ibm_db 5.2.0-x86-mingw32 → 5.4.0-x86-mingw32

data/test/cases/associations/eager_test.rb

@@ -1,79 +1,184 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require "cases/helper"
-require 'models/post'
-require 'models/tagging'
-require 'models/tag'
-require 'models/comment'
-require 'models/author'
-require 'models/essay'
-require 'models/category'
-require 'models/company'
-require 'models/person'
-require 'models/reader'
-require 'models/owner'
-require 'models/pet'
-require 'models/reference'
-require 'models/job'
-require 'models/subscriber'
-require 'models/subscription'
-require 'models/book'
-require 'models/developer'
-require 'models/computer'
-require 'models/project'
-require 'models/member'
-require 'models/membership'
-require 'models/club'
-require 'models/categorization'
-require 'models/sponsor'
-require 'models/mentor'
-require 'models/contract'
+require "models/post"
+require "models/tagging"
+require "models/tag"
+require "models/rating"
+require "models/comment"
+require "models/author"
+require "models/essay"
+require "models/category"
+require "models/company"
+require "models/person"
+require "models/reader"
+require "models/owner"
+require "models/pet"
+require "models/reference"
+require "models/job"
+require "models/subscriber"
+require "models/subscription"
+require "models/book"
+require "models/citation"
+require "models/developer"
+require "models/computer"
+require "models/project"
+require "models/member"
+require "models/membership"
+require "models/club"
+require "models/categorization"
+require "models/sponsor"
+require "models/mentor"
+require "models/contract"
+
+class EagerLoadingTooManyIdsTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
+  fixtures :citations
+
+  def test_preloading_too_many_ids
+    assert_equal Citation.count, Citation.preload(:reference_of).to_a.size
+  end
+
+  def test_eager_loading_too_many_ids
+    assert_equal Citation.count, Citation.eager_load(:citations).offset(0).size
+  end
+end
 
 class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   fixtures :posts, :comments, :authors, :essays, :author_addresses, :categories, :categories_posts,
-            :companies, :accounts, :tags, :taggings, :people, :readers, :categorizations,
+            :companies, :accounts, :tags, :taggings, :ratings, :people, :readers, :categorizations,
             :owners, :pets, :author_favorites, :jobs, :references, :subscribers, :subscriptions, :books,
             :developers, :projects, :developers_projects, :members, :memberships, :clubs, :sponsors
 
   def test_eager_with_has_one_through_join_model_with_conditions_on_the_through
-    member = Member.all.merge!(:includes => :favourite_club).find(members(:some_other_guy).id)
+    member = Member.all.merge!(includes: :favourite_club).find(members(:some_other_guy).id)
     assert_nil member.favourite_club
   end
 
+  def test_should_work_inverse_of_with_eager_load
+    author = authors(:david)
+    assert_same author, author.posts.first.author
+    assert_same author, author.posts.eager_load(:comments).first.author
+  end
+
   def test_loading_with_one_association
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => :comments).to_a
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(includes: :comments).to_a
     post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
     assert_equal 2, post.comments.size
-    assert post.comments.include?(comments(:greetings))
+    assert_includes post.comments, comments(:greetings)
 
-    post = Post.all.merge!(:includes => :comments, :where => "posts.title = 'Welcome to the weblog'").first
+    post = Post.all.merge!(includes: :comments, where: "posts.title = 'Welcome to the weblog'").first
     assert_equal 2, post.comments.size
-    assert post.comments.include?(comments(:greetings))
+    assert_includes post.comments, comments(:greetings)
 
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => :last_comment).to_a
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(includes: :last_comment).to_a
     post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
     assert_equal Post.find(1).last_comment, post.last_comment
   end
 
   def test_loading_with_one_association_with_non_preload
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => :last_comment, :order => 'comments.id DESC').to_a
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(includes: :last_comment, order: "comments.id DESC").to_a
     post = posts.find { |p| p.id == 1 }
     assert_equal Post.find(1).last_comment, post.last_comment
   end
 
   def test_loading_conditions_with_or
     posts = authors(:david).posts.references(:comments).merge(
-      :includes => :comments,
-      :where => "comments.body like 'Normal%' OR comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'SpecialComment'"
+      includes: :comments,
+      where: "comments.body like 'Normal%' OR comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE} = 'SpecialComment'"
     ).to_a
     assert_nil posts.detect { |p| p.author_id != authors(:david).id },
       "expected to find only david's posts"
   end
 
+  def test_loading_polymorphic_association_with_mixed_table_conditions
+    rating = Rating.first
+    assert_equal [taggings(:normal_comment_rating)], rating.taggings_without_tag
+
+    rating = Rating.preload(:taggings_without_tag).first
+    assert_equal [taggings(:normal_comment_rating)], rating.taggings_without_tag
+
+    rating = Rating.eager_load(:taggings_without_tag).first
+    assert_equal [taggings(:normal_comment_rating)], rating.taggings_without_tag
+  end
+
+  def test_loading_association_with_string_joins
+    rating = Rating.first
+    assert_equal [taggings(:normal_comment_rating)], rating.taggings_with_no_tag
+
+    rating = Rating.preload(:taggings_with_no_tag).first
+    assert_equal [taggings(:normal_comment_rating)], rating.taggings_with_no_tag
+
+    rating = Rating.eager_load(:taggings_with_no_tag).first
+    assert_equal [taggings(:normal_comment_rating)], rating.taggings_with_no_tag
+  end
+
   def test_loading_with_scope_including_joins
-    assert_equal clubs(:boring_club), Member.preload(:general_club).find(1).general_club
+    member = Member.first
+    assert_equal members(:groucho), member
+    assert_equal clubs(:boring_club), member.general_club
+
+    member = Member.preload(:general_club).first
+    assert_equal members(:groucho), member
+    assert_equal clubs(:boring_club), member.general_club
+
+    member = Member.eager_load(:general_club).first
+    assert_equal members(:groucho), member
+    assert_equal clubs(:boring_club), member.general_club
+  end
+
+  def test_loading_association_with_same_table_joins
+    super_memberships = [memberships(:super_membership_of_boring_club)]
+
+    member = Member.joins(:favourite_memberships).first
+    assert_equal members(:groucho), member
+    assert_equal super_memberships, member.super_memberships
+
+    member = Member.joins(:favourite_memberships).preload(:super_memberships).first
+    assert_equal members(:groucho), member
+    assert_equal super_memberships, member.super_memberships
+
+    member = Member.joins(:favourite_memberships).eager_load(:super_memberships).first
+    assert_equal members(:groucho), member
+    assert_equal super_memberships, member.super_memberships
+  end
+
+  def test_loading_association_with_intersection_joins
+    member = Member.joins(:current_membership).first
+    assert_equal members(:groucho), member
+    assert_equal clubs(:boring_club), member.club
+    assert_equal memberships(:membership_of_boring_club), member.current_membership
+
+    member = Member.joins(:current_membership).preload(:club, :current_membership).first
+    assert_equal members(:groucho), member
+    assert_equal clubs(:boring_club), member.club
+    assert_equal memberships(:membership_of_boring_club), member.current_membership
+
+    member = Member.joins(:current_membership).eager_load(:club, :current_membership).first
+    assert_equal members(:groucho), member
+    assert_equal clubs(:boring_club), member.club
+    assert_equal memberships(:membership_of_boring_club), member.current_membership
+  end
+
+  def test_loading_associations_dont_leak_instance_state
+    assertions = ->(firm) {
+      assert_equal companies(:first_firm), firm
+
+      assert_predicate firm.association(:readonly_account), :loaded?
+      assert_predicate firm.association(:accounts), :loaded?
+
+      assert_equal accounts(:signals37), firm.readonly_account
+      assert_equal [accounts(:signals37)], firm.accounts
+
+      assert_predicate firm.readonly_account, :readonly?
+      assert firm.accounts.none?(&:readonly?)
+    }
+
+    assertions.call(Firm.preload(:readonly_account, :accounts).first)
+    assertions.call(Firm.eager_load(:readonly_account, :accounts).first)
   end
 
   def test_with_ordering
-    list = Post.all.merge!(:includes => :comments, :order => "posts.id DESC").to_a
+    list = Post.all.merge!(includes: :comments, order: "posts.id DESC").to_a
     [:other_by_mary, :other_by_bob, :misc_by_mary, :misc_by_bob, :eager_other,
      :sti_habtm, :sti_post_and_comments, :sti_comments, :authorless, :thinking, :welcome
     ].each_with_index do |post, index|
@@ -94,119 +199,84 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_no_queries { authors.map(&:post) }
   end
 
-  def test_with_two_tables_in_from_without_getting_double_quoted
-    posts = Post.select("posts.*").from("authors, posts").eager_load(:comments).where("posts.author_id = authors.id").order("posts.id").to_a
-    assert_equal 2, posts.first.comments.size
-  end
-
-  def test_loading_with_multiple_associations
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :comments, :author, :categories ], :order => "posts.id").to_a
-    assert_equal 2, posts.first.comments.size
-    assert_equal 2, posts.first.categories.size
-    assert posts.first.comments.include?(comments(:greetings))
-  end
+  def test_type_cast_in_where_references_association_name
+    parent = comments(:greetings)
+    child = parent.children.create!(label: "child", body: "hi", post_id: parent.post_id)
 
-  def test_duplicate_middle_objects
-    comments = Comment.all.merge!(:where => 'post_id = 1', :includes => [:post => :author]).to_a
-    assert_no_queries do
-      comments.each {|comment| comment.post.author.name}
-    end
-  end
+    comment = Comment.includes(:children).where("children.label": "child").last
 
-  def test_preloading_has_many_in_multiple_queries_with_more_ids_than_database_can_handle
-    assert_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length, returns: 5) do
-      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes=>:comments).to_a
-      assert_equal 11, posts.size
-    end
+    assert_equal parent, comment
+    assert_equal [child], comment.children
   end
 
-  def test_preloading_has_many_in_one_queries_when_database_has_no_limit_on_ids_it_can_handle
-    assert_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length, returns: nil) do
-      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes=>:comments).to_a
-      assert_equal 11, posts.size
-    end
+  def test_attribute_alias_in_where_references_association_name
+    firm = Firm.includes(:clients).where("clients.new_name": "Summit").last
+    assert_equal companies(:first_firm), firm
+    assert_equal [companies(:first_client)], firm.clients
   end
 
