isomorfeus-iodine 0.7.44

data/ext/iodine/iodine_http.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1171 @@
+/*
+Copyright: Boaz segev, 2016-2017
+License: MIT
+
+Feel free to copy, use and enjoy according to the license provided.
+*/
+#include "iodine.h"
+
+#include "http.h"
+
+#include <ruby/encoding.h>
+#include <ruby/io.h>
+// #include "iodine_websockets.h"
+
+#ifndef __MINGW32__
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#endif
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#ifndef __MINGW32__
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#endif
+
+/* *****************************************************************************
+Available Globals
+***************************************************************************** */
+
+typedef struct {
+  VALUE app;
+  VALUE env;
+} iodine_http_settings_s;
+
+/* these three are used also by iodin_rack_io.c */
+VALUE IODINE_R_INPUT_DEFAULT;
+VALUE IODINE_R_INPUT;
+VALUE IODINE_R_HIJACK;
+VALUE IODINE_R_HIJACK_IO;
+VALUE IODINE_R_HIJACK_CB;
+
+static VALUE RACK_UPGRADE;
+static VALUE RACK_UPGRADE_Q;
+static VALUE RACK_UPGRADE_SSE;
+static VALUE RACK_UPGRADE_WEBSOCKET;
+static VALUE UPGRADE_TCP;
+
+static VALUE HTTP_ACCEPT;
+static VALUE HTTP_USER_AGENT;
+static VALUE HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING;
+static VALUE HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE;
+static VALUE HTTP_CONNECTION;
+static VALUE HTTP_HOST;
+
+static VALUE hijack_func_sym;
+static ID close_method_id;
+static ID each_method_id;
+static ID attach_method_id;
+static ID iodine_call_proc_id;
+
+static VALUE env_template_no_upgrade;
+static VALUE env_template_websockets;
+static VALUE env_template_sse;
+
+static rb_encoding *IodineUTF8Encoding;
+static rb_encoding *IodineBinaryEncoding;
+
+static uint8_t support_xsendfile = 0;
+
+#define rack_declare(rack_name) static VALUE rack_name
+
+#define rack_set(rack_name, str)                                               \
+  (rack_name) = rb_enc_str_new((str), strlen((str)), IodineBinaryEncoding);    \
+  rb_global_variable(&(rack_name));                                            \
+  rb_obj_freeze(rack_name);
+#define rack_set_sym(rack_name, sym)                                           \
+  (rack_name) = rb_id2sym(rb_intern2((sym), strlen((sym))));                   \
+  rb_global_variable(&(rack_name));
+
+#define rack_autoset(rack_name) rack_set((rack_name), #rack_name)
+
+// static uint8_t IODINE_IS_DEVELOPMENT_MODE = 0;
+
+rack_declare(HTTP_SCHEME);
+rack_declare(HTTPS_SCHEME);
+rack_declare(QUERY_ESTRING);
+rack_declare(REQUEST_METHOD);
+rack_declare(PATH_INFO);
+rack_declare(QUERY_STRING);
+rack_declare(QUERY_ESTRING);
+rack_declare(SERVER_NAME);
+rack_declare(SERVER_PORT);
+rack_declare(SERVER_PROTOCOL);
+rack_declare(HTTP_VERSION);
+rack_declare(REMOTE_ADDR);
+rack_declare(CONTENT_LENGTH);
+rack_declare(CONTENT_TYPE);
+rack_declare(R_URL_SCHEME);          // rack.url_scheme
+rack_declare(R_INPUT);               // rack.input
+rack_declare(XSENDFILE);             // for X-Sendfile support
+rack_declare(XSENDFILE_TYPE);        // for X-Sendfile support
+rack_declare(XSENDFILE_TYPE_HEADER); // for X-Sendfile support
+rack_declare(CONTENT_LENGTH_HEADER); // for X-Sendfile support
+
+/* used internally to handle requests */
+typedef struct {
+  http_s *h;
+  FIOBJ body;
+  enum iodine_http_response_type_enum {
+    IODINE_HTTP_NONE,
+    IODINE_HTTP_SENDBODY,
+    IODINE_HTTP_XSENDFILE,
+    IODINE_HTTP_EMPTY,
+    IODINE_HTTP_ERROR,
+  } type;
+  enum iodine_upgrade_type_enum {
+    IODINE_UPGRADE_NONE = 0,
+    IODINE_UPGRADE_WEBSOCKET,
+    IODINE_UPGRADE_SSE,
+  } upgrade;
+} iodine_http_request_handle_s;
+
+/* *****************************************************************************
+WebSocket support
+***************************************************************************** */
+
+typedef struct {
+  char *data;
+  size_t size;
+  uint8_t is_text;
+  VALUE io;
+} iodine_msg2ruby_s;
+
+static void *iodine_ws_fire_message(void *msg_) {
+  iodine_msg2ruby_s *msg = msg_;
+  VALUE data = rb_enc_str_new(
+      msg->data, msg->size,
+      (msg->is_text ? rb_utf8_encoding() : rb_ascii8bit_encoding()));
+  iodine_connection_fire_event(msg->io, IODINE_CONNECTION_ON_MESSAGE, data);
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+static void iodine_ws_on_message(ws_s *ws, fio_str_info_s data,
+                                 uint8_t is_text) {
+  iodine_msg2ruby_s msg = {
+      .data = data.data,
+      .size = data.len,
+      .is_text = is_text,
+      .io = (VALUE)websocket_udata_get(ws),
+  };
+  IodineCaller.enterGVL(iodine_ws_fire_message, &msg);
+}
+/**
+ * The (optional) on_open callback will be called once the websocket
+ * connection is established and before is is registered with `facil`, so no
+ * `on_message` events are raised before `on_open` returns.
+ */
+static void iodine_ws_on_open(ws_s *ws) {
+  VALUE h = (VALUE)websocket_udata_get(ws);
+  iodine_connection_s *c = iodine_connection_CData(h);
+  c->arg = ws;
+  c->uuid = websocket_uuid(ws);
+  iodine_connection_fire_event(h, IODINE_CONNECTION_ON_OPEN, Qnil);
+}
+/**
+ * The (optional) on_ready callback will be after a the underlying socket's
+ * buffer changes it's state from full to empty.
