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-<h1 id="bqplot">bqplot<a class="anchor-link" href="#bqplot">&#182;</a></h1>
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-<p>This notebook is meant to guide you through the first stages of using the <code>bqplot</code> visualization library. <code>bqplot</code> is a Grammar of Graphics based interactive visualization library for the Jupyter notebook where every single component of a plot is an interactive iPython widget. What this means is that even after a plot is drawn, you can change almost any aspect of it. This makes the creation of advanced Graphical User Interfaces attainable through just a few simple lines of Python code.</p>
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-<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Let&#39;s begin by importing some libraries we&#39;ll need</span>
-<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
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-<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># And creating some random data</span>
-<span class="n">size</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">100</span>
-<span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="n">x_data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="n">y_data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cumsum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mf">100.0</span><span class="p">)</span>
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-<h2 id="Your-First-Plot">Your First Plot<a class="anchor-link" href="#Your-First-Plot">&#182;</a></h2>
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-<p>Let's start by creating a simple Line chart. <code>bqplot</code> has two different APIs, the first one is a <code>matplotlib</code> inspired simple API called <code>pyplot</code>. So let's import that.</p>
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-<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">bqplot</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">pyplot</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">plt</span>
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-<p>Let's plot <code>y_data</code> against <code>x_data</code>, and then <code>show</code> the plot.</p>
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-<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;My First Plot&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">plot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x_data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_data</span><span class="p">)</span>
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-<p>Use the buttons above to Pan (or Zoom), Reset or save the Figure.</p>
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-<h2 id="Using-bqplot's-interactive-elements">Using <code>bqplot</code>'s interactive elements<a class="anchor-link" href="#Using-bqplot's-interactive-elements">&#182;</a></h2>
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-<p>Now, let's try creating a new plot. First, we create a brand new <code>Figure</code>. The <code>Figure</code> is the final element of any plot that is eventually displayed. You can think of it as a Canvas on which we put all of our other plots.</p>
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-<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Creating a new Figure and setting it&#39;s title</span>
-<span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;My Second Chart&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
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-<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Let&#39;s assign the scatter plot to a variable</span>
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-<p>Since both the x and the y attributes of a bqplot chart are interactive widgets, we can change them. So, let's
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-<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">scatter_plot</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cumsum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mf">100.0</span><span class="p">)</span>
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-<p>Re-run the above cell a few times, the same plot should update every time. But, that's not the only thing that can be changed once a plot has been rendered. Let's try changing some of the other attributes.</p>
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-<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Say, the color</span>
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-<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Or, the marker style</span>
-<span class="n">scatter_plot</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">marker</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;diamond&quot;</span>
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-<p>It's important to remember that an interactive widget means that the <code>JavaScript</code> and the <code>Python</code> communicate. So, the plot can be changed through a single line of python code, or a piece of python code can be triggered by a change in the plot. Let's go through a simple example. Say we have a function <code>foo</code>:</p>
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-    <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;In fact, the Scatter plot sent us all the new data: &quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
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-        <span class="s2">&quot;To access the data, try modifying the function and printing the data variable&quot;</span>
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-<p>We can call <code>foo</code> every time any attribute of our scatter is changed. Say, the <code>y</code> values:</p>
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-<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># First, we hook up our function `foo` to the colors attribute (or Trait) of the scatter plot</span>
-<span class="n">scatter_plot</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">observe</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;y&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
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-<p>To allow the points in the <code>Scatter</code> to be moved interactively, we set the <code>enable_move</code> attribute to <code>True</code></p>
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-<p>Go ahead, head over to the chart and move any point in some way. This move (which happens on the <code>JavaScript</code> side should trigger our <code>Python</code> function <code>foo</code>.</p>
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-<h2 id="Understanding-how-bqplot-uses-the-Grammar-of-Graphics-paradigm">Understanding how bqplot uses the Grammar of Graphics paradigm<a class="anchor-link" href="#Understanding-how-bqplot-uses-the-Grammar-of-Graphics-paradigm">&#182;</a></h2>
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-<p><code>bqplot</code> has two different APIs. One is the matplotlib inspired <code>pyplot</code> which we used above (you can think of it as similar to <code>qplot</code> in <code>ggplot2</code>). The other one, the verbose API, is meant to expose every element of a plot individually, so that their attriutes can be controlled in an atomic way. In order to truly use <code>bqplot</code> to build complex and feature-rich GUIs, it pays to understand the underlying theory that is used to create a plot.</p>
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-<p>To understand this verbose API, it helps to revisit what exactly the components of a plot are. The first thing we need is a <code>Scale</code>.</p>
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-<p><strong>A <code>Scale</code> is a mapping from (function that converts) data coordinates to figure coordinates.</strong> What this means is that, a <code>Scale</code> takes a set of values in any arbitrary unit (say number of people, or $, or litres) and converts it to pixels (or colors for a <code>ColorScale</code>).</p>
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-<span class="n">x_sc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LinearScale</span><span class="p">()</span>
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-<p>Now, we need to create the actual <code>Mark</code> that will visually represent the data. Let's pick a <code>Scatter</code> chart to start.</p>
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-<p>Most of the time, the actual <code>Figure</code> coordinates don't really mean anything to us. So, what we need is the visual representation of our <code>Scale</code>, which is called an <code>Axis</code>.</p>
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-<span class="n">y_ax</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Axis</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;Y&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">scale</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">y_sc</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">orientation</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;vertical&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
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-<p>And finally, we put it all together on a canvas, which is called a <code>Figure</code>.</p>
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-<p>The IPython display machinery displays the last returned value of a cell. If you wish to explicitly display a widget, you can call <code>IPython.display.display</code>.</p>
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-<p>Now, that the plot has been generated, we can control every single attribute of it. Let's say we wanted to color the chart based on some other data.</p>
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-<span class="n">color_data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
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-<p>Now, we define a ColorScale to map the color_data to actual colors</p>
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-<span class="c1"># colors to be interpolated between for continuous data.</span>
-<span class="n">col_sc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ColorScale</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">colors</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;MediumSeaGreen&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Red&quot;</span><span class="p">])</span>
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-<span class="c1"># We pass the color data to the Scatter Chart through it&#39;s color attribute</span>
-<span class="n">scatter_chart</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">color</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">color_data</span>
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-<p>The grammar of graphics framework allows us to overlay multiple visualizations on a single <code>Figure</code> by having the visualization share the <code>Scales</code>. So, for example, if we had a <code>Bar</code> chart that we would like to plot alongside the <code>Scatter</code> plot, we just pass it the same <code>Scales</code>.</p>
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-<span class="n">scale</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">100.0</span>
-<span class="n">x_data_new</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">new_size</span><span class="p">)</span>
-<span class="n">y_data_new</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cumsum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">randn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">new_size</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">scale</span><span class="p">)</span>
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-<span class="n">bar_chart</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Bars</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">x_data_new</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">y_data_new</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">scales</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;x&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">x_sc</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;y&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">y_sc</span><span class="p">})</span>
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-<p>Finally, we add the new <code>Mark</code> to the <code>Figure</code> to update the plot!</p>
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