polars-df 0.13.0-x64-mingw-ucrt

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  1. checksums.yaml +7 -0
  2. data/.yardopts +3 -0
  3. data/CHANGELOG.md +208 -0
  4. data/Cargo.lock +2556 -0
  5. data/Cargo.toml +6 -0
  6. data/LICENSE-THIRD-PARTY.txt +39278 -0
  7. data/LICENSE.txt +20 -0
  8. data/README.md +437 -0
  9. data/lib/polars/3.1/polars.so +0 -0
  10. data/lib/polars/3.2/polars.so +0 -0
  11. data/lib/polars/3.3/polars.so +0 -0
  12. data/lib/polars/array_expr.rb +537 -0
  13. data/lib/polars/array_name_space.rb +423 -0
  14. data/lib/polars/batched_csv_reader.rb +104 -0
  15. data/lib/polars/binary_expr.rb +77 -0
  16. data/lib/polars/binary_name_space.rb +66 -0
  17. data/lib/polars/cat_expr.rb +36 -0
  18. data/lib/polars/cat_name_space.rb +88 -0
  19. data/lib/polars/config.rb +530 -0
  20. data/lib/polars/convert.rb +98 -0
  21. data/lib/polars/data_frame.rb +5191 -0
  22. data/lib/polars/data_types.rb +466 -0
  23. data/lib/polars/date_time_expr.rb +1397 -0
  24. data/lib/polars/date_time_name_space.rb +1287 -0
  25. data/lib/polars/dynamic_group_by.rb +52 -0
  26. data/lib/polars/exceptions.rb +38 -0
  27. data/lib/polars/expr.rb +7256 -0
  28. data/lib/polars/expr_dispatch.rb +22 -0
  29. data/lib/polars/functions/aggregation/horizontal.rb +246 -0
  30. data/lib/polars/functions/aggregation/vertical.rb +282 -0
  31. data/lib/polars/functions/as_datatype.rb +271 -0
  32. data/lib/polars/functions/col.rb +47 -0
  33. data/lib/polars/functions/eager.rb +182 -0
  34. data/lib/polars/functions/lazy.rb +1329 -0
  35. data/lib/polars/functions/len.rb +49 -0
  36. data/lib/polars/functions/lit.rb +35 -0
  37. data/lib/polars/functions/random.rb +16 -0
  38. data/lib/polars/functions/range/date_range.rb +136 -0
  39. data/lib/polars/functions/range/datetime_range.rb +149 -0
  40. data/lib/polars/functions/range/int_range.rb +51 -0
  41. data/lib/polars/functions/range/time_range.rb +141 -0
  42. data/lib/polars/functions/repeat.rb +144 -0
  43. data/lib/polars/functions/whenthen.rb +96 -0
  44. data/lib/polars/functions.rb +57 -0
  45. data/lib/polars/group_by.rb +613 -0
  46. data/lib/polars/io/avro.rb +24 -0
  47. data/lib/polars/io/csv.rb +696 -0
  48. data/lib/polars/io/database.rb +73 -0
  49. data/lib/polars/io/ipc.rb +275 -0
  50. data/lib/polars/io/json.rb +29 -0
  51. data/lib/polars/io/ndjson.rb +80 -0
  52. data/lib/polars/io/parquet.rb +233 -0
  53. data/lib/polars/lazy_frame.rb +2708 -0
  54. data/lib/polars/lazy_group_by.rb +181 -0
  55. data/lib/polars/list_expr.rb +791 -0
  56. data/lib/polars/list_name_space.rb +449 -0
  57. data/lib/polars/meta_expr.rb +222 -0
  58. data/lib/polars/name_expr.rb +198 -0
  59. data/lib/polars/plot.rb +109 -0
  60. data/lib/polars/rolling_group_by.rb +35 -0
  61. data/lib/polars/series.rb +4444 -0
  62. data/lib/polars/slice.rb +104 -0
  63. data/lib/polars/sql_context.rb +194 -0
  64. data/lib/polars/string_cache.rb +75 -0
  65. data/lib/polars/string_expr.rb +1495 -0
  66. data/lib/polars/string_name_space.rb +811 -0
  67. data/lib/polars/struct_expr.rb +98 -0
  68. data/lib/polars/struct_name_space.rb +96 -0
  69. data/lib/polars/testing.rb +507 -0
  70. data/lib/polars/utils/constants.rb +9 -0
  71. data/lib/polars/utils/convert.rb +97 -0
  72. data/lib/polars/utils/parse.rb +89 -0
  73. data/lib/polars/utils/various.rb +76 -0
  74. data/lib/polars/utils/wrap.rb +19 -0
  75. data/lib/polars/utils.rb +130 -0
  76. data/lib/polars/version.rb +4 -0
  77. data/lib/polars/whenthen.rb +83 -0
  78. data/lib/polars-df.rb +1 -0
  79. data/lib/polars.rb +91 -0
  80. metadata +138 -0
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
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+ module Polars
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+ # @private
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+ module ExprDispatch
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+ private
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+
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+ def self.included(base)
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+ base.attr_accessor :_s
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+ base.singleton_class.attr_accessor :_accessor
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+ end
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+
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+ def method_missing(method, ...)