+ *
+ * If the socket's buffer is never used, the callback is never called.
+ */
+static void iodine_ws_on_ready(ws_s *ws) {
+  iodine_connection_fire_event((VALUE)websocket_udata_get(ws),
+                               IODINE_CONNECTION_ON_DRAINED, Qnil);
+}
+/**
+ * The (optional) on_shutdown callback will be called if a websocket
+ * connection is still open while the server is shutting down (called before
+ * `on_close`).
+ */
+static void iodine_ws_on_shutdown(ws_s *ws) {
+  iodine_connection_fire_event((VALUE)websocket_udata_get(ws),
+                               IODINE_CONNECTION_ON_SHUTDOWN, Qnil);
+}
+/**
+ * The (optional) on_close callback will be called once a websocket connection
+ * is terminated or failed to be established.
+ *
+ * The `uuid` is the connection's unique ID that can identify the Websocket. A
+ * value of `uuid == 0` indicates the Websocket connection wasn't established
+ * (an error occured).
+ *
+ * The `udata` is the user data as set during the upgrade or using the
+ * `websocket_udata_set` function.
+ */
+static void iodine_ws_on_close(intptr_t uuid, void *udata) {
+  iodine_connection_fire_event((VALUE)udata, IODINE_CONNECTION_ON_CLOSE, Qnil);
+  (void)uuid;
+}
+
+static void iodine_ws_attach(http_s *h, VALUE handler, VALUE env) {
+  VALUE io =
+      iodine_connection_new(.type = IODINE_CONNECTION_WEBSOCKET, .arg = NULL,
+                            .handler = handler, .env = env, .uuid = 0);
+  if (io == Qnil)
+    return;
+
+  http_upgrade2ws(h, .on_message = iodine_ws_on_message,
+                  .on_open = iodine_ws_on_open, .on_ready = iodine_ws_on_ready,
+                  .on_shutdown = iodine_ws_on_shutdown,
+                  .on_close = iodine_ws_on_close, .udata = (void *)io);
+}
+
+/* *****************************************************************************
+SSE support
+***************************************************************************** */
+
+static void iodine_sse_on_ready(http_sse_s *sse) {
+  iodine_connection_fire_event((VALUE)sse->udata, IODINE_CONNECTION_ON_DRAINED,
+                               Qnil);
+}
+
+static void iodine_sse_on_shutdown(http_sse_s *sse) {
+  iodine_connection_fire_event((VALUE)sse->udata, IODINE_CONNECTION_ON_SHUTDOWN,
+                               Qnil);
+}
+static void iodine_sse_on_close(http_sse_s *sse) {
+  iodine_connection_fire_event((VALUE)sse->udata, IODINE_CONNECTION_ON_CLOSE,
+                               Qnil);
+}
+
+static void iodine_sse_on_open(http_sse_s *sse) {
+  VALUE h = (VALUE)sse->udata;
+  iodine_connection_s *c = iodine_connection_CData(h);
+  c->arg = sse;
+  c->uuid = http_sse2uuid(sse);
+  iodine_connection_fire_event(h, IODINE_CONNECTION_ON_OPEN, Qnil);
+  sse->on_ready = iodine_sse_on_ready;
+  fio_force_event(c->uuid, FIO_EVENT_ON_READY);
+}
+
+static void iodine_sse_attach(http_s *h, VALUE handler, VALUE env) {
+  VALUE io = iodine_connection_new(.type = IODINE_CONNECTION_SSE, .arg = NULL,
+                                   .handler = handler, .env = env, .uuid = 0);
+  if (io == Qnil)
+    return;
+
+  http_upgrade2sse(h, .on_open = iodine_sse_on_open,
+                   .on_ready = NULL /* will be set after the on_open */,
+                   .on_shutdown = iodine_sse_on_shutdown,
+                   .on_close = iodine_sse_on_close, .udata = (void *)io);
+}
+
+/* *****************************************************************************
+Copying data from the C request to the Rack's ENV
+***************************************************************************** */
+
+#define to_upper(c) (((c) >= 'a' && (c) <= 'z') ? ((c) & ~32) : (c))
+
+static int iodine_copy2env_task(FIOBJ o, void *env_) {
+  VALUE env = (VALUE)env_;
+  FIOBJ name = fiobj_hash_key_in_loop();
+  fio_str_info_s tmp = fiobj_obj2cstr(name);
+  VALUE hname = (VALUE)0;
+  /* test for common header names, using pre-allocated memory */
+  if (tmp.len == 6 && !memcmp("accept", tmp.data, 6)) {
+    hname = HTTP_ACCEPT;
+  } else if (tmp.len == 10 && !memcmp("user-agent", tmp.data, 10)) {
+    hname = HTTP_USER_AGENT;
+  } else if (tmp.len == 15 && !memcmp("accept-encoding", tmp.data, 15)) {
+    hname = HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING;
+  } else if (tmp.len == 15 && !memcmp("accept-language", tmp.data, 15)) {
+    hname = HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE;
+  } else if (tmp.len == 10 && !memcmp("connection", tmp.data, 10)) {
+    hname = HTTP_CONNECTION;
+  } else if (tmp.len == 4 && !memcmp("host", tmp.data, 4)) {
+    hname = HTTP_HOST;
+  } else if (tmp.len > 123) {
+    char *buf = fio_malloc(tmp.len + 5);
+    memcpy(buf, "HTTP_", 5);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < tmp.len; ++i) {
+      buf[i + 5] = (tmp.data[i] == '-') ? '_' : to_upper(tmp.data[i]);
+    }
+    hname = rb_enc_str_new(buf, tmp.len + 5, IodineBinaryEncoding);
+    fio_free(buf);
+  } else {
+    char buf[128];
+    memcpy(buf, "HTTP_", 5);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < tmp.len; ++i) {
+      buf[i + 5] = (tmp.data[i] == '-') ? '_' : to_upper(tmp.data[i]);
+    }
