘
+    #
+    # @example Dynamic group bys can also be combined with grouping on normal keys.
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "time" => Polars.datetime_range(
+    #         DateTime.new(2021, 12, 16),
+    #         DateTime.new(2021, 12, 16, 3),
+    #         "30m",
+    #         time_unit: "us",
+    #         eager: true
+    #       ),
+    #       "groups" => ["a", "a", "a", "b", "b", "a", "a"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.group_by_dynamic(
+    #     "time",
+    #     every: "1h",
+    #     closed: "both",
+    #     by: "groups",
+    #     include_boundaries: true
+    #   ).agg([Polars.col("time").count.alias("time_count")])
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (7, 5)
+    #   # ┌────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────────┬────────────┐
+    #   # │ groups ┆ _lower_boundary     ┆ _upper_boundary     ┆ time                ┆ time_count │
+    #   # │ ---    ┆ ---                 ┆ ---                 ┆ ---                 ┆ ---        │
+    #   # │ str    ┆ datetime[μs]        ┆ datetime[μs]        ┆ datetime[μs]        ┆ u32        │
+    #   # ╞════════╪═════════════════════╪═════════════════════╪═════════════════════╪════════════╡
+    #   # │ a      ┆ 2021-12-15 23:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-15 23:00:00 ┆ 1          │
+    #   # │ a      ┆ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 00:00:00 ┆ 3          │
+    #   # │ a      ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 1          │
+    #   # │ a      ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2          │
+    #   # │ a      ┆ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 04:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 1          │
+    #   # │ b      ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 01:00:00 ┆ 2          │
+    #   # │ b      ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 03:00:00 ┆ 2021-12-16 02:00:00 ┆ 1          │
+    #   # └────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────┘
+    #
+    # @example Dynamic group by on an index column.
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "idx" => Polars.arange(0, 6, eager: true),
+    #       "A" => ["A", "A", "B", "B", "B", "C"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.group_by_dynamic(
+    #     "idx",
+    #     every: "2i",
+    #     period: "3i",
+    #     include_boundaries: true,
+    #     closed: "right"
+    #   ).agg(Polars.col("A").alias("A_agg_list"))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 4)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────┬─────────────────┐
+    #   # │ _lower_boundary ┆ _upper_boundary ┆ idx ┆ A_agg_list      │
+    #   # │ ---             ┆ ---             ┆ --- ┆ ---             │
+    #   # │ i64             ┆ i64             ┆ i64 ┆ list[str]       │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════╪═════════════════╪═════╪═════════════════╡
+    #   # │ -2              ┆ 1               ┆ -2  ┆ ["A", "A"]      │
+    #   # │ 0               ┆ 3               ┆ 0   ┆ ["A", "B", "B"] │
+    #   # │ 2               ┆ 5               ┆ 2   ┆ ["B", "B", "C"] │
+    #   # │ 4               ┆ 7               ┆ 4   ┆ ["C"]           │
+    #   # └─────────────────┴─────────────────┴─────┴─────────────────┘
+    def group_by_dynamic(
+      index_column,
+      every:,
+      period: nil,
+      offset: nil,
+      truncate: nil,
+      include_boundaries: false,
+      closed: "left",
+      label: "left",
+      by: nil,
+      start_by: "window"
+    )
+      if !truncate.nil?
+        label = truncate ? "left" : "datapoint"
+      end
+
+      index_column = Utils.parse_into_expression(index_column, str_as_lit: false)
+      if offset.nil?
+        offset = period.nil? ? "-#{every}" : "0ns"
+      end
+
+      if period.nil?
+        period = every
+      end
+
+      period = Utils.parse_as_duration_string(period)
+      offset = Utils.parse_as_duration_string(offset)
+      every = Utils.parse_as_duration_string(every)
+
+      rbexprs_by = by.nil? ? [] : Utils.parse_into_list_of_expressions(by)
+      lgb = _ldf.group_by_dynamic(
+        index_column,
+        every,
+        period,
+        offset,
+        label,
+        include_boundaries,
+        closed,
+        rbexprs_by,
+        start_by
+      )
+      LazyGroupBy.new(lgb)
+    end
+    alias_method :groupby_dynamic, :group_by_dynamic
+
+    # Perform an asof join.
+    #
+    # This is similar to a left-join except that we match on nearest key rather than
+    # equal keys.
+    #
+    # Both DataFrames must be sorted by the join_asof key.
+    #
+    # For each row in the left DataFrame:
+    #
+    # - A "backward" search selects the last row in the right DataFrame whose 'on' key is less than or equal to the left's key.
