grpc 1.35.0 → 1.38.0

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/service_config.cc

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ namespace grpc_core {
 
 RefCountedPtr<ServiceConfig> ServiceConfig::Create(
     const grpc_channel_args* args, absl::string_view json_string,
-    grpc_error** error) {
+    grpc_error_handle* error) {
   GPR_DEBUG_ASSERT(error != nullptr);
   Json json = Json::Parse(json_string, error);
   if (*error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return nullptr;
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ RefCountedPtr<ServiceConfig> ServiceConfig::Create(
 
 ServiceConfig::ServiceConfig(const grpc_channel_args* args,
                              std::string json_string, Json json,
-                             grpc_error** error)
+                             grpc_error_handle* error)
     : json_string_(std::move(json_string)), json_(std::move(json)) {
   GPR_DEBUG_ASSERT(error != nullptr);
   if (json_.type() != Json::Type::OBJECT) {
@@ -50,12 +50,12 @@ ServiceConfig::ServiceConfig(const grpc_channel_args* args,
         GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("JSON value is not an object");
     return;
   }
-  std::vector<grpc_error*> error_list;
-  grpc_error* global_error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  std::vector<grpc_error_handle> error_list;
+  grpc_error_handle global_error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
   parsed_global_configs_ =
       ServiceConfigParser::ParseGlobalParameters(args, json_, &global_error);
   if (global_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) error_list.push_back(global_error);
-  grpc_error* local_error = ParsePerMethodParams(args);
+  grpc_error_handle local_error = ParsePerMethodParams(args);
   if (local_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) error_list.push_back(local_error);
   if (!error_list.empty()) {
     *error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_VECTOR("Service config parsing error",
@@ -69,13 +69,13 @@ ServiceConfig::~ServiceConfig() {
   }
 }
 
-grpc_error* ServiceConfig::ParseJsonMethodConfig(const grpc_channel_args* args,
-                                                 const Json& json) {
-  std::vector<grpc_error*> error_list;
+grpc_error_handle ServiceConfig::ParseJsonMethodConfig(
+    const grpc_channel_args* args, const Json& json) {
+  