+    hname = rb_enc_str_new(buf, tmp.len + 5, IodineBinaryEncoding);
+  }
+
+  if (FIOBJ_TYPE_IS(o, FIOBJ_T_STRING)) {
+    tmp = fiobj_obj2cstr(o);
+    rb_hash_aset(env, hname,
+                 rb_enc_str_new(tmp.data, tmp.len, IodineBinaryEncoding));
+
+  } else {
+    /* it's an array */
+    size_t count = fiobj_ary_count(o);
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new2(count);
+    rb_hash_aset(env, hname, ary);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+      tmp = fiobj_obj2cstr(fiobj_ary_index(o, i));
+      rb_ary_push(ary, rb_enc_str_new(tmp.data, tmp.len, IodineBinaryEncoding));
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE copy2env(iodine_http_request_handle_s *handle) {
+  VALUE env;
+  http_s *h = handle->h;
+  switch (handle->upgrade) {
+  case IODINE_UPGRADE_WEBSOCKET:
+    env = rb_hash_dup(env_template_websockets);
+    break;
+  case IODINE_UPGRADE_SSE:
+    env = rb_hash_dup(env_template_sse);
+    break;
+  case IODINE_UPGRADE_NONE: /* fallthrough */
+  default:
+    env = rb_hash_dup(env_template_no_upgrade);
+    break;
+  }
+  IodineStore.add(env);
+
+  fio_str_info_s tmp;
+  char *pos = NULL;
+  /* Copy basic data */
+  tmp = fiobj_obj2cstr(h->method);
+  rb_hash_aset(env, REQUEST_METHOD,
+               rb_enc_str_new(tmp.data, tmp.len, IodineBinaryEncoding));
+  tmp = fiobj_obj2cstr(h->path);
+  rb_hash_aset(env, PATH_INFO,
+               rb_enc_str_new(tmp.data, tmp.len, IodineBinaryEncoding));
+  if (h->query) {
+    tmp = fiobj_obj2cstr(h->query);
+    rb_hash_aset(env, QUERY_STRING,
+                 tmp.len
+                     ? rb_enc_str_new(tmp.data, tmp.len, IodineBinaryEncoding)
+                     : QUERY_ESTRING);
+  } else {
+    rb_hash_aset(env, QUERY_STRING, QUERY_ESTRING);
+  }
+  {
+    // HTTP version appears twice
+    tmp = fiobj_obj2cstr(h->version);
+    VALUE hname = rb_enc_str_new(tmp.data, tmp.len, IodineBinaryEncoding);
+    rb_hash_aset(env, SERVER_PROTOCOL, hname);
+    rb_hash_aset(env, HTTP_VERSION, hname);
+  }
+
+  { // Support for Ruby web-console.
+    fio_str_info_s peer = http_peer_addr(h);
+    if (peer.len) {
+      rb_hash_aset(env, REMOTE_ADDR, rb_str_new(peer.data, peer.len));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* handle the HOST header, including the possible host:#### format*/
+  static uint64_t host_hash = 0;
+  if (!host_hash)
+    host_hash = fiobj_hash_string("host", 4);
+  tmp = fiobj_obj2cstr(fiobj_hash_get2(h->headers, host_hash));
+  pos = tmp.data;
+  while (*pos && *pos != ':')
+    pos++;
+  if (*pos == 0) {
+    rb_hash_aset(env, SERVER_NAME,
+                 rb_enc_str_new(tmp.data, tmp.len, IodineBinaryEncoding));
+    rb_hash_aset(env, SERVER_PORT, QUERY_ESTRING);
+  } else {
+    rb_hash_aset(
+        env, SERVER_NAME,
+        rb_enc_str_new(tmp.data, pos - tmp.data, IodineBinaryEncoding));
+    ++pos;
+    rb_hash_aset(
+        env, SERVER_PORT,
+        rb_enc_str_new(pos, tmp.len - (pos - tmp.data), IodineBinaryEncoding));
+  }
+
+  /* remove special headers */
+  {
+    static uint64_t content_length_hash = 0;
+    if (!content_length_hash)
+      content_length_hash = fiobj_hash_string("content-length", 14);
+    FIOBJ cl = fiobj_hash_get2(h->headers, content_length_hash);
+    if (cl) {
+      tmp = fiobj_obj2cstr(fiobj_hash_get2(h->headers, content_length_hash));
+      if (tmp.data) {
+        rb_hash_aset(env, CONTENT_LENGTH,
+                     rb_enc_str_new(tmp.data, tmp.len, IodineBinaryEncoding));
+        fiobj_hash_delete2(h->headers, content_length_hash);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  {
+    static uint64_t content_type_hash = 0;
+    if (!content_type_hash)
+      content_type_hash = fiobj_hash_string("content-type", 12);
+    FIOBJ ct = fiobj_hash_get2(h->headers, content_type_hash);
+    if (ct) {
+      tmp = fiobj_obj2cstr(ct);
+      if (tmp.len && tmp.data) {
+        rb_hash_aset(env, CONTENT_TYPE,
+                     rb_enc_str_new(tmp.data, tmp.len, IodineBinaryEncoding));
+        fiobj_hash_delete2(h->headers, content_type_hash);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  /* handle scheme / sepcial forwarding headers */
+  {
+    FIOBJ objtmp;
+    static uint64_t xforward_hash = 0;
+    if (!xforward_hash)
+      xforward_hash = fiobj_hash_string("x-forwarded-proto", 27);
+    static uint64_t forward_hash = 0;
+    if (!forward_hash)
+      forward_hash = fiobj_hash_string("forwarded", 9);
+    if ((objtmp = fiobj_hash_get2(h->headers, xforward_hash))) {
+      tmp = fiobj_obj2cstr(objtmp);
+      if (tmp.len >= 5 && !strncasecmp(tmp.data, "https", 5)) {
+        rb_hash_aset(env, R_URL_SCHEME, HTTPS_SCHEME);
+      } else if (tmp.len == 4 && !strncasecmp(tmp.data, "http", 4)) {
+        rb_hash_aset(env, R_URL_SCHEME, HTTP_SCHEME);
+      } else {
+        rb_hash_aset(env, R_URL_SCHEME,
+                     rb_enc_str_new(tmp.data, tmp.len, IodineBinaryEncoding));
+      }
+    } else if ((objtmp = fiobj_hash_get2(h->headers, forward_hash))) {
+      tmp = fiobj_obj2cstr(objtmp);
+      pos = tmp.data;
+      if (pos) {
+        while (*pos) {