+    # - A "forward" search selects the first row in the right DataFrame whose 'on' key is greater than or equal to the left's key.
+    #
+    # The default is "backward".
+    #
+    # @param other [LazyFrame]
+    #   Lazy DataFrame to join with.
+    # @param left_on [String]
+    #   Join column of the left DataFrame.
+    # @param right_on [String]
+    #   Join column of the right DataFrame.
+    # @param on [String]
+    #   Join column of both DataFrames. If set, `left_on` and `right_on` should be
+    #   None.
+    # @param by [Object]
+    #   Join on these columns before doing asof join.
+    # @param by_left [Object]
+    #   Join on these columns before doing asof join.
+    # @param by_right [Object]
+    #   Join on these columns before doing asof join.
+    # @param strategy ["backward", "forward"]
+    #   Join strategy.
+    # @param suffix [String]
+    #   Suffix to append to columns with a duplicate name.
+    # @param tolerance [Object]
+    #   Numeric tolerance. By setting this the join will only be done if the near
+    #   keys are within this distance. If an asof join is done on columns of dtype
+    #   "Date", "Datetime", "Duration" or "Time" you use the following string
+    #   language:
+    #
+    #   - 1ns   (1 nanosecond)
+    #   - 1us   (1 microsecond)
+    #   - 1ms   (1 millisecond)
+    #   - 1s    (1 second)
+    #   - 1m    (1 minute)
+    #   - 1h    (1 hour)
+    #   - 1d    (1 day)
+    #   - 1w    (1 week)
+    #   - 1mo   (1 calendar month)
+    #   - 1y    (1 calendar year)
+    #   - 1i    (1 index count)
+    #
+    #   Or combine them:
+    #   "3d12h4m25s" # 3 days, 12 hours, 4 minutes, and 25 seconds
+    #
+    # @param allow_parallel [Boolean]
+    #   Allow the physical plan to optionally evaluate the computation of both
+    #   DataFrames up to the join in parallel.
+    # @param force_parallel [Boolean]
+    #   Force the physical plan to evaluate the computation of both DataFrames up to
+    #   the join in parallel.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    def join_asof(
+      other,
+      left_on: nil,
+      right_on: nil,
+      on: nil,
+      by_left: nil,
+      by_right: nil,
+      by: nil,
+      strategy: "backward",
+      suffix: "_right",
+      tolerance: nil,
+      allow_parallel: true,
+      force_parallel: false
+    )
+      if !other.is_a?(LazyFrame)
+        raise ArgumentError, "Expected a `LazyFrame` as join table, got #{other.class.name}"
+      end
+
+      if on.is_a?(::String)
+        left_on = on
+        right_on = on
+      end
+
+      if left_on.nil? || right_on.nil?
+        raise ArgumentError, "You should pass the column to join on as an argument."
+      end
+
+      if by_left.is_a?(::String) || by_left.is_a?(Expr)
+        by_left_ = [by_left]
+      else
+        by_left_ = by_left
+      end
+
+      if by_right.is_a?(::String) || by_right.is_a?(Expr)
+        by_right_ = [by_right]
+      else
+        by_right_ = by_right
+      end
+
+      if by.is_a?(::String)
+        by_left_ = [by]
+        by_right_ = [by]
+      elsif by.is_a?(::Array)
+        by_left_ = by
+        by_right_ = by
+      end
+
+      tolerance_str = nil
+      tolerance_num = nil
+      if tolerance.is_a?(::String)
+        tolerance_str = tolerance
+      else
+        tolerance_num = tolerance
+      end
+
+      _from_rbldf(
+        _ldf.join_asof(
+          other._ldf,
+          Polars.col(left_on)._rbexpr,
+          Polars.col(right_on)._rbexpr,
+          by_left_,
+          by_right_,
+          allow_parallel,
+          force_parallel,
+          suffix,
+          strategy,
+          tolerance_num,
+          tolerance_str
+        )
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Add a join operation to the Logical Plan.
+    #
+    # @param other [LazyFrame]
+    #   Lazy DataFrame to join with.
+    # @param left_on [Object]
+    #   Join column of the left DataFrame.
+    # @param right_on [Object]
+    #   Join column of the right DataFrame.
+    # @param on Object
+    #   Join column of both DataFrames. If set, `left_on` and `right_on` should be
+    #   None.
+    # @param how ["inner", "left", "full", "semi", "anti", "cross"]
+    #   Join strategy.
