isomorfeus-iodine 0.7.44

data/ext/iodine/websockets.c

@@ -0,0 +1,735 @@
+/*
+copyright: Boaz Segev, 2016-2019
+license: MIT
+
+Feel free to copy, use and enjoy according to the license provided.
+*/
+#define FIO_INCLUDE_STR
+#include <fio.h>
+
+/* subscription lists have a long lifetime */
+#define FIO_FORCE_MALLOC_TMP 1
+#define FIO_INCLUDE_LINKED_LIST
+#include <fio.h>
+
+#include <fiobj.h>
+
+#include <http.h>
+#include <http_internal.h>
+
+#ifndef __MINGW32__
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#endif
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <strings.h>
+
+#include <websocket_parser.h>
+
+#if !defined(__BIG_ENDIAN__) && !defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN__) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+#include <endian.h>
+#if !defined(__BIG_ENDIAN__) && !defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN__) &&                 \
+    __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__
+#define __BIG_ENDIAN__
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+Buffer management - update to change the way the buffer is handled.
+*/
+struct buffer_s {
+  void *data;
+  size_t size;
+};
+
+#pragma weak create_ws_buffer
+/** returns a buffer_s struct, with a buffer (at least) `size` long. */
+struct buffer_s create_ws_buffer(ws_s *owner);
+
+#pragma weak resize_ws_buffer
+/** returns a buffer_s struct, with a buffer (at least) `size` long. */
+struct buffer_s resize_ws_buffer(ws_s *owner, struct buffer_s);
+
+#pragma weak free_ws_buffer
+/** releases an existing buffer. */
+void free_ws_buffer(ws_s *owner, struct buffer_s);
+
+/** Sets the initial buffer size. (4Kb)*/
+#define WS_INITIAL_BUFFER_SIZE 4096UL
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+Buffer management - simple implementation...
+Since Websocket connections have a long life expectancy, optimizing this part of
+the code probably wouldn't offer a high performance boost.
+*/
+
+// buffer increments by 4,096 Bytes (4Kb)
+#define round_up_buffer_size(size) (((size) >> 12) + 1) << 12
+
+struct buffer_s create_ws_buffer(ws_s *owner) {
+  (void)(owner);
+  struct buffer_s buff;
+  buff.size = WS_INITIAL_BUFFER_SIZE;
+  buff.data = malloc(buff.size);
+  FIO_ASSERT_ALLOC(buff.data);
+  return buff;
+}
+
+struct buffer_s resize_ws_buffer(ws_s *owner, struct buffer_s buff) {
+  buff.size = round_up_buffer_size(buff.size);
+  void *tmp = realloc(buff.data, buff.size);
+  if (!tmp) {
+    free_ws_buffer(owner, buff);
+    buff.size = 0;
+  }
+  buff.data = tmp;
+  return buff;
+}
+void free_ws_buffer(ws_s *owner, struct buffer_s buff) {
+  (void)(owner);
+  free(buff.data);
+}
+
+#undef round_up_buffer_size
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+Create/Destroy the websocket object (prototypes)
+*/
+
+static ws_s *new_websocket();
+static void destroy_ws(ws_s *ws);
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+The Websocket object (protocol + parser)
+*/
+struct ws_s {
+  /** The Websocket protocol */
+  fio_protocol_s protocol;
+  /** connection data */
+  intptr_t fd;
+  /** callbacks */
+  void (*on_message)(ws_s *ws, fio_str_info_s msg, uint8_t is_text);
+  void (*on_shutdown)(ws_s *ws);
+  void (*on_ready)(ws_s *ws);
+  void (*on_open)(ws_s *ws);
+  void (*on_close)(intptr_t uuid, void *udata);
+  /** Opaque user data. */
+  void *udata;
+  /** The maximum websocket message size */
+  size_t max_msg_size;
+  /** active pub/sub subscriptions */
+  fio_ls_s subscriptions;
+  fio_lock_i sub_lock;
+  /** socket buffer. */