-  def test_preloading_habtm_in_multiple_queries_with_more_ids_than_database_can_handle
-    assert_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length, times: 2, returns: 5) do
-      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes=>:categories).to_a
-      assert_equal 11, posts.size
-    end
+  def test_calculate_with_string_in_from_and_eager_loading
+    assert_equal 10, Post.from("authors, posts").eager_load(:comments).where("posts.author_id = authors.id").count
   end
 
-  def test_preloading_habtm_in_one_queries_when_database_has_no_limit_on_ids_it_can_handle
-    assert_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length, times: 2, returns: nil) do
-      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes=>:categories).to_a
-      assert_equal 11, posts.size
-    end
-  end
-
-  def test_load_associated_records_in_one_query_when_adapter_has_no_limit
-    assert_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length, returns: nil) do
-      post = posts(:welcome)
-      assert_queries(2) do
-        Post.includes(:comments).where(:id => post.id).to_a
-      end
-    end
+  def test_with_two_tables_in_from_without_getting_double_quoted
+    posts = Post.select("posts.*").from("authors, posts").eager_load(:comments).where("posts.author_id = authors.id").order("posts.id").to_a
+    assert_equal 2, posts.first.comments.size
   end
 
-  def test_load_associated_records_in_several_queries_when_many_ids_passed
-    assert_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length, returns: 1) do
-      post1, post2 = posts(:welcome), posts(:thinking)
-      assert_queries(3) do
-        Post.includes(:comments).where(:id => [post1.id, post2.id]).to_a
-      end
-    end
+  def test_loading_with_multiple_associations
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(includes: [ :comments, :author, :categories ], order: "posts.id").to_a
+    assert_equal 2, posts.first.comments.size
+    assert_equal 2, posts.first.categories.size
+    assert_includes posts.first.comments, comments(:greetings)
   end
 
-  def test_load_associated_records_in_one_query_when_a_few_ids_passed
-    assert_called(Comment.connection, :in_clause_length, returns: 3) do
-      post = posts(:welcome)
-      assert_queries(2) do
-        Post.includes(:comments).where(:id => post.id).to_a
-      end
+  def test_duplicate_middle_objects
+    comments = Comment.all.merge!(where: "post_id = 1", includes: [post: :author]).to_a
+    assert_no_queries do
+      comments.each { |comment| comment.post.author.name }
     end
   end
 
   def test_including_duplicate_objects_from_belongs_to
-    popular_post = Post.create!(:title => 'foo', :body => "I like cars!")
-    comment = popular_post.comments.create!(:body => "lol")
-    popular_post.readers.create!(:person => people(:michael))
-    popular_post.readers.create!(:person => people(:david))
+    popular_post = Post.create!(title: "foo", body: "I like cars!")
+    comment = popular_post.comments.create!(body: "lol")
+    popular_post.readers.create!(person: people(:michael))
+    popular_post.readers.create!(person: people(:david))
 
-    readers = Reader.all.merge!(:where => ["post_id = ?", popular_post.id],
-                                :includes => {:post => :comments}).to_a
+    readers = Reader.all.merge!(where: ["post_id = ?", popular_post.id],
+                                includes: { post: :comments }).to_a
     readers.each do |reader|
       assert_equal [comment], reader.post.comments
     end
   end
 
   def test_including_duplicate_objects_from_has_many
-    car_post = Post.create!(:title => 'foo', :body => "I like cars!")
+    car_post = Post.create!(title: "foo", body: "I like cars!")
     car_post.categories << categories(:general)
     car_post.categories << categories(:technology)
 
-    comment = car_post.comments.create!(:body => "hmm")
-    categories = Category.all.merge!(:where => { 'posts.id' => car_post.id },
-                                 :includes => {:posts => :comments}).to_a
+    comment = car_post.comments.create!(body: "hmm")
+    categories = Category.all.merge!(where: { "posts.id" => car_post.id },
+                                 includes: { posts: :comments }).to_a
     categories.each do |category|
       assert_equal [comment], category.posts[0].comments
     end
   end
 
   def test_associations_loaded_for_all_records
-    post = Post.create!(:title => 'foo', :body => "I like cars!")
-    SpecialComment.create!(:body => 'Come on!', :post => post)
-    first_category = Category.create! :name => 'First!', :posts => [post]
-    second_category = Category.create! :name => 'Second!', :posts => [post]
+    post = Post.create!(title: "foo", body: "I like cars!")
+    SpecialComment.create!(body: "Come on!", post: post)
+    first_category = Category.create! name: "First!", posts: [post]
+    second_category = Category.create! name: "Second!", posts: [post]
 
-    categories = Category.where(:id => [first_category.id, second_category.id]).includes(:posts => :special_comments)
+    categories = Category.where(id: [first_category.id, second_category.id]).includes(posts: :special_comments)
     assert_equal categories.map { |category| category.posts.first.special_comments.loaded? }, [true, true]
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_includes_on_has_many_association_with_same_include_includes_only_once
     author_id = authors(:david).id
-    author = assert_queries(3) { Author.all.merge!(:includes => {:posts_with_comments => :comments}).find(author_id) } # find the author, then find the posts, then find the comments
+    author = assert_queries(3) { Author.all.merge!(includes: { posts_with_comments: :comments }).find(author_id) } # find the author, then find the posts, then find the comments
     author.posts_with_comments.each do |post_with_comments|
       assert_equal post_with_comments.comments.length, post_with_comments.comments.count
       assert_nil post_with_comments.comments.to_a.uniq!
@@ -217,7 +287,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     author = authors(:david)
     post = author.post_about_thinking_with_last_comment
     last_comment = post.last_comment
-    author = assert_queries(3) { Author.all.merge!(:includes => {:post_about_thinking_with_last_comment => :last_comment}).find(author.id)} # find the author, then find the posts, then find the comments
+    author = assert_queries(3) { Author.all.merge!(includes: { post_about_thinking_with_last_comment: :last_comment }).find(author.id) } # find the author, then find the posts, then find the comments
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal post, author.post_about_thinking_with_last_comment
       assert_equal last_comment, author.post_about_thinking_with_last_comment.last_comment
@@ -228,7 +298,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     post = posts(:welcome)
     author = post.author
     author_address = author.author_address
-    post = assert_queries(3) { Post.all.merge!(:includes => {:author_with_address => :author_address}).find(post.id) } # find the post, then find the author, then find the address
+    post = assert_queries(3) { Post.all.merge!(includes: { author_with_address: :author_address }).find(post.id) } # find the post, then find the author, then find the address
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal author, post.author_with_address
       assert_equal author_address, post.author_with_address.author_address
@@ -238,53 +308,50 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   def test_finding_with_includes_on_null_belongs_to_association_with_same_include_includes_only_once
     post = posts(:welcome)
     post.update!(author: nil)
-    post = assert_queries(1) { Post.all.merge!(includes: {author_with_address: :author_address}).find(post.id) }
+    post = assert_queries(1) { Post.all.merge!(includes: { author_with_address: :author_address }).find(post.id) }
     # find the post, then find the author which is null so no query for the author or address
     assert_no_queries do
-      assert_equal nil, post.author_with_address
+      assert_nil post.author_with_address
     end
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_includes_on_null_belongs_to_polymorphic_association
     sponsor = sponsors(:moustache_club_sponsor_for_groucho)
     sponsor.update!(sponsorable: nil)
-    sponsor = assert_queries(1) { Sponsor.all.merge!(:includes => :sponsorable).find(sponsor.id) }
+    sponsor = assert_queries(1) { Sponsor.all.merge!(includes: :sponsorable).find(sponsor.id) }
     assert_no_queries do
-      assert_equal nil, sponsor.sponsorable
+      assert_nil sponsor.sponsorable
     end
   end
 
   def test_finding_with_includes_on_empty_polymorphic_type_column
     sponsor = sponsors(:moustache_club_sponsor_for_groucho)
-    sponsor.update!(sponsorable_type: '', sponsorable_id: nil) # sponsorable_type column might be declared NOT NULL
+    sponsor.update!(sponsorable_type: "", sponsorable_id: nil) # sponsorable_type column might be declared NOT NULL
     sponsor = assert_queries(1) do
-      assert_nothing_raised { Sponsor.all.merge!(:includes => :sponsorable).find(sponsor.id) }
+      assert_nothing_raised { Sponsor.all.merge!(includes: :sponsorable).find(sponsor.id) }
     end
     assert_no_queries do
-      assert_equal nil, sponsor.sponsorable
+      assert_nil sponsor.sponsorable
     end
   end
 
   def test_loading_from_an_association
-    posts = authors(:david).posts.merge(:includes => :comments, :order => "posts.id").to_a
+    posts = authors(:david).posts.merge(includes: :comments, order: "posts.id").to_a
     assert_equal 2, posts.first.comments.size
   end
 
   def test_loading_from_an_association_that_has_a_hash_of_conditions
-    assert_nothing_raised do
-      Author.all.merge!(:includes => :hello_posts_with_hash_conditions).to_a
-    end
-    assert !Author.all.merge!(:includes => :hello_posts_with_hash_conditions).find(authors(:david).id).hello_posts.empty?
+    assert_not_empty Author.all.merge!(includes: :hello_posts_with_hash_conditions).find(authors(:david).id).hello_posts
   end
 
   def test_loading_with_no_associations
-    assert_nil Post.all.merge!(:includes => :author).find(posts(:authorless).id).author
+    assert_nil Post.all.merge!(includes: :author).find(posts(:authorless).id).author
   end
 
   # Regression test for 21c75e5
   def test_nested_loading_does_not_raise_exception_when_association_does_not_exist
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Post.all.merge!(:includes => {:author => :author_addresss}).find(posts(:authorless).id)
+      Post.all.merge!(includes: { author: :author_addresss }).find(posts(:authorless).id)
     end
   end
 
@@ -292,117 +359,117 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     post_id = Comment.where(author_id: nil).where.not(post_id: nil).first.post_id
 