+    # @param suffix [String]
+    #   Suffix to append to columns with a duplicate name.
+    # @param join_nulls [Boolean]
+    #   Join on null values. By default null values will never produce matches.
+    # @param allow_parallel [Boolean]
+    #   Allow the physical plan to optionally evaluate the computation of both
+    #   DataFrames up to the join in parallel.
+    # @param force_parallel [Boolean]
+    #   Force the physical plan to evaluate the computation of both DataFrames up to
+    #   the join in parallel.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   other_df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "apple" => ["x", "y", "z"],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "d"]
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   df.join(other_df, on: "ham").collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 4)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham ┆ apple │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ str ┆ str   │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6.0 ┆ a   ┆ x     │
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7.0 ┆ b   ┆ y     │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┴───────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.join(other_df, on: "ham", how: "full").collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 5)
+    #   # ┌──────┬──────┬──────┬───────┬───────────┐
+    #   # │ foo  ┆ bar  ┆ ham  ┆ apple ┆ ham_right │
+    #   # │ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---   ┆ ---       │
+    #   # │ i64  ┆ f64  ┆ str  ┆ str   ┆ str       │
+    #   # ╞══════╪══════╪══════╪═══════╪═══════════╡
+    #   # │ 1    ┆ 6.0  ┆ a    ┆ x     ┆ a         │
+    #   # │ 2    ┆ 7.0  ┆ b    ┆ y     ┆ b         │
+    #   # │ null ┆ null ┆ null ┆ z     ┆ d         │
+    #   # │ 3    ┆ 8.0  ┆ c    ┆ null  ┆ null      │
+    #   # └──────┴──────┴──────┴───────┴───────────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.join(other_df, on: "ham", how: "left").collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 4)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham ┆ apple │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ str ┆ str   │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6.0 ┆ a   ┆ x     │
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7.0 ┆ b   ┆ y     │
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8.0 ┆ c   ┆ null  │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┴───────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.join(other_df, on: "ham", how: "semi").collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6.0 ┆ a   │
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7.0 ┆ b   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.join(other_df, on: "ham", how: "anti").collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8.0 ┆ c   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def join(
+      other,
+      left_on: nil,
+      right_on: nil,
+      on: nil,
+      how: "inner",
+      suffix: "_right",
+      join_nulls: false,
+      allow_parallel: true,
+      force_parallel: false
+    )
+      if !other.is_a?(LazyFrame)
+        raise ArgumentError, "Expected a `LazyFrame` as join table, got #{other.class.name}"
+      end
+
+      if how == "outer"
+        how = "full"
+      elsif how == "cross"
+        return _from_rbldf(
+          _ldf.join(
+            other._ldf, [], [], allow_parallel, join_nulls, force_parallel, how, suffix
+          )
+        )
+      end
+
+      if !on.nil?
+        rbexprs = Utils.parse_into_list_of_expressions(on)
+        rbexprs_left = rbexprs
+        rbexprs_right = rbexprs
+      elsif !left_on.nil? && !right_on.nil?
+        rbexprs_left = Utils.parse_into_list_of_expressions(left_on)
+        rbexprs_right = Utils.parse_into_list_of_expressions(right_on)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "must specify `on` OR `left_on` and `right_on`"
+      end
+
+      _from_rbldf(
+        self._ldf.join(
+          other._ldf,
+          rbexprs_left,
+          rbexprs_right,
+          allow_parallel,
+          force_parallel,
+          join_nulls,
+          how,
+          suffix,
+        )
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Add or overwrite multiple columns in a DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @param exprs [Object]
+    #   List of Expressions that evaluate to columns.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   ldf = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 2, 3, 4],
+    #       "b" => [0.5, 4, 10, 13],
+    #       "c" => [true, true, false, true]
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   ldf.with_columns(
+    #     [
+    #       (Polars.col("a") ** 2).alias("a^2"),
+    #       (Polars.col("b") / 2).alias("b/2"),
+    #       (Polars.col("c").is_not).alias("not c")
+    #     ]
+    #   ).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 6)
+    #   # ┌─────┬──────┬───────┬─────┬──────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b    ┆ c     ┆ a^2 ┆ b/2  ┆ not c │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---   ┆ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64  ┆ bool  ┆ i64 ┆ f64  ┆ bool  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪══════╪═══════╪═════╪══════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 0.5  ┆ true  ┆ 1   ┆ 0.25 ┆ false │
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 4.0  ┆ true  ┆ 4   ┆ 2.0  ┆ false │
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 10.0 ┆ false ┆ 9   ┆ 5.0  ┆ true  │
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ 13.0 ┆ true  ┆ 16  ┆ 6.5  ┆ false │
+    #   # └─────┴──────┴───────┴─────┴──────┴───────┘
+    def with_columns(*exprs, **named_exprs)
+      structify = ENV.fetch("POLARS_AUTO_STRUCTIFY", "0") != "0"
+
+      rbexprs = Utils.parse_into_list_of_expressions(*exprs, **named_exprs, __structify: structify)
+
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.with_columns(rbexprs))
+    end
+
+    # Add an external context to the computation graph.