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+ return super unless self.class.method_defined?(method)
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+
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+ namespace = self.class._accessor
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+
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+ s = Utils.wrap_s(_s)
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+ expr = F.col(s.name)
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+ expr = expr.send(namespace) if namespace
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+ s.to_frame.select(expr.send(method, ...)).to_series
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+ end
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+ end
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+ end
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
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+ module Polars
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+ module Functions
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+ # Compute the bitwise AND horizontally across columns.
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+ #
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+ # @param exprs [Array]
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+ # Column(s) to use in the aggregation. Accepts expression input. Strings are
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+ # parsed as column names, other non-expression inputs are parsed as literals.
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+ #
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+ # @return [Expr]
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+ #
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+ # @example
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+ # df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
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+ # {
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+ # "a" => [false, false, true, true, false, nil],
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+ # "b" => [false, true, true, nil, nil, nil],
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+ # "c" => ["u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z"]
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+ # }
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+ # )
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+ # df.with_columns(all: Polars.all_horizontal("a", "b"))
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+ # # =>
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+ # # shape: (6, 4)
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+ # # ┌───────┬───────┬─────┬───────┐
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+ # # │ a ┆ b ┆ c ┆ all │
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+ # # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
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+ # # │ bool ┆ bool ┆ str ┆ bool │
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+ # # ╞═══════╪═══════╪═════╪═══════╡
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+ # # │ false ┆ false ┆ u ┆ false │
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+ # # │ false ┆ true ┆ v ┆ false │
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+ # # │ true ┆ true ┆ w ┆ true │
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+ # # │ true ┆ null ┆ x ┆ null │
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+ # # │ false ┆ null ┆ y ┆ false │
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+ # # │ null ┆ null ┆ z ┆ null │
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+ # # └───────┴───────┴─────┴───────┘
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+ def all_horizontal(*exprs)
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+ rbexprs = Utils.parse_into_list_of_expressions(*exprs)
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+ Utils.wrap_expr(Plr.all_horizontal(rbexprs))
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+ end
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+
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+ # Compute the bitwise OR horizontally across columns.
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+ #
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+ # @param exprs [Array]
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+ # Column(s) to use in the aggregation. Accepts expression input. Strings are
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+ # parsed as column names, other non-expression inputs are parsed as literals.
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+ #
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+ # @return [Expr]
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+ #
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+ # @example
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+ # df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
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+ # {
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+ # "a" => [false, false, true, true, false, nil],
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+ # "b" => [false, true, true, nil, nil, nil],
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+ # "c" => ["u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z"]
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+ # }
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+ # )
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+ # df.with_columns(any: Polars.any_horizontal("a", "b"))
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+ # # =>
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+ # # shape: (6, 4)
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+ # # ┌───────┬───────┬─────┬───────┐
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+ # # │ a ┆ b ┆ c ┆ any │
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+ # # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
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+ # # │ bool ┆ bool ┆ str ┆ bool │
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+ # # ╞═══════╪═══════╪═════╪═══════╡
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+ # # │ false ┆ false ┆ u ┆ false │
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+ # # │ false ┆ true ┆ v ┆ true │
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+ # # │ true ┆ true ┆ w ┆ true │
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+ # # │ true ┆ null ┆ x ┆ true │
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+ # # │ false ┆ null ┆ y ┆ null │
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+ # # │ null ┆ null ┆ z ┆ null │
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+ # # └───────┴───────┴─────┴───────┘
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+ def any_horizontal(*exprs)
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+ rbexprs = Utils.parse_into_list_of_expressions(*exprs)
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+ Utils.wrap_expr(Plr.any_horizontal(rbexprs))
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+ end
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+
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+ # Get the maximum value horizontally across columns.