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Post.preload(:comments => [{:author => :essays}]).find(post_id)
+      Post.preload(comments: [{ author: :essays }]).find(post_id)
     end
   end
 
   def test_nested_loading_through_has_one_association
-    aa = AuthorAddress.all.merge!(:includes => {:author => :posts}).find(author_addresses(:david_address).id)
+    aa = AuthorAddress.all.merge!(includes: { author: :posts }).find(author_addresses(:david_address).id)
     assert_equal aa.author.posts.count, aa.author.posts.length
   end
 
   def test_nested_loading_through_has_one_association_with_order
-    aa = AuthorAddress.all.merge!(:includes => {:author => :posts}, :order => 'author_addresses.id').find(author_addresses(:david_address).id)
+    aa = AuthorAddress.all.merge!(includes: { author: :posts }, order: "author_addresses.id").find(author_addresses(:david_address).id)
     assert_equal aa.author.posts.count, aa.author.posts.length
   end
 
   def test_nested_loading_through_has_one_association_with_order_on_association
-    aa = AuthorAddress.all.merge!(:includes => {:author => :posts}, :order => 'authors.id').find(author_addresses(:david_address).id)
+    aa = AuthorAddress.all.merge!(includes: { author: :posts }, order: "authors.id").find(author_addresses(:david_address).id)
     assert_equal aa.author.posts.count, aa.author.posts.length
   end
 
   def test_nested_loading_through_has_one_association_with_order_on_nested_association
-    aa = AuthorAddress.all.merge!(:includes => {:author => :posts}, :order => 'posts.id').find(author_addresses(:david_address).id)
+    aa = AuthorAddress.all.merge!(includes: { author: :posts }, order: "posts.id").find(author_addresses(:david_address).id)
     assert_equal aa.author.posts.count, aa.author.posts.length
   end
 
   def test_nested_loading_through_has_one_association_with_conditions
     aa = AuthorAddress.references(:author_addresses).merge(
-      :includes => {:author => :posts},
-      :where => "author_addresses.id > 0"
+      includes: { author: :posts },
+      where: "author_addresses.id > 0"
     ).find author_addresses(:david_address).id
     assert_equal aa.author.posts.count, aa.author.posts.length
   end
 
   def test_nested_loading_through_has_one_association_with_conditions_on_association
     aa = AuthorAddress.references(:authors).merge(
-      :includes => {:author => :posts},
-      :where => "authors.id > 0"
+      includes: { author: :posts },
+      where: "authors.id > 0"
     ).find author_addresses(:david_address).id
     assert_equal aa.author.posts.count, aa.author.posts.length
   end
 
   def test_nested_loading_through_has_one_association_with_conditions_on_nested_association
     aa = AuthorAddress.references(:posts).merge(
-      :includes => {:author => :posts},
-      :where => "posts.id > 0"
+      includes: { author: :posts },
+      where: "posts.id > 0"
     ).find author_addresses(:david_address).id
     assert_equal aa.author.posts.count, aa.author.posts.length
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_foreign_keys
-    pets = Pet.all.merge!(:includes => :owner).to_a
+    pets = Pet.all.merge!(includes: :owner).to_a
     assert_equal 4, pets.length
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to
-    comments = Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post).to_a
-    assert_equal 11, comments.length
+    comments = Comment.all.merge!(includes: :post).to_a
+    assert_equal 12, comments.length
     titles = comments.map { |c| c.post.title }
-    assert titles.include?(posts(:welcome).title)
-    assert titles.include?(posts(:sti_post_and_comments).title)
+    assert_includes titles, posts(:welcome).title
+    assert_includes titles, posts(:sti_post_and_comments).title
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit
-    comments = Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :limit => 5, :order => 'comments.id').to_a
+    comments = Comment.all.merge!(includes: :post, limit: 5, order: "comments.id").to_a
     assert_equal 5, comments.length
-    assert_equal [1,2,3,5,6], comments.collect(&:id)
+    assert_equal [1, 2, 3, 5, 6], comments.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_conditions
-    comments = Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :where => 'post_id = 4', :limit => 3, :order => 'comments.id').to_a
+    comments = Comment.all.merge!(includes: :post, where: "post_id = 4", limit: 3, order: "comments.id").to_a
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
-    assert_equal [5,6,7], comments.collect(&:id)
+    assert_equal [5, 6, 7], comments.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_offset
-    comments = Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :limit => 3, :offset => 2, :order => 'comments.id').to_a
+    comments = Comment.all.merge!(includes: :post, limit: 3, offset: 2, order: "comments.id").to_a
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
-    assert_equal [3,5,6], comments.collect(&:id)
+    assert_equal [3, 5, 6], comments.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_offset_and_conditions
-    comments = Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :where => 'post_id = 4', :limit => 3, :offset => 1, :order => 'comments.id').to_a
+    comments = Comment.all.merge!(includes: :post, where: "post_id = 4", limit: 3, offset: 1, order: "comments.id").to_a
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
-    assert_equal [6,7,8], comments.collect(&:id)
+    assert_equal [6, 7, 8], comments.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_offset_and_conditions_array
-    comments = Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :where => ['post_id = ?',4], :limit => 3, :offset => 1, :order => 'comments.id').to_a
+    comments = Comment.all.merge!(includes: :post, where: ["post_id = ?", 4], limit: 3, offset: 1, order: "comments.id").to_a
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
-    assert_equal [6,7,8], comments.collect(&:id)
+    assert_equal [6, 7, 8], comments.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_conditions_string_with_unquoted_table_name
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Comment.includes(:post).references(:posts).where('posts.id = ?', 4)
+      Comment.includes(:post).references(:posts).where("posts.id = ?", 4)
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_conditions_hash
     comments = []
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      comments = Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :where => {:posts => {:id => 4}}, :limit => 3, :order => 'comments.id').to_a
+      comments = Comment.all.merge!(includes: :post, where: { posts: { id: 4 } }, limit: 3, order: "comments.id").to_a
     end
     assert_equal 3, comments.length
-    assert_equal [5,6,7], comments.collect(&:id)
+    assert_equal [5, 6, 7], comments.collect(&:id)
     assert_no_queries do
       comments.first.post
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_conditions_string_with_quoted_table_name
-    quoted_posts_id= Comment.connection.quote_table_name('posts') + '.' + Comment.connection.quote_column_name('id')
+    quoted_posts_id = Comment.connection.quote_table_name("posts") + "." + Comment.connection.quote_column_name("id")
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Comment.includes(:post).references(:posts).where("#{quoted_posts_id} = ?", 4)
     end
@@ -410,61 +477,61 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_order_string_with_unquoted_table_name
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Comment.all.merge!(:includes => :post, :order => 'posts.id').to_a
+      Comment.all.merge!(includes: :post, order: "posts.id").to_a
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_order_string_with_quoted_table_name
-    quoted_posts_id= Comment.connection.quote_table_name('posts') + '.' + Comment.connection.quote_column_name('id')
+    quoted_posts_id = Comment.connection.quote_table_name("posts") + "." + Comment.connection.quote_column_name("id")
     assert_nothing_raised do
       Comment.includes(:post).references(:posts).order(quoted_posts_id)
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_multiple_associations
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [:author, :very_special_comment], :limit => 1, :order => 'posts.id').to_a
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(includes: [:author, :very_special_comment], limit: 1, order: "posts.id").to_a
     assert_equal 1, posts.length
     assert_equal [1], posts.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_and_limit_and_offset_and_multiple_associations
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [:author, :very_special_comment], :limit => 1, :offset => 1, :order => 'posts.id').to_a
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(includes: [:author, :very_special_comment], limit: 1, offset: 1, order: "posts.id").to_a
     assert_equal 1, posts.length
     assert_equal [2], posts.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_belongs_to_inferred_foreign_key_from_association_name
-    author_favorite = AuthorFavorite.all.merge!(:includes => :favorite_author).first
+    author_favorite = AuthorFavorite.all.merge!(includes: :favorite_author).first
     assert_equal authors(:mary), assert_no_queries { author_favorite.favorite_author }
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_belongs_to_quotes_table_and_column_names
     job = Job.includes(:ideal_reference).find jobs(:unicyclist).id
     references(:michael_unicyclist)
-    assert_no_queries{ assert_equal references(:michael_unicyclist), job.ideal_reference}
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal references(:michael_unicyclist), job.ideal_reference }
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_one_quotes_table_and_column_names
-    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :favourite_reference).find(people(:michael).id)
+    michael = Person.all.merge!(includes: :favourite_reference).find(people(:michael).id)
     references(:michael_unicyclist)
-    assert_no_queries{ assert_equal references(:michael_unicyclist), michael.favourite_reference}
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal references(:michael_unicyclist), michael.favourite_reference }
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_many_quotes_table_and_column_names
-    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :references).find(people(:michael).id)
-    references(:michael_magician,:michael_unicyclist)
-    assert_no_queries{ assert_equal references(:michael_magician,:michael_unicyclist), michael.references.sort_by(&:id) }
+    michael = Person.all.merge!(includes: :references).find(people(:michael).id)
+    references(:michael_magician, :michael_unicyclist)
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal references(:michael_magician, :michael_unicyclist), michael.references.sort_by(&:id) }
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_many_through_quotes_table_and_column_names
-    michael = Person.all.merge!(:includes => :jobs).find(people(:michael).id)
+    michael = Person.all.merge!(includes: :jobs).find(people(:michael).id)
     jobs(:magician, :unicyclist)
-    assert_no_queries{ assert_equal jobs(:unicyclist, :magician), michael.jobs.sort_by(&:id) }
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal jobs(:unicyclist, :magician), michael.jobs.sort_by(&:id) }
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_many_with_string_keys
     subscriptions = subscriptions(:webster_awdr, :webster_rfr)
-    subscriber =Subscriber.all.merge!(:includes => :subscriptions).find(subscribers(:second).id)
+    subscriber = Subscriber.all.merge!(includes: :subscriptions).find(subscribers(:second).id)
     assert_equal subscriptions, subscriber.subscriptions.sort_by(&:id)
   end
 
@@ -475,32 +542,32 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     b = Book.create!
 