+    #
+    # This allows expressions to also access columns from DataFrames
+    # that are not part of this one.
+    #
+    # @param other [Object]
+    #   Lazy DataFrame to join with.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df_a = Polars::DataFrame.new({"a" => [1, 2, 3], "b" => ["a", "c", nil]}).lazy
+    #   df_other = Polars::DataFrame.new({"c" => ["foo", "ham"]})
+    #   (
+    #     df_a.with_context(df_other.lazy).select(
+    #       [Polars.col("b") + Polars.col("c").first]
+    #     )
+    #   ).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 1)
+    #   # ┌──────┐
+    #   # │ b    │
+    #   # │ ---  │
+    #   # │ str  │
+    #   # ╞══════╡
+    #   # │ afoo │
+    #   # │ cfoo │
+    #   # │ null │
+    #   # └──────┘
+    def with_context(other)
+      if !other.is_a?(::Array)
+        other = [other]
+      end
+
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.with_context(other.map(&:_ldf)))
+    end
+
+    # Add or overwrite column in a DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @param column [Object]
+    #   Expression that evaluates to column or a Series to use.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 3, 5],
+    #       "b" => [2, 4, 6]
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   df.with_column((Polars.col("b") ** 2).alias("b_squared")).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬───────────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   ┆ b_squared │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---       │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ i64       │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═══════════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 2   ┆ 4         │
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 4   ┆ 16        │
+    #   # │ 5   ┆ 6   ┆ 36        │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴───────────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.with_column(Polars.col("a") ** 2).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 2   │
+    #   # │ 9   ┆ 4   │
+    #   # │ 25  ┆ 6   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def with_column(column)
+      with_columns([column])
+    end
+
+    # Remove one or multiple columns from a DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @param columns [Object]
+    #   - Name of the column that should be removed.
+    #   - List of column names.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    def drop(*columns)
+      drop_cols = Utils._expand_selectors(self, *columns)
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.drop(drop_cols))
+    end
+
+    # Rename column names.
+    #
+    # @param mapping [Hash]
+    #   Key value pairs that map from old name to new name.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    def rename(mapping)
+      existing = mapping.keys
+      _new = mapping.values
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.rename(existing, _new))
+    end
+
+    # Reverse the DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    def reverse
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.reverse)
+    end
+
+    # Shift the values by a given period.
+    #
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #   Number of places to shift (may be negative).
+    # @param fill_value [Object]
+    #   Fill the resulting null values with this value.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 3, 5],
+    #       "b" => [2, 4, 6]
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   df.shift(1).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌──────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ a    ┆ b    │
+    #   # │ ---  ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ i64  ┆ i64  │
+    #   # ╞══════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ null ┆ null │
+    #   # │ 1    ┆ 2    │
+    #   # │ 3    ┆ 4    │
+    #   # └──────┴──────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.shift(-1).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌──────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ a    ┆ b    │
+    #   # │ ---  ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ i64  ┆ i64  │
+    #   # ╞══════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 3    ┆ 4    │
+    #   # │ 5    ┆ 6    │
+    #   # │ null ┆ null │
+    #   # └──────┴──────┘
+    def shift(n, fill_value: nil)
+      if !fill_value.nil?
+        fill_value = Utils.parse_into_expression(fill_value, str_as_lit: true)
+      end
+      n = Utils.parse_into_expression(n)
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.shift(n, fill_value))
+    end
+
+    # Shift the values by a given period and fill the resulting null values.
+    #
+    # @param periods [Integer]
+    #   Number of places to shift (may be negative).
