manbook 0.0.1

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+ <!-- Creator : groff version 1.19.2 -->
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+ <!-- CreationDate: Tue Nov 29 21:01:36 2011 -->
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+ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
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+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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+ <html>
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+ <head>
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+ <meta name="generator" content="groff -Thtml, see www.gnu.org">
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+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
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+ <meta name="Content-Style" content="text/css">
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+ <style type="text/css">
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+ p { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; }
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+ pre { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; }
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+ table { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; }
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+ </style>
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+ <title></title>
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+ </head>
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+ <body>
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+
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+ <hr>
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+
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+
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+ <p valign="top">CAT(1) BSD General Commands Manual
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+ CAT(1)</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>NAME</b></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:8%;"><b>cat</b> &mdash; concatenate
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+ and print files</p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>SYNOPSIS</b></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:14%;"><b>cat</b>
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+ [<b>&minus;benstuv</b>] [<i>file&nbsp;...</i>]</p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>DESCRIPTION</b></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:8%;">The <b>cat</b> utility reads
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+ files sequentially, writing them to the standard output. The
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+ <i>file</i> operands are processed in command-line order. If
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+ <i>file</i> is a single dash (&lsquo;-&rsquo;) or absent,
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+ <b>cat</b> reads from the standard input. If <i>file</i> is
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+ a UNIX domain socket, <b>cat</b> connects to it and then
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+ reads it until EOF. This complements the UNIX domain binding
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+ capability available in inetd(8).</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">The options are
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+ as follows:</p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>&minus;b</b></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">Number the
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+ non-blank output lines, starting at 1.</p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>&minus;e</b></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">Display
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+ non-printing characters (see the <b>&minus;v</b> option),
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+ and display a dollar sign (&lsquo;$&rsquo;) at the end of
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+ each line.</p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>&minus;n</b></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">Number the
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+ output lines, starting at 1.</p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>&minus;s</b></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">Squeeze
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+ multiple adjacent empty lines, causing the output to be
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+ single spaced.</p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>&minus;t</b></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">Display
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+ non-printing characters (see the <b>&minus;v</b> option),
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+ and display tab characters as &lsquo;^I&rsquo;.</p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>&minus;u</b></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">Disable output
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+ buffering.</p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>&minus;v</b></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:20%; margin-top: 1em">Display
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+ non-printing characters so they are visible. Control
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+ characters print as &lsquo;^X&rsquo; for control-X; the
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+ delete character (octal 0177) prints as &lsquo;^?&rsquo;.
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+ Non-ASCII characters (with the high bit set) are printed as
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+ &lsquo;M-&rsquo; (for meta) followed by the character for
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+ the low 7 bits.</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>EXIT
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+ STATUS</b></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:8%;">The <b>cat</b> utility
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+ exits&nbsp;0 on success, and&nbsp;&gt;0 if an error
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+ occurs.</p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>EXAMPLES</b></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:8%;">The command:</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">cat file1</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">will print the
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+ contents of <i>file1</i> to the standard output.</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">The command:</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">cat file1 file2
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+ &gt; file3</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">will
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+ sequentially print the contents of <i>file1</i> and
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+ <i>file2</i> to the file <i>file3</i>, truncating
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+ <i>file3</i> if it already exists. See the manual page for
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+ your shell (i.e., sh(1)) for more information on
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+ redirection.</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">The command:</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em">cat file1 -
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+ file2 - file3</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">will print the
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+ contents of <i>file1</i>, print data it receives from the
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+ standard input until it receives an EOF (&lsquo;^D&rsquo;)
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+ character, print the contents of <i>file2</i>, read and
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+ output contents of the standard input again, then finally
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+ output the contents of <i>file3</i>. Note that if the
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+ standard input referred to a file, the second dash on the
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+ command-line would have no effect, since the entire contents
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+ of the file would have already been read and printed by
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+ <b>cat</b> when it encountered the first &lsquo;-&rsquo;
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+ operand.</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>SEE ALSO</b></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:8%;">head(1), more(1), pr(1), sh(1),
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+ tail(1), vis(1), zcat(1), setbuf(3)</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">Rob Pike</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:8%;">, &quot;</p>
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+
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+ <p valign="top">UNIX Style, or cat -v Considered Harmful
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+ &quot;, <i><br>
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+ USENIX Summer Conference Proceedings</i> , <br>
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+ 1983 .</p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>STANDARDS</b></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:8%;">The <b>cat</b> utility is
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+ compliant with the IEEE Std 1003.2-1992
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+ (&lsquo;&lsquo;POSIX.2&rsquo;&rsquo;) specification.</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">The flags
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+ [<b>&minus;benstv</b>] are extensions to the
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+ specification.</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>HISTORY</b></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:8%;">A <b>cat</b> utility appeared in
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+ Version&nbsp;1 AT&amp;T UNIX. Dennis Ritchie designed and
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+ wrote the first man page. It appears to have been
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+ cat(1).</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>BUGS</b></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:8%;">Because of the shell language
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+ mechanism used to perform output redirection, the command
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+ &lsquo;&lsquo;cat file1 file2 &gt; file1&rsquo;&rsquo; will
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+ cause the original data in file1 to be destroyed!</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">The <b>cat</b>
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+ utility does not recognize multibyte characters when the
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+ <b>&minus;t</b> or <b>&minus;v</b> option is in effect.</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:8%; margin-top: 1em">BSD
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+ March&nbsp;21, 2004 BSD</p>
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+ <hr>
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+ </body>
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+ </html>
@@ -0,0 +1,1882 @@
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+ <!-- Creator : groff version 1.19.2 -->
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+ <!-- CreationDate: Tue Nov 29 21:01:36 2011 -->
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+ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
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+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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+ <html>
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+ <head>
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+ <meta name="generator" content="groff -Thtml, see www.gnu.org">
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+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
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+ <meta name="Content-Style" content="text/css">
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+ <style type="text/css">