-    Subscription.create!(:subscriber_id => "PL", :book_id => b.id)
+    Subscription.create!(subscriber_id: "PL", book_id: b.id)
     s.reload
     s.book_ids = s.book_ids
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_has_many_through_with_string_keys
     books = books(:awdr, :rfr)
-    subscriber = Subscriber.all.merge!(:includes => :books).find(subscribers(:second).id)
+    subscriber = Subscriber.all.merge!(includes: :books).find(subscribers(:second).id)
     assert_equal books, subscriber.books.sort_by(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_load_belongs_to_with_string_keys
     subscriber = subscribers(:second)
-    subscription = Subscription.all.merge!(:includes => :subscriber).find(subscriptions(:webster_awdr).id)
+    subscription = Subscription.all.merge!(includes: :subscriber).find(subscriptions(:webster_awdr).id)
     assert_equal subscriber, subscription.subscriber
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_explicit_join
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => :comments, :joins => "INNER JOIN authors ON posts.author_id = authors.id AND authors.name = 'Mary'", :limit => 1, :order => 'author_id').to_a
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(includes: :comments, joins: "INNER JOIN authors ON posts.author_id = authors.id AND authors.name = 'Mary'", limit: 1, order: "author_id").to_a
     assert_equal 1, posts.length
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_through
-    posts_with_comments = people(:michael).posts.merge(:includes => :comments, :order => 'posts.id').to_a
-    posts_with_author = people(:michael).posts.merge(:includes => :author, :order => 'posts.id').to_a
-    posts_with_comments_and_author = people(:michael).posts.merge(:includes => [ :comments, :author ], :order => 'posts.id').to_a
+    posts_with_comments = people(:michael).posts.merge(includes: :comments, order: "posts.id").to_a
+    posts_with_author = people(:michael).posts.merge(includes: :author, order: "posts.id").to_a
+    posts_with_comments_and_author = people(:michael).posts.merge(includes: [ :comments, :author ], order: "posts.id").to_a
     assert_equal 2, posts_with_comments.inject(0) { |sum, post| sum + post.comments.size }
     assert_equal authors(:david), assert_no_queries { posts_with_author.first.author }
     assert_equal authors(:david), assert_no_queries { posts_with_comments_and_author.first.author }
@@ -508,35 +575,58 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_through_a_belongs_to_association
     author = authors(:mary)
-    Post.create!(:author => author, :title => "TITLE", :body => "BODY")
-    author.author_favorites.create(:favorite_author_id => 1)
-    author.author_favorites.create(:favorite_author_id => 2)
-    posts_with_author_favorites = author.posts.merge(:includes => :author_favorites).to_a
+    Post.create!(author: author, title: "TITLE", body: "BODY")
+    author.author_favorites.create(favorite_author_id: 1)
+    author.author_favorites.create(favorite_author_id: 2)
+    posts_with_author_favorites = author.posts.merge(includes: :author_favorites).to_a
     assert_no_queries { posts_with_author_favorites.first.author_favorites.first.author_id }
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_through_an_sti_join_model
-    author = Author.all.merge!(:includes => :special_post_comments, :order => 'authors.id').first
+    author = Author.all.merge!(includes: :special_post_comments, order: "authors.id").first
     assert_equal [comments(:does_it_hurt)], assert_no_queries { author.special_post_comments }
   end
 
+  def test_preloading_with_has_one_through_an_sti_with_after_initialize
+    author_a = Author.create!(name: "A")
+    author_b = Author.create!(name: "B")
+    post_a = StiPost.create!(author: author_a, title: "TITLE", body: "BODY")
+    post_b = SpecialPost.create!(author: author_b, title: "TITLE", body: "BODY")
+    comment_a = SpecialComment.create!(post: post_a, body: "TEST")
+    comment_b = SpecialComment.create!(post: post_b, body: "TEST")
+    reset_callbacks(StiPost, :initialize) do
+      StiPost.after_initialize { author }
+      SpecialComment.where(id: [comment_a.id, comment_b.id]).includes(:author).each do |comment|
+        assert comment.author
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_preloading_has_many_through_with_implicit_source
+    authors = Author.includes(:very_special_comments).to_a.sort_by(&:id)
+    assert_no_queries do
+      special_comment_authors = authors.map { |author| [author.name, author.very_special_comments.size] }
+      assert_equal [["David", 1], ["Mary", 0], ["Bob", 0]], special_comment_authors
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_eager_with_has_many_through_an_sti_join_model_with_conditions_on_both
-    author = Author.all.merge!(:includes => :special_nonexistent_post_comments, :order => 'authors.id').first
+    author = Author.all.merge!(includes: :special_nonexistent_post_comments, order: "authors.id").first
     assert_equal [], author.special_nonexistent_post_comments
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_through_join_model_with_conditions
-    assert_equal Author.all.merge!(:includes => :hello_post_comments,
-                             :order => 'authors.id').first.hello_post_comments.sort_by(&:id),
-                 Author.all.merge!(:order => 'authors.id').first.hello_post_comments.sort_by(&:id)
+    assert_equal Author.all.merge!(includes: :hello_post_comments,
+                             order: "authors.id").first.hello_post_comments.sort_by(&:id),
+                 Author.all.merge!(order: "authors.id").first.hello_post_comments.sort_by(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_through_join_model_with_conditions_on_top_level
-    assert_equal comments(:more_greetings), Author.all.merge!(:includes => :comments_with_order_and_conditions).find(authors(:david).id).comments_with_order_and_conditions.first
+    assert_equal comments(:more_greetings), Author.all.merge!(includes: :comments_with_order_and_conditions).find(authors(:david).id).comments_with_order_and_conditions.first
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_through_join_model_with_include
-    author_comments = Author.all.merge!(:includes => :comments_with_include).find(authors(:david).id).comments_with_include.to_a
+    author_comments = Author.all.merge!(includes: :comments_with_include).find(authors(:david).id).comments_with_include.to_a
     assert_no_queries do
       author_comments.first.post.title
     end
@@ -544,7 +634,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_through_with_conditions_join_model_with_include
     post_tags = Post.find(posts(:welcome).id).misc_tags
-    eager_post_tags = Post.all.merge!(:includes => :misc_tags).find(1).misc_tags
+    eager_post_tags = Post.all.merge!(includes: :misc_tags).find(1).misc_tags
     assert_equal post_tags, eager_post_tags
   end
 
@@ -555,67 +645,67 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:order => 'posts.id asc', :includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2).to_a
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(order: "posts.id asc", includes: [ :author, :comments ], limit: 2).to_a
     assert_equal 2, posts.size
     assert_equal 3, posts.inject(0) { |sum, post| sum + post.comments.size }
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_conditions
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => "posts.body = 'hello'", :order => "posts.id").to_a
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(includes: [ :author, :comments ], limit: 2, where: "posts.body = 'hello'", order: "posts.id").to_a
     assert_equal 2, posts.size
-    assert_equal [4,5], posts.collect(&:id)
+    assert_equal [4, 5], posts.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_conditions_array
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => [ "posts.body = ?", 'hello' ], :order => "posts.id").to_a
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(includes: [ :author, :comments ], limit: 2, where: [ "posts.body = ?", "hello" ], order: "posts.id").to_a
     assert_equal 2, posts.size
-    assert_equal [4,5], posts.collect(&:id)
+    assert_equal [4, 5], posts.collect(&:id)
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_conditions_array_on_the_eagers
-    posts = Post.includes(:author, :comments).limit(2).references(:author).where("authors.name = ?", 'David')
+    posts = Post.includes(:author, :comments).limit(2).references("author").where("authors.name = ?", "David")
     assert_equal 2, posts.size
 
-    count = Post.includes(:author, :comments).limit(2).references(:author).where("authors.name = ?", 'David').count
+    count = Post.includes(:author, :comments).limit(2).references("author").where("authors.name = ?", "David").count
     assert_equal posts.size, count
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_high_offset
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :offset => 10, :where => { 'authors.name' => 'David' }).to_a
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(includes: [ :author, :comments ], limit: 2, offset: 10, where: { "authors.name" => "David" }).to_a
     assert_equal 0, posts.size
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_high_offset_and_multiple_array_conditions
     assert_queries(1) do
       posts = Post.references(:authors, :comments).
-        merge(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :offset => 10,
-          :where => [ "authors.name = ? and comments.body = ?", 'David', 'go crazy' ]).to_a
+        merge(includes: [ :author, :comments ], limit: 2, offset: 10,
+          where: [ "authors.name = ? and comments.body = ?", "David", "go crazy" ]).to_a
       assert_equal 0, posts.size
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_high_offset_and_multiple_hash_conditions
     assert_queries(1) do
-      posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :offset => 10,
-        :where => { 'authors.name' => 'David', 'comments.body' => 'go crazy' }).to_a
+      posts = Post.all.merge!(includes: [ :author, :comments ], limit: 2, offset: 10,
+        where: { "authors.name" => "David", "comments.body" => "go crazy" }).to_a
       assert_equal 0, posts.size
     end
   end
 
   def test_count_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_high_offset
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :offset => 10, :where => { 'authors.name' => 'David' }).count(:all)
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(includes: [ :author, :comments ], limit: 2, offset: 10, where: { "authors.name" => "David" }).count(:all)
     assert_equal 0, posts
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_with_no_results
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :author, :comments ], :limit => 2, :where => "posts.title = 'magic forest'").to_a
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(includes: [ :author, :comments ], limit: 2, where: "posts.title = 'magic forest'").to_a
     assert_equal 0, posts.size
   end
 
   def test_eager_count_performed_on_a_has_many_association_with_multi_table_conditional
     author = authors(:david)
     author_posts_without_comments = author.posts.select { |post| post.comments.blank? }
-    assert_equal author_posts_without_comments.size, author.posts.includes(:comments).where('comments.id is null').references(:comments).count
+    assert_equal author_posts_without_comments.size, author.posts.includes(:comments).where("comments.id is null").references(:comments).count
   end
 
   def test_eager_count_performed_on_a_has_many_through_association_with_multi_table_conditional
@@ -625,13 +715,13 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_and_belongs_to_many_and_limit
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => :categories, :order => "posts.id", :limit => 3).to_a
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(includes: :categories, order: "posts.id", limit: 3).to_a
     assert_equal 3, posts.size
     assert_equal 2, posts[0].categories.size
     assert_equal 1, posts[1].categories.size
     assert_equal 0, posts[2].categories.size
-    assert posts[0].categories.include?(categories(:technology))
-    assert posts[1].categories.include?(categories(:general))
+    assert_includes posts[0].categories, categories(:technology)
+    assert_includes posts[1].categories, categories(:general)
   end
 
