grpc 1.44.0.pre2-x86_64-linux → 1.46.3-x86_64-linux

data/src/core/lib/iomgr/error.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,988 @@
+/*
+ *
+ * Copyright 2016 gRPC authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ */
+#include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
+
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/error.h"
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include <grpc/impl/codegen/status.h>
+#include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
+#include <grpc/support/log.h>
+#include <grpc/support/string_util.h>
+
+#ifdef GPR_WINDOWS
+#include <grpc/support/log_windows.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "src/core/lib/debug/trace.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/gpr/useful.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/error_internal.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_internal.h"
+
+grpc_core::DebugOnlyTraceFlag grpc_trace_error_refcount(false,
+                                                        "error_refcount");
+grpc_core::DebugOnlyTraceFlag grpc_trace_closure(false, "closure");
+
+static gpr_atm g_error_creation_allowed = true;
+
+void grpc_disable_error_creation() {
+  gpr_atm_no_barrier_store(&g_error_creation_allowed, false);
+}
+
+void grpc_enable_error_creation() {
+  gpr_atm_no_barrier_store(&g_error_creation_allowed, true);
+}
+
+#ifdef GRPC_ERROR_IS_ABSEIL_STATUS
+
+absl::Status grpc_status_create(absl::StatusCode code, absl::string_view msg,
+                                const grpc_core::DebugLocation& location,
+                                size_t children_count, absl::Status* children) {
+  absl::Status s = StatusCreate(code, msg, location, {});
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < children_count; ++i) {
+    if (!children[i].ok()) {
+      grpc_core::StatusAddChild(&s, children[i]);
+    }
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+std::string grpc_error_std_string(absl::Status error) {
+  return grpc_core::StatusToString(error);
+}
+
+absl::Status grpc_os_error(const grpc_core::DebugLocation& location, int err,
+                           const char* call_name) {
+  absl::Status s =
+      StatusCreate(absl::StatusCode::kUnknown, "OS Error", location, {});
+  grpc_core::StatusSetInt(&s, grpc_core::StatusIntProperty::kErrorNo, err);
+  grpc_core::StatusSetStr(&s, grpc_core::StatusStrProperty::kOsError,
+                          strerror(err));
+  grpc_core::StatusSetStr(&s, grpc_core::StatusStrProperty::kSyscall,
+                          call_name);
+  return s;
+}
+
+#ifdef GPR_WINDOWS
+absl::Status grpc_wsa_error(const grpc_core::DebugLocation& location, int err,
+                            const char* call_name) {
+  char* utf8_message = gpr_format_message(err);
+  absl::Status s =
+      StatusCreate(absl::StatusCode::kUnavailable, "WSA Error", location, {});
+  StatusSetInt(&s, grpc_core::StatusIntProperty::kWsaError, err);
+  StatusSetStr(&s, grpc_core::StatusStrProperty::kOsError, utf8_message);
+  StatusSetStr(&s, grpc_core::StatusStrProperty::kSyscall, call_name);
+  return s;
+}
+#endif
+
+grpc_error_handle grpc_error_set_int(grpc_error_handle src,
+                                     grpc_error_ints which, intptr_t value) {
+  if (src == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    src = absl::UnknownError("");
+    StatusSetInt(&src, grpc_core::StatusIntProperty::kRpcStatus,
+                 GRPC_STATUS_OK);
+  }
+  grpc_core::StatusSetInt(
+      &src, static_cast<grpc_core::StatusIntProperty>(which), value);
+  return src;
+}
+
+bool grpc_error_get_int(grpc_error_handle error, grpc_error_ints which,
+                        intptr_t* p) {
+  absl::optional<intptr_t> value = grpc_core::StatusGetInt(
+      error, static_cast<grpc_core::StatusIntProperty>(which));
+  if (value.has_value()) {
+    *p = *value;
+    return true;
+  } else {
+    // TODO(veblush): Remove this once absl::Status migration is done
+    if (which == GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS) {
+      switch (error.code()) {
+        case absl::StatusCode::kOk:
+          *p = GRPC_STATUS_OK;
+          return true;
+        case absl::StatusCode::kResourceExhausted:
+          *p = GRPC_STATUS_RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED;
+          return true;
+        case absl::StatusCode::kCancelled:
+          *p = GRPC_STATUS_CANCELLED;
+          return true;
+        default:
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle grpc_error_set_str(grpc_error_handle src,
+                                     grpc_error_strs which,
+                                     absl::string_view str) {
+  if (src == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    src = absl::UnknownError("");
+    StatusSetInt(&src, grpc_core::StatusIntProperty::kRpcStatus,
+                 GRPC_STATUS_OK);
+  }
+  if (which == GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION) {
+    // To change the message of absl::Status, a new instance should be created
+    // with a code and payload because it doesn't have a setter for it.