+  struct buffer_s buffer;
+  /** data length (how much of the buffer actually used). */
+  size_t length;
+  /** message buffer. */
+  FIOBJ msg;
+  /** latest text state. */
+  uint8_t is_text;
+  /** websocket connection type. */
+  uint8_t is_client;
+};
+
+/* *****************************************************************************
+Create/Destroy the websocket subscription objects
+***************************************************************************** */
+
+static inline void clear_subscriptions(ws_s *ws) {
+  fio_lock(&ws->sub_lock);
+  while (fio_ls_any(&ws->subscriptions)) {
+    fio_unsubscribe(fio_ls_pop(&ws->subscriptions));
+  }
+  fio_unlock(&ws->sub_lock);
+}
+
+/* *****************************************************************************
+Callbacks - Required functions for websocket_parser.h
+***************************************************************************** */
+
+static void websocket_on_unwrapped(void *ws_p, void *msg, uint64_t len,
+                                   char first, char last, char text,
+                                   unsigned char rsv) {
+  ws_s *ws = ws_p;
+  if (last && first) {
+    ws->on_message(ws, (fio_str_info_s){.data = msg, .len = len},
+                   (uint8_t)text);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (first) {
+    ws->is_text = (uint8_t)text;
+    if (ws->msg == FIOBJ_INVALID)
+      ws->msg = fiobj_str_buf(len);
+    fiobj_str_resize(ws->msg, 0);
+  }
+  fiobj_str_write(ws->msg, msg, len);
+  if (last) {
+    ws->on_message(ws, fiobj_obj2cstr(ws->msg), ws->is_text);
+  }
+
+  (void)rsv;
+}
+static void websocket_on_protocol_ping(void *ws_p, void *msg_, uint64_t len) {
+  ws_s *ws = ws_p;
+  if (msg_) {
+    void *buff = malloc(len + 16);
+    FIO_ASSERT_ALLOC(buff);
+    len = (((ws_s *)ws)->is_client
+               ? websocket_client_wrap(buff, msg_, len, 10, 1, 1, 0)
+               : websocket_server_wrap(buff, msg_, len, 10, 1, 1, 0));
+    fio_write2(ws->fd, .data.buffer = buff, .length = len);
+  } else {
+    if (((ws_s *)ws)->is_client) {
+      fio_write2(ws->fd, .data.buffer = "\x89\x80mask", .length = 2,
+                 .after.dealloc = FIO_DEALLOC_NOOP);
+    } else {
+      fio_write2(ws->fd, .data.buffer = "\x89\x00", .length = 2,
+                 .after.dealloc = FIO_DEALLOC_NOOP);
+    }
+  }
+}
+static void websocket_on_protocol_pong(void *ws_p, void *msg, uint64_t len) {
+  (void)len;
+  (void)msg;
+  (void)ws_p;
+}
+static void websocket_on_protocol_close(void *ws_p) {
+  ws_s *ws = ws_p;
+  fio_close(ws->fd);
+}
+static void websocket_on_protocol_error(void *ws_p) {
+  ws_s *ws = ws_p;
+  fio_close(ws->fd);
+}
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+The Websocket Protocol implementation
+*/
+
+#define ws_protocol(fd) ((ws_s *)(server_get_protocol(fd)))
+
+static void ws_ping(intptr_t fd, fio_protocol_s *ws) {
+  (void)(ws);
+  if (((ws_s *)ws)->is_client) {
+    fio_write2(fd, .data.buffer = "\x89\x80MASK", .length = 6,
+               .after.dealloc = FIO_DEALLOC_NOOP);
+  } else {
+    fio_write2(fd, .data.buffer = "\x89\x00", .length = 2,
+               .after.dealloc = FIO_DEALLOC_NOOP);
+  }
+}
+
+static void on_close(intptr_t uuid, fio_protocol_s *_ws) {
+  destroy_ws((ws_s *)_ws);
+  (void)uuid;
+}
+
+static void on_ready(intptr_t fduuid, fio_protocol_s *ws) {
+  (void)(fduuid);
+  if (((ws_s *)ws)->on_ready)
+    ((ws_s *)ws)->on_ready((ws_s *)ws);
+}
+
+static uint8_t on_shutdown(intptr_t fd, fio_protocol_s *ws) {
+  (void)(fd);
+  if (ws && ((ws_s *)ws)->on_shutdown)