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+ #
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+ # @param exprs [Array]
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+ # Column(s) to use in the aggregation. Accepts expression input. Strings are
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+ # parsed as column names, other non-expression inputs are parsed as literals.
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+ #
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+ # @return [Expr]
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+ #
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+ # @example
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+ # df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
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+ # {
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+ # "a" => [1, 8, 3],
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+ # "b" => [4, 5, nil],
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+ # "c" => ["x", "y", "z"]
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+ # }
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+ # )
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+ # df.with_columns(max: Polars.max_horizontal("a", "b"))
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+ # # =>
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+ # # shape: (3, 4)
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+ # # ┌─────┬──────┬─────┬─────┐
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+ # # │ a ┆ b ┆ c ┆ max │
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+ # # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
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+ # # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str ┆ i64 │
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+ # # ╞═════╪══════╪═════╪═════╡
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+ # # │ 1 ┆ 4 ┆ x ┆ 4 │
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+ # # │ 8 ┆ 5 ┆ y ┆ 8 │
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+ # # │ 3 ┆ null ┆ z ┆ 3 │
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+ # # └─────┴──────┴─────┴─────┘
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+ def max_horizontal(*exprs)
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+ rbexprs = Utils.parse_into_list_of_expressions(*exprs)
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+ Utils.wrap_expr(Plr.max_horizontal(rbexprs))
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+ end
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+
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+ # Get the minimum value horizontally across columns.
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+ #
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+ # @param exprs [Array]
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+ # Column(s) to use in the aggregation. Accepts expression input. Strings are
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+ # parsed as column names, other non-expression inputs are parsed as literals.
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+ #
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+ # @return [Expr]
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+ #
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+ # @example
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+ # df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
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+ # {
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+ # "a" => [1, 8, 3],
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+ # "b" => [4, 5, nil],
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+ # "c" => ["x", "y", "z"]
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+ # }
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+ # )
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+ # df.with_columns(min: Polars.min_horizontal("a", "b"))
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+ # # =>
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+ # # shape: (3, 4)
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+ # # ┌─────┬──────┬─────┬─────┐
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+ # # │ a ┆ b ┆ c ┆ min │
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+ # # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
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+ # # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str ┆ i64 │
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+ # # ╞═════╪══════╪═════╪═════╡
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+ # # │ 1 ┆ 4 ┆ x ┆ 1 │
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+ # # │ 8 ┆ 5 ┆ y ┆ 5 │
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+ # # │ 3 ┆ null ┆ z ┆ 3 │
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+ # # └─────┴──────┴─────┴─────┘
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+ def min_horizontal(*exprs)
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+ rbexprs = Utils.parse_into_list_of_expressions(*exprs)
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+ Utils.wrap_expr(Plr.min_horizontal(rbexprs))
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+ end
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+
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+ # Sum all values horizontally across columns.
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+ #
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+ # @param exprs [Array]
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+ # Column(s) to use in the aggregation. Accepts expression input. Strings are
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+ # parsed as column names, other non-expression inputs are parsed as literals.
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+ #
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+ # @return [Expr]
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+ #
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+ # @example
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+ # df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
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+ # {
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+ # "a" => [1, 8, 3],
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+ # "b" => [4, 5, nil],
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+ # "c" => ["x", "y", "z"]
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+ # }
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+ # )
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+ # df.with_columns(sum: Polars.sum_horizontal("a", "b"))
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+ # # =>
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+ # # shape: (3, 4)
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+ # # ┌─────┬──────┬─────┬─────┐
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+ # # │ a ┆ b ┆ c ┆ sum │
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+ # # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
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+ # # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str ┆ i64 │
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+ # # ╞═════╪══════╪═════╪═════╡
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+ # # │ 1 ┆ 4 ┆ x ┆ 5 │
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+ # # │ 8 ┆ 5 ┆ y ┆ 13 │
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+ # # │ 3 ┆ null ┆ z ┆ 3 │
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+ # # └─────┴──────┴─────┴─────┘
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+ def sum_horizontal(*exprs)
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+ rbexprs = Utils.parse_into_list_of_expressions(*exprs)
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+ Utils.wrap_expr(Plr.sum_horizontal(rbexprs))
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+ end
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+
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+ # Compute the mean of all values horizontally across columns.