+    # @param fill_value [Object]
+    #   Fill `nil` values with the result of this expression.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 3, 5],
+    #       "b" => [2, 4, 6]
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   df.shift_and_fill(1, 0).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 0   ┆ 0   │
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 2   │
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 4   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.shift_and_fill(-1, 0).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 4   │
+    #   # │ 5   ┆ 6   │
+    #   # │ 0   ┆ 0   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def shift_and_fill(periods, fill_value)
+      shift(periods, fill_value: fill_value)
+    end
+
+    # Get a slice of this DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @param offset [Integer]
+    #   Start index. Negative indexing is supported.
+    # @param length [Integer]
+    #   Length of the slice. If set to `nil`, all rows starting at the offset
+    #   will be selected.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => ["x", "y", "z"],
+    #       "b" => [1, 3, 5],
+    #       "c" => [2, 4, 6]
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   df.slice(1, 2).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   ┆ c   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ y   ┆ 3   ┆ 4   │
+    #   # │ z   ┆ 5   ┆ 6   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def slice(offset, length = nil)
+      if length && length < 0
+        raise ArgumentError, "Negative slice lengths (#{length}) are invalid for LazyFrame"
+      end
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.slice(offset, length))
+    end
+
+    # Get the first `n` rows.
+    #
+    # Alias for {#head}.
+    #
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #   Number of rows to return.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   Consider using the {#fetch} operation if you only want to test your
+    #   query. The {#fetch} operation will load the first `n` rows at the scan
+    #   level, whereas the {#head}/{#limit} are applied at the end.
+    def limit(n = 5)
+      head(5)
+    end
+
+    # Get the first `n` rows.
+    #
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #   Number of rows to return.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   Consider using the {#fetch} operation if you only want to test your
+    #   query. The {#fetch} operation will load the first `n` rows at the scan
+    #   level, whereas the {#head}/{#limit} are applied at the end.
+    def head(n = 5)
+      slice(0, n)
+    end
+
+    # Get the last `n` rows.
+    #
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #     Number of rows.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    def tail(n = 5)
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.tail(n))
+    end
+
+    # Get the last row of the DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    def last
+      tail(1)
+    end
+
+    # Get the first row of the DataFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    def first
+      slice(0, 1)
+    end
+
+    # Add a column at index 0 that counts the rows.
+    #
+    # @param name [String]
+    #   Name of the column to add.
+    # @param offset [Integer]
+    #   Start the row count at this offset.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   This can have a negative effect on query performance.
+    #   This may, for instance, block predicate pushdown optimization.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 3, 5],
+    #       "b" => [2, 4, 6]
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   df.with_row_index.collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌───────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ index ┆ a   ┆ b   │
+    #   # │ ---   ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ u32   ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═══════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 0     ┆ 1   ┆ 2   │
+    #   # │ 1     ┆ 3   ┆ 4   │
+    #   # │ 2     ┆ 5   ┆ 6   │
+    #   # └───────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def with_row_index(name: "index", offset: 0)
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.with_row_index(name, offset))
+    end
+    alias_method :with_row_count, :with_row_index
+
+    # Take every nth row in the LazyFrame and return as a new LazyFrame.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::DataFrame.new({"a" => [1, 2, 3, 4], "b" => [5, 6, 7, 8]}).lazy
+    #   s.take_every(2).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 5   │
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 7   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def take_every(n)
+      select(F.col("*").take_every(n))
+    end
+
+    # Fill null values using the specified value or strategy.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    def fill_null(value = nil, strategy: nil, limit: nil, matches_supertype: nil)
+      select(Polars.all.fill_null(value, strategy: strategy, limit: limit))
+    end
+
+    # Fill floating point NaN values.
+    #
+    # @param fill_value [Object]
+    #   Value to fill the NaN values with.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   Note that floating point NaN (Not a Number) are not missing values!