+    ((ws_s *)ws)->on_shutdown((ws_s *)ws);
+  if (((ws_s *)ws)->is_client) {
+    fio_write2(fd, .data.buffer = "\x8a\x80MASK", .length = 6,
+               .after.dealloc = FIO_DEALLOC_NOOP);
+  } else {
+    fio_write2(fd, .data.buffer = "\x8a\x00", .length = 2,
+               .after.dealloc = FIO_DEALLOC_NOOP);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static void on_data(intptr_t sockfd, fio_protocol_s *ws_) {
+  ws_s *const ws = (ws_s *)ws_;
+  if (ws == NULL)
+    return;
+  struct websocket_packet_info_s info =
+      websocket_buffer_peek(ws->buffer.data, ws->length);
+  const uint64_t raw_length = info.packet_length + info.head_length;
+  /* test expected data amount */
+  if (ws->max_msg_size < raw_length) {
+    /* too big */
+    websocket_close(ws);
+    return;
+  }
+  /* test buffer capacity */
+  if (raw_length > ws->buffer.size) {
+    ws->buffer.size = (size_t)raw_length;
+    ws->buffer = resize_ws_buffer(ws, ws->buffer);
+    if (!ws->buffer.data) {
+      // no memory.
+      websocket_close(ws);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  const ssize_t len = fio_read(sockfd, (uint8_t *)ws->buffer.data + ws->length,
+                               ws->buffer.size - ws->length);
+  if (len <= 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+  ws->length = websocket_consume(ws->buffer.data, ws->length + len, ws,
+                                 (~(ws->is_client) & 1));
+
+  fio_force_event(sockfd, FIO_EVENT_ON_DATA);
+}
+
+static void on_data_first(intptr_t sockfd, fio_protocol_s *ws_) {
+  ws_s *const ws = (ws_s *)ws_;
+  if (ws->on_open)
+    ws->on_open(ws);
+  ws->protocol.on_data = on_data;
+  ws->protocol.on_ready = on_ready;
+
+  if (ws->length) {
+    ws->length = websocket_consume(ws->buffer.data, ws->length, ws,
+                                   (~(ws->is_client) & 1));
+  }
+  fio_force_event(sockfd, FIO_EVENT_ON_DATA);
+  fio_force_event(sockfd, FIO_EVENT_ON_READY);
+}
+
+/* later */
+static void websocket_write_impl(intptr_t fd, void *data, size_t len, char text,
+                                 char first, char last, char client);
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+Create/Destroy the websocket object
+*/
+
+static ws_s *new_websocket(intptr_t uuid) {
+  // allocate the protocol object
+  ws_s *ws = malloc(sizeof(*ws));
+  FIO_ASSERT_ALLOC(ws);
+  *ws = (ws_s){
+      .protocol.ping = ws_ping,
+      .protocol.on_data = on_data_first,
+      .protocol.on_close = on_close,
+      .protocol.on_ready = NULL /* filled in after `on_open` */,
+      .protocol.on_shutdown = on_shutdown,
+      .subscriptions = FIO_LS_INIT(ws->subscriptions),
+      .is_client = 0,
+      .fd = uuid,
+  };
+  return ws;
+}
+static void destroy_ws(ws_s *ws) {
+  if (ws->on_close)
+    ws->on_close(ws->fd, ws->udata);
+  if (ws->msg)
+    fiobj_free(ws->msg);
+  clear_subscriptions(ws);
+  free_ws_buffer(ws, ws->buffer);
+  free(ws);
+}
+
+void websocket_attach(intptr_t uuid, http_settings_s *http_settings,
+                      websocket_settings_s *args, void *data, size_t length) {
+  ws_s *ws = new_websocket(uuid);
+  // we have an active websocket connection - prep the connection buffer
+  ws->buffer = create_ws_buffer(ws);
+  // Setup ws callbacks
+  ws->on_open = args->on_open;
+  ws->on_close = args->on_close;
+  ws->on_message = args->on_message;
+  ws->on_ready = args->on_ready;
+  ws->on_shutdown = args->on_shutdown;
+  // setup any user data
+  ws->udata = args->udata;
+  if (http_settings) {
+    // client mode?