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+ #
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+ # @param exprs [Array]
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+ # Column(s) to use in the aggregation. Accepts expression input. Strings are
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+ # parsed as column names, other non-expression inputs are parsed as literals.
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+ #
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+ # @return [Expr]
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+ #
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+ # @example
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+ # df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
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+ # {
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+ # "a" => [1, 8, 3],
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+ # "b" => [4, 5, nil],
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+ # "c" => ["x", "y", "z"]
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+ # }
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+ # )
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+ # df.with_columns(mean: Polars.mean_horizontal("a", "b"))
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+ # # =>
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+ # # shape: (3, 4)
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+ # # ┌─────┬──────┬─────┬──────┐
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+ # # │ a ┆ b ┆ c ┆ mean │
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+ # # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
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+ # # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str ┆ f64 │
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+ # # ╞═════╪══════╪═════╪══════╡
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+ # # │ 1 ┆ 4 ┆ x ┆ 2.5 │
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+ # # │ 8 ┆ 5 ┆ y ┆ 6.5 │
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+ # # │ 3 ┆ null ┆ z ┆ 3.0 │
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+ # # └─────┴──────┴─────┴──────┘
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+ def mean_horizontal(*exprs)
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+ rbexprs = Utils.parse_into_list_of_expressions(*exprs)
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+ Utils.wrap_expr(Plr.mean_horizontal(rbexprs))
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+ end
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+
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+ # Cumulatively sum all values horizontally across columns.
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+ #
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+ # @param exprs [Array]
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+ # Column(s) to use in the aggregation. Accepts expression input. Strings are
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+ # parsed as column names, other non-expression inputs are parsed as literals.
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+ #
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+ # @return [Expr]
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+ #
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+ # @example
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+ # df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
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+ # {
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+ # "a" => [1, 8, 3],
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+ # "b" => [4, 5, nil],
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+ # "c" => ["x", "y", "z"]
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+ # }
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+ # )
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+ # df.with_columns(Polars.cum_sum_horizontal("a", "b"))
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+ # # =>
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+ # # shape: (3, 4)
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+ # # ┌─────┬──────┬─────┬───────────┐
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+ # # │ a ┆ b ┆ c ┆ cum_sum │
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+ # # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
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+ # # │ i64 ┆ i64 ┆ str ┆ struct[2] │
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+ # # ╞═════╪══════╪═════╪═══════════╡
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+ # # │ 1 ┆ 4 ┆ x ┆ {1,5} │
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+ # # │ 8 ┆ 5 ┆ y ┆ {8,13} │
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+ # # │ 3 ┆ null ┆ z ┆ {3,null} │
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+ # # └─────┴──────┴─────┴───────────┘
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+ def cum_sum_horizontal(*exprs)
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+ rbexprs = Utils.parse_into_list_of_expressions(*exprs)
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+ exprs_wrapped = rbexprs.map { |e| Utils.wrap_expr(e) }
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+
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+ # (Expr): use u32 as that will not cast to float as eagerly
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+ Polars.cum_fold(Polars.lit(0).cast(UInt32), ->(a, b) { a + b }, exprs_wrapped).alias(
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+ "cum_sum"
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+ )
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+ end
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+ alias_method :cumsum_horizontal, :cum_sum_horizontal
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+ end
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+ end
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
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+ module Polars
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+ module Functions
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+ # Either return an expression representing all columns, or evaluate a bitwise AND operation.
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+ #
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+ # If no arguments are passed, this function is syntactic sugar for `col("*")`.
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+ # Otherwise, this function is syntactic sugar for `col(names).all`.
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+ #
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+ # @param names [Array]
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+ # Name(s) of the columns to use in the aggregation.
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+ # @param ignore_nulls [Boolean]
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+ # Ignore null values (default).
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+ #
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+ # @return [Expr]
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+ #
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+ # @example Selecting all columns.