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+ p { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; }
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+ pre { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; }
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+ table { margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; }
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+ </style>
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+ <title>GIT</title>
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+
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+ </head>
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+ <body>
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+
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+ <h1 align=center>GIT</h1>
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+
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+ <a href="#NAME">NAME</a><br>
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+ <a href="#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a><br>
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+ <a href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a><br>
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+ <a href="#OPTIONS">OPTIONS</a><br>
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+ <a href="#FURTHER DOCUMENTATION">FURTHER DOCUMENTATION</a><br>
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+ <a href="#GIT COMMANDS">GIT COMMANDS</a><br>
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+ <a href="#HIGH-LEVEL COMMANDS (PORCELAIN)">HIGH-LEVEL COMMANDS (PORCELAIN)</a><br>
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+ <a href="#LOW-LEVEL COMMANDS (PLUMBING)">LOW-LEVEL COMMANDS (PLUMBING)</a><br>
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+ <a href="#CONFIGURATION MECHANISM">CONFIGURATION MECHANISM</a><br>
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+ <a href="#IDENTIFIER TERMINOLOGY">IDENTIFIER TERMINOLOGY</a><br>
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+ <a href="#SYMBOLIC IDENTIFIERS">SYMBOLIC IDENTIFIERS</a><br>
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+ <a href="#FILE/DIRECTORY STRUCTURE">FILE/DIRECTORY STRUCTURE</a><br>
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+ <a href="#TERMINOLOGY">TERMINOLOGY</a><br>
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+ <a href="#ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES">ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES</a><br>
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+ <a href="#DISCUSSION">DISCUSSION</a><br>
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+ <a href="#AUTHORS">AUTHORS</a><br>
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+ <a href="#REPORTING BUGS">REPORTING BUGS</a><br>
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+ <a href="#SEE ALSO">SEE ALSO</a><br>
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+ <a href="#GIT">GIT</a><br>
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+ <a href="#NOTES">NOTES</a><br>
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+
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+ <hr>
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+
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+
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+ <a name="NAME"></a>
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+ <h2>NAME</h2>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em">git &minus; the
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+ stupid content tracker</p>
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+
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+ <a name="SYNOPSIS"></a>
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+ <h2>SYNOPSIS</h2>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><i>git</i>
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+ [&minus;&minus;version]
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+ [&minus;&minus;exec&minus;path[=&lt;path&gt;]]
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+ [&minus;&minus;html&minus;path]
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+ [&minus;&minus;man&minus;path]
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+ [&minus;&minus;info&minus;path] <br>
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+
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+ [&minus;p|&minus;&minus;paginate|&minus;&minus;no&minus;pager]
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+ [&minus;&minus;no&minus;replace&minus;objects] <br>
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+ [&minus;&minus;bare]
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+ [&minus;&minus;git&minus;dir=&lt;path&gt;]
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+ [&minus;&minus;work&minus;tree=&lt;path&gt;] <br>
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+ [&minus;c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;] <br>
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+ [&minus;&minus;help] &lt;command&gt; [&lt;args&gt;]</p>
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+
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+ <a name="DESCRIPTION"></a>
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+ <h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em">Git is a fast,
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+ scalable, distributed revision control system with an
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+ unusually rich command set that provides both
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+ high&minus;level operations and full access to
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+ internals.</p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em">See
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+ <b>gittutorial</b>(7) to get started, then see
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+ <b><font color="#0000FF">Everyday Git</font></b>
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+ <small><font color="#000000">[1]</font></small>
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+ <font color="#000000">for a useful minimum set of commands,
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+ and &quot;man git&minus;commandname&quot; for documentation
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+ of each command. CVS users may also want to read
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+ <b>gitcvs-migration</b>(7). See the</font>
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+ <b><font color="#0000FF">Git User&rsquo;s Manual</font></b>
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+ <small><font color="#000000">[2]</font></small>
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+ <font color="#000000">for a more in&minus;depth
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+ introduction.</font></p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">The
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+ <i>&lt;command&gt;</i> is either a name of a Git command
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+ (see below) or an alias as defined in the configuration file
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+ (see <b>git-config</b>(1)).</font></p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">Formatted
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+ and hyperlinked version of the latest git documentation can
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+ be viewed at
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+ http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/.</font></p>
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+
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+ <a name="OPTIONS"></a>
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+ <h2>OPTIONS</h2>
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+
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&minus;&minus;version</font></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Prints
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+ the git suite version that the <i>git</i> program came
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+ from.</font></p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&minus;&minus;help</font></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Prints
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+ the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used commands.
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+ If the option <i>&minus;&minus;all</i> or <i>&minus;a</i> is
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+ given then all available commands are printed. If a git
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+ command is named this option will bring up the manual page
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+ for that command.</font></p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">Other
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+ options are available to control how the manual page is
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+ displayed. See <b>git-help</b>(1) for more information,
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+ because git &minus;&minus;help ... is converted internally
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+ into git help ....</font></p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&minus;c
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+ &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;</font></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Pass a
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+ configuration parameter to the command. The value given will
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+ override values from configuration files. The &lt;name&gt;
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+ is expected in the same format as listed by <i>git
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+ config</i> (subkeys separated by dots).</font></p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&minus;&minus;exec&minus;path[=&lt;path&gt;]</font></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Path to
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+ wherever your core git programs are installed. This can also
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+ be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH environment
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+ variable. If no path is given, <i>git</i> will print the
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+ current setting and then exit.</font></p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&minus;&minus;html&minus;path</font></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Print the
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+ path, without trailing slash, where git&rsquo;s HTML
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+ documentation is installed and exit.</font></p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&minus;&minus;man&minus;path</font></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Print the
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+ manpath (see man(1)) for the man pages for this version of
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+ git and exit.</font></p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&minus;&minus;info&minus;path</font></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Print the
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+ path where the Info files documenting this version of git
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+ are installed and exit.</font></p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&minus;p,
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+ &minus;&minus;paginate</font></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Pipe all
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+ output into <i>less</i> (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
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+ output is a terminal. This overrides the pager.&lt;cmd&gt;
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+ configuration options (see the &quot;Configuration
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+ Mechanism&quot; section below).</font></p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&minus;&minus;no&minus;pager</font></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Do not
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+ pipe git output into a pager.</font></p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&minus;&minus;git&minus;dir=&lt;path&gt;</font></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Set the