+          if (((*(pos++) | 32) == 'p') && ((*(pos++) | 32) == 'r') &&
+              ((*(pos++) | 32) == 'o') && ((*(pos++) | 32) == 't') &&
+              ((*(pos++) | 32) == 'o') && ((*(pos++) | 32) == '=')) {
+            if ((pos[0] | 32) == 'h' && (pos[1] | 32) == 't' &&
+                (pos[2] | 32) == 't' && (pos[3] | 32) == 'p') {
+              if ((pos[4] | 32) == 's') {
+                rb_hash_aset(env, R_URL_SCHEME, HTTPS_SCHEME);
+              } else {
+                rb_hash_aset(env, R_URL_SCHEME, HTTP_SCHEME);
+              }
+            } else {
+              char *tmp = pos;
+              while (*tmp && *tmp != ';')
+                tmp++;
+              rb_hash_aset(env, R_URL_SCHEME, rb_str_new(pos, tmp - pos));
+            }
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (http_settings(h)->tls) {
+      /* no forwarding information, but we do have TLS */
+      rb_hash_aset(env, R_URL_SCHEME, HTTPS_SCHEME);
+    } else {
+      /* no TLS, no forwarding, assume `http`, which is the default */
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* add all remaining headers */
+  fiobj_each1(h->headers, 0, iodine_copy2env_task, (void *)env);
+  return env;
+}
+#undef add_str_to_env
+#undef add_value_to_env
+#undef add_header_to_env
+
+/* *****************************************************************************
+Handling the HTTP response
+***************************************************************************** */
+
+// itterate through the headers and add them to the response buffer
+// (we are recycling the request's buffer)
+static int for_each_header_data(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE h_) {
+  http_s *h = (http_s *)h_;
+  // fprintf(stderr, "For_each - headers\n");
+  if (TYPE(key) != T_STRING)
+    key = IodineCaller.call(key, iodine_to_s_id);
+  if (TYPE(key) != T_STRING)
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+  if (TYPE(val) != T_STRING) {
+    val = IodineCaller.call(val, iodine_to_s_id);
+    if (TYPE(val) != T_STRING)
+      return ST_STOP;
+  }
+  char *key_s = RSTRING_PTR(key);
+  int key_len = RSTRING_LEN(key);
+  char *val_s = RSTRING_PTR(val);
+  int val_len = RSTRING_LEN(val);
+  // make the headers lowercase
+
+  FIOBJ name = fiobj_str_new(key_s, key_len);
+  {
+    fio_str_info_s tmp = fiobj_obj2cstr(name);
+    for (int i = 0; i < key_len; ++i) {
+      tmp.data[i] = tolower(tmp.data[i]);
+    }
+  }
+  // scan the value for newline (\n) delimiters
+  char *pos_s = val_s;
+  char *pos_e = val_s + val_len;
+  while (pos_s < pos_e) {
+    // scanning for newline (\n) delimiters
+    char *const start = pos_s;
+    pos_s = memchr(pos_s, '\n', pos_e - pos_s);
+    if (!pos_s)
+      pos_s = pos_e;
+    http_set_header(h, name, fiobj_str_new(start, (pos_s - start)));
+    // move forward (skip the '\n' if exists)
+    ++pos_s;
+  }
+  fiobj_free(name);
+  // no errors, return 0
+  return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+// writes the body to the response object
+static VALUE for_each_body_string(VALUE str, VALUE body_, int argc,
+                                  VALUE *argv) {
+  // fprintf(stderr, "For_each - body\n");
+  // write body
+  if (TYPE(str) != T_STRING) {
+    FIO_LOG_ERROR("(Iodine) response body not a String\n");
+    return Qfalse;
+  }
+  if (RSTRING_LEN(str) && RSTRING_PTR(str)) {
+    fiobj_str_write((FIOBJ)body_, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
+  }
+  return Qtrue;
+  (void)argc;
+  (void)argv;
+}
+
+static inline int ruby2c_response_send(iodine_http_request_handle_s *handle,
+                                       VALUE rbresponse, VALUE env) {
+  (void)(env);
+  VALUE body = rb_ary_entry(rbresponse, 2);
+  if (handle->h->status < 200 || handle->h->status == 204 ||
+      handle->h->status == 304) {
+    if (body && rb_respond_to(body, close_method_id))
+      IodineCaller.call(body, close_method_id);
+    body = Qnil;
+    handle->type = IODINE_HTTP_NONE;
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if (TYPE(body) == T_ARRAY) {
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(body) == 0) { // only headers
+      handle->type = IODINE_HTTP_EMPTY;
+      return 0;
+    } else if (RARRAY_LEN(body) == 1) { // [String] is likely
+      body = rb_ary_entry(body, 0);
+      // fprintf(stderr, "Body was a single item array, unpacket to string\n");
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (TYPE(body) == T_STRING) {
+    // fprintf(stderr, "Review body as String\n");
+    handle->type = IODINE_HTTP_NONE;
+    if (RSTRING_LEN(body)) {
+      handle->body = fiobj_str_new(RSTRING_PTR(body), RSTRING_LEN(body));
+      handle->type = IODINE_HTTP_SENDBODY;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  } else if (rb_respond_to(body, each_method_id)) {
+    // fprintf(stderr, "Review body as for-each ...\n");
+    handle->body = fiobj_str_buf(1);
+    handle->type = IODINE_HTTP_SENDBODY;
+    IodineCaller.call_with_block(body, each_method_id, 0, NULL,
+                                 (VALUE)handle->body, for_each_body_string);
+    // we need to call `close` in case the object is an IO / BodyProxy