   # Since the preloader for habtm gets raw row hashes from the database and then
@@ -647,7 +737,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     post1 = general.posts.to_a.find { |p| p == welcome }
     post2 = technology.posts.to_a.find { |p| p == welcome }
 
-    assert_equal post1.object_id, post2.object_id
+    assert_same post1, post2
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_has_many_and_limit_and_conditions_on_the_eagers
@@ -675,7 +765,6 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       .where("comments.body like 'Normal%' OR comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE}= 'SpecialComment'")
       .references(:comments)
       .scoping do
-
       posts = authors(:david).posts.limit(2).to_a
       assert_equal 2, posts.size
     end
@@ -684,39 +773,38 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
       .where("authors.name = 'David' AND (comments.body like 'Normal%' OR comments.#{QUOTED_TYPE}= 'SpecialComment')")
       .references(:authors, :comments)
       .scoping do
-
       count = Post.limit(2).count
       assert_equal count, posts.size
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_loading_with_habtm
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => :categories, :order => "posts.id").to_a
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(includes: :categories, order: "posts.id").to_a
     assert_equal 2, posts[0].categories.size
     assert_equal 1, posts[1].categories.size
     assert_equal 0, posts[2].categories.size
-    assert posts[0].categories.include?(categories(:technology))
-    assert posts[1].categories.include?(categories(:general))
+    assert_includes posts[0].categories, categories(:technology)
+    assert_includes posts[1].categories, categories(:general)
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_inheritance
-    SpecialPost.all.merge!(:includes => [ :comments ]).to_a
+    SpecialPost.all.merge!(includes: [ :comments ]).to_a
   end
 
   def test_eager_has_one_with_association_inheritance
-    post = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :very_special_comment ]).find(4)
+    post = Post.all.merge!(includes: [ :very_special_comment ]).find(4)
     assert_equal "VerySpecialComment", post.very_special_comment.class.to_s
   end
 
   def test_eager_has_many_with_association_inheritance
-    post = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :special_comments ]).find(4)
+    post = Post.all.merge!(includes: [ :special_comments ]).find(4)
     post.special_comments.each do |special_comment|
       assert special_comment.is_a?(SpecialComment)
     end
   end
 
   def test_eager_habtm_with_association_inheritance
-    post = Post.all.merge!(:includes => [ :special_categories ]).find(6)
+    post = Post.all.merge!(includes: [ :special_categories ]).find(6)
     assert_equal 1, post.special_categories.size
     post.special_categories.each do |special_category|
       assert_equal "SpecialCategory", special_category.class.to_s
@@ -725,8 +813,8 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_with_has_one_dependent_does_not_destroy_dependent
     assert_not_nil companies(:first_firm).account
-    f = Firm.all.merge!(:includes => :account,
-            :where => ["companies.name = ?", "37signals"]).first
+    f = Firm.all.merge!(includes: :account,
+            where: ["companies.name = ?", "37signals"]).first
     assert_not_nil f.account
     assert_equal companies(:first_firm, :reload).account, f.account
   end
@@ -739,38 +827,54 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_invalid_association_reference
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
-      Post.all.merge!(:includes=> :monkeys ).find(6)
+    e = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError) {
+      Post.all.merge!(includes: :monkeys).find(6)
     }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
-      Post.all.merge!(:includes=>[ :monkeys ]).find(6)
+    assert_match(/Association named 'monkeys' was not found on Post; perhaps you misspelled it\?/, e.message)
+
+    e = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError) {
+      Post.all.merge!(includes: [ :monkeys ]).find(6)
     }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys") {
-      Post.all.merge!(:includes=>[ 'monkeys' ]).find(6)
+    assert_match(/Association named 'monkeys' was not found on Post; perhaps you misspelled it\?/, e.message)
+
+    e = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError) {
+      Post.all.merge!(includes: [ "monkeys" ]).find(6)
     }
-    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError, "Association was not found; perhaps you misspelled it?  You specified :include => :monkeys, :elephants") {
-      Post.all.merge!(:includes=>[ :monkeys, :elephants ]).find(6)
+    assert_match(/Association named 'monkeys' was not found on Post; perhaps you misspelled it\?/, e.message)
+
+    e = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError) {
+      Post.all.merge!(includes: [ :monkeys, :elephants ]).find(6)
     }
+    assert_match(/Association named 'monkeys' was not found on Post; perhaps you misspelled it\?/, e.message)
+  end
+
+  if defined?(DidYouMean) && DidYouMean.respond_to?(:correct_error)
+    test "exceptions have suggestions for fix" do
+      error = assert_raise(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError) {
+        Post.all.merge!(includes: :monkeys).find(6)
+      }
+      assert_match "Did you mean?", error.message
+    end
   end
 
   def test_eager_has_many_through_with_order
-    tag = OrderedTag.create(name: 'Foo')
-    post1 = Post.create!(title: 'Beaches', body: "I like beaches!")
-    post2 = Post.create!(title: 'Pools', body: "I like pools!")
+    tag = OrderedTag.create(name: "Foo")
+    post1 = Post.create!(title: "Beaches", body: "I like beaches!")
+    post2 = Post.create!(title: "Pools", body: "I like pools!")
 
-    Tagging.create!(taggable_type: 'Post', taggable_id: post1.id, tag: tag)
-    Tagging.create!(taggable_type: 'Post', taggable_id: post2.id, tag: tag)
+    Tagging.create!(taggable_type: "Post", taggable_id: post1.id, tag: tag)
+    Tagging.create!(taggable_type: "Post", taggable_id: post2.id, tag: tag)
 
     tag_with_includes = OrderedTag.includes(:tagged_posts).find(tag.id)
-    assert_equal(tag_with_includes.taggings.map(&:taggable).map(&:title), tag_with_includes.tagged_posts.map(&:title))
+    assert_equal tag_with_includes.ordered_taggings.map(&:taggable).map(&:title), tag_with_includes.tagged_posts.map(&:title)
   end
 
   def test_eager_has_many_through_multiple_with_order
-    tag1 = OrderedTag.create!(name: 'Bar')
-    tag2 = OrderedTag.create!(name: 'Foo')
+    tag1 = OrderedTag.create!(name: "Bar")
+    tag2 = OrderedTag.create!(name: "Foo")
 
-    post1 = Post.create!(title: 'Beaches', body: "I like beaches!")
-    post2 = Post.create!(title: 'Pools', body: "I like pools!")
+    post1 = Post.create!(title: "Beaches", body: "I like beaches!")
+    post2 = Post.create!(title: "Pools", body: "I like pools!")
 
     Tagging.create!(taggable: post1, tag: tag1)
     Tagging.create!(taggable: post2, tag: tag1)
@@ -786,7 +890,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_default_scope
-    developer = EagerDeveloperWithDefaultScope.where(:name => 'David').first
+    developer = EagerDeveloperWithDefaultScope.where(name: "David").first
     projects = Project.order(:id).to_a
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal(projects, developer.projects)
@@ -794,7 +898,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_default_scope_as_class_method
-    developer = EagerDeveloperWithClassMethodDefaultScope.where(:name => 'David').first
+    developer = EagerDeveloperWithClassMethodDefaultScope.where(name: "David").first
     projects = Project.order(:id).to_a
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal(projects, developer.projects)
@@ -811,7 +915,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_default_scope_as_class_method_using_find_by_method
-    developer = EagerDeveloperWithClassMethodDefaultScope.find_by(name: 'David')
+    developer = EagerDeveloperWithClassMethodDefaultScope.find_by(name: "David")
     projects = Project.order(:id).to_a
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal(projects, developer.projects)
@@ -819,7 +923,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_default_scope_as_lambda
-    developer = EagerDeveloperWithLambdaDefaultScope.where(:name => 'David').first
+    developer = EagerDeveloperWithLambdaDefaultScope.where(name: "David").first
     projects = Project.order(:id).to_a
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal(projects, developer.projects)
@@ -828,8 +932,8 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_with_default_scope_as_block
     # warm up the habtm cache
-    EagerDeveloperWithBlockDefaultScope.where(:name => 'David').first.projects
-    developer = EagerDeveloperWithBlockDefaultScope.where(:name => 'David').first
+    EagerDeveloperWithBlockDefaultScope.where(name: "David").first.projects
+    developer = EagerDeveloperWithBlockDefaultScope.where(name: "David").first
     projects = Project.order(:id).to_a
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal(projects, developer.projects)
@@ -837,108 +941,70 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_default_scope_as_callable
-    developer = EagerDeveloperWithCallableDefaultScope.where(:name => 'David').first
+    developer = EagerDeveloperWithCallableDefaultScope.where(name: "David").first
     projects = Project.order(:id).to_a
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal(projects, developer.projects)
     end
   end
 