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+ path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
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+ setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an
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+ absolute path or relative path to current working
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+ directory.</font></p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&minus;&minus;work&minus;tree=&lt;path&gt;</font></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Set the
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+ path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path or a
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+ path relative to the current working directory. This can
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+ also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE environment
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+ variable and the core.worktree configuration variable (see
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+ core.worktree in <b>git-config</b>(1) for a more detailed
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+ discussion).</font></p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&minus;&minus;bare</font></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Treat the
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+ repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR environment is
216
+ not set, it is set to the current working
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+ directory.</font></p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&minus;&minus;no&minus;replace&minus;objects</font></p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Do not
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+ use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
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+ <b>git-replace</b>(1) for more information.</font></p>
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+
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+ <a name="FURTHER DOCUMENTATION"></a>
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+ <h2>FURTHER DOCUMENTATION</h2>
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+
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">See
232
+ the references above to get started using git. The following
233
+ is probably more detail than necessary for a
234
+ first&minus;time user.</font></p>
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+
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+
237
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">The</font>
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+ <b><font color="#0000FF">git concepts chapter of the
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+ user&minus;manual</font></b>
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+ <small><font color="#000000">[3]</font></small>
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+ <font color="#000000">and <b>gitcore-tutorial</b>(7) both
242
+ provide introductions to the underlying git
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+ architecture.</font></p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">See
247
+ <b>gitworkflows</b>(7) for an overview of recommended
248
+ workflows.</font></p>
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+
250
+
251
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">See
252
+ also the</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">howto</font></b>
253
+ <small><font color="#000000">[4]</font></small>
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+ <font color="#000000">documents for some useful
255
+ examples.</font></p>
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">The
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+ internals are documented in the</font>
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+ <b><font color="#0000FF">GIT API documentation</font></b>
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+ <small><font color="#000000">[5]</font></small>
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+ <font color="#000000">.</font></p>
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+
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+ <a name="GIT COMMANDS"></a>
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+ <h2>GIT COMMANDS</h2>
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+
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">We
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+ divide git into high level (&quot;porcelain&quot;) commands
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+ and low level (&quot;plumbing&quot;) commands.</font></p>
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+
273
+ <a name="HIGH-LEVEL COMMANDS (PORCELAIN)"></a>
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+ <h2>HIGH-LEVEL COMMANDS (PORCELAIN)</h2>
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+
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+
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+
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+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">We
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+ separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and
280
+ some ancillary user utilities.</font></p>
281
+
282
+
283
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>Main
284
+ porcelain commands <br>
285
+ git-add</b>(1)</font></p>
286
+
287
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Add file
288
+ contents to the index.</font></p>
289
+
290
+
291
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-am</b>(1)</font></p>
292
+
293
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Apply a
294
+ series of patches from a mailbox.</font></p>
295
+
296
+
297
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-archive</b>(1)</font></p>
298
+
299
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Create an
300
+ archive of files from a named tree.</font></p>
301
+
302
+
303
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-bisect</b>(1)</font></p>
304
+
305
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Find by
306
+ binary search the change that introduced a bug.</font></p>
307
+
308
+
309
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-branch</b>(1)</font></p>
310
+
311
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">List,
312
+ create, or delete branches.</font></p>
313
+
314
+
315
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-bundle</b>(1)</font></p>
316
+
317
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Move
318
+ objects and refs by archive.</font></p>
319
+
320
+
321
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-checkout</b>(1)</font></p>
322
+
323
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Checkout
324
+ a branch or paths to the working tree.</font></p>
325
+
326
+
327
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-cherry-pick</b>(1)</font></p>
328
+
329
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Apply the
330
+ changes introduced by some existing commits.</font></p>
331
+
332
+
333
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-citool</b>(1)</font></p>
334
+
335
+
336
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Graphical
337
+ alternative to git&minus;commit.</font></p>
338
+
339
+
340
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-clean</b>(1)</font></p>
341
+
342
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Remove
343
+ untracked files from the working tree.</font></p>
344
+
345
+
346
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-clone</b>(1)</font></p>
347
+
348
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Clone a
349
+ repository into a new directory.</font></p>
350
+
351
+
352
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-commit</b>(1)</font></p>
353
+
354
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Record
355
+ changes to the repository.</font></p>
356
+
357
+
358
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-describe</b>(1)</font></p>
359
+
360
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Show the
361
+ most recent tag that is reachable from a commit.</font></p>
362
+
363
+
364
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-diff</b>(1)</font></p>
365
+
366
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Show
367
+ changes between commits, commit and working tree,
368
+ etc.</font></p>
369
+
370
+
371
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-fetch</b>(1)</font></p>
372
+
373
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Download
374
+ objects and refs from another repository.</font></p>
375
+
376
+
377
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-format-patch</b>(1)</font></p>
378
+
379
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Prepare
380
+ patches for e&minus;mail submission.</font></p>
381
+
382
+
383
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-gc</b>(1)</font></p>
384
+
385
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Cleanup
386
+ unnecessary files and optimize the local
387
+ repository.</font></p>
388
+
389
+
390
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-grep</b>(1)</font></p>
391
+
392
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Print
393
+ lines matching a pattern.</font></p>
394
+
395
+
396
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-gui</b>(1)</font></p>
397
+
398
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">A
399
+ portable graphical interface to Git.</font></p>
400
+
401
+
402
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-init</b>(1)</font></p>
403
+
404
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Create an
405
+ empty git repository or reinitialize an existing
406
+ one.</font></p>
407
+
408
+
409
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-log</b>(1)</font></p>
410
+
411
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Show
412
+ commit logs.</font></p>
413
+
414
+
415
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-merge</b>(1)</font></p>
416
+
417
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Join two
418
+ or more development histories together.</font></p>
419
+
420
+
421
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-mv</b>(1)</font></p>
422
+
423
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Move or
424
+ rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.</font></p>
425
+
426
+
427
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-notes</b>(1)</font></p>
428
+
429
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Add or
430
+ inspect object notes.</font></p>
431
+
432
+
433
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-pull</b>(1)</font></p>
434
+
435
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Fetch
436
+ from and merge with another repository or a local
437
+ branch.</font></p>
438
+
439
+
440
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-push</b>(1)</font></p>
441
+
442
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Update
443
+ remote refs along with associated objects.</font></p>
444
+
445
+
446
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-rebase</b>(1)</font></p>
447
+
448
+
449
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Forward&minus;port
450
+ local commits to the updated upstream head.</font></p>
451
+
452
+
453
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-reset</b>(1)</font></p>
454
+
455
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Reset
456
+ current HEAD to the specified state.</font></p>
457
+
458
+
459
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-revert</b>(1)</font></p>
460
+
461
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Revert
462
+ some existing commits.</font></p>
463
+
464
+
465
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-rm</b>(1)</font></p>
466
+
467
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Remove
468
+ files from the working tree and from the index.</font></p>
469
+
470
+
471
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-shortlog</b>(1)</font></p>
472
+
473
+
474
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Summarize
475
+ <i>git log</i> output.</font></p>
476
+
477
+
478
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-show</b>(1)</font></p>
479
+
480
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Show
481
+ various types of objects.</font></p>
482
+
483
+
484
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-stash</b>(1)</font></p>
485
+
486
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Stash the