+    if (rb_respond_to(body, close_method_id))
+      IodineCaller.call(body, close_method_id);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return -1;
+}
+
+/* *****************************************************************************
+Handling Upgrade cases
+***************************************************************************** */
+
+static inline int ruby2c_review_upgrade(iodine_http_request_handle_s *req,
+                                        VALUE rbresponse, VALUE env) {
+  http_s *h = req->h;
+  VALUE handler;
+  if ((handler = rb_hash_aref(env, IODINE_R_HIJACK_CB)) != Qnil) {
+    // send headers
+    http_finish(h);
+    // call the callback
+    VALUE io_ruby = IodineCaller.call(rb_hash_aref(env, IODINE_R_HIJACK),
+                                      iodine_call_proc_id);
+    IodineCaller.call2(handler, iodine_call_proc_id, 1, &io_ruby);
+    goto upgraded;
+  } else if ((handler = rb_hash_aref(env, IODINE_R_HIJACK_IO)) != Qnil) {
+    //  do nothing, just cleanup
+    goto upgraded;
+  } else if ((handler = rb_hash_aref(env, UPGRADE_TCP)) != Qnil) {
+    goto tcp_ip_upgrade;
+  } else {
+    switch (req->upgrade) {
+    case IODINE_UPGRADE_WEBSOCKET:
+      if ((handler = rb_hash_aref(env, RACK_UPGRADE)) != Qnil) {
+        // use response as existing base for native websocket upgrade
+        iodine_ws_attach(h, handler, env);
+        goto upgraded;
+      }
+      break;
+    case IODINE_UPGRADE_SSE:
+      if ((handler = rb_hash_aref(env, RACK_UPGRADE)) != Qnil) {
+        // use response as existing base for SSE upgrade
+        iodine_sse_attach(h, handler, env);
+        goto upgraded;
+      }
+      break;
+    default:
+      if ((handler = rb_hash_aref(env, RACK_UPGRADE)) != Qnil) {
+      tcp_ip_upgrade : {
+        // use response as existing base for raw TCP/IP upgrade
+        intptr_t uuid = http_hijack(h, NULL);
+        // send headers
+        http_finish(h);
+        // upgrade protocol to raw TCP/IP
+        iodine_tcp_attch_uuid(uuid, handler);
+        goto upgraded;
+      }
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+
+upgraded:
+  // get body object to close it (if needed)
+  handler = rb_ary_entry(rbresponse, 2);
+  // we need to call `close` in case the object is an IO / BodyProxy
+  if (handler != Qnil && rb_respond_to(handler, close_method_id))
+    IodineCaller.call(handler, close_method_id);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/* *****************************************************************************
+Handling HTTP requests
+***************************************************************************** */
+
+static inline void *iodine_handle_request_in_GVL(void *handle_) {
+  iodine_http_request_handle_s *handle = handle_;
+  VALUE rbresponse = 0;
+  VALUE env = 0;
+  http_s *h = handle->h;
+  if (!h->udata)
+    goto err_not_found;
+
+  // create / register env variable
+  env = copy2env(handle);
+  // create rack.io
+  VALUE tmp = IodineRackIO.create(h, env);
+  // pass env variable to handler
+  rbresponse =
+      IodineCaller.call2((VALUE)h->udata, iodine_call_proc_id, 1, &env);
+  // close rack.io
+  IodineRackIO.close(tmp);
+  // test handler's return value
+  if (rbresponse == 0 || rbresponse == Qnil || TYPE(rbresponse) != T_ARRAY)
+    goto internal_error;
+  IodineStore.add(rbresponse);
+
+  // set response status
+  tmp = rb_ary_entry(rbresponse, 0);
+  if (TYPE(tmp) == T_STRING) {
+    char *data = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
+    h->status = fio_atol(&data);
+  } else if (TYPE(tmp) == T_FIXNUM) {
+    h->status = FIX2ULONG(tmp);
+  } else {
+    goto internal_error;
+  }
+
+  // handle header copy from ruby land to C land.
+  VALUE response_headers = rb_ary_entry(rbresponse, 1);
+  if (TYPE(response_headers) != T_HASH)
+    goto internal_error;
+  // extract the X-Sendfile header (never show original path)
+  // X-Sendfile support only present when iodine serves static files.
+  VALUE xfiles;
+  if (support_xsendfile &&
+      (xfiles = rb_hash_aref(response_headers, XSENDFILE)) != Qnil &&
+      TYPE(xfiles) == T_STRING) {
+    if (OBJ_FROZEN(response_headers)) {
+      response_headers = rb_hash_dup(response_headers);
+    }
+    IodineStore.add(response_headers);
+    handle->body = fiobj_str_new(RSTRING_PTR(xfiles), RSTRING_LEN(xfiles));
+    handle->type = IODINE_HTTP_XSENDFILE;
+    rb_hash_delete(response_headers, XSENDFILE);
+    // remove content length headers, as this will be controled by iodine
+    rb_hash_delete(response_headers, CONTENT_LENGTH_HEADER);
+    // review each header and write it to the response.
+    rb_hash_foreach(response_headers, for_each_header_data, (VALUE)(h));
+    IodineStore.remove(response_headers);
+    // send the file directly and finish
+    goto finish;
+  }
+  // review each header and write it to the response.
+  rb_hash_foreach(response_headers, for_each_header_data, (VALUE)(h));
+  // review for upgrade.
+  if ((intptr_t)h->status < 300 &&
+      ruby2c_review_upgrade(handle, rbresponse, env))
+    goto external_done;
+  // send the request body.