-  def find_all_ordered(className, include=nil)
-    className.all.merge!(:order=>"#{className.table_name}.#{className.primary_key}", :includes=>include).to_a
-  end
-
   def test_limited_eager_with_order
-    unless current_adapter?(:IBM_DBAdapter)
-		assert_equal(
-		  posts(:thinking, :sti_comments),
-		  Post.all.merge!(
-			:includes => [:author, :comments], :where => { 'authors.name' => 'David' },
-			:order => 'UPPER(posts.title)', :limit => 2, :offset => 1
-		  ).to_a
-		)
-		assert_equal(
-		  posts(:sti_post_and_comments, :sti_comments),
-		  Post.all.merge!(
-			:includes => [:author, :comments], :where => { 'authors.name' => 'David' },
-			:order => 'UPPER(posts.title) DESC', :limit => 2, :offset => 1
-		  ).to_a
-		)
-    else
-		assert_equal(
-		  posts(:thinking, :sti_comments),
-		  Post.all.merge!(
-			:includes => [:author, :comments], :where => { 'authors.name' => 'David' },
-			:order => 'posts.id', :limit => 2, :offset => 1
-		  ).to_a
-		)
-		assert_equal(
-		  posts(:sti_post_and_comments, :sti_comments),
-		  Post.all.merge!(
-			:includes => [:author, :comments], :where => { 'authors.name' => 'David' },
-			:order => 'posts.id DESC', :limit => 2, :offset => 1
-		  ).to_a
-		)
-    end
+    assert_equal(
+      posts(:thinking, :sti_comments),
+      Post.all.merge!(
+        includes: [:author, :comments], where: { "authors.name" => "David" },
+        order: "UPPER(posts.title)", limit: 2, offset: 1
+      ).to_a
+    )
+    assert_equal(
+      posts(:sti_post_and_comments, :sti_comments),
+      Post.all.merge!(
+        includes: [:author, :comments], where: { "authors.name" => "David" },
+        order: "UPPER(posts.title) DESC", limit: 2, offset: 1
+      ).to_a
+    )
   end
 
   def test_limited_eager_with_multiple_order_columns
-    unless current_adapter?(:IBM_DBAdapter)
-      assert_equal(
-        posts(:thinking, :sti_comments),
-          Post.all.merge!(
-            :includes => [:author, :comments], :where => { 'authors.name' => 'David' },
-            :order => ['UPPER(posts.title)', 'posts.id'], :limit => 2, :offset => 1
-          ).to_a
-      )
-      assert_equal(
-        posts(:sti_post_and_comments, :sti_comments),
-        Post.all.merge!(
-          :includes => [:author, :comments], :where => { 'authors.name' => 'David' },
-          :order => ['UPPER(posts.title) DESC', 'posts.id'], :limit => 2, :offset => 1
-        ).to_a
-      )
-    else
-      assert_equal(
-        posts(:thinking, :sti_comments),
-          Post.all.merge!(
-            :includes => [:author, :comments], :where => { 'authors.name' => 'David' },
-            :order => ['posts.id'], :limit => 2, :offset => 1
-          ).to_a
-      )
-      assert_equal(
-        posts(:sti_post_and_comments, :sti_comments),
-        Post.all.merge!(
-          :includes => [:author, :comments], :where => { 'authors.name' => 'David' },
-          :order => ['posts.id DESC'], :limit => 2, :offset => 1
-        ).to_a
-      )
-    end
+    assert_equal(
+      posts(:thinking, :sti_comments),
+      Post.all.merge!(
+        includes: [:author, :comments], where: { "authors.name" => "David" },
+        order: ["UPPER(posts.title)", "posts.id"], limit: 2, offset: 1
+      ).to_a
+    )
+    assert_equal(
+      posts(:sti_post_and_comments, :sti_comments),
+      Post.all.merge!(
+        includes: [:author, :comments], where: { "authors.name" => "David" },
+        order: ["UPPER(posts.title) DESC", "posts.id"], limit: 2, offset: 1
+      ).to_a
+    )
   end
 
   def test_limited_eager_with_numeric_in_association
     assert_equal(
       people(:david, :susan),
       Person.references(:number1_fans_people).merge(
-        :includes => [:readers, :primary_contact, :number1_fan],
-        :where => "number1_fans_people.first_name like 'M%'",
-        :order => 'people.id', :limit => 2, :offset => 0
+        includes: [:readers, :primary_contact, :number1_fan],
+        where: "number1_fans_people.first_name like 'M%'",
+        order: "people.id", limit: 2, offset: 0
       ).to_a
     )
   end
 
   def test_polymorphic_type_condition
-    post = Post.all.merge!(:includes => :taggings).find(posts(:thinking).id)
-    assert post.taggings.include?(taggings(:thinking_general))
-    post = SpecialPost.all.merge!(:includes => :taggings).find(posts(:thinking).id)
-    assert post.taggings.include?(taggings(:thinking_general))
+    post = Post.all.merge!(includes: :taggings).find(posts(:thinking).id)
+    assert_includes post.taggings, taggings(:thinking_general)
+    post = SpecialPost.all.merge!(includes: :taggings).find(posts(:thinking).id)
+    assert_includes post.taggings, taggings(:thinking_general)
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_multiple_associations_with_same_table_has_many_and_habtm
     # Eager includes of has many and habtm associations aren't necessarily sorted in the same way
     def assert_equal_after_sort(item1, item2, item3 = nil)
-      assert_equal(item1.sort{|a,b| a.id <=> b.id}, item2.sort{|a,b| a.id <=> b.id})
-      assert_equal(item3.sort{|a,b| a.id <=> b.id}, item2.sort{|a,b| a.id <=> b.id}) if item3
+      assert_equal(item1.sort { |a, b| a.id <=> b.id }, item2.sort { |a, b| a.id <=> b.id })
+      assert_equal(item3.sort { |a, b| a.id <=> b.id }, item2.sort { |a, b| a.id <=> b.id }) if item3
     end
     # Test regular association, association with conditions, association with
     # STI, and association with conditions assured not to be true
@@ -956,7 +1022,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
           d3 = find_all_ordered(className, [:posts, post_type])
           assert_equal(d1[i], d3[i])
           assert_equal_after_sort(d1[i].posts, d3[i].posts)
-          assert_equal_after_sort(d1[i].send(post_type), d2[i].send(post_type), d3[i].send(post_type))
+          assert_equal_after_sort(d1[i].public_send(post_type), d2[i].public_send(post_type), d3[i].public_send(post_type))
         end
       end
     end
@@ -967,7 +1033,11 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     d2 = find_all_ordered(Firm, :account)
     d1.each_index do |i|
       assert_equal(d1[i], d2[i])
-      assert_equal(d1[i].account, d2[i].account)
+      if d1[i].account.nil?
+        assert_nil(d2[i].account)
+      else
+        assert_equal(d1[i].account, d2[i].account)
+      end
     end
   end
 
@@ -977,28 +1047,34 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     d2 = find_all_ordered(Client, firm_types)
     d1.each_index do |i|
       assert_equal(d1[i], d2[i])
-      firm_types.each { |type| assert_equal(d1[i].send(type), d2[i].send(type)) }
+      firm_types.each do |type|
+        if (expected = d1[i].public_send(type)).nil?
+          assert_nil(d2[i].public_send(type))
+        else
+          assert_equal(expected, d2[i].public_send(type))
+        end
+      end
     end
   end
   def test_eager_with_valid_association_as_string_not_symbol
-    assert_nothing_raised { Post.all.merge!(:includes => 'comments').to_a }
+    assert_nothing_raised { Post.all.merge!(includes: "comments").to_a }
   end
 
   def test_eager_with_floating_point_numbers
     assert_queries(2) do
       # Before changes, the floating point numbers will be interpreted as table names and will cause this to run in one query
-      Comment.all.merge!(:where => "123.456 = 123.456", :includes => :post).to_a
+      Comment.all.merge!(where: "123.456 = 123.456", includes: :post).to_a
     end
   end
 
   def test_preconfigured_includes_with_belongs_to
     author = posts(:welcome).author_with_posts
-    assert_no_queries {assert_equal 5, author.posts.size}
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal 5, author.posts.size }
   end
 
   def test_preconfigured_includes_with_has_one
     comment = posts(:sti_comments).very_special_comment_with_post
-    assert_no_queries {assert_equal posts(:sti_comments), comment.post}
+    assert_no_queries { assert_equal posts(:sti_comments), comment.post }
   end
 
   def test_eager_association_with_scope_with_joins
@@ -1040,13 +1116,13 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_association_loading_notification
-    notifications = messages_for('instantiation.active_record') do
-      Developer.all.merge!(:includes => 'projects', :where => { 'developers_projects.access_level' => 1 }, :limit => 5).to_a.size
+    notifications = messages_for("instantiation.active_record") do
+      Developer.all.merge!(includes: "projects", where: { "developers_projects.access_level" => 1 }, limit: 5).to_a.size
     end
 
     message = notifications.first
     payload = message.last
-    count = Developer.all.merge!(:includes => 'projects', :where => { 'developers_projects.access_level' => 1 }, :limit => 5).to_a.size
+    count = Developer.all.merge!(includes: "projects", where: { "developers_projects.access_level" => 1 }, limit: 5).to_a.size
 
     # eagerloaded row count should be greater than just developer count
     assert_operator payload[:record_count], :>, count
@@ -1054,7 +1130,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_base_messages
-    notifications = messages_for('instantiation.active_record') do
+    notifications = messages_for("instantiation.active_record") do
       Developer.all.to_a
     end
     message = notifications.first
@@ -1076,61 +1152,55 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_load_with_sti_sharing_association
-    assert_queries(2) do #should not do 1 query per subclass
+    assert_queries(2) do # should not do 1 query per subclass
       Comment.includes(:post).to_a
     end
   end
 
   def test_conditions_on_join_table_with_include_and_limit
-    assert_equal 3, Developer.all.merge!(:includes => 'projects', :where => { 'developers_projects.access_level' => 1 }, :limit => 5).to_a.size
+    assert_equal 3, Developer.all.merge!(includes: "projects", where: { "developers_projects.access_level" => 1 }, limit: 5).to_a.size
   end
 
   def test_dont_create_temporary_active_record_instances
     Developer.instance_count = 0
-    developers = Developer.all.merge!(:includes => 'projects', :where => { 'developers_projects.access_level' => 1 }, :limit => 5).to_a
+    developers = Developer.all.merge!(includes: "projects", where: { "developers_projects.access_level" => 1 }, limit: 5).to_a
     assert_equal developers.count, Developer.instance_count
   end
 
   def test_order_on_join_table_with_include_and_limit
-    assert_equal 5, Developer.all.merge!(:includes => 'projects', :order => 'developers_projects.joined_on DESC', :limit => 5).to_a.size
+    assert_equal 5, Developer.all.merge!(includes: "projects", order: "developers_projects.joined_on DESC", limit: 5).to_a.size
   end
 
   def test_eager_loading_with_order_on_joined_table_preloads
     posts = assert_queries(2) do
-      Post.all.merge!(:joins => :comments, :includes => :author, :order => 'comments.id DESC').to_a
+      Post.all.merge!(joins: :comments, includes: :author, order: "comments.id DESC").to_a
     end
-    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), posts[1]
-    assert_equal authors(:mary), assert_no_queries { posts[1].author}
+    assert_equal posts(:eager_other), posts[2]
+    assert_equal authors(:mary), assert_no_queries { posts[2].author }
   end
 