487
+ changes in a dirty working directory away.</font></p>
488
+
489
+
490
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-status</b>(1)</font></p>
491
+
492
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Show the
493
+ working tree status.</font></p>
494
+
495
+
496
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-submodule</b>(1)</font></p>
497
+
498
+
499
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Initialize,
500
+ update or inspect submodules.</font></p>
501
+
502
+
503
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-tag</b>(1)</font></p>
504
+
505
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Create,
506
+ list, delete or verify a tag object signed with
507
+ GPG.</font></p>
508
+
509
+
510
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>gitk</b>(1)</font></p>
511
+
512
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">The git
513
+ repository browser.</font></p>
514
+
515
+
516
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>Ancillary
517
+ Commands</b> <br>
518
+ Manipulators:</font></p>
519
+
520
+
521
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-config</b>(1)</font></p>
522
+
523
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Get and
524
+ set repository or global options.</font></p>
525
+
526
+
527
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-fast-export</b>(1)</font></p>
528
+
529
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Git data
530
+ exporter.</font></p>
531
+
532
+
533
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-fast-import</b>(1)</font></p>
534
+
535
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Backend
536
+ for fast Git data importers.</font></p>
537
+
538
+
539
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-filter-branch</b>(1)</font></p>
540
+
541
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Rewrite
542
+ branches.</font></p>
543
+
544
+
545
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-lost-found</b>(1)</font></p>
546
+
547
+
548
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">(deprecated)
549
+ Recover lost refs that luckily have not yet been
550
+ pruned.</font></p>
551
+
552
+
553
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-mergetool</b>(1)</font></p>
554
+
555
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Run merge
556
+ conflict resolution tools to resolve merge
557
+ conflicts.</font></p>
558
+
559
+
560
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-pack-refs</b>(1)</font></p>
561
+
562
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Pack
563
+ heads and tags for efficient repository access.</font></p>
564
+
565
+
566
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-prune</b>(1)</font></p>
567
+
568
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Prune all
569
+ unreachable objects from the object database.</font></p>
570
+
571
+
572
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-reflog</b>(1)</font></p>
573
+
574
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Manage
575
+ reflog information.</font></p>
576
+
577
+
578
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-relink</b>(1)</font></p>
579
+
580
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Hardlink
581
+ common objects in local repositories.</font></p>
582
+
583
+
584
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-remote</b>(1)</font></p>
585
+
586
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">manage
587
+ set of tracked repositories.</font></p>
588
+
589
+
590
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-repack</b>(1)</font></p>
591
+
592
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Pack
593
+ unpacked objects in a repository.</font></p>
594
+
595
+
596
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-replace</b>(1)</font></p>
597
+
598
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Create,
599
+ list, delete refs to replace objects.</font></p>
600
+
601
+
602
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-repo-config</b>(1)</font></p>
603
+
604
+
605
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">(deprecated)
606
+ Get and set repository or global options.</font></p>
607
+
608
+
609
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">Interrogators:</font></p>
610
+
611
+
612
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-annotate</b>(1)</font></p>
613
+
614
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Annotate
615
+ file lines with commit information.</font></p>
616
+
617
+
618
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-blame</b>(1)</font></p>
619
+
620
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Show what
621
+ revision and author last modified each line of a
622
+ file.</font></p>
623
+
624
+
625
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-cherry</b>(1)</font></p>
626
+
627
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Find
628
+ commits not merged upstream.</font></p>
629
+
630
+
631
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-count-objects</b>(1)</font></p>
632
+
633
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Count
634
+ unpacked number of objects and their disk
635
+ consumption.</font></p>
636
+
637
+
638
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-difftool</b>(1)</font></p>
639
+
640
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Show
641
+ changes using common diff tools.</font></p>
642
+
643
+
644
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-fsck</b>(1)</font></p>
645
+
646
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Verifies
647
+ the connectivity and validity of the objects in the
648
+ database.</font></p>
649
+
650
+
651
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-get-tar-commit-id</b>(1)</font></p>
652
+
653
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Extract
654
+ commit ID from an archive created using
655
+ git&minus;archive.</font></p>
656
+
657
+
658
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-help</b>(1)</font></p>
659
+
660
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">display
661
+ help information about git.</font></p>
662
+
663
+
664
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-instaweb</b>(1)</font></p>
665
+
666
+
667
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Instantly
668
+ browse your working repository in gitweb.</font></p>
669
+
670
+
671
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-merge-tree</b>(1)</font></p>
672
+
673
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Show
674
+ three&minus;way merge without touching index.</font></p>
675
+
676
+
677
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-rerere</b>(1)</font></p>
678
+
679
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Reuse
680
+ recorded resolution of conflicted merges.</font></p>
681
+
682
+
683
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-rev-parse</b>(1)</font></p>
684
+
685
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Pick out
686
+ and massage parameters.</font></p>
687
+
688
+
689
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-show-branch</b>(1)</font></p>
690
+
691
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Show
692
+ branches and their commits.</font></p>
693
+
694
+
695
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-verify-tag</b>(1)</font></p>
696
+
697
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Check the
698
+ GPG signature of tags.</font></p>
699
+
700
+
701
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-whatchanged</b>(1)</font></p>
702
+
703
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Show logs
704
+ with difference each commit introduces.</font></p>
705
+
706
+
707
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>Interacting
708
+ with Others</b> <br>
709
+ These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with
710
+ other people via patch over e&minus;mail.</font></p>
711
+
712
+
713
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-archimport</b>(1)</font></p>
714
+
715
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Import an
716
+ Arch repository into git.</font></p>
717
+
718
+
719
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-cvsexportcommit</b>(1)</font></p>
720
+
721
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Export a
722
+ single commit to a CVS checkout.</font></p>
723
+
724
+
725
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-cvsimport</b>(1)</font></p>
726
+
727
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Salvage
728
+ your data out of another SCM people love to hate.</font></p>
729
+
730
+
731
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-cvsserver</b>(1)</font></p>
732
+
733
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">A CVS
734
+ server emulator for git.</font></p>
735
+
736
+
737
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-imap-send</b>(1)</font></p>
738
+
739
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Send a
740
+ collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP
741
+ folder.</font></p>
742
+
743
+
744
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-quiltimport</b>(1)</font></p>
745
+
746
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Applies a
747
+ quilt patchset onto the current branch.</font></p>
748
+
749
+
750
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-request-pull</b>(1)</font></p>
751
+
752
+
753
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Generates
754
+ a summary of pending changes.</font></p>
755
+
756
+
757
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-send-email</b>(1)</font></p>
758
+
759
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Send a
760
+ collection of patches as emails.</font></p>
761
+
762
+
763
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-svn</b>(1)</font></p>
764
+
765
+
766
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Bidirectional
767
+ operation between a Subversion repository and
768
+ git.</font></p>
769
+
770
+ <a name="LOW-LEVEL COMMANDS (PLUMBING)"></a>
771
+ <h2>LOW-LEVEL COMMANDS (PLUMBING)</h2>
772
+
773
+
774
+
775
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">Although
776
+ git includes its own porcelain layer, its low&minus;level
777
+ commands are sufficient to support development of
778
+ alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains might
779
+ start by reading about <b>git-update-index</b>(1) and
780
+ <b>git-read-tree</b>(1).</font></p>
781
+
782
+
783
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">The
784
+ interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
785
+ to these low&minus;level commands are meant to be a lot more
786
+ stable than Porcelain level commands, because these commands
787
+ are primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain
788
+ commands on the other hand are subject to change in order to
789
+ improve the end user experience.</font></p>
790
+
791
+
792
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">The
793
+ following description divides the low&minus;level commands
794
+ into commands that manipulate objects (in the repository,
795
+ index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
796
+ compare objects, and commands that move objects and
797
+ references between repositories.</font></p>
798
+
799
+
800
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>Manipulation
801
+ commands <br>
802
+ git-apply</b>(1)</font></p>
803
+
804
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Apply a
805
+ patch to files and/or to the index.</font></p>
806
+
807
+
808
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-checkout-index</b>(1)</font></p>
809
+
810
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Copy
811
+ files from the index to the working tree.</font></p>
812
+
813
+
814
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-commit-tree</b>(1)</font></p>
815
+
816
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Create a
817
+ new commit object.</font></p>
818
+
819
+
820
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-hash-object</b>(1)</font></p>
821
+
822
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Compute
823
+ object ID and optionally creates a blob from a
824
+ file.</font></p>
825
+
826
+
827
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-index-pack</b>(1)</font></p>
828
+
829
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Build
830
+ pack index file for an existing packed archive.</font></p>
831
+
832
+
833
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-merge-file</b>(1)</font></p>
834
+
835
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Run a
836
+ three&minus;way file merge.</font></p>
837
+
838
+
839
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-merge-index</b>(1)</font></p>