+    absl::Status s = absl::Status(src.code(), str);
+    src.ForEachPayload(
+        [&](absl::string_view type_url, const absl::Cord& payload) {
+          s.SetPayload(type_url, payload);
+        });
+    return s;
+  } else {
+    grpc_core::StatusSetStr(
+        &src, static_cast<grpc_core::StatusStrProperty>(which), str);
+  }
+  return src;
+}
+
+bool grpc_error_get_str(grpc_error_handle error, grpc_error_strs which,
+                        std::string* s) {
+  if (which == GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION) {
+    // absl::Status uses the message field for GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION
+    // instead of using payload.
+    absl::string_view msg = error.message();
+    if (msg.empty()) {
+      return false;
+    } else {
+      *s = std::string(msg);
+      return true;
+    }
+  } else {
+    absl::optional<std::string> value = grpc_core::StatusGetStr(
+        error, static_cast<grpc_core::StatusStrProperty>(which));
+    if (value.has_value()) {
+      *s = std::move(*value);
+      return true;
+    } else {
+      // TODO(veblush): Remove this once absl::Status migration is done
+      if (which == GRPC_ERROR_STR_GRPC_MESSAGE) {
+        switch (error.code()) {
+          case absl::StatusCode::kOk:
+            *s = "";
+            return true;
+          case absl::StatusCode::kResourceExhausted:
+            *s = "RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED";
+            return true;
+          case absl::StatusCode::kCancelled:
+            *s = "CANCELLED";
+            return true;
+          default:
+            break;
+        }
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle grpc_error_add_child(grpc_error_handle src,
+                                       grpc_error_handle child) {
+  if (src.ok()) {
+    return child;
+  } else {
+    if (!child.ok()) {
+      grpc_core::StatusAddChild(&src, child);
+    }
+    return src;
+  }
+}
+
+bool grpc_log_error(const char* what, grpc_error_handle error, const char* file,
+                    int line) {
+  GPR_DEBUG_ASSERT(error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+  gpr_log(file, line, GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_ERROR, "%s: %s", what,
+          grpc_core::StatusToString(error).c_str());
+  return false;
+}
+
+#else  // GRPC_ERROR_IS_ABSEIL_STATUS
+
+static const char* error_int_name(grpc_error_ints key) {
+  switch (key) {
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_ERRNO:
+      return "errno";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_FILE_LINE:
+      return "file_line";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_STREAM_ID:
+      return "stream_id";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS:
+      return "grpc_status";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_OFFSET:
+      return "offset";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_INDEX:
+      return "index";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_SIZE:
+      return "size";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_HTTP2_ERROR:
+      return "http2_error";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_TSI_CODE:
+      return "tsi_code";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_FD:
+      return "fd";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_WSA_ERROR:
+      return "wsa_error";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_HTTP_STATUS:
+      return "http_status";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_OCCURRED_DURING_WRITE:
+      return "occurred_during_write";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_CHANNEL_CONNECTIVITY_STATE:
+      return "channel_connectivity_state";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_LB_POLICY_DROP:
+      return "lb_policy_drop";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_INT_MAX:
+      GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
+  }
+  GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
+}
+
+static const char* error_str_name(grpc_error_strs key) {
+  switch (key) {
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_KEY:
+      return "key";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_VALUE:
+      return "value";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION:
+      return "description";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_OS_ERROR:
+      return "os_error";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_TARGET_ADDRESS:
+      return "target_address";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_SYSCALL:
+      return "syscall";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_FILE:
+      return "file";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_GRPC_MESSAGE:
+      return "grpc_message";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_RAW_BYTES:
+      return "raw_bytes";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_TSI_ERROR:
+      return "tsi_error";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_FILENAME:
+      return "filename";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_STR_MAX:
+      GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
+  }
+  GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
+}
+
+static const char* error_time_name(grpc_error_times key) {
+  switch (key) {
+    case GRPC_ERROR_TIME_CREATED:
+      return "created";
+    case GRPC_ERROR_TIME_MAX:
+      GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
+  }
+  GPR_UNREACHABLE_CODE(return "unknown");
+}
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+grpc_error_handle grpc_error_do_ref(grpc_error_handle err, const char* file,
+                                    int line) {
+  if (grpc_trace_error_refcount.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "%p: %" PRIdPTR " -> %" PRIdPTR " [%s:%d]", err,
+            gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&err->atomics.refs.count),
+            gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&err->atomics.refs.count) + 1, file, line);
+  }
+  gpr_ref(&err->atomics.refs);
+  return err;
+}
+#else
+grpc_error_handle grpc_error_do_ref(grpc_error_handle err) {
+  gpr_ref(&err->atomics.refs);
+  return err;
+}
+#endif
+
+static void unref_errs(grpc_error_handle err) {
+  uint8_t slot = err->first_err;
+  while (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+    grpc_linked_error* lerr =
+        reinterpret_cast<grpc_linked_error*>(err->arena + slot);
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(lerr->err);
+    GPR_ASSERT(err->last_err == slot ? lerr->next == UINT8_MAX
+                                     : lerr->next != UINT8_MAX);
+    slot = lerr->next;
+  }
+}
+
+static void unref_strs(grpc_error_handle err) {
+  for (size_t which = 0; which < GRPC_ERROR_STR_MAX; ++which) {
+    uint8_t slot = err->strs[which];
+    if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+      grpc_slice_unref_internal(
+          *reinterpret_cast<grpc_slice*>(err->arena + slot));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void error_destroy(grpc_error_handle err) {
+  GPR_ASSERT(!grpc_error_is_special(err));
+  unref_errs(err);
+  unref_strs(err);
+  gpr_free(
+      reinterpret_cast<void*>(gpr_atm_acq_load(&err->atomics.error_string)));
+  gpr_free(err);
+}
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+void grpc_error_do_unref(grpc_error_handle err, const char* file, int line) {
+  if (grpc_trace_error_refcount.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "%p: %" PRIdPTR " -> %" PRIdPTR " [%s:%d]", err,
+            gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&err->atomics.refs.count),
+            gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&err->atomics.refs.count) - 1, file, line);
+  }
+  if (gpr_unref(&err->atomics.refs)) {
+    error_destroy(err);
+  }
+}
+#else
+void grpc_error_do_unref(grpc_error_handle err) {
+  if (gpr_unref(&err->atomics.refs)) {
+    error_destroy(err);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+static uint8_t get_placement(grpc_error_handle* err, size_t size) {
+  GPR_ASSERT(*err);
+  uint8_t slots = static_cast<uint8_t>(size / sizeof(intptr_t));
+  if ((*err)->arena_size + slots > (*err)->arena_capacity) {
+    (*err)->arena_capacity = static_cast<uint8_t>(std::min(
+        size_t(UINT8_MAX - 1), size_t(3 * (*err)->arena_capacity / 2)));
+    if ((*err)->arena_size + slots > (*err)->arena_capacity) {
+      return UINT8_MAX;
+    }
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    grpc_error_handle orig = *err;
+#endif
+    *err = static_cast<grpc_error_handle>(gpr_realloc(
+        *err, sizeof(grpc_error) + (*err)->arena_capacity * sizeof(intptr_t)));
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    if (grpc_trace_error_refcount.enabled()) {
+      if (*err != orig) {