   def test_eager_loading_with_conditions_on_joined_table_preloads
     posts = assert_queries(2) do
-      Post.all.merge!(:select => 'distinct posts.*', :includes => :author, :joins => [:comments], :where => "comments.body like 'Thank you%'", :order => 'posts.id').to_a
-    end
-    assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], posts
-    assert_equal authors(:david), assert_no_queries { posts[0].author}
-
-    posts = assert_queries(2) do
-      Post.all.merge!(:select => 'distinct posts.*', :includes => :author, :joins => [:comments], :where => "comments.body like 'Thank you%'", :order => 'posts.id').to_a
+      Post.all.merge!(select: "distinct posts.*", includes: :author, joins: [:comments], where: "comments.body like 'Thank you%'", order: "posts.id").to_a
     end
     assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], posts
-    assert_equal authors(:david), assert_no_queries { posts[0].author}
+    assert_equal authors(:david), assert_no_queries { posts[0].author }
 
     posts = assert_queries(2) do
-      Post.all.merge!(:includes => :author, :joins => {:taggings => :tag}, :where => "tags.name = 'General'", :order => 'posts.id').to_a
+      Post.all.merge!(includes: :author, joins: { taggings: :tag }, where: "tags.name = 'General'", order: "posts.id").to_a
     end
     assert_equal posts(:welcome, :thinking), posts
 
     posts = assert_queries(2) do
-      Post.all.merge!(:includes => :author, :joins => {:taggings => {:tag => :taggings}}, :where => "taggings_tags.super_tag_id=2", :order => 'posts.id').to_a
+      Post.all.merge!(includes: :author, joins: { taggings: { tag: :taggings } }, where: "taggings_tags.super_tag_id=2", order: "posts.id").to_a
     end
     assert_equal posts(:welcome, :thinking), posts
   end
 
   def test_preload_has_many_with_association_condition_and_default_scope
-    post = Post.create!(:title => 'Beaches', :body => "I like beaches!")
-    Reader.create! :person => people(:david), :post => post
-    LazyReader.create! :person => people(:susan), :post => post
+    post = Post.create!(title: "Beaches", body: "I like beaches!")
+    Reader.create! person: people(:david), post: post
+    LazyReader.create! person: people(:susan), post: post
 
     assert_equal 1, post.lazy_readers.to_a.size
     assert_equal 2, post.lazy_readers_skimmers_or_not.to_a.size
@@ -1141,69 +1211,62 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_eager_loading_with_conditions_on_string_joined_table_preloads
     posts = assert_queries(2) do
-      Post.all.merge!(:select => 'distinct posts.*', :includes => :author, :joins => "INNER JOIN comments on comments.post_id = posts.id", :where => "comments.body like 'Thank you%'", :order => 'posts.id').to_a
+      Post.all.merge!(select: "distinct posts.*", includes: :author, joins: "INNER JOIN comments on comments.post_id = posts.id", where: "comments.body like 'Thank you%'", order: "posts.id").to_a
     end
     assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], posts
-    assert_equal authors(:david), assert_no_queries { posts[0].author}
+    assert_equal authors(:david), assert_no_queries { posts[0].author }
 
     posts = assert_queries(2) do
-      Post.all.merge!(:select => 'distinct posts.*', :includes => :author, :joins => ["INNER JOIN comments on comments.post_id = posts.id"], :where => "comments.body like 'Thank you%'", :order => 'posts.id').to_a
+      Post.all.merge!(select: "distinct posts.*", includes: :author, joins: ["INNER JOIN comments on comments.post_id = posts.id"], where: "comments.body like 'Thank you%'", order: "posts.id").to_a
     end
     assert_equal [posts(:welcome)], posts
-    assert_equal authors(:david), assert_no_queries { posts[0].author}
+    assert_equal authors(:david), assert_no_queries { posts[0].author }
   end
 
   def test_eager_loading_with_select_on_joined_table_preloads
     posts = assert_queries(2) do
-      Post.all.merge!(:select => 'posts.*, authors.name as author_name', :includes => :comments, :joins => :author, :order => 'posts.id').to_a
+      Post.all.merge!(select: "posts.*, authors.name as author_name", includes: :comments, joins: :author, order: "posts.id").to_a
     end
-    assert_equal 'David', posts[0].author_name
-    assert_equal posts(:welcome).comments, assert_no_queries { posts[0].comments}
+    assert_equal "David", posts[0].author_name
+    assert_equal posts(:welcome).comments.sort_by(&:id), assert_no_queries { posts[0].comments.sort_by(&:id) }
   end
 
   def test_eager_loading_with_conditions_on_join_model_preloads
     authors = assert_queries(2) do
-      Author.all.merge!(:includes => :author_address, :joins => :comments, :where => "posts.title like 'Welcome%'").to_a
+      Author.all.merge!(includes: :author_address, joins: :comments, where: "posts.title like 'Welcome%'").to_a
     end
     assert_equal authors(:david), authors[0]
     assert_equal author_addresses(:david_address), authors[0].author_address
   end
 
   def test_preload_belongs_to_uses_exclusive_scope
-    people = Person.males.merge(:includes => :primary_contact).to_a
-    assert_not_equal people.length, 0
+    people = Person.males.includes(:primary_contact).to_a
+    assert_equal 2, people.length
     people.each do |person|
-      assert_no_queries {assert_not_nil person.primary_contact}
+      assert_no_queries { assert_not_nil person.primary_contact }
       assert_equal Person.find(person.id).primary_contact, person.primary_contact
     end
   end
 
   def test_preload_has_many_uses_exclusive_scope
     people = Person.males.includes(:agents).to_a
+    assert_equal 2, people.length
     people.each do |person|
-      assert_equal Person.find(person.id).agents, person.agents
+      assert_equal Person.find(person.id).agents.sort_by(&:id), person.agents.sort_by(&:id)
     end
   end
 
   def test_preload_has_many_using_primary_key
-    expected = Firm.first.clients_using_primary_key.to_a
+    expected = Firm.first.clients_using_primary_key.sort_by(&:id)
     firm = Firm.includes(:clients_using_primary_key).first
     assert_no_queries do
-      assert_equal expected, firm.clients_using_primary_key
+      assert_equal expected, firm.clients_using_primary_key.sort_by(&:id)
     end
   end
 
   def test_include_has_many_using_primary_key
     expected = Firm.find(1).clients_using_primary_key.sort_by(&:name)
-    # Oracle adapter truncates alias to 30 characters
-    if current_adapter?(:OracleAdapter)
-      firm = Firm.all.merge!(:includes => :clients_using_primary_key, :order => 'clients_using_primary_keys_companies'[0,30]+'.name').find(1)
-	elsif current_adapter?(:IBM_DBAdapter)
-      #firm = Firm.all.merge!(:includes => :clients_using_primary_key).find(1)
-	  firm = Firm.all.merge!(:includes => :clients_using_primary_key, :order => 'clients_using_primary_keys_companies.name').find(1)
-    else
-      firm = Firm.all.merge!(:includes => :clients_using_primary_key, :order => 'clients_using_primary_keys_companies.name').find(1)
-    end
+    firm = Firm.all.merge!(includes: :clients_using_primary_key, order: "clients_using_primary_keys_companies.name").find(1)
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal expected, firm.clients_using_primary_key
     end
@@ -1211,7 +1274,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_preload_has_one_using_primary_key
     expected = accounts(:signals37)
-    firm = Firm.all.merge!(:includes => :account_using_primary_key, :order => 'companies.id').first
+    firm = Firm.all.merge!(includes: :account_using_primary_key, order: "companies.id").first
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal expected, firm.account_using_primary_key
     end
@@ -1219,35 +1282,37 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   def test_include_has_one_using_primary_key
     expected = accounts(:signals37)
-    firm = Firm.all.merge!(:includes => :account_using_primary_key, :order => 'accounts.id').to_a.detect {|f| f.id == 1}
+    firm = Firm.all.merge!(includes: :account_using_primary_key, order: "accounts.id").to_a.detect { |f| f.id == 1 }
     assert_no_queries do
       assert_equal expected, firm.account_using_primary_key
     end
   end
 
   def test_preloading_empty_belongs_to
-    c = Client.create!(:name => 'Foo', :client_of => Company.maximum(:id) + 1)
+    c = Client.create!(name: "Foo", client_of: Company.maximum(:id) + 1)
 
     client = assert_queries(2) { Client.preload(:firm).find(c.id) }
     assert_no_queries { assert_nil client.firm }
+    assert_equal c.client_of, client.client_of
   end
 
   def test_preloading_empty_belongs_to_polymorphic
-    t = Tagging.create!(:taggable_type => 'Post', :taggable_id => Post.maximum(:id) + 1, :tag => tags(:general))
+    t = Tagging.create!(taggable_type: "Post", taggable_id: Post.maximum(:id) + 1, tag: tags(:general))
 
     tagging = assert_queries(2) { Tagging.preload(:taggable).find(t.id) }
     assert_no_queries { assert_nil tagging.taggable }
+    assert_equal t.taggable_id, tagging.taggable_id
   end
 
   def test_preloading_through_empty_belongs_to
-    c = Client.create!(:name => 'Foo', :client_of => Company.maximum(:id) + 1)
+    c = Client.create!(name: "Foo", client_of: Company.maximum(:id) + 1)
 
     client = assert_queries(2) { Client.preload(:accounts).find(c.id) }
     assert_no_queries { assert client.accounts.empty? }
   end
 
   def test_preloading_has_many_through_with_distinct
-    mary = Author.includes(:unique_categorized_posts).where(:id => authors(:mary).id).first
+    mary = Author.includes(:unique_categorized_posts).where(id: authors(:mary).id).first
     assert_equal 1, mary.unique_categorized_posts.length
     assert_equal 1, mary.unique_categorized_post_ids.length
   end
@@ -1275,31 +1340,31 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     groucho = members(:groucho)
 
     sponsor = assert_queries(2) {
-      Sponsor.includes(:thing).where(:id => sponsor.id).first
+      Sponsor.includes(:thing).where(id: sponsor.id).first
     }
     assert_no_queries { assert_equal groucho, sponsor.thing }
   end
 
   def test_joins_with_includes_should_preload_via_joins
-    post = assert_queries(1) { Post.includes(:comments).joins(:comments).order('posts.id desc').to_a.first }
+    post = assert_queries(1) { Post.includes(:comments).joins(:comments).order("posts.id desc").to_a.first }
 