+    #   To replace missing values, use `fill_null` instead.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1.5, 2, Float::NAN, 4],
+    #       "b" => [0.5, 4, Float::NAN, 13],
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   df.fill_nan(99).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 2)
+    #   # ┌──────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ a    ┆ b    │
+    #   # │ ---  ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ f64  ┆ f64  │
+    #   # ╞══════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 1.5  ┆ 0.5  │
+    #   # │ 2.0  ┆ 4.0  │
+    #   # │ 99.0 ┆ 99.0 │
+    #   # │ 4.0  ┆ 13.0 │
+    #   # └──────┴──────┘
+    def fill_nan(fill_value)
+      if !fill_value.is_a?(Expr)
+        fill_value = F.lit(fill_value)
+      end
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.fill_nan(fill_value._rbexpr))
+    end
+
+    # Aggregate the columns in the DataFrame to their standard deviation value.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"a" => [1, 2, 3, 4], "b" => [1, 2, 1, 1]}).lazy
+    #   df.std.collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 2)
+    #   # ┌──────────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a        ┆ b   │
+    #   # │ ---      ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ f64      ┆ f64 │
+    #   # ╞══════════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1.290994 ┆ 0.5 │
+    #   # └──────────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.std(ddof: 0).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 2)
+    #   # ┌──────────┬──────────┐
+    #   # │ a        ┆ b        │
+    #   # │ ---      ┆ ---      │
+    #   # │ f64      ┆ f64      │
+    #   # ╞══════════╪══════════╡
+    #   # │ 1.118034 ┆ 0.433013 │
+    #   # └──────────┴──────────┘
+    def std(ddof: 1)
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.std(ddof))
+    end
+
+    # Aggregate the columns in the DataFrame to their variance value.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"a" => [1, 2, 3, 4], "b" => [1, 2, 1, 1]}).lazy
+    #   df.var.collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 2)
+    #   # ┌──────────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ a        ┆ b    │
+    #   # │ ---      ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ f64      ┆ f64  │
+    #   # ╞══════════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 1.666667 ┆ 0.25 │
+    #   # └──────────┴──────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.var(ddof: 0).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 2)
+    #   # ┌──────┬────────┐
+    #   # │ a    ┆ b      │
+    #   # │ ---  ┆ ---    │
+    #   # │ f64  ┆ f64    │
+    #   # ╞══════╪════════╡
+    #   # │ 1.25 ┆ 0.1875 │
+    #   # └──────┴────────┘
+    def var(ddof: 1)
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.var(ddof))
+    end
+
+    # Aggregate the columns in the DataFrame to their maximum value.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"a" => [1, 2, 3, 4], "b" => [1, 2, 1, 1]}).lazy
+    #   df.max.collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ 2   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def max
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.max)
+    end
+
+    # Aggregate the columns in the DataFrame to their minimum value.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"a" => [1, 2, 3, 4], "b" => [1, 2, 1, 1]}).lazy
+    #   df.min.collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 1   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def min
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.min)
+    end
+
+    # Aggregate the columns in the DataFrame to their sum value.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"a" => [1, 2, 3, 4], "b" => [1, 2, 1, 1]}).lazy
+    #   df.sum.collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 10  ┆ 5   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def sum
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.sum)
+    end
+
+    # Aggregate the columns in the DataFrame to their mean value.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"a" => [1, 2, 3, 4], "b" => [1, 2, 1, 1]}).lazy
+    #   df.mean.collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b    │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ f64 ┆ f64  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 2.5 ┆ 1.25 │
+    #   # └─────┴──────┘
+    def mean
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.mean)
+    end
+
+    # Aggregate the columns in the DataFrame to their median value.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"a" => [1, 2, 3, 4], "b" => [1, 2, 1, 1]}).lazy
+    #   df.median.collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ f64 ┆ f64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 2.5 ┆ 1.0 │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def median
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.median)
+    end
+
+    # Aggregate the columns in the DataFrame to their quantile value.
+    #
+    # @param quantile [Float]
+    #   Quantile between 0.0 and 1.0.
+    # @param interpolation ["nearest", "higher", "lower", "midpoint", "linear"]
+    #   Interpolation method.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"a" => [1, 2, 3, 4], "b" => [1, 2, 1, 1]}).lazy
+    #   df.quantile(0.7).collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ b   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ f64 ┆ f64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 3.0 ┆ 1.0 │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def quantile(quantile, interpolation: "nearest")
+      quantile = Utils.parse_into_expression(quantile, str_as_lit: false)
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.quantile(quantile, interpolation))
+    end
+
+    # Explode lists to long format.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "letters" => ["a", "a", "b", "c"],
+    #       "numbers" => [[1], [2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7, 8]],
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   df.explode("numbers").collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (8, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────────┬─────────┐
+    #   # │ letters ┆ numbers │
+    #   # │ ---     ┆ ---     │
+    #   # │ str     ┆ i64     │
+    #   # ╞═════════╪═════════╡
+    #   # │ a       ┆ 1       │
+    #   # │ a       ┆ 2       │
+    #   # │ a       ┆ 3       │
+    #   # │ b       ┆ 4       │
+    #   # │ b       ┆ 5       │
+    #   # │ c       ┆ 6       │
+    #   # │ c       ┆ 7       │
+    #   # │ c       ┆ 8       │
+    #   # └─────────┴─────────┘
+    def explode(columns)
+      columns = Utils.parse_into_list_of_expressions(columns)
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.explode(columns))
+    end
+
+    # Drop duplicate rows from this DataFrame.