+        gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "realloc %p -> %p", orig, *err);
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+  uint8_t placement = (*err)->arena_size;
+  (*err)->arena_size = static_cast<uint8_t>((*err)->arena_size + slots);
+  return placement;
+}
+
+static void internal_set_int(grpc_error_handle* err, grpc_error_ints which,
+                             intptr_t value) {
+  uint8_t slot = (*err)->ints[which];
+  if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
+    slot = get_placement(err, sizeof(value));
+    if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Error %p is full, dropping int {\"%s\":%" PRIiPTR "}",
+              *err, error_int_name(which), value);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  (*err)->ints[which] = slot;
+  (*err)->arena[slot] = value;
+}
+
+static void internal_set_str(grpc_error_handle* err, grpc_error_strs which,
+                             const grpc_slice& value) {
+  uint8_t slot = (*err)->strs[which];
+  if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
+    slot = get_placement(err, sizeof(value));
+    if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
+      char* str = grpc_slice_to_c_string(value);
+      gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Error %p is full, dropping string {\"%s\":\"%s\"}",
+              *err, error_str_name(which), str);
+      gpr_free(str);
+      return;
+    }
+  } else {
+    grpc_slice_unref_internal(
+        *reinterpret_cast<grpc_slice*>((*err)->arena + slot));
+  }
+  (*err)->strs[which] = slot;
+  memcpy((*err)->arena + slot, &value, sizeof(value));
+}
+
+static char* fmt_time(gpr_timespec tm);
+static void internal_set_time(grpc_error_handle* err, grpc_error_times which,
+                              gpr_timespec value) {
+  uint8_t slot = (*err)->times[which];
+  if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
+    slot = get_placement(err, sizeof(value));
+    if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
+      char* time_str = fmt_time(value);
+      gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Error %p is full, dropping \"%s\":\"%s\"}", *err,
+              error_time_name(which), time_str);
+      gpr_free(time_str);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  (*err)->times[which] = slot;
+  memcpy((*err)->arena + slot, &value, sizeof(value));
+}
+
+const char* grpc_error_string(grpc_error_handle err);
+
+static void internal_add_error(grpc_error_handle* err,
+                               grpc_error_handle new_err) {
+  grpc_linked_error new_last = {new_err, UINT8_MAX};
+  uint8_t slot = get_placement(err, sizeof(grpc_linked_error));
+  if (slot == UINT8_MAX) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Error %p is full, dropping error %p = %s", *err,
+            new_err, grpc_error_string(new_err));
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(new_err);
+    return;
+  }
+  if ((*err)->first_err == UINT8_MAX) {
+    GPR_ASSERT((*err)->last_err == UINT8_MAX);
+    (*err)->last_err = slot;
+    (*err)->first_err = slot;
+  } else {
+    GPR_ASSERT((*err)->last_err != UINT8_MAX);
+    grpc_linked_error* old_last =
+        reinterpret_cast<grpc_linked_error*>((*err)->arena + (*err)->last_err);
+    old_last->next = slot;
+    (*err)->last_err = slot;
+  }
+  memcpy((*err)->arena + slot, &new_last, sizeof(grpc_linked_error));
+}
+
+#define SLOTS_PER_INT (1)  // == (sizeof(intptr_t) / sizeof(intptr_t))
+#define SLOTS_PER_STR (sizeof(grpc_slice) / sizeof(intptr_t))
+#define SLOTS_PER_TIME (sizeof(gpr_timespec) / sizeof(intptr_t))
+#define SLOTS_PER_LINKED_ERROR (sizeof(grpc_linked_error) / sizeof(intptr_t))
+
+// size of storing one int and two slices and a timespec. For line, desc, file,
+// and time created
+#define DEFAULT_ERROR_CAPACITY \
+  (SLOTS_PER_INT + (SLOTS_PER_STR * 2) + SLOTS_PER_TIME)
+
+// It is very common to include and extra int and string in an error
+#define SURPLUS_CAPACITY (2 * SLOTS_PER_INT + SLOTS_PER_TIME)
+
+grpc_error_handle grpc_error_create(const char* file, int line,
+                                    const grpc_slice& desc,
+                                    grpc_error_handle* referencing,
+                                    size_t num_referencing) {
+  uint8_t initial_arena_capacity = static_cast<uint8_t>(
+      DEFAULT_ERROR_CAPACITY +
+      static_cast<uint8_t>(num_referencing * SLOTS_PER_LINKED_ERROR) +