+  if (ruby2c_response_send(handle, rbresponse, env))
+    goto internal_error;
+
+finish:
+  IodineStore.remove(rbresponse);
+  IodineStore.remove(env);
+  return NULL;
+
+external_done:
+  IodineStore.remove(rbresponse);
+  IodineStore.remove(env);
+  handle->type = IODINE_HTTP_NONE;
+  return NULL;
+
+err_not_found:
+  IodineStore.remove(rbresponse);
+  IodineStore.remove(env);
+  h->status = 404;
+  handle->type = IODINE_HTTP_ERROR;
+  return NULL;
+
+internal_error:
+  IodineStore.remove(rbresponse);
+  IodineStore.remove(env);
+  h->status = 500;
+  handle->type = IODINE_HTTP_ERROR;
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+static inline void
+iodine_perform_handle_action(iodine_http_request_handle_s handle) {
+  switch (handle.type) {
+  case IODINE_HTTP_SENDBODY: {
+    fio_str_info_s data = fiobj_obj2cstr(handle.body);
+    http_send_body(handle.h, data.data, data.len);
+    fiobj_free(handle.body);
+    break;
+  }
+  case IODINE_HTTP_XSENDFILE: {
+    /* remove chunked content-encoding header, if any (Rack issue #1266) */
+    if (fiobj_obj2cstr(
+            fiobj_hash_get2(handle.h->private_data.out_headers,
+                            fiobj_obj2hash(HTTP_HEADER_CONTENT_ENCODING)))
+            .len == 7)
+      fiobj_hash_delete2(handle.h->private_data.out_headers,
+                         fiobj_obj2hash(HTTP_HEADER_CONTENT_ENCODING));
+    fio_str_info_s data = fiobj_obj2cstr(handle.body);
+    if (http_sendfile2(handle.h, data.data, data.len, NULL, 0)) {
+      http_send_error(handle.h, 404);
+    }
+    fiobj_free(handle.body);
+    break;
+  }
+  case IODINE_HTTP_EMPTY:
+    http_finish(handle.h);
+    fiobj_free(handle.body);
+    break;
+  case IODINE_HTTP_NONE:
+    /* nothing to do - this had to be performed within the Ruby GIL :-( */
+    break;
+  case IODINE_HTTP_ERROR:
+    http_send_error(handle.h, handle.h->status);
+    fiobj_free(handle.body);
+    break;
+  }
+}
+static void on_rack_request(http_s *h) {
+  iodine_http_request_handle_s handle = (iodine_http_request_handle_s){
+      .h = h,
+      .upgrade = IODINE_UPGRADE_NONE,
+  };
+  IodineCaller.enterGVL((void *(*)(void *))iodine_handle_request_in_GVL,
+                        &handle);
+  iodine_perform_handle_action(handle);
+}
+
+static void on_rack_upgrade(http_s *h, char *proto, size_t len) {
+  iodine_http_request_handle_s handle = (iodine_http_request_handle_s){.h = h};
+  if (len == 9 && (proto[1] == 'e' || proto[1] == 'E')) {
+    handle.upgrade = IODINE_UPGRADE_WEBSOCKET;
+  } else if (len == 3 && proto[0] == 's') {
+    handle.upgrade = IODINE_UPGRADE_SSE;
+  }
+  /* when we stop supporting custom Upgrade headers: */
+  // else {
+  //   http_send_error(h, 400);
+  //   return;
+  // }
+  IodineCaller.enterGVL(iodine_handle_request_in_GVL, &handle);
+  iodine_perform_handle_action(handle);
+  (void)proto;
+  (void)len;
+}
+
+/* *****************************************************************************
+Rack `env` Template Initialization
+***************************************************************************** */
+
+static void initialize_env_template(void) {
+  if (env_template_no_upgrade)
+    return;
+  env_template_no_upgrade = rb_hash_new();
+  IodineStore.add(env_template_no_upgrade);
+
+#define add_str_to_env(env, key, value)                                        \
+  {                                                                            \
+    VALUE k = rb_enc_str_new((key), strlen((key)), IodineBinaryEncoding);      \
+    rb_obj_freeze(k);                                                          \
+    VALUE v = rb_enc_str_new((value), strlen((value)), IodineBinaryEncoding);  \
+    rb_obj_freeze(v);                                                          \
+    rb_hash_aset(env, k, v);                                                   \
+  }
+#define add_value_to_env(env, key, value)                                      \
+  {                                                                            \
+    VALUE k = rb_enc_str_new((key), strlen((key)), IodineBinaryEncoding);      \
+    rb_obj_freeze(k);                                                          \
+    rb_hash_aset((env), k, value);                                             \
+  }
+
+  /* Set global template */
+  rb_hash_aset(env_template_no_upgrade, RACK_UPGRADE_Q, Qnil);
+  rb_hash_aset(env_template_no_upgrade, RACK_UPGRADE, Qnil);
+  {
+    /* add the rack.version */
+    static VALUE rack_version = 0;
+    if (!rack_version) {
+      rack_version = rb_ary_new(); // rb_ary_new is Ruby 2.0 compatible
+      rb_ary_push(rack_version, INT2FIX(1));
+      rb_ary_push(rack_version, INT2FIX(3));
+      rb_global_variable(&rack_version);
+      rb_ary_freeze(rack_version);
+    }
+    add_value_to_env(env_template_no_upgrade, "rack.version", rack_version);
+  }
+
+  {
+    const char *sn = getenv("SCRIPT_NAME");
+    if (!sn || (sn[0] == '/' && sn[1] == 0)) {
+      sn = "";
+    }
+    add_str_to_env(env_template_no_upgrade, "SCRIPT_NAME", sn);
+  }
+  rb_hash_aset(env_template_no_upgrade, IODINE_R_INPUT, IODINE_R_INPUT_DEFAULT);
+  add_value_to_env(env_template_no_upgrade, "rack.errors", rb_stderr);
+  add_value_to_env(env_template_no_upgrade, "rack.hijack?", Qtrue);
+  add_value_to_env(env_template_no_upgrade, "rack.multiprocess", Qtrue);
+  add_value_to_env(env_template_no_upgrade, "rack.multithread", Qtrue);
+  add_value_to_env(env_template_no_upgrade, "rack.run_once", Qfalse);
+  /* default schema to http, it might be updated later */
+  rb_hash_aset(env_template_no_upgrade, R_URL_SCHEME, HTTP_SCHEME);
+  /* placeholders... minimize rehashing*/
+  rb_hash_aset(env_template_no_upgrade, HTTP_VERSION, QUERY_STRING);
+  rb_hash_aset(env_template_no_upgrade, IODINE_R_HIJACK, QUERY_STRING);
+  rb_hash_aset(env_template_no_upgrade, PATH_INFO, QUERY_STRING);
+  rb_hash_aset(env_template_no_upgrade, QUERY_STRING, QUERY_STRING);
+  rb_hash_aset(env_template_no_upgrade, REMOTE_ADDR, QUERY_STRING);
+  rb_hash_aset(env_template_no_upgrade, REQUEST_METHOD, QUERY_STRING);
+  rb_hash_aset(env_template_no_upgrade, SERVER_NAME, QUERY_STRING);
+  rb_hash_aset(env_template_no_upgrade, SERVER_PORT, QUERY_ESTRING);
+  rb_hash_aset(env_template_no_upgrade, SERVER_PROTOCOL, QUERY_STRING);
+
+  /* WebSocket upgrade support */
+  env_template_websockets = rb_hash_dup(env_template_no_upgrade);
+  IodineStore.add(env_template_websockets);
+  rb_hash_aset(env_template_websockets, RACK_UPGRADE_Q, RACK_UPGRADE_WEBSOCKET);
+
+  /* SSE upgrade support */
+  env_template_sse = rb_hash_dup(env_template_no_upgrade);
+  IodineStore.add(env_template_sse);
+  rb_hash_aset(env_template_sse, RACK_UPGRADE_Q, RACK_UPGRADE_SSE);
+
+#undef add_value_to_env
+#undef add_str_to_env
+}
+
+/* *****************************************************************************
+Listenninng to HTTP
+*****************************************************************************
+*/
+
+static void free_iodine_http(http_settings_s *s) {
+  IodineStore.remove((VALUE)s->udata);
+}
+
+// clang-format off
+/**
+Listens to incoming HTTP connections and handles incoming requests using the
+Rack specification.