840
+
841
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Run a
842
+ merge for files needing merging.</font></p>
843
+
844
+
845
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-mktag</b>(1)</font></p>
846
+
847
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Creates a
848
+ tag object.</font></p>
849
+
850
+
851
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-mktree</b>(1)</font></p>
852
+
853
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Build a
854
+ tree&minus;object from ls&minus;tree formatted
855
+ text.</font></p>
856
+
857
+
858
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-pack-objects</b>(1)</font></p>
859
+
860
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Create a
861
+ packed archive of objects.</font></p>
862
+
863
+
864
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-prune-packed</b>(1)</font></p>
865
+
866
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Remove
867
+ extra objects that are already in pack files.</font></p>
868
+
869
+
870
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-read-tree</b>(1)</font></p>
871
+
872
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Reads
873
+ tree information into the index.</font></p>
874
+
875
+
876
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-symbolic-ref</b>(1)</font></p>
877
+
878
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Read and
879
+ modify symbolic refs.</font></p>
880
+
881
+
882
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-unpack-objects</b>(1)</font></p>
883
+
884
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Unpack
885
+ objects from a packed archive.</font></p>
886
+
887
+
888
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-update-index</b>(1)</font></p>
889
+
890
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Register
891
+ file contents in the working tree to the index.</font></p>
892
+
893
+
894
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-update-ref</b>(1)</font></p>
895
+
896
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Update
897
+ the object name stored in a ref safely.</font></p>
898
+
899
+
900
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-write-tree</b>(1)</font></p>
901
+
902
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Create a
903
+ tree object from the current index.</font></p>
904
+
905
+
906
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>Interrogation
907
+ commands <br>
908
+ git-cat-file</b>(1)</font></p>
909
+
910
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Provide
911
+ content or type and size information for repository
912
+ objects.</font></p>
913
+
914
+
915
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-diff-files</b>(1)</font></p>
916
+
917
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Compares
918
+ files in the working tree and the index.</font></p>
919
+
920
+
921
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-diff-index</b>(1)</font></p>
922
+
923
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Compares
924
+ content and mode of blobs between the index and
925
+ repository.</font></p>
926
+
927
+
928
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-diff-tree</b>(1)</font></p>
929
+
930
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Compares
931
+ the content and mode of blobs found via two tree
932
+ objects.</font></p>
933
+
934
+
935
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-for-each-ref</b>(1)</font></p>
936
+
937
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Output
938
+ information on each ref.</font></p>
939
+
940
+
941
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-ls-files</b>(1)</font></p>
942
+
943
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Show
944
+ information about files in the index and the working
945
+ tree.</font></p>
946
+
947
+
948
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-ls-remote</b>(1)</font></p>
949
+
950
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">List
951
+ references in a remote repository.</font></p>
952
+
953
+
954
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-ls-tree</b>(1)</font></p>
955
+
956
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">List the
957
+ contents of a tree object.</font></p>
958
+
959
+
960
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-merge-base</b>(1)</font></p>
961
+
962
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Find as
963
+ good common ancestors as possible for a merge.</font></p>
964
+
965
+
966
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-name-rev</b>(1)</font></p>
967
+
968
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Find
969
+ symbolic names for given revs.</font></p>
970
+
971
+
972
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-pack-redundant</b>(1)</font></p>
973
+
974
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Find
975
+ redundant pack files.</font></p>
976
+
977
+
978
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-rev-list</b>(1)</font></p>
979
+
980
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Lists
981
+ commit objects in reverse chronological order.</font></p>
982
+
983
+
984
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-show-index</b>(1)</font></p>
985
+
986
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Show
987
+ packed archive index.</font></p>
988
+
989
+
990
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-show-ref</b>(1)</font></p>
991
+
992
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">List
993
+ references in a local repository.</font></p>
994
+
995
+
996
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-tar-tree</b>(1)</font></p>
997
+
998
+
999
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">(deprecated)
1000
+ Create a tar archive of the files in the named tree
1001
+ object.</font></p>
1002
+
1003
+
1004
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-unpack-file</b>(1)</font></p>
1005
+
1006
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Creates a
1007
+ temporary file with a blob&rsquo;s contents.</font></p>
1008
+
1009
+
1010
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-var</b>(1)</font></p>
1011
+
1012
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Show a
1013
+ git logical variable.</font></p>
1014
+
1015
+
1016
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-verify-pack</b>(1)</font></p>
1017
+
1018
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Validate
1019
+ packed git archive files.</font></p>
1020
+
1021
+
1022
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">In
1023
+ general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
1024
+ the working tree.</font></p>
1025
+
1026
+
1027
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>Synching
1028
+ repositories <br>
1029
+ git-daemon</b>(1)</font></p>
1030
+
1031
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">A really
1032
+ simple server for git repositories.</font></p>
1033
+
1034
+
1035
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-fetch-pack</b>(1)</font></p>
1036
+
1037
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Receive
1038
+ missing objects from another repository.</font></p>
1039
+
1040
+
1041
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-http-backend</b>(1)</font></p>
1042
+
1043
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Server
1044
+ side implementation of Git over HTTP.</font></p>
1045
+
1046
+
1047
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-send-pack</b>(1)</font></p>
1048
+
1049
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Push
1050
+ objects over git protocol to another repository.</font></p>
1051
+
1052
+
1053
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-update-server-info</b>(1)</font></p>
1054
+
1055
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Update
1056
+ auxiliary info file to help dumb servers.</font></p>
1057
+
1058
+
1059
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">The
1060
+ following are helper commands used by the above; end users
1061
+ typically do not use them directly.</font></p>
1062
+
1063
+
1064
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-http-fetch</b>(1)</font></p>
1065
+
1066
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Download
1067
+ from a remote git repository via HTTP.</font></p>
1068
+
1069
+
1070
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-http-push</b>(1)</font></p>
1071
+
1072
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Push
1073
+ objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository.</font></p>
1074
+
1075
+
1076
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-parse-remote</b>(1)</font></p>
1077
+
1078
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Routines
1079
+ to help parsing remote repository access
1080
+ parameters.</font></p>
1081
+
1082
+
1083
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-receive-pack</b>(1)</font></p>
1084
+
1085
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Receive
1086
+ what is pushed into the repository.</font></p>
1087
+
1088
+
1089
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-shell</b>(1)</font></p>
1090
+
1091
+
1092
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Restricted
1093
+ login shell for Git&minus;only SSH access.</font></p>
1094
+
1095
+
1096
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-upload-archive</b>(1)</font></p>
1097
+
1098
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Send
1099
+ archive back to git&minus;archive.</font></p>
1100
+
1101
+
1102
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-upload-pack</b>(1)</font></p>
1103
+
1104
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Send
1105
+ objects packed back to
1106
+ git&minus;fetch&minus;pack.</font></p>
1107
+
1108
+
1109
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>Internal
1110
+ helper commands</b> <br>
1111
+ These are internal helper commands used by other commands;
1112
+ end users typically do not use them directly.</font></p>
1113
+
1114
+
1115
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-check-attr</b>(1)</font></p>
1116
+
1117
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Display
1118
+ gitattributes information.</font></p>
1119
+
1120
+
1121
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-check-ref-format</b>(1)</font></p>
1122
+
1123
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Ensures
1124
+ that a reference name is well formed.</font></p>
1125
+
1126
+
1127
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-fmt-merge-msg</b>(1)</font></p>
1128
+
1129
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Produce a
1130
+ merge commit message.</font></p>
1131
+
1132
+
1133
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-mailinfo</b>(1)</font></p>
1134
+
1135
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Extracts
1136
+ patch and authorship from a single e&minus;mail
1137
+ message.</font></p>
1138
+
1139
+
1140
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-mailsplit</b>(1)</font></p>
1141
+
1142
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Simple
1143
+ UNIX mbox splitter program.</font></p>
1144
+
1145
+
1146
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-merge-one-file</b>(1)</font></p>
1147
+
1148
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">The
1149
+ standard helper program to use with
1150
+ git&minus;merge&minus;index.</font></p>
1151
+
1152
+
1153
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-patch-id</b>(1)</font></p>
1154
+
1155
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Compute
1156
+ unique ID for a patch.</font></p>
1157
+
1158
+
1159
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-peek-remote</b>(1)</font></p>
1160
+
1161
+
1162
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">(deprecated)
1163
+ List the references in a remote repository.</font></p>
1164
+
1165
+
1166
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-sh-setup</b>(1)</font></p>
1167
+
1168
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Common
1169
+ git shell script setup code.</font></p>
1170
+
1171
+
1172
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git-stripspace</b>(1)</font></p>
1173
+
1174
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Filter
1175
+ out empty lines.</font></p>
1176
+
1177
+ <a name="CONFIGURATION MECHANISM"></a>
1178
+ <h2>CONFIGURATION MECHANISM</h2>
1179
+
1180
+
1181
+
1182
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">Starting
1183
+ from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), .git/config file is
1184
+ used to hold per&minus;repository configuration options. It
1185
+ is a simple text file modeled after .ini format familiar to
1186