+      SURPLUS_CAPACITY);
+  grpc_error_handle err = static_cast<grpc_error_handle>(
+      gpr_malloc(sizeof(*err) + initial_arena_capacity * sizeof(intptr_t)));
+  if (err == nullptr) {  // TODO(ctiller): make gpr_malloc return NULL
+    return GRPC_ERROR_OOM;
+  }
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  if (!gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&g_error_creation_allowed)) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR,
+            "Error creation occurred when error creation was disabled [%s:%d]",
+            file, line);
+    abort();
+  }
+  if (grpc_trace_error_refcount.enabled()) {
+    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "%p create [%s:%d]", err, file, line);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  err->arena_size = 0;
+  err->arena_capacity = initial_arena_capacity;
+  err->first_err = UINT8_MAX;
+  err->last_err = UINT8_MAX;
+
+  memset(err->ints, UINT8_MAX, GRPC_ERROR_INT_MAX);
+  memset(err->strs, UINT8_MAX, GRPC_ERROR_STR_MAX);
+  memset(err->times, UINT8_MAX, GRPC_ERROR_TIME_MAX);
+
+  internal_set_int(&err, GRPC_ERROR_INT_FILE_LINE, line);
+  internal_set_str(&err, GRPC_ERROR_STR_FILE,
+                   grpc_slice_from_static_string(file));
+  internal_set_str(&err, GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION, desc);
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_referencing; ++i) {
+    if (referencing[i] == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) continue;
+    internal_add_error(
+        &err,
+        GRPC_ERROR_REF(
+            referencing[i]));  // TODO(ncteisen), change ownership semantics
+  }
+
+  internal_set_time(&err, GRPC_ERROR_TIME_CREATED, gpr_now(GPR_CLOCK_REALTIME));
+
+  gpr_atm_no_barrier_store(&err->atomics.error_string, 0);
+  gpr_ref_init(&err->atomics.refs, 1);
+  return err;
+}
+
+static void ref_strs(grpc_error_handle err) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < GRPC_ERROR_STR_MAX; ++i) {
+    uint8_t slot = err->strs[i];
+    if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+      grpc_slice_ref_internal(
+          *reinterpret_cast<grpc_slice*>(err->arena + slot));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void ref_errs(grpc_error_handle err) {
+  uint8_t slot = err->first_err;
+  while (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+    grpc_linked_error* lerr =
+        reinterpret_cast<grpc_linked_error*>(err->arena + slot);
+    (void)GRPC_ERROR_REF(lerr->err);
+    slot = lerr->next;
+  }
+}
+
+static grpc_error_handle copy_error_and_unref(grpc_error_handle in) {
+  grpc_error_handle out;
+  if (grpc_error_is_special(in)) {
+    out = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("unknown");
+    if (in == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+      internal_set_str(&out, GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION,
+                       grpc_slice_from_static_string("no error"));
+      internal_set_int(&out, GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS, GRPC_STATUS_OK);
+    } else if (in == GRPC_ERROR_OOM) {
+      internal_set_str(&out, GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION,
+                       grpc_slice_from_static_string("oom"));
+    } else if (in == GRPC_ERROR_CANCELLED) {
+      internal_set_str(&out, GRPC_ERROR_STR_DESCRIPTION,
+                       grpc_slice_from_static_string("cancelled"));
+      internal_set_int(&out, GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS, GRPC_STATUS_CANCELLED);
+    }
+  } else if (gpr_ref_is_unique(&in->atomics.refs)) {
+    out = in;
+  } else {
+    uint8_t new_arena_capacity = in->arena_capacity;
+    // the returned err will be added to, so we ensure this is room to avoid
+    // unneeded allocations.
+    if (in->arena_capacity - in->arena_size <
+        static_cast<uint8_t> SLOTS_PER_STR) {
+      new_arena_capacity = static_cast<uint8_t>(3 * new_arena_capacity / 2);
+    }
+    out = static_cast<grpc_error_handle>(
+        gpr_malloc(sizeof(*in) + new_arena_capacity * sizeof(intptr_t)));
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    if (grpc_trace_error_refcount.enabled()) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "%p create copying %p", out, in);
+    }
+#endif
+    // bulk memcpy of the rest of the struct.
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(bugprone-sizeof-expression)