+    ws->is_client = http_settings->is_client;
+    // buffer limits
+    ws->max_msg_size = http_settings->ws_max_msg_size;
+    // update the timeout
+    fio_timeout_set(uuid, http_settings->ws_timeout);
+  } else {
+    ws->max_msg_size = (1024 * 256);
+    fio_timeout_set(uuid, 40);
+  }
+
+  if (data && length) {
+    if (length > ws->buffer.size) {
+      ws->buffer.size = length;
+      ws->buffer = resize_ws_buffer(ws, ws->buffer);
+      if (!ws->buffer.data) {
+        // no memory.
+        fio_attach(uuid, (fio_protocol_s *)ws);
+        websocket_close(ws);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    memcpy(ws->buffer.data, data, length);
+    ws->length = length;
+  }
+  // update the protocol object, cleaning up the old one
+  fio_attach(uuid, (fio_protocol_s *)ws);
+  // allow the on_open and on_data to take over the control.
+  fio_force_event(uuid, FIO_EVENT_ON_DATA);
+}
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+Writing to the Websocket
+*/
+#define WS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE                                                      \
+  (FIO_MEMORY_BLOCK_ALLOC_LIMIT - 4096) // should be less then `unsigned short`
+
+static void websocket_write_impl(intptr_t fd, void *data, size_t len, char text,
+                                 char first, char last, char client) {
+  if (len <= WS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE) {
+    void *buff = fio_malloc(len + 16);
+    FIO_ASSERT_ALLOC(buff);
+    len = (client ? websocket_client_wrap(buff, data, len, (text ? 1 : 2),
+                                          first, last, 0)
+                  : websocket_server_wrap(buff, data, len, (text ? 1 : 2),
+                                          first, last, 0));
+    fio_write2(fd, .data.buffer = buff, .length = len,
+               .after.dealloc = fio_free);
+  } else {
+    /* frame fragmentation is better for large data then large frames */
+    while (len > WS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE) {
+      websocket_write_impl(fd, data, WS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE, text, first, 0, client);
+      data = ((uint8_t *)data) + WS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE;
+      first = 0;
+      len -= WS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE;
+    }
+    websocket_write_impl(fd, data, len, text, first, 1, client);
+  }
+  return;
+}
+
+/* *****************************************************************************
+Multi-client broadcast optimizations
+***************************************************************************** */
+
+static void websocket_optimize_free(fio_msg_s *msg, void *metadata) {
+  fiobj_free((FIOBJ)metadata);
+  (void)msg;
+}
+
+static inline fio_msg_metadata_s websocket_optimize(fio_str_info_s msg,
+                                                    unsigned char opcode) {
+  FIOBJ out = fiobj_str_buf(msg.len + 10);
+  fiobj_str_resize(out,
+                   websocket_server_wrap(fiobj_obj2cstr(out).data, msg.data,
+                                         msg.len, opcode, 1, 1, 0));
+  fio_msg_metadata_s ret = {
+      .on_finish = websocket_optimize_free,
+      .metadata = (void *)out,
+  };
+  return ret;
+}
+static fio_msg_metadata_s websocket_optimize_generic(fio_str_info_s ch,
+                                                     fio_str_info_s msg,
+                                                     uint8_t is_json) {
+  fio_str_s tmp = FIO_STR_INIT_EXISTING(ch.data, ch.len, 0); // don't free
+  tmp.dealloc = NULL;
+  unsigned char opcode = 2;
+  if (tmp.len <= (2 << 19) && fio_str_utf8_valid(&tmp)) {
+    opcode = 1;