+ some people. Here is an example:</font></p>
1187
+
1188
+
1189
+ <p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">#
1190
+ <br>
1191
+ # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment. <br>
1192
+ #</font></p>
1193
+
1194
+
1195
+ <p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">;
1196
+ core variables <br>
1197
+ [core] <br>
1198
+ ; Don't trust file modes <br>
1199
+ filemode = false</font></p>
1200
+
1201
+
1202
+ <p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">;
1203
+ user identity <br>
1204
+ [user] <br>
1205
+ name = &quot;Junio C Hamano&quot; <br>
1206
+ email = &quot;junkio@twinsun.com&quot;</font></p>
1207
+
1208
+
1209
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">Various
1210
+ commands read from the configuration file and adjust their
1211
+ operation accordingly. See <b>git-config</b>(1) for a
1212
+ list.</font></p>
1213
+
1214
+ <a name="IDENTIFIER TERMINOLOGY"></a>
1215
+ <h2>IDENTIFIER TERMINOLOGY</h2>
1216
+
1217
+
1218
+
1219
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&lt;object&gt;</font></p>
1220
+
1221
+
1222
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Indicates
1223
+ the object name for any type of object.</font></p>
1224
+
1225
+
1226
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&lt;blob&gt;</font></p>
1227
+
1228
+
1229
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Indicates
1230
+ a blob object name.</font></p>
1231
+
1232
+
1233
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&lt;tree&gt;</font></p>
1234
+
1235
+
1236
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Indicates
1237
+ a tree object name.</font></p>
1238
+
1239
+
1240
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&lt;commit&gt;</font></p>
1241
+
1242
+
1243
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Indicates
1244
+ a commit object name.</font></p>
1245
+
1246
+
1247
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&lt;tree&minus;ish&gt;</font></p>
1248
+
1249
+
1250
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Indicates
1251
+ a tree, commit or tag object name. A command that takes a
1252
+ &lt;tree&minus;ish&gt; argument ultimately wants to operate
1253
+ on a &lt;tree&gt; object but automatically dereferences
1254
+ &lt;commit&gt; and &lt;tag&gt; objects that point at a
1255
+ &lt;tree&gt;.</font></p>
1256
+
1257
+
1258
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&lt;commit&minus;ish&gt;</font></p>
1259
+
1260
+
1261
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Indicates
1262
+ a commit or tag object name. A command that takes a
1263
+ &lt;commit&minus;ish&gt; argument ultimately wants to
1264
+ operate on a &lt;commit&gt; object but automatically
1265
+ dereferences &lt;tag&gt; objects that point at a
1266
+ &lt;commit&gt;.</font></p>
1267
+
1268
+
1269
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&lt;type&gt;</font></p>
1270
+
1271
+
1272
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Indicates
1273
+ that an object type is required. Currently one of: blob,
1274
+ tree, commit, or tag.</font></p>
1275
+
1276
+
1277
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&lt;file&gt;</font></p>
1278
+
1279
+
1280
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Indicates
1281
+ a filename &minus; almost always relative to the root of the
1282
+ tree structure GIT_INDEX_FILE describes.</font></p>
1283
+
1284
+ <a name="SYMBOLIC IDENTIFIERS"></a>
1285
+ <h2>SYMBOLIC IDENTIFIERS</h2>
1286
+
1287
+
1288
+
1289
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">Any
1290
+ git command accepting any &lt;object&gt; can also use the
1291
+ following symbolic notation:</font></p>
1292
+
1293
+
1294
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">HEAD</font></p>
1295
+
1296
+
1297
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">indicates
1298
+ the head of the current branch (i.e. the contents of
1299
+ $GIT_DIR/HEAD).</font></p>
1300
+
1301
+
1302
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&lt;tag&gt;</font></p>
1303
+
1304
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">a valid
1305
+ tag <i>name</i> (i.e. the contents of
1306
+ $GIT_DIR/refs/tags/&lt;tag&gt;).</font></p>
1307
+
1308
+
1309
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&lt;head&gt;</font></p>
1310
+
1311
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">a valid
1312
+ head <i>name</i> (i.e. the contents of
1313
+ $GIT_DIR/refs/heads/&lt;head&gt;).</font></p>
1314
+
1315
+
1316
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">For
1317
+ a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
1318
+ &quot;SPECIFYING REVISIONS&quot; section in
1319
+ <b>gitrevisions</b>(7).</font></p>
1320
+
1321
+ <a name="FILE/DIRECTORY STRUCTURE"></a>
1322
+ <h2>FILE/DIRECTORY STRUCTURE</h2>
1323
+
1324
+
1325
+
1326
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">Please
1327
+ see the <b>gitrepository-layout</b>(5) document.</font></p>
1328
+
1329
+
1330
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">Read
1331
+ <b>githooks</b>(5) for more details about each
1332
+ hook.</font></p>
1333
+
1334
+
1335
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">Higher
1336
+ level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in
1337
+ the $GIT_DIR.</font></p>
1338
+
1339
+ <a name="TERMINOLOGY"></a>
1340
+ <h2>TERMINOLOGY</h2>
1341
+
1342
+
1343
+
1344
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">Please
1345
+ see <b>gitglossary</b>(7).</font></p>
1346
+
1347
+ <a name="ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"></a>
1348
+ <h2>ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES</h2>
1349
+
1350
+
1351
+
1352
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">Various
1353
+ git commands use the following environment
1354
+ variables:</font></p>
1355
+
1356
+
1357
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>The
1358
+ git Repository</b> <br>
1359
+ These environment variables apply to <i>all</i> core git
1360
+ commands. Nb: it is worth noting that they may be
1361
+ used/overridden by SCMS sitting above git so take care if
1362
+ using Cogito etc.</font></p>
1363
+
1364
+
1365
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><i>GIT_INDEX_FILE</i></font></p>
1366
+
1367
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">This
1368
+ environment allows the specification of an alternate index
1369
+ file. If not specified, the default of $GIT_DIR/index is
1370
+ used.</font></p>
1371
+
1372
+
1373
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><i>GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY</i></font></p>
1374
+
1375
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">If the
1376
+ object storage directory is specified via this environment
1377
+ variable then the sha1 directories are created underneath
1378
+ &minus; otherwise the default $GIT_DIR/objects directory is
1379
+ used.</font></p>
1380
+
1381
+
1382
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><i>GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES</i></font></p>
1383
+
1384
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Due to
1385
+ the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
1386
+ archived into shared, read&minus;only directories. This
1387
+ variable specifies a &quot;:&quot; separated (on Windows
1388
+ &quot;;&quot; separated) list of git object directories
1389
+ which can be used to search for git objects. New objects
1390
+ will not be written to these directories.</font></p>
1391
+
1392
+
1393
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><i>GIT_DIR</i></font></p>
1394
+
1395
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">If the
1396
+ <i>GIT_DIR</i> environment variable is set then it specifies
1397
+ a path to use instead of the default .git for the base of
1398
+ the repository.</font></p>
1399
+
1400
+
1401
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><i>GIT_WORK_TREE</i></font></p>
1402
+
1403
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Set the
1404
+ path to the working tree. The value will not be used in
1405
+ combination with repositories found automatically in a .git
1406
+ directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set). This can also be
1407
+ controlled by the <i>&minus;&minus;work&minus;tree</i>
1408
+ command line option and the core.worktree configuration
1409
+ variable.</font></p>
1410
+
1411
+
1412
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><i>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES</i></font></p>
1413
+
1414
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">This
1415
+ should be a colon&minus;separated list of absolute paths. If
1416
+ set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
1417
+ up into while looking for a repository directory. It will
1418
+ not exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set
1419
+ on the command line or in the environment. (Useful for
1420
+ excluding slow&minus;loading network
1421
+ directories.)</font></p>
1422
+
1423
+
1424
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><i>GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM</i></font></p>
1425
+
1426
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">When run
1427
+ in a directory that does not have &quot;.git&quot;
1428
+ repository directory, git tries to find such a directory in
1429
+ the parent directories to find the top of the working tree,
1430
+ but by default it does not cross filesystem boundaries. This
1431
+ environment variable can be set to true to tell git not to
1432
+ stop at filesystem boundaries. Like
1433
+ <i>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES</i>, this will not affect an
1434
+ explicit repository directory set via <i>GIT_DIR</i> or on
1435
+ the command line.</font></p>
1436
+
1437
+
1438
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git
1439
+ Commits</b> <i><br>
1440
+ GIT_AUTHOR_NAME</i>, <i>GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL</i>,
1441
+ <i>GIT_AUTHOR_DATE</i>, <i>GIT_COMMITTER_NAME</i>,
1442
+ <i>GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL</i>, <i>GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</i>,
1443
+ <i>EMAIL</i></font></p>
1444
+
1445
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">see
1446
+ <b>git-commit-tree</b>(1)</font></p>
1447
+
1448
+
1449
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>git
1450
+ Diffs</b> <i><br>
1451
+ GIT_DIFF_OPTS</i></font></p>
1452
+
1453
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">Only
1454
+ valid setting is &quot;&minus;&minus;unified=??&quot; or
1455
+ &quot;&minus;u??&quot; to set the number of context lines
1456
+ shown when a unified diff is created. This takes precedence
1457
+ over any &quot;&minus;U&quot; or
1458
+ &quot;&minus;&minus;unified&quot; option value passed on the
1459
+ git diff command line.</font></p>
1460
+
1461
+
1462
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><i>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</i></font></p>
1463
+
1464
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">When the
1465
+ environment variable <i>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</i> is set, the
1466
+ program named by it is called, instead of the diff
1467
+ invocation described above. For a path that is added,
1468
+ removed, or modified, <i>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</i> is called
1469
+ with 7 parameters:</font></p>
1470
+
1471
+
1472
+ <p style="margin-left:23%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">path
1473
+ old&minus;file old&minus;hex old&minus;mode new&minus;file
1474
+ new&minus;hex new&minus;mode</font></p>
1475
+
1476
+
1477
+ <p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">where:</font></p>
1478
+
1479
+
1480
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&lt;old|new&gt;&minus;file</font></p>
1481
+
1482
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">are files
1483
+ GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the contents of
1484
+ &lt;old|new&gt;,</font></p>
1485
+
1486
+
1487
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&lt;old|new&gt;&minus;hex</font></p>
1488
+
1489
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">are the
1490
+ 40&minus;hexdigit SHA1 hashes,</font></p>
1491
+
1492
+
1493
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">&lt;old|new&gt;&minus;mode</font></p>
1494
+
1495
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">are the
1496
+ octal representation of the file modes.</font></p>
1497
+
1498
+
1499
+ <p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">The
1500
+ file parameters can point at the user&rsquo;s working file
1501
+ (e.g. new&minus;file in
1502
+ &quot;git&minus;diff&minus;files&quot;), /dev/null (e.g.