+    size_t skip = sizeof(&out->atomics);
+    memcpy(reinterpret_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(out) + skip),
+           reinterpret_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(in) + skip),
+           sizeof(*in) + (in->arena_size * sizeof(intptr_t)) - skip);
+    // manually set the atomics and the new capacity
+    gpr_atm_no_barrier_store(&out->atomics.error_string, 0);
+    gpr_ref_init(&out->atomics.refs, 1);
+    out->arena_capacity = new_arena_capacity;
+    ref_strs(out);
+    ref_errs(out);
+    GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(in);
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle grpc_error_set_int(grpc_error_handle src,
+                                     grpc_error_ints which, intptr_t value) {
+  grpc_error_handle new_err = copy_error_and_unref(src);
+  internal_set_int(&new_err, which, value);
+  return new_err;
+}
+
+struct special_error_status_map {
+  grpc_status_code code;
+  const char* msg;
+  size_t len;
+};
+const special_error_status_map error_status_map[] = {
+    {GRPC_STATUS_OK, "", 0},                // GRPC_ERROR_NONE
+    {GRPC_STATUS_INVALID_ARGUMENT, "", 0},  // GRPC_ERROR_RESERVED_1
+    {GRPC_STATUS_RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED, "RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED",
+     strlen("RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED")},         // GRPC_ERROR_OOM
+    {GRPC_STATUS_INVALID_ARGUMENT, "", 0},  // GRPC_ERROR_RESERVED_2
+    {GRPC_STATUS_CANCELLED, "CANCELLED",
+     strlen("CANCELLED")},  // GRPC_ERROR_CANCELLED
+};
+
+bool grpc_error_get_int(grpc_error_handle err, grpc_error_ints which,
+                        intptr_t* p) {
+  if (grpc_error_is_special(err)) {
+    if (which != GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS) return false;
+    *p = error_status_map[reinterpret_cast<size_t>(err)].code;
+    return true;
+  }
+  uint8_t slot = err->ints[which];
+  if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+    if (p != nullptr) *p = err->arena[slot];
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle grpc_error_set_str(grpc_error_handle src,
+                                     grpc_error_strs which,
+                                     absl::string_view str) {
+  grpc_error_handle new_err = copy_error_and_unref(src);
+  internal_set_str(&new_err, which,
+                   grpc_slice_from_copied_buffer(str.data(), str.length()));
+  return new_err;
+}
+
+bool grpc_error_get_str(grpc_error_handle err, grpc_error_strs which,
+                        std::string* s) {
+  if (grpc_error_is_special(err)) {
+    if (which != GRPC_ERROR_STR_GRPC_MESSAGE) return false;
+    const special_error_status_map& msg =
+        error_status_map[reinterpret_cast<size_t>(err)];
+    *s = std::string(msg.msg, msg.len);
+    return true;
+  }
+  uint8_t slot = err->strs[which];
+  if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+    grpc_slice* slice = reinterpret_cast<grpc_slice*>(err->arena + slot);
+    *s = std::string(grpc_core::StringViewFromSlice(*slice));
+    return true;
+  } else {
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle grpc_error_add_child(grpc_error_handle src,
+                                       grpc_error_handle child) {
+  if (src != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+    if (child == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
+      /* \a child is empty. Simply return the ref to \a src */
+      return src;
+    } else if (child != src) {
+      grpc_error_handle new_err = copy_error_and_unref(src);
+      internal_add_error(&new_err, child);
+      return new_err;
+    } else {
+      /* \a src and \a child are the same. Drop one of the references and return
+       * the other */
+      GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(child);
+      return src;
+    }
+  } else {
+    /* \a src is empty. Simply return the ref to \a child */
+    return child;
+  }
+}
+
+static const char* no_error_string = "\"OK\"";
+static const char* oom_error_string = "\"RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED\"";
+static const char* cancelled_error_string = "\"CANCELLED\"";
+
+struct kv_pair {
+  char* key;
+  char* value;
+};
+struct kv_pairs {
+  kv_pair* kvs;
+  size_t num_kvs;
+  size_t cap_kvs;
+};
+static void append_chr(char c, char** s, size_t* sz, size_t* cap) {
+  if (*sz == *cap) {