+
+This is delegated to a lower level C HTTP and Websocket implementation, no
+Ruby object will be crated except the `env` object required by the Rack
+specifications.
+
+Accepts a single Hash argument with the following properties:
+
+(it's possible to set default values using the {Iodine::DEFAULT_HTTP_ARGS} Hash)
+
+app:: the Rack application that handles incoming requests. Default: `nil`.
+port:: the port to listen to. Default: 3000.
+address:: the address to bind to. Default: binds to all possible addresses.
+log:: enable response logging (Hijacked sockets aren't logged). Default: off.
+public:: The root public folder for static file service. Default: none.
+timeout:: Timeout for inactive HTTP/1.x connections. Defaults: 40 seconds.
+max_body:: The maximum body size for incoming HTTP messages in bytes. Default: ~50Mib.
+max_headers:: The maximum total header length for incoming HTTP messages. Default: ~64Kib.
+max_msg:: The maximum Websocket message size allowed. Default: ~250Kib.
+ping:: The Websocket `ping` interval. Default: 40 seconds.
+
+Either the `app` or the `public` properties are required. If niether exists,
+the function will fail. If both exist, Iodine will serve static files as well
+as dynamic requests.
+
+When using the static file server, it's possible to serve `gzip` versions of
+the static files by saving a compressed version with the `gz` extension (i.e.
+`styles.css.gz`).
+
+`gzip` will only be served to clients tat support the `gzip` transfer
+encoding.
+
+Once HTTP/2 is supported (planned, but probably very far away), HTTP/2
+timeouts will be dynamically managed by Iodine. The `timeout` option is only
+relevant to HTTP/1.x connections.
+*/
+intptr_t iodine_http_listen(iodine_connection_args_s args){
+  // clang-format on
+  if (args.public.data) {
+    rb_hash_aset(env_template_no_upgrade, XSENDFILE_TYPE, XSENDFILE);
+    rb_hash_aset(env_template_no_upgrade, XSENDFILE_TYPE_HEADER, XSENDFILE);
+    support_xsendfile = 1;
+  }
+  IodineStore.add(args.handler);
+  #ifdef __MINGW32__
+    intptr_t uuid = http_listen(
+      args.port.data, args.address.data, .on_request = on_rack_request,
+      .on_upgrade = on_rack_upgrade, .udata = (void *)args.handler,
+      .timeout = args.timeout, .ws_timeout = args.ping,
+      .ws_max_msg_size = args.max_msg, .max_header_size = args.max_headers,
+      .on_finish = free_iodine_http, .log = args.log,
+      .max_body_size = args.max_body, .public_folder = args.public.data);
+  #else
+  intptr_t uuid = http_listen(
+      args.port.data, args.address.data, .on_request = on_rack_request,
+      .on_upgrade = on_rack_upgrade, .udata = (void *)args.handler,
+      .tls = args.tls, .timeout = args.timeout, .ws_timeout = args.ping,
+      .ws_max_msg_size = args.max_msg, .max_header_size = args.max_headers,
+      .on_finish = free_iodine_http, .log = args.log,
+      .max_body_size = args.max_body, .public_folder = args.public.data);
+  #endif
+  if (uuid == -1)
+    return uuid;
+
+  if ((args.handler == Qnil || args.handler == Qfalse)) {
+    FIO_LOG_WARNING("(listen) no handler / app, the HTTP service on port %s "
+                    "will only serve "
+                    "static files.",
+                    args.port.data ? args.port.data : args.address.data);
+  }
+  if (args.public.data) {
+    FIO_LOG_INFO("Serving static files from %s", args.public.data);
+  }
+
+  return uuid;
+}
+
+/* *****************************************************************************
+HTTP Websocket Connect
+***************************************************************************** */
+
+typedef struct {
+  FIOBJ method;
+  FIOBJ headers;
+  FIOBJ cookies;
+  FIOBJ body;
+  VALUE io;
+} request_data_s;
+
+static request_data_s *request_data_create(iodine_connection_args_s *args) {
+  request_data_s *r = fio_malloc(sizeof(*r));
+  FIO_ASSERT_ALLOC(r);
+  VALUE io =
+      iodine_connection_new(.type = IODINE_CONNECTION_WEBSOCKET, .arg = NULL,
+                            .handler = args->handler, .env = Qnil, .uuid = 0);
+
+  *r = (request_data_s){
+      .method = fiobj_str_new(args->method.data, args->method.len),
+      .headers = fiobj_dup(args->headers),
+      .cookies = fiobj_dup(args->cookies),
+      .body = fiobj_str_new(args->body.data, args->body.len),
+      .io = io,
+  };
+  return r;
+}
+
+static void request_data_destroy(request_data_s *r) {
+  fiobj_free(r->method);
+  fiobj_free(r->body);
+  fiobj_free(r->headers);
+  fiobj_free(r->cookies);
+  fio_free(r);
+}
+
+static int each_header_ws_client_task(FIOBJ val, void *h_) {
+  http_s *h = h_;
+  FIOBJ key = fiobj_hash_key_in_loop();
+  http_set_header(h, key, fiobj_dup(val));
+  return 0;
+}
+static int each_cookie_ws_client_task(FIOBJ val, void *h_) {
+  http_s *h = h_;
+  FIOBJ key = fiobj_hash_key_in_loop();
+  fio_str_info_s n = fiobj_obj2cstr(key);
+  fio_str_info_s v = fiobj_obj2cstr(val);
+  http_set_cookie(h, .name = n.data, .name_len = n.len, .value = v.data,