+    #
+    # Note that this fails if there is a column of type `List` in the DataFrame or
+    # subset.
+    #
+    # @param maintain_order [Boolean]
+    #   Keep the same order as the original DataFrame. This requires more work to
+    #   compute.
+    # @param subset [Object]
+    #   Subset to use to compare rows.
+    # @param keep ["first", "last"]
+    #   Which of the duplicate rows to keep.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    def unique(maintain_order: true, subset: nil, keep: "first")
+      if !subset.nil? && !subset.is_a?(::Array)
+        subset = [subset]
+      end
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.unique(maintain_order, subset, keep))
+    end
+
+    # Drop rows with null values from this LazyFrame.
+    #
+    # @param subset [Object]
+    #   Subset of column(s) on which `drop_nulls` will be applied.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, nil, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.lazy.drop_nulls.collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def drop_nulls(subset: nil)
+      if !subset.nil? && !subset.is_a?(::Array)
+        subset = [subset]
+      end
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.drop_nulls(subset))
+    end
+
+    # Unpivot a DataFrame from wide to long format.
+    #
+    # Optionally leaves identifiers set.
+    #
+    # This function is useful to massage a DataFrame into a format where one or more
+    # columns are identifier variables (index) while all other columns, considered
+    # measured variables (on), are "unpivoted" to the row axis leaving just
+    # two non-identifier columns, 'variable' and 'value'.
+    #
+    # @param on [Object]
+    #   Column(s) or selector(s) to use as values variables; if `on`
+    #   is empty all columns that are not in `index` will be used.
+    # @param index [Object]
+    #   Column(s) or selector(s) to use as identifier variables.
+    # @param variable_name [String]
+    #   Name to give to the `variable` column. Defaults to "variable"
+    # @param value_name [String]
+    #   Name to give to the `value` column. Defaults to "value"
+    # @param streamable [Boolean]
+    #   Allow this node to run in the streaming engine.
+    #   If this runs in streaming, the output of the unpivot operation
+    #   will not have a stable ordering.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   lf = Polars::LazyFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => ["x", "y", "z"],
+    #       "b" => [1, 3, 5],
+    #       "c" => [2, 4, 6]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   lf.unpivot(Polars::Selectors.numeric, index: "a").collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬──────────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ a   ┆ variable ┆ value │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---      ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ str ┆ str      ┆ i64   │
+    #   # ╞═════╪══════════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ x   ┆ b        ┆ 1     │
+    #   # │ y   ┆ b        ┆ 3     │
+    #   # │ z   ┆ b        ┆ 5     │
+    #   # │ x   ┆ c        ┆ 2     │
+    #   # │ y   ┆ c        ┆ 4     │
+    #   # │ z   ┆ c        ┆ 6     │
+    #   # └─────┴──────────┴───────┘
+    def unpivot(
+      on,
+      index: nil,
+      variable_name: nil,
+      value_name: nil,
+      streamable: true
+    )
+      if !streamable
+        warn "The `streamable` parameter for `LazyFrame.unpivot` is deprecated"
+      end
+
+      on = on.nil? ? [] : Utils._expand_selectors(self, on)
+      index = index.nil? ? [] : Utils._expand_selectors(self, index)
+
+      _from_rbldf(
+        _ldf.unpivot(on, index, value_name, variable_name)
+      )
+    end
+    alias_method :melt, :unpivot
+
+    # def map
+    # end
+
+    # Interpolate intermediate values. The interpolation method is linear.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, nil, 9, 10],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 9, nil],
+    #       "baz" => [1, nil, nil, 9]
+    #     }
+    #   ).lazy
+    #   df.interpolate.collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 3)
+    #   # ┌──────┬──────┬──────────┐
+    #   # │ foo  ┆ bar  ┆ baz      │
+    #   # │ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---      │
+    #   # │ f64  ┆ f64  ┆ f64      │
+    #   # ╞══════╪══════╪══════════╡
+    #   # │ 1.0  ┆ 6.0  ┆ 1.0      │
+    #   # │ 5.0  ┆ 7.0  ┆ 3.666667 │
+    #   # │ 9.0  ┆ 9.0  ┆ 6.333333 │
+    #   # │ 10.0 ┆ null ┆ 9.0      │
+    #   # └──────┴──────┴──────────┘
+    def interpolate
+      select(F.col("*").interpolate)
+    end
+
+    # Decompose a struct into its fields.