1503
+ old&minus;file when a new file is added), or a temporary
1504
+ file (e.g. old&minus;file in the index).
1505
+ <i>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</i> should not worry about unlinking
1506
+ the temporary file &minus;&minus;&minus; it is removed when
1507
+ <i>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</i> exits.</font></p>
1508
+
1509
+
1510
+ <p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">For
1511
+ a path that is unmerged, <i>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</i> is called
1512
+ with 1 parameter, &lt;path&gt;.</font></p>
1513
+
1514
+
1515
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>other</b>
1516
+ <i><br>
1517
+ GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY</i></font></p>
1518
+
1519
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">A number
1520
+ controlling the amount of output shown by the recursive
1521
+ merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity. See
1522
+ <b>git-merge</b>(1)</font></p>
1523
+
1524
+
1525
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><i>GIT_PAGER</i></font></p>
1526
+
1527
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">This
1528
+ environment variable overrides $PAGER. If it is set to an
1529
+ empty string or to the value &quot;cat&quot;, git will not
1530
+ launch a pager. See also the core.pager option in
1531
+ <b>git-config</b>(1).</font></p>
1532
+
1533
+
1534
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><i>GIT_SSH</i></font></p>
1535
+
1536
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">If this
1537
+ environment variable is set then <i>git fetch</i> and <i>git
1538
+ push</i> will use this command instead of <i>ssh</i> when
1539
+ they need to connect to a remote system. The <i>$GIT_SSH</i>
1540
+ command will be given exactly two arguments: the
1541
+ <i>username@host</i> (or just <i>host</i>) from the URL and
1542
+ the shell command to execute on that remote
1543
+ system.</font></p>
1544
+
1545
+
1546
+ <p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">To
1547
+ pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
1548
+ you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell
1549
+ script, then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell
1550
+ script.</font></p>
1551
+
1552
+
1553
+ <p style="margin-left:17%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">Usually
1554
+ it is easier to configure any desired options through your
1555
+ personal .ssh/config file. Please consult your ssh
1556
+ documentation for further details.</font></p>
1557
+
1558
+
1559
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><i>GIT_ASKPASS</i></font></p>
1560
+
1561
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">If this
1562
+ environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
1563
+ acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP
1564
+ authentication) will call this program with a suitable
1565
+ prompt as command line argument and read the password from
1566
+ its STDOUT. See also the <i>core.askpass</i> option in
1567
+ <b>git-config</b>(1).</font></p>
1568
+
1569
+
1570
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><i>GIT_FLUSH</i></font></p>
1571
+
1572
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">If this
1573
+ environment variable is set to &quot;1&quot;, then commands
1574
+ such as <i>git blame</i> (in incremental mode), <i>git
1575
+ rev&minus;list</i>, <i>git log</i>, and <i>git
1576
+ whatchanged</i> will force a flush of the output stream
1577
+ after each commit&minus;oriented record have been flushed.
1578
+ If this variable is set to &quot;0&quot;, the output of
1579
+ these commands will be done using completely buffered I/O.
1580
+ If this environment variable is not set, git will choose
1581
+ buffered or record&minus;oriented flushing based on whether
1582
+ stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.</font></p>
1583
+
1584
+
1585
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><i>GIT_TRACE</i></font></p>
1586
+
1587
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">If this
1588
+ variable is set to &quot;1&quot;, &quot;2&quot; or
1589
+ &quot;true&quot; (comparison is case insensitive), git will
1590
+ print trace: messages on stderr telling about alias
1591
+ expansion, built&minus;in command execution and external
1592
+ command execution. If this variable is set to an integer
1593
+ value greater than 1 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git
1594
+ will interpret this value as an open file descriptor and
1595
+ will try to write the trace messages into this file
1596
+ descriptor. Alternatively, if this variable is set to an
1597
+ absolute path (starting with a <i>/</i> character), git will
1598
+ interpret this as a file path and will try to write the
1599
+ trace messages into it.</font></p>
1600
+
1601
+ <a name="DISCUSSION"></a>
1602
+ <h2>DISCUSSION</h2>
1603
+
1604
+
1605
+
1606
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">More
1607
+ detail on the following is available from the</font>
1608
+ <b><font color="#0000FF">git concepts chapter of the
1609
+ user&minus;manual</font></b>
1610
+ <small><font color="#000000">[3]</font></small>
1611
+ <font color="#000000">and
1612
+ <b>gitcore-tutorial</b>(7).</font></p>
1613
+
1614
+
1615
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">A
1616
+ git project normally consists of a working directory with a
1617
+ &quot;.git&quot; subdirectory at the top level. The .git
1618
+ directory contains, among other things, a compressed object
1619
+ database representing the complete history of the project,
1620
+ an &quot;index&quot; file which links that history to the
1621
+ current contents of the working tree, and named pointers
1622
+ into that history such as tags and branch heads.</font></p>
1623
+
1624
+
1625
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">The
1626
+ object database contains objects of three main types: blobs,
1627
+ which hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other
1628
+ trees to build up directory hierarchies; and commits, which
1629
+ each reference a single tree and some number of parent
1630
+ commits.</font></p>
1631
+
1632
+
1633
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">The
1634
+ commit, equivalent to what other systems call a
1635
+ &quot;changeset&quot; or &quot;version&quot;, represents a
1636
+ step in the project&rsquo;s history, and each parent
1637
+ represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more
1638
+ than one parent represent merges of independent lines of
1639
+ development.</font></p>
1640
+
1641
+
1642
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">All
1643
+ objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents,
1644
+ normally written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names
1645
+ are globally unique. The entire history leading up to a
1646
+ commit can be vouched for by signing just that commit. A
1647
+ fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1648
+ purpose.</font></p>
1649
+
1650
+
1651
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">When
1652
+ first created, objects are stored in individual files, but
1653
+ for efficiency may later be compressed together into
1654
+ &quot;pack files&quot;.</font></p>
1655
+
1656
+
1657
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">Named
1658
+ pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A
1659
+ ref may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of
1660
+ another ref. Refs with names beginning ref/head/ contain the
1661
+ SHA1 name of the most recent commit (or &quot;head&quot;) of
1662
+ a branch under development. SHA1 names of tags of interest
1663
+ are stored under ref/tags/. A special ref named HEAD
1664
+ contains the name of the currently checked&minus;out
1665
+ branch.</font></p>
1666
+
1667
+
1668
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">The
1669
+ index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for
1670
+ each path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob
1671
+ object represents the contents of the file as of the head of
1672
+ the current branch. The attributes (last modified time,
1673
+ size, etc.) are taken from the corresponding file in the
1674
+ working tree. Subsequent changes to the working tree can be
1675
+ found by comparing these attributes. The index may be
1676
+ updated with new content, and new commits may be created
1677
+ from the content stored in the index.</font></p>
1678
+
1679
+
1680
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">The
1681
+ index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called
1682
+ &quot;stages&quot;) for a given pathname. These stages are
1683
+ used to hold the various unmerged version of a file when a
1684
+ merge is in progress.</font></p>
1685
+
1686
+ <a name="AUTHORS"></a>
1687
+ <h2>AUTHORS</h2>
1688
+
1689
+
1690
+
1691
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">Git
1692
+ was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained
1693
+ by Junio C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the
1694
+ git mailing list
1695
+ &lt;</font><b><font color="#0000FF">git@vger.kernel.org</font></b>
1696
+ <small><font color="#000000">[6]</font></small>
1697
+ <font color="#000000">&gt;. For a more complete list of
1698
+ contributors, see</font>
1699
+ <b><font color="#0000FF">http://git&minus;scm.com/about</font></b><font color="#000000">.