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+ # df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
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+ # {
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+ # "a" => [true, false, true],
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+ # "b" => [false, false, false]
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+ # }
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+ # )
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+ # df.select(Polars.all.sum)
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+ # # =>
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+ # # shape: (1, 2)
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+ # # ┌─────┬─────┐
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+ # # │ a ┆ b │
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+ # # │ --- ┆ --- │
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+ # # │ u32 ┆ u32 │
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+ # # ╞═════╪═════╡
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+ # # │ 2 ┆ 0 │
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+ # # └─────┴─────┘
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+ #
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+ # @example Evaluate bitwise AND for a column.
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+ # df.select(Polars.all("a"))
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+ # # =>
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+ # # shape: (1, 1)
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+ # # ┌───────┐
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+ # # │ a │
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+ # # │ --- │
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+ # # │ bool │
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+ # # ╞═══════╡
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+ # # │ false │
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+ # # └───────┘
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+ def all(*names, ignore_nulls: true)
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+ if names.empty?
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+ return col("*")
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+ end
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+
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+ col(*names).all(drop_nulls: ignore_nulls)
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+ end
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+
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+ # Evaluate a bitwise OR operation.
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+ #
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+ # Syntactic sugar for `col(names).any`.
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+ #
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+ # @param names [Array]
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+ # Name(s) of the columns to use in the aggregation.
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+ # @param ignore_nulls [Boolean]
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+ # Ignore null values (default).
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+ #
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+ # @return [Expr]
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+ #
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+ # @example
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+ # df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
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+ # {
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+ # "a" => [true, false, true],
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+ # "b" => [false, false, false]
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+ # }
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+ # )
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+ # df.select(Polars.any("a"))
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+ # # =>
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+ # # shape: (1, 1)
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+ # # ┌──────┐
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+ # # │ a │
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+ # # │ --- │
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+ # # │ bool │
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+ # # ╞══════╡
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+ # # │ true │
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+ # # └──────┘
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+ def any(*names, ignore_nulls: true)
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+ col(*names).any(drop_nulls: ignore_nulls)
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+ end
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+
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+ # Get the maximum value.
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+ #
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+ # Syntactic sugar for `col(names).max`.
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+ #
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+ # @param names [Array]
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+ # Name(s) of the columns to use in the aggregation.
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+ #
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+ # @return [Expr]
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+ #
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+ # @example Get the maximum value of a column.
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+ # df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
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+ # {
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+ # "a" => [1, 8, 3],
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+ # "b" => [4, 5, 2],
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+ # "c" => ["foo", "bar", "foo"]
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+ # }
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+ # )
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+ # df.select(Polars.max("a"))
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+ # # =>
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+ # # shape: (1, 1)
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+ # # ┌─────┐
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+ # # │ a │
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+ # # │ --- │
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+ # # │ i64 │
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+ # # ╞═════╡
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+ # # │ 8 │
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+ # # └─────┘
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+ #
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+ # @example Get the maximum value of multiple columns.
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+ # df.select(Polars.max("^a|b$"))
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+ # # =>
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+ # # shape: (1, 2)
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+ # # ┌─────┬─────┐
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+ # # │ a ┆ b │
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+ # # │ --- ┆ --- │
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+ # # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
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+ # # ╞═════╪═════╡
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+ # # │ 8 ┆ 5 │
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+ # # └─────┴─────┘
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+ #
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+ # @example
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+ # df.select(Polars.max("a", "b"))
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+ # # =>
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+ # # shape: (1, 2)
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+ # # ┌─────┬─────┐
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+ # # │ a ┆ b │
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+ # # │ --- ┆ --- │
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+ # # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
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+ # # ╞═════╪═════╡
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+ # # │ 8 ┆ 5 │
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+ # # └─────┴─────┘
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+ def max(*names)
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+ col(*names).max
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+ end
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+
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+ # Get the minimum value.
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+ #
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+ # Syntactic sugar for `col(names).min`.
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+ #
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+ # @param names [Array]
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+ # Name(s) of the columns to use in the aggregation.
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+ #
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+ # @return [Expr]
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+ #
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+ # @example Get the minimum value of a column.