+    *cap = std::max(size_t(8), 3 * *cap / 2);
+    *s = static_cast<char*>(gpr_realloc(*s, *cap));
+  }
+  (*s)[(*sz)++] = c;
+}
+
+static void append_str(const char* str, char** s, size_t* sz, size_t* cap) {
+  for (const char* c = str; *c; c++) {
+    append_chr(*c, s, sz, cap);
+  }
+}
+
+static void append_esc_str(const uint8_t* str, size_t len, char** s, size_t* sz,
+                           size_t* cap) {
+  static const char* hex = "0123456789abcdef";
+  append_chr('"', s, sz, cap);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++, str++) {
+    if (*str < 32 || *str >= 127) {
+      append_chr('\\', s, sz, cap);
+      switch (*str) {
+        case '\b':
+          append_chr('b', s, sz, cap);
+          break;
+        case '\f':
+          append_chr('f', s, sz, cap);
+          break;
+        case '\n':
+          append_chr('n', s, sz, cap);
+          break;
+        case '\r':
+          append_chr('r', s, sz, cap);
+          break;
+        case '\t':
+          append_chr('t', s, sz, cap);
+          break;
+        default:
+          append_chr('u', s, sz, cap);
+          append_chr('0', s, sz, cap);
+          append_chr('0', s, sz, cap);
+          append_chr(hex[*str >> 4], s, sz, cap);
+          append_chr(hex[*str & 0x0f], s, sz, cap);
+          break;
+      }
+    } else {
+      append_chr(static_cast<char>(*str), s, sz, cap);
+    }
+  }
+  append_chr('"', s, sz, cap);
+}
+
+static void append_kv(kv_pairs* kvs, char* key, char* value) {
+  if (kvs->num_kvs == kvs->cap_kvs) {
+    kvs->cap_kvs = std::max(3 * kvs->cap_kvs / 2, size_t(4));
+    kvs->kvs = static_cast<kv_pair*>(
+        gpr_realloc(kvs->kvs, sizeof(*kvs->kvs) * kvs->cap_kvs));
+  }
+  kvs->kvs[kvs->num_kvs].key = key;
+  kvs->kvs[kvs->num_kvs].value = value;
+  kvs->num_kvs++;
+}
+
+static char* key_int(grpc_error_ints which) {
+  return gpr_strdup(error_int_name(which));
+}
+
+static char* fmt_int(intptr_t p) {
+  char* s;
+  gpr_asprintf(&s, "%" PRIdPTR, p);
+  return s;
+}
+
+static void collect_ints_kvs(grpc_error_handle err, kv_pairs* kvs) {
+  for (size_t which = 0; which < GRPC_ERROR_INT_MAX; ++which) {
+    uint8_t slot = err->ints[which];
+    if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+      append_kv(kvs, key_int(static_cast<grpc_error_ints>(which)),
+                fmt_int(err->arena[slot]));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static char* key_str(grpc_error_strs which) {
+  return gpr_strdup(error_str_name(which));
+}
+
+static char* fmt_str(const grpc_slice& slice) {
+  char* s = nullptr;
+  size_t sz = 0;
+  size_t cap = 0;
+  append_esc_str(GRPC_SLICE_START_PTR(slice), GRPC_SLICE_LENGTH(slice), &s, &sz,
+                 &cap);
+  append_chr(0, &s, &sz, &cap);
+  return s;
+}
+
+static void collect_strs_kvs(grpc_error_handle err, kv_pairs* kvs) {
+  for (size_t which = 0; which < GRPC_ERROR_STR_MAX; ++which) {
+    uint8_t slot = err->strs[which];
+    if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+      append_kv(kvs, key_str(static_cast<grpc_error_strs>(which)),
+                fmt_str(*reinterpret_cast<grpc_slice*>(err->arena + slot)));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static char* key_time(grpc_error_times which) {
+  return gpr_strdup(error_time_name(which));
+}
+
+static char* fmt_time(gpr_timespec tm) {
+  char* out;
+  const char* pfx = "!!";
+  switch (tm.clock_type) {
+    case GPR_CLOCK_MONOTONIC:
+      pfx = "@monotonic:";
+      break;
+    case GPR_CLOCK_REALTIME:
+      pfx = "@";
+      break;
+    case GPR_CLOCK_PRECISE:
+      pfx = "@precise:";
+      break;
+    case GPR_TIMESPAN:
+      pfx = "";
+      break;
+  }
+  gpr_asprintf(&out, "\"%s%" PRId64 ".%09d\"", pfx, tm.tv_sec, tm.tv_nsec);
+  return out;
+}
+
+static void collect_times_kvs(grpc_error_handle err, kv_pairs* kvs) {
+  for (size_t which = 0; which < GRPC_ERROR_TIME_MAX; ++which) {
+    uint8_t slot = err->times[which];
+    if (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+      append_kv(kvs, key_time(static_cast<grpc_error_times>(which)),
+                fmt_time(*reinterpret_cast<gpr_timespec*>(err->arena + slot)));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void add_errs(grpc_error_handle err, char** s, size_t* sz, size_t* cap) {
+  uint8_t slot = err->first_err;
+  bool first = true;
+  while (slot != UINT8_MAX) {
+    grpc_linked_error* lerr =