+  }
+  fio_msg_metadata_s ret = websocket_optimize(msg, opcode);
+  ret.type_id = WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB;
+  return ret;
+  (void)ch;
+  (void)is_json;
+}
+
+static fio_msg_metadata_s websocket_optimize_text(fio_str_info_s ch,
+                                                  fio_str_info_s msg,
+                                                  uint8_t is_json) {
+  fio_msg_metadata_s ret = websocket_optimize(msg, 1);
+  ret.type_id = WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB_TEXT;
+  return ret;
+  (void)ch;
+  (void)is_json;
+}
+
+static fio_msg_metadata_s websocket_optimize_binary(fio_str_info_s ch,
+                                                    fio_str_info_s msg,
+                                                    uint8_t is_json) {
+  fio_msg_metadata_s ret = websocket_optimize(msg, 2);
+  ret.type_id = WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB_BINARY;
+  return ret;
+  (void)ch;
+  (void)is_json;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Enables (or disables) broadcast optimizations.
+ *
+ * When using WebSocket pub/sub system is originally optimized for either
+ * non-direct transmission (messages are handled by callbacks) or direct
+ * transmission to 1-3 clients per channel (on average), meaning that the
+ * majority of the messages are meant for a single recipient (or multiple
+ * callback recipients) and only some are expected to be directly transmitted to
+ * a group.
+ *
+ * However, when most messages are intended for direct transmission to more than
+ * 3 clients (on average), certain optimizations can be made to improve memory
+ * consumption (minimize duplication or WebSocket network data).
+ *
+ * This function allows enablement (or disablement) of these optimizations.
+ * These optimizations include:
+ *
+ * * WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB - optimize all direct transmission messages,
+ *                               best attempt to detect Text vs. Binary data.
+ * * WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB_TEXT - optimize direct pub/sub text messages.
+ * * WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB_BINARY - optimize direct pub/sub binary messages.
+ *
+ * Note: to disable an optimization it should be disabled the same amount of
+ * times it was enabled - multiple optimization enablements for the same type
+ * are merged, but reference counted (disabled when reference is zero).
+ */
+void websocket_optimize4broadcasts(intptr_t type, int enable) {
+  static intptr_t generic = 0;
+  static intptr_t text = 0;
+  static intptr_t binary = 0;
+  fio_msg_metadata_s (*callback)(fio_str_info_s, fio_str_info_s, uint8_t);
+  intptr_t *counter;
+  switch ((0 - type)) {
+  case (0 - WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB):
+    counter = &generic;
+    callback = websocket_optimize_generic;
+    break;
+  case (0 - WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB_TEXT):
+    counter = &text;
+    callback = websocket_optimize_text;
+    break;
+  case (0 - WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB_BINARY):
+    counter = &binary;
+    callback = websocket_optimize_binary;
+    break;
+  default:
+    return;
+  }
+  if (enable) {
+    if (fio_atomic_add(counter, 1) == 1) {
+      fio_message_metadata_callback_set(callback, 1);
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (fio_atomic_sub(counter, 1) == 0) {
+      fio_message_metadata_callback_set(callback, 0);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/* *****************************************************************************
+Subscription handling