1700
+ If you have a clone of git.git itself, the output of
1701
+ <b>git-shortlog</b>(1) and <b>git-blame</b>(1) can show you
1702
+ the authors for specific parts of the project.</font></p>
1703
+
1704
+ <a name="REPORTING BUGS"></a>
1705
+ <h2>REPORTING BUGS</h2>
1706
+
1707
+
1708
+
1709
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">Report
1710
+ bugs to the Git mailing list
1711
+ &lt;</font><b><font color="#0000FF">git@vger.kernel.org</font></b>
1712
+ <small><font color="#000000">[6]</font></small>
1713
+ <font color="#000000">&gt; where the development and
1714
+ maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
1715
+ subscribed to the list to send a message there.</font></p>
1716
+
1717
+ <a name="SEE ALSO"></a>
1718
+ <h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
1719
+
1720
+
1721
+
1722
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000"><b>gittutorial</b>(7),
1723
+ <b>gittutorial-2</b>(7),</font>
1724
+ <b><font color="#0000FF">Everyday Git</font></b>
1725
+ <small><font color="#000000">[1]</font></small>
1726
+ <font color="#000000">, <b>gitcvs-migration</b>(7),
1727
+ <b>gitglossary</b>(7), <b>gitcore-tutorial</b>(7),
1728
+ <b>gitcli</b>(7),</font> <b><font color="#0000FF">The Git
1729
+ User&rsquo;s Manual</font></b>
1730
+ <small><font color="#000000">[2]</font></small>
1731
+ <font color="#000000">, <b>gitworkflows</b>(7)</font></p>
1732
+
1733
+ <a name="GIT"></a>
1734
+ <h2>GIT</h2>
1735
+
1736
+
1737
+
1738
+ <p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><font color="#000000">Part
1739
+ of the <b>git</b>(1) suite</font></p>
1740
+
1741
+ <a name="NOTES"></a>
1742
+ <h2>NOTES</h2>
1743
+
1744
+
1745
+ <table width="100%" border=0 rules="none" frame="void"
1746
+ cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
1747
+ <tr valign="top" align="left">
1748
+ <td width="12%"></td>
1749
+ <td width="3%">
1750
+
1751
+
1752
+
1753
+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><font color="#000000">1.</font></p> </td>
1754
+ <td width="2%"></td>
1755
+ <td width="18%">
1756
+
1757
+
1758
+
1759
+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><font color="#000000">Everyday
1760
+ Git</font></p> </td>
1761
+ <td width="65%">
1762
+ </td>
1763
+ </table>
1764
+
1765
+
1766
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/everyday.html</font></p>
1767
+
1768
+ <table width="100%" border=0 rules="none" frame="void"
1769
+ cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
1770
+ <tr valign="top" align="left">
1771
+ <td width="12%"></td>
1772
+ <td width="3%">
1773
+
1774
+
1775
+
1776
+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><font color="#000000">2.</font></p> </td>
1777
+ <td width="2%"></td>
1778
+ <td width="26%">
1779
+
1780
+
1781
+
1782
+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><font color="#000000">Git
1783
+ User&rsquo;s Manual</font></p></td>
1784
+ <td width="57%">
1785
+ </td>
1786
+ </table>
1787
+
1788
+
1789
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/user-manual.html</font></p>
1790
+
1791
+ <table width="100%" border=0 rules="none" frame="void"
1792
+ cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
1793
+ <tr valign="top" align="left">
1794
+ <td width="12%"></td>
1795
+ <td width="3%">
1796
+
1797
+
1798
+
1799
+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><font color="#000000">3.</font></p> </td>
1800
+ <td width="2%"></td>
1801
+ <td width="60%">
1802
+
1803
+
1804
+
1805
+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><font color="#000000">git
1806
+ concepts chapter of the user-manual</font></p></td>
1807
+ <td width="23%">
1808
+ </td>
1809
+ </table>
1810
+
1811
+
1812
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/user-manual.html#git-concepts</font></p>
1813
+
1814
+ <table width="100%" border=0 rules="none" frame="void"
1815
+ cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
1816
+ <tr valign="top" align="left">
1817
+ <td width="12%"></td>
1818
+ <td width="3%">
1819
+
1820
+
1821
+
1822
+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><font color="#000000">4.</font></p> </td>
1823
+ <td width="2%"></td>
1824
+ <td width="8%">
1825
+
1826
+
1827
+
1828
+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><font color="#000000">howto</font></p> </td>
1829
+ <td width="75%">
1830
+ </td>
1831
+ </table>
1832
+
1833
+
1834
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/howto-index.html</font></p>
1835
+
1836
+ <table width="100%" border=0 rules="none" frame="void"
1837
+ cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
1838
+ <tr valign="top" align="left">
1839
+ <td width="12%"></td>
1840
+ <td width="3%">
1841
+
1842
+
1843
+
1844
+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><font color="#000000">5.</font></p> </td>
1845
+ <td width="2%"></td>
1846
+ <td width="32%">
1847
+
1848
+
1849
+
1850
+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><font color="#000000">GIT
1851
+ API documentation</font></p></td>
1852
+ <td width="51%">
1853
+ </td>
1854
+ </table>
1855
+
1856
+
1857
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/technical/api-index.html</font></p>
1858
+
1859
+ <table width="100%" border=0 rules="none" frame="void"
1860
+ cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
1861
+ <tr valign="top" align="left">
1862
+ <td width="12%"></td>
1863
+ <td width="3%">
1864
+
1865
+
1866
+
1867
+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><font color="#000000">6.</font></p> </td>
1868
+ <td width="2%"></td>
1869
+ <td width="29%">
1870
+
1871
+
1872
+
1873
+ <p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><font color="#000000">git@vger.kernel.org</font></p> </td>
1874
+ <td width="54%">
1875
+ </td>
1876
+ </table>
1877
+
1878
+
1879
+ <p style="margin-left:17%;"><font color="#000000">mailto:git@vger.kernel.org</font></p>
1880
+ <hr>
1881
+ </body>
1882
+ </html>