+        reinterpret_cast<grpc_linked_error*>(err->arena + slot);
+    if (!first) append_chr(',', s, sz, cap);
+    first = false;
+    const char* e = grpc_error_string(lerr->err);
+    append_str(e, s, sz, cap);
+    GPR_ASSERT(err->last_err == slot ? lerr->next == UINT8_MAX
+                                     : lerr->next != UINT8_MAX);
+    slot = lerr->next;
+  }
+}
+
+static char* errs_string(grpc_error_handle err) {
+  char* s = nullptr;
+  size_t sz = 0;
+  size_t cap = 0;
+  append_chr('[', &s, &sz, &cap);
+  add_errs(err, &s, &sz, &cap);
+  append_chr(']', &s, &sz, &cap);
+  append_chr(0, &s, &sz, &cap);
+  return s;
+}
+
+static int cmp_kvs(const void* a, const void* b) {
+  const kv_pair* ka = static_cast<const kv_pair*>(a);
+  const kv_pair* kb = static_cast<const kv_pair*>(b);
+  return strcmp(ka->key, kb->key);
+}
+
+static char* finish_kvs(kv_pairs* kvs) {
+  char* s = nullptr;
+  size_t sz = 0;
+  size_t cap = 0;
+
+  append_chr('{', &s, &sz, &cap);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < kvs->num_kvs; i++) {
+    if (i != 0) append_chr(',', &s, &sz, &cap);
+    append_esc_str(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(kvs->kvs[i].key),
+                   strlen(kvs->kvs[i].key), &s, &sz, &cap);
+    gpr_free(kvs->kvs[i].key);
+    append_chr(':', &s, &sz, &cap);
+    append_str(kvs->kvs[i].value, &s, &sz, &cap);
+    gpr_free(kvs->kvs[i].value);
+  }
+  append_chr('}', &s, &sz, &cap);
+  append_chr(0, &s, &sz, &cap);
+
+  gpr_free(kvs->kvs);
+  return s;
+}
+
+const char* grpc_error_string(grpc_error_handle err) {
+  if (err == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return no_error_string;
+  if (err == GRPC_ERROR_OOM) return oom_error_string;
+  if (err == GRPC_ERROR_CANCELLED) return cancelled_error_string;
+
+  void* p =
+      reinterpret_cast<void*>(gpr_atm_acq_load(&err->atomics.error_string));
+  if (p != nullptr) {
+    return static_cast<const char*>(p);
+  }
+
+  kv_pairs kvs;
+  memset(&kvs, 0, sizeof(kvs));
+
+  collect_ints_kvs(err, &kvs);
+  collect_strs_kvs(err, &kvs);
+  collect_times_kvs(err, &kvs);
+  if (err->first_err != UINT8_MAX) {
+    append_kv(&kvs, gpr_strdup("referenced_errors"), errs_string(err));
+  }
+
+  qsort(kvs.kvs, kvs.num_kvs, sizeof(kv_pair), cmp_kvs);
+
+  char* out = finish_kvs(&kvs);
+
+  if (!gpr_atm_rel_cas(&err->atomics.error_string, 0,
+                       reinterpret_cast<gpr_atm>(out))) {
+    gpr_free(out);
+    out = reinterpret_cast<char*>(gpr_atm_acq_load(&err->atomics.error_string));
+  }
+
+  return out;
+}
+
+std::string grpc_error_std_string(grpc_error_handle error) {
+  return std::string(grpc_error_string(error));
+}
+
+grpc_error_handle grpc_os_error(const char* file, int line, int err,
+                                const char* call_name) {
+  return grpc_error_set_str(
+      grpc_error_set_str(
+          grpc_error_set_int(
+              grpc_error_create(file, line,
+                                grpc_slice_from_static_string(strerror(err)),
+                                nullptr, 0),
+              GRPC_ERROR_INT_ERRNO, err),
+          GRPC_ERROR_STR_OS_ERROR, strerror(err)),
+      GRPC_ERROR_STR_SYSCALL, call_name);
+}
+
+#ifdef GPR_WINDOWS
+grpc_error_handle grpc_wsa_error(const char* file, int line, int err,
+                                 const char* call_name) {
+  char* utf8_message = gpr_format_message(err);
+  grpc_error_handle error = grpc_error_set_int(
+      grpc_error_set_str(
+          grpc_error_set_str(
+              grpc_error_set_int(
+                  grpc_error_create(file, line,
+                                    grpc_slice_from_static_string("OS Error"),
+                                    NULL, 0),
+                  GRPC_ERROR_INT_WSA_ERROR, err),
+              GRPC_ERROR_STR_OS_ERROR, utf8_message),
+          GRPC_ERROR_STR_SYSCALL, call_name),
+      GRPC_ERROR_INT_GRPC_STATUS, GRPC_STATUS_UNAVAILABLE);
+  gpr_free(utf8_message);
+  return error;
+}
+#endif
+
+bool grpc_log_error(const char* what, grpc_error_handle error, const char* file,
+                    int line) {
+  GPR_DEBUG_ASSERT(error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
+  const char* msg = grpc_error_string(error);
+  gpr_log(file, line, GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_ERROR, "%s: %s", what, msg);
+  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
+  return false;
+}
+
+#endif  // GRPC_ERROR_IS_ABSEIL_STATUS