+    #
+    # The fields will be inserted into the `DataFrame` on the location of the
+    # `struct` type.
+    #
+    # @param names [Object]
+    #   Names of the struct columns that will be decomposed by its fields
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = (
+    #     Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #       {
+    #         "before" => ["foo", "bar"],
+    #         "t_a" => [1, 2],
+    #         "t_b" => ["a", "b"],
+    #         "t_c" => [true, nil],
+    #         "t_d" => [[1, 2], [3]],
+    #         "after" => ["baz", "womp"]
+    #       }
+    #     )
+    #     .lazy
+    #     .select(
+    #       ["before", Polars.struct(Polars.col("^t_.$")).alias("t_struct"), "after"]
+    #     )
+    #   )
+    #   df.fetch
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌────────┬─────────────────────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ before ┆ t_struct            ┆ after │
+    #   # │ ---    ┆ ---                 ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ str    ┆ struct[4]           ┆ str   │
+    #   # ╞════════╪═════════════════════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ foo    ┆ {1,"a",true,[1, 2]} ┆ baz   │
+    #   # │ bar    ┆ {2,"b",null,[3]}    ┆ womp  │
+    #   # └────────┴─────────────────────┴───────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.unnest("t_struct").fetch
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 6)
+    #   # ┌────────┬─────┬─────┬──────┬───────────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ before ┆ t_a ┆ t_b ┆ t_c  ┆ t_d       ┆ after │
+    #   # │ ---    ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  ┆ ---       ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ str    ┆ i64 ┆ str ┆ bool ┆ list[i64] ┆ str   │
+    #   # ╞════════╪═════╪═════╪══════╪═══════════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ foo    ┆ 1   ┆ a   ┆ true ┆ [1, 2]    ┆ baz   │
+    #   # │ bar    ┆ 2   ┆ b   ┆ null ┆ [3]       ┆ womp  │
+    #   # └────────┴─────┴─────┴──────┴───────────┴───────┘
+    def unnest(names)
+      if names.is_a?(::String)
+        names = [names]
+      end
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.unnest(names))
+    end
+
+    # Take two sorted DataFrames and merge them by the sorted key.
+    #
+    # The output of this operation will also be sorted.
+    # It is the callers responsibility that the frames are sorted
+    # by that key otherwise the output will not make sense.
+    #
+    # The schemas of both LazyFrames must be equal.
+    #
+    # @param other [DataFrame]
+    #   Other DataFrame that must be merged
+    # @param key [String]
+    #   Key that is sorted.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df0 = Polars::LazyFrame.new(
+    #     {"name" => ["steve", "elise", "bob"], "age" => [42, 44, 18]}
+    #   ).sort("age")
+    #   df1 = Polars::LazyFrame.new(
+    #     {"name" => ["anna", "megan", "steve", "thomas"], "age" => [21, 33, 42, 20]}
+    #   ).sort("age")
+    #   df0.merge_sorted(df1, "age").collect
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (7, 2)
+    #   # ┌────────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ name   ┆ age │
+    #   # │ ---    ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ str    ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞════════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ bob    ┆ 18  │
+    #   # │ thomas ┆ 20  │
+    #   # │ anna   ┆ 21  │
+    #   # │ megan  ┆ 33  │
+    #   # │ steve  ┆ 42  │
+    #   # │ steve  ┆ 42  │
+    #   # │ elise  ┆ 44  │
+    #   # └────────┴─────┘
+    def merge_sorted(other, key)
+      _from_rbldf(_ldf.merge_sorted(other._ldf, key))
+    end
+
+    # Indicate that one or multiple columns are sorted.
+    #
+    # @param column [Object]
+    #   Columns that are sorted
+    # @param descending [Boolean]
+    #   Whether the columns are sorted in descending order.
+    #
+    # @return [LazyFrame]
+    def set_sorted(
+      column,
+      descending: false
+    )
+      if !Utils.strlike?(column)
+        msg = "expected a 'str' for argument 'column' in 'set_sorted'"
+        raise TypeError, msg
+      end
+      with_columns(F.col(column).set_sorted(descending: descending))
+    end
+
+    # TODO
+    # def update
+    # end
+
+    private
+
+    def initialize_copy(other)
+      super
+      self._ldf = _ldf._clone
+    end
+
+    def _from_rbldf(rb_ldf)
+      self.class._from_rbldf(rb_ldf)
+    end
+  end
+end