+***************************************************************************** */
+
+typedef struct {
+  void (*on_message)(ws_s *ws, fio_str_info_s channel, fio_str_info_s msg,
+                     void *udata);
+  void (*on_unsubscribe)(void *udata);
+  void *udata;
+} websocket_sub_data_s;
+
+static inline void websocket_on_pubsub_message_direct_internal(fio_msg_s *msg,
+                                                               uint8_t txt) {
+  fio_protocol_s *pr =
+      fio_protocol_try_lock((intptr_t)msg->udata1, FIO_PR_LOCK_WRITE);
+  if (!pr) {
+    if (errno == EBADF)
+      return;
+    fio_message_defer(msg);
+    return;
+  }
+  FIOBJ message = FIOBJ_INVALID;
+  FIOBJ pre_wrapped = FIOBJ_INVALID;
+  if (!((ws_s *)pr)->is_client) {
+    /* pre-wrapping is only for client data */
+    switch (txt) {
+    case 0:
+      pre_wrapped =
+          (FIOBJ)fio_message_metadata(msg, WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB_BINARY);
+      break;
+    case 1:
+      pre_wrapped =
+          (FIOBJ)fio_message_metadata(msg, WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB_TEXT);
+      break;
+    case 2:
+      pre_wrapped = (FIOBJ)fio_message_metadata(msg, WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB);
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+    if (pre_wrapped) {
+      // FIO_LOG_DEBUG(
+      //     "pub/sub WebSocket optimization route for pre-wrapped message.");
+      fiobj_send_free((intptr_t)msg->udata1, fiobj_dup(pre_wrapped));
+      goto finish;
+    }
+  }
+  if (txt == 2) {
+    /* unknown text state */
+    fio_str_s tmp =
+        FIO_STR_INIT_STATIC2(msg->msg.data, msg->msg.len); // don't free
+    txt = (tmp.len >= (2 << 14) ? 0 : fio_str_utf8_valid(&tmp));
+  }
+  websocket_write((ws_s *)pr, msg->msg, txt & 1);
+  fiobj_free(message);
+finish:
+  fio_protocol_unlock(pr, FIO_PR_LOCK_WRITE);
+}
+
+static void websocket_on_pubsub_message_direct(fio_msg_s *msg) {
+  websocket_on_pubsub_message_direct_internal(msg, 2);
+}
+
+static void websocket_on_pubsub_message_direct_txt(fio_msg_s *msg) {
+  websocket_on_pubsub_message_direct_internal(msg, 1);
+}
+
+static void websocket_on_pubsub_message_direct_bin(fio_msg_s *msg) {
+  websocket_on_pubsub_message_direct_internal(msg, 0);
+}
+
+static void websocket_on_pubsub_message(fio_msg_s *msg) {
+  fio_protocol_s *pr =
+      fio_protocol_try_lock((intptr_t)msg->udata1, FIO_PR_LOCK_TASK);
+  if (!pr) {
+    if (errno == EBADF)
+      return;
+    fio_message_defer(msg);
+    return;
+  }
+  websocket_sub_data_s *d = msg->udata2;
+
+  if (d->on_message)
+    d->on_message((ws_s *)pr, msg->channel, msg->msg, d->udata);
+  fio_protocol_unlock(pr, FIO_PR_LOCK_TASK);
+}
+
+static void websocket_on_unsubscribe(void *u1, void *u2) {
+  websocket_sub_data_s *d = u2;
+  if (d->on_unsubscribe) {
+    d->on_unsubscribe(d->udata);
+  }
+
+  if ((intptr_t)d->on_message == (intptr_t)WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB) {
+    websocket_optimize4broadcasts(WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB, 0);
+  } else if ((intptr_t)d->on_message ==
+             (intptr_t)WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB_TEXT) {
+    websocket_optimize4broadcasts(WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB_TEXT, 0);
+  } else if ((intptr_t)d->on_message ==
+             (intptr_t)WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB_BINARY) {
+    websocket_optimize4broadcasts(WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB_BINARY, 0);
+  }
+  free(d);
+  (void)u1;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a subscription ID on success and 0 on failure.