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+ # df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
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+ # {
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+ # "a" => [1, 8, 3],
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+ # "b" => [4, 5, 2],
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+ # "c" => ["foo", "bar", "foo"]
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+ # }
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+ # )
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+ # df.select(Polars.min("a"))
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+ # # =>
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+ # # shape: (1, 1)
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+ # # ┌─────┐
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+ # # │ a │
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+ # # │ --- │
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+ # # │ i64 │
163
+ # # ╞═════╡
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+ # # │ 1 │
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+ # # └─────┘
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+ #
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+ # @example Get the minimum value of multiple columns.
168
+ # df.select(Polars.min("^a|b$"))
169
+ # # =>
170
+ # # shape: (1, 2)
171
+ # # ┌─────┬─────┐
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+ # # │ a ┆ b │
173
+ # # │ --- ┆ --- │
174
+ # # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
175
+ # # ╞═════╪═════╡
176
+ # # │ 1 ┆ 2 │
177
+ # # └─────┴─────┘
178
+ #
179
+ # @example
180
+ # df.select(Polars.min("a", "b"))
181
+ # # =>
182
+ # # shape: (1, 2)
183
+ # # ┌─────┬─────┐
184
+ # # │ a ┆ b │
185
+ # # │ --- ┆ --- │
186
+ # # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
187
+ # # ╞═════╪═════╡
188
+ # # │ 1 ┆ 2 │
189
+ # # └─────┴─────┘
190
+ def min(*names)
191
+ col(*names).min
192
+ end
193
+
194
+ # Sum all values.
195
+ #
196
+ # Syntactic sugar for `col(name).sum`.
197
+ #
198
+ # @param names [Array]
199
+ # Name(s) of the columns to use in the aggregation.
200
+ #
201
+ # @return [Expr]
202
+ #
203
+ # @example Sum a column.
204
+ # df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
205
+ # {
206
+ # "a" => [1, 2],
207
+ # "b" => [3, 4],
208
+ # "c" => [5, 6]
209
+ # }
210
+ # )
211
+ # df.select(Polars.sum("a"))
212
+ # # =>
213
+ # # shape: (1, 1)
214
+ # # ┌─────┐
215
+ # # │ a │
216
+ # # │ --- │
217
+ # # │ i64 │
218
+ # # ╞═════╡
219
+ # # │ 3 │
220
+ # # └─────┘
221
+ #
222
+ # @example Sum multiple columns.
223
+ # df.select(Polars.sum("a", "c"))
224
+ # # =>
225
+ # # shape: (1, 2)
226
+ # # ┌─────┬─────┐
227
+ # # │ a ┆ c │
228
+ # # │ --- ┆ --- │
229
+ # # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
230
+ # # ╞═════╪═════╡
231
+ # # │ 3 ┆ 11 │
232
+ # # └─────┴─────┘
233
+ #
234
+ # @example
235
+ # df.select(Polars.sum("^.*[bc]$"))
236
+ # # =>
237
+ # # shape: (1, 2)
238
+ # # ┌─────┬─────┐
239
+ # # │ b ┆ c │
240
+ # # │ --- ┆ --- │
241
+ # # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
242
+ # # ╞═════╪═════╡
243
+ # # │ 7 ┆ 11 │
244
+ # # └─────┴─────┘
245
+ def sum(*names)
246
+ col(*names).sum
247
+ end
248
+
249
+ # Cumulatively sum all values.
250
+ #
251
+ # Syntactic sugar for `col(names).cum_sum`.
252
+ #
253
+ # @param names [Object]
254
+ # Name(s) of the columns to use in the aggregation.
255
+ #
256
+ # @return [Expr]
257
+ #
258
+ # @example
259
+ # df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
260
+ # {
261
+ # "a" => [1, 2, 3],
262
+ # "b" => [4, 5, 6]
263
+ # }
264
+ # )
265
+ # df.select(Polars.cum_sum("a"))
266
+ # # =>
267
+ # # shape: (3, 1)
268
+ # # ┌─────┐
269
+ # # │ a │
270
+ # # │ --- │
271
+ # # │ i64 │
272
+ # # ╞═════╡
273
+ # # │ 1 │
274
+ # # │ 3 │
275
+ # # │ 6 │
276
+ # # └─────┘
277
+ def cum_sum(*names)
278
+ col(*names).cum_sum
279
+ end
280
+ alias_method :cumsum, :cum_sum
281
+ end
282
+ end