-    assert_queries(0) do
+    assert_no_queries do
       assert_not_equal 0, post.comments.to_a.count
     end
   end
 
   def test_join_eager_with_empty_order_should_generate_valid_sql
     assert_nothing_raised do
-      Post.includes(:comments).order("").where(:comments => {:body => "Thank you for the welcome"}).first
+      Post.includes(:comments).order("").where(comments: { body: "Thank you for the welcome" }).first
     end
   end
 
   def test_deep_including_through_habtm
     # warm up habtm cache
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => {:categories => :categorizations}, :order => "posts.id").to_a
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(includes: { categories: :categorizations }, order: "posts.id").to_a
     posts[0].categories[0].categorizations.length
 
-    posts = Post.all.merge!(:includes => {:categories => :categorizations}, :order => "posts.id").to_a
+    posts = Post.all.merge!(includes: { categories: :categorizations }, order: "posts.id").to_a
     assert_no_queries { assert_equal 2, posts[0].categories[0].categorizations.length }
     assert_no_queries { assert_equal 1, posts[0].categories[1].categorizations.length }
     assert_no_queries { assert_equal 2, posts[1].categories[0].categorizations.length }
@@ -1315,21 +1380,39 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_equal projects.last.mentor.developers.first.contracts, projects.last.developers.last.contracts
   end
 
+  def test_preloading_has_many_through_with_custom_scope
+    project = Project.includes(:developers_named_david_with_hash_conditions).find(projects(:active_record).id)
+    assert_equal [developers(:david)], project.developers_named_david_with_hash_conditions
+  end
+
   test "scoping with a circular preload" do
-    assert_equal Comment.find(1), Comment.preload(:post => :comments).scoping { Comment.find(1) }
+    assert_equal Comment.find(1), Comment.preload(post: :comments).scoping { Comment.find(1) }
   end
 
   test "circular preload does not modify unscoped" do
     expected = FirstPost.unscoped.find(2)
-    FirstPost.preload(:comments => :first_post).find(1)
+    FirstPost.preload(comments: :first_post).find(1)
     assert_equal expected, FirstPost.unscoped.find(2)
   end
 
-  test "preload ignores the scoping" do
-    assert_equal(
-      Comment.find(1).post,
-      Post.where('1 = 0').scoping { Comment.preload(:post).find(1).post }
-    )
+  test "belongs_to association ignores the scoping" do
+    post = Comment.find(1).post
+
+    Post.where("1=0").scoping do
+      assert_equal post, Comment.find(1).post
+      assert_equal post, Comment.preload(:post).find(1).post
+      assert_equal post, Comment.eager_load(:post).find(1).post
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "has_many association ignores the scoping" do
+    comments = Post.find(1).comments.to_a
+
+    Comment.where("1=0").scoping do
+      assert_equal comments, Post.find(1).comments
+      assert_equal comments, Post.preload(:comments).find(1).comments
+      assert_equal comments, Post.eager_load(:comments).find(1).comments
+    end
   end
 
   test "deep preload" do
@@ -1353,10 +1436,10 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   end
 
   test "works in combination with order(:symbol) and reorder(:symbol)" do
-    author = Author.includes(:posts).references(:posts).order(:name).find_by('posts.title IS NOT NULL')
+    author = Author.includes(:posts).references(:posts).order(:name).find_by("posts.title IS NOT NULL")
     assert_equal authors(:bob), author
 
-    author = Author.includes(:posts).references(:posts).reorder(:name).find_by('posts.title IS NOT NULL')
+    author = Author.includes(:posts).references(:posts).reorder(:name).find_by("posts.title IS NOT NULL")
     assert_equal authors(:bob), author
   end
 
@@ -1382,6 +1465,8 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
     assert_nothing_raised do
       authors(:david).essays.includes(:writer).any?
+      authors(:david).essays.includes(:writer).exists?
+      authors(:david).essays.includes(:owner).where("name IS NOT NULL").exists?
     end
   end
 
@@ -1396,7 +1481,7 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
 
   test "including associations with where.not adds implicit references" do
     author = assert_queries(2) {
-      Author.includes(:posts).where.not(posts: { title: 'Welcome to the weblog'} ).last
+      Author.includes(:posts).where.not(posts: { title: "Welcome to the weblog" }).last
     }
 
     assert_no_queries {
@@ -1426,11 +1511,29 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
     assert_match message, error.message
   end
 
+  test "preloading and eager loading of optional instance dependent associations is not supported" do
+    message = "association scope 'posts_mentioning_author' is"
+    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      Author.includes(:posts_mentioning_author).to_a
+    end
+    assert_match message, error.message
+
+    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      Author.preload(:posts_mentioning_author).to_a
+    end
+    assert_match message, error.message
+
+    error = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
+      Author.eager_load(:posts_mentioning_author).to_a
+    end
+    assert_match message, error.message
+  end
+
   test "preload with invalid argument" do
     exception = assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
       Author.preload(10).to_a
     end
-    assert_equal('10 was not recognized for preload', exception.message)
+    assert_equal("10 was not recognized for preload", exception.message)
   end
 
   test "associations with extensions are not instance dependent" do
@@ -1449,66 +1552,107 @@ class EagerAssociationTest < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   test "preloading readonly association" do
     # has-one
     firm = Firm.where(id: "1").preload(:readonly_account).first!
-    assert firm.readonly_account.readonly?
+    assert_predicate firm.readonly_account, :readonly?
 
     # has_and_belongs_to_many
     project = Project.where(id: "2").preload(:readonly_developers).first!
-    assert project.readonly_developers.first.readonly?
+    assert_predicate project.readonly_developers.first, :readonly?
 
     # has-many :through
     david = Author.where(id: "1").preload(:readonly_comments).first!
-    assert david.readonly_comments.first.readonly?
+    assert_predicate david.readonly_comments.first, :readonly?
   end
 
   test "eager-loading non-readonly association" do
     # has_one
     firm = Firm.where(id: "1").eager_load(:account).first!
-    assert_not firm.account.readonly?
+    assert_not_predicate firm.account, :readonly?
 
     # has_and_belongs_to_many
     project = Project.where(id: "2").eager_load(:developers).first!
-    assert_not project.developers.first.readonly?
+    assert_not_predicate project.developers.first, :readonly?
 
     # has_many :through
     david = Author.where(id: "1").eager_load(:comments).first!
-    assert_not david.comments.first.readonly?
+    assert_not_predicate david.comments.first, :readonly?
 
     # belongs_to
     post = Post.where(id: "1").eager_load(:author).first!
-    assert_not post.author.readonly?
+    assert_not_predicate post.author, :readonly?
   end
 
   test "eager-loading readonly association" do
     # has-one
     firm = Firm.where(id: "1").eager_load(:readonly_account).first!
-    assert firm.readonly_account.readonly?
+    assert_predicate firm.readonly_account, :readonly?
 
     # has_and_belongs_to_many
     project = Project.where(id: "2").eager_load(:readonly_developers).first!
-    assert project.readonly_developers.first.readonly?
+    assert_predicate project.readonly_developers.first, :readonly?
 
     # has-many :through
     david = Author.where(id: "1").eager_load(:readonly_comments).first!
-    assert david.readonly_comments.first.readonly?
+    assert_predicate david.readonly_comments.first, :readonly?
 
     # belongs_to
     post = Post.where(id: "1").eager_load(:readonly_author).first!
-    assert post.readonly_author.readonly?
+    assert_predicate post.readonly_author, :readonly?
   end
 
   test "preloading a polymorphic association with references to the associated table" do
-    post = Post.includes(:tags).references(:tags).where('tags.name = ?', 'General').first
+    post = Post.includes(:tags).references(:tags).where("tags.name = ?", "General").first
     assert_equal posts(:welcome), post
   end
 
   test "eager-loading a polymorphic association with references to the associated table" do
-    post = Post.eager_load(:tags).where('tags.name = ?', 'General').first
+    post = Post.eager_load(:tags).where("tags.name = ?", "General").first
     assert_equal posts(:welcome), post
   end
 
+  test "eager-loading with a polymorphic association won't work consistently" do
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::EagerLoadPolymorphicError) { authors(:david).essays.eager_load(:writer).to_a }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::EagerLoadPolymorphicError) { authors(:david).essays.eager_load(:writer).count }
+    assert_raise(ActiveRecord::EagerLoadPolymorphicError) { authors(:david).essays.eager_load(:writer).exists? }
+  end
+
   # CollectionProxy#reader is expensive, so the preloader avoids calling it.
   test "preloading has_many_through association avoids calling association.reader" do
-    ActiveRecord::Associations::HasManyAssociation.any_instance.expects(:reader).never
-    Author.preload(:readonly_comments).first!
+    assert_not_called_on_instance_of(ActiveRecord::Associations::HasManyAssociation, :reader) do
+      Author.preload(:readonly_comments).first!
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "preloading through a polymorphic association doesn't require the association to exist" do
+    sponsors = []
+    assert_queries 5 do
+      sponsors = Sponsor.where(sponsorable_id: 1).preload(sponsorable: [:post, :membership]).to_a
+    end
+    # check the preload worked
+    assert_queries 0 do
+      sponsors.map(&:sponsorable).map { |s| s.respond_to?(:posts) ? s.post.author : s.membership }
+    end
   end
+
+  test "preloading a regular association through a polymorphic association doesn't require the association to exist on all types" do
+    sponsors = []
+    assert_queries 6 do
+      sponsors = Sponsor.where(sponsorable_id: 1).preload(sponsorable: [{ post: :first_comment }, :membership]).to_a
+    end
+    # check the preload worked
+    assert_queries 0 do
+      sponsors.map(&:sponsorable).map { |s| s.respond_to?(:posts) ? s.post.author : s.membership }
+    end
+  end
+
+  test "preloading a regular association with a typo through a polymorphic association still raises" do
+    # this test contains an intentional typo of first -> fist
+    assert_raises(ActiveRecord::AssociationNotFoundError) do
+      Sponsor.where(sponsorable_id: 1).preload(sponsorable: [{ post: :fist_comment }, :membership]).to_a
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+    def find_all_ordered(klass, include = nil)
+      klass.order("#{klass.table_name}.#{klass.primary_key}").includes(include).to_a
+    end
 end