+                  .value_len = v.len);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static void ws_client_http_connected(http_s *h) {
+  request_data_s *s = h->udata;
+  if (!s)
+    return;
+  h->udata = http_settings(h)->udata = NULL;
+  if (!h->path) {
+    h->path = fiobj_str_new("/", 1);
+  }
+  /* TODO: add headers and cookies */
+  fiobj_each1(s->headers, 0, each_header_ws_client_task, h);
+  fiobj_each1(s->headers, 0, each_cookie_ws_client_task, h);
+  if (s->io && s->io != Qnil)
+    http_upgrade2ws(
+        h, .on_message = iodine_ws_on_message, .on_open = iodine_ws_on_open,
+        .on_ready = iodine_ws_on_ready, .on_shutdown = iodine_ws_on_shutdown,
+        .on_close = iodine_ws_on_close, .udata = (void *)s->io);
+  request_data_destroy(s);
+}
+
+static void ws_client_http_connection_finished(http_settings_s *settings) {
+  if (!settings)
+    return;
+  request_data_s *s = settings->udata;
+  if (s) {
+    if (s->io && s->io != Qnil)
+      iodine_connection_fire_event(s->io, IODINE_CONNECTION_ON_CLOSE, Qnil);
+    request_data_destroy(s);
+  }
+}
+
+/** Connects to a (remote) WebSocket service. */
+intptr_t iodine_ws_connect(iodine_connection_args_s args) {
+  // http_connect(url, unixaddr, struct http_settings_s)
+  uint8_t is_unix_socket = 0;
+  if (memchr(args.address.data, '/', args.address.len)) {
+    is_unix_socket = 1;
+  }
+  FIOBJ url_tmp = FIOBJ_INVALID;
+  if (!args.url.data) {
+    url_tmp = fiobj_str_buf(64);
+  #ifndef __MINGW32__
+    if (args.tls)
+      fiobj_str_write(url_tmp, "wss://", 6);
+    else
+  #endif
+      fiobj_str_write(url_tmp, "ws://", 5);
+    if (!is_unix_socket) {
+      fiobj_str_write(url_tmp, args.address.data, args.address.len);
+      if (args.port.data) {
+        fiobj_str_write(url_tmp, ":", 1);
+        fiobj_str_write(url_tmp, args.port.data, args.port.len);
+      }
+    }
+    if (args.path.data)
+      fiobj_str_write(url_tmp, args.path.data, args.path.len);
+    else
+      fiobj_str_write(url_tmp, "/", 1);
+    args.url = fiobj_obj2cstr(url_tmp);
+  }
+
+#ifdef __MINGW32__
+  intptr_t uuid = http_connect(
+      args.url.data, (is_unix_socket ? args.address.data : NULL),
+      .udata = request_data_create(&args),
+      .on_response = ws_client_http_connected,
+      .on_finish = ws_client_http_connection_finished);
+#else
+  intptr_t uuid = http_connect(
+      args.url.data, (is_unix_socket ? args.address.data : NULL),
+      .udata = request_data_create(&args),
+      .on_response = ws_client_http_connected,
+      .on_finish = ws_client_http_connection_finished, .tls = args.tls);
+#endif
+  fiobj_free(url_tmp);
+  return uuid;
+}
+
+/* *****************************************************************************
+Initialization
+***************************************************************************** */
+
+void iodine_init_http(void) {
+
+  rack_autoset(REQUEST_METHOD);
+  rack_autoset(PATH_INFO);
+  rack_autoset(QUERY_STRING);
+  rack_autoset(SERVER_NAME);
+  rack_autoset(SERVER_PORT);
+  rack_autoset(CONTENT_LENGTH);
+  rack_autoset(CONTENT_TYPE);
+  rack_autoset(SERVER_PROTOCOL);
+  rack_autoset(HTTP_VERSION);
+  rack_autoset(REMOTE_ADDR);
+
+  rack_autoset(HTTP_ACCEPT);
+  rack_autoset(HTTP_USER_AGENT);
+  rack_autoset(HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING);
+  rack_autoset(HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE);
+  rack_autoset(HTTP_CONNECTION);
+  rack_autoset(HTTP_HOST);
+
+  rack_set(HTTP_SCHEME, "http");
+  rack_set(HTTPS_SCHEME, "https");
+  rack_set(QUERY_ESTRING, "");
+  rack_set(R_URL_SCHEME, "rack.url_scheme");
+  rack_set(R_INPUT, "rack.input");
+  rack_set(XSENDFILE, "X-Sendfile");
+  rack_set(XSENDFILE_TYPE, "sendfile.type");
+  rack_set(XSENDFILE_TYPE_HEADER, "HTTP_X_SENDFILE_TYPE");
+  rack_set(CONTENT_LENGTH_HEADER, "Content-Length");
+
+  rack_set(IODINE_R_INPUT, "rack.input");
+  rack_set(IODINE_R_HIJACK_IO, "rack.hijack_io");
+  rack_set(IODINE_R_HIJACK, "rack.hijack");
+  rack_set(IODINE_R_HIJACK_CB, "iodine.hijack_cb");
+
+  rack_set(RACK_UPGRADE, "rack.upgrade");
+  rack_set(RACK_UPGRADE_Q, "rack.upgrade?");
+  rack_set_sym(RACK_UPGRADE_SSE, "sse");
+  rack_set_sym(RACK_UPGRADE_WEBSOCKET, "websocket");
+
+  UPGRADE_TCP = IodineStore.add(rb_str_new("upgrade.tcp", 11));
+
+  hijack_func_sym = ID2SYM(rb_intern("_hijack"));
+  close_method_id = rb_intern("close");
+  each_method_id = rb_intern("each");
+  attach_method_id = rb_intern("attach_fd");
+  iodine_call_proc_id = rb_intern("call");
+
+  IodineUTF8Encoding = rb_enc_find("UTF-8");
+  IodineBinaryEncoding = rb_enc_find("binary");
+
+  {
+    VALUE STRIO_CLASS = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("StringIO"));
+    IODINE_R_INPUT_DEFAULT = rb_str_new_static("", 0);
+    IODINE_R_INPUT_DEFAULT =
+        rb_funcallv(STRIO_CLASS, rb_intern("new"), 1, &IODINE_R_INPUT_DEFAULT);
+    rb_global_variable(&IODINE_R_INPUT_DEFAULT);
+  }
+  initialize_env_template();
+}