+ */
+#undef websocket_subscribe
+uintptr_t websocket_subscribe(struct websocket_subscribe_s args) {
+  if (!args.ws || !fio_is_valid(args.ws->fd))
+    goto error;
+  websocket_sub_data_s *d = malloc(sizeof(*d));
+  FIO_ASSERT_ALLOC(d);
+  *d = (websocket_sub_data_s){
+      .udata = args.udata,
+      .on_message = args.on_message,
+      .on_unsubscribe = args.on_unsubscribe,
+  };
+  void (*handler)(fio_msg_s *) = websocket_on_pubsub_message;
+  if (!args.on_message) {
+    intptr_t br_type;
+    if (args.force_binary) {
+      br_type = WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB_BINARY;
+      handler = websocket_on_pubsub_message_direct_bin;
+    } else if (args.force_text) {
+      br_type = WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB_TEXT;
+      handler = websocket_on_pubsub_message_direct_txt;
+    } else {
+      br_type = WEBSOCKET_OPTIMIZE_PUBSUB;
+      handler = websocket_on_pubsub_message_direct;
+    }
+    websocket_optimize4broadcasts(br_type, 1);
+    d->on_message =
+        (void (*)(ws_s *, fio_str_info_s, fio_str_info_s, void *))br_type;
+  }
+  subscription_s *sub =
+      fio_subscribe(.channel = args.channel, .match = args.match,
+                    .on_unsubscribe = websocket_on_unsubscribe,
+                    .on_message = handler, .udata1 = (void *)args.ws->fd,
+                    .udata2 = d);
+  if (!sub) {
+    /* don't free `d`, return (`d` freed by fio_subscribe) */
+    return 0;
+  }
+  fio_ls_s *pos;
+  fio_lock(&args.ws->sub_lock);
+  pos = fio_ls_push(&args.ws->subscriptions, sub);
+  fio_unlock(&args.ws->sub_lock);
+
+  return (uintptr_t)pos;
+error:
+  if (args.on_unsubscribe)
+    args.on_unsubscribe(args.udata);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Unsubscribes from a channel.
+ */
+void websocket_unsubscribe(ws_s *ws, uintptr_t subscription_id) {
+  fio_unsubscribe((subscription_s *)((fio_ls_s *)subscription_id)->obj);
+  fio_lock(&ws->sub_lock);
+  fio_ls_remove((fio_ls_s *)subscription_id);
+  fio_unlock(&ws->sub_lock);
+
+  (void)ws;
+}
+
+/*******************************************************************************
+The API implementation
+*/
+
+/** Returns the opaque user data associated with the websocket. */
+void *websocket_udata_get(ws_s *ws) { return ws->udata; }
+
+/** Returns the the process specific connection's UUID (see `libsock`). */
+intptr_t websocket_uuid(ws_s *ws) { return ws->fd; }
+
+/** Sets the opaque user data associated with the websocket.
+ * Returns the old value, if any. */
+void *websocket_udata_set(ws_s *ws, void *udata) {
+  void *old = ws->udata;
+  ws->udata = udata;
+  return old;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns 1 if the WebSocket connection is in Client mode (connected to a
+ * remote server) and 0 if the connection is in Server mode (a connection
+ * established using facil.io's HTTP server).
+ */
+uint8_t websocket_is_client(ws_s *ws) { return ws->is_client; }
+
+/** Writes data to the websocket. Returns -1 on failure (0 on success). */
+int websocket_write(ws_s *ws, fio_str_info_s msg, uint8_t is_text) {
+  if (fio_is_valid(ws->fd)) {
+    websocket_write_impl(ws->fd, msg.data, msg.len, is_text, 1, 1,
+                         ws->is_client);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return -1;
+}
+/** Closes a websocket connection. */
+void websocket_close(ws_s *ws) {
+  fio_write2(ws->fd, .data.buffer = "\x88\x00", .length = 2,
+             .after.dealloc = FIO_DEALLOC_NOOP);
+  fio_close(ws->fd);
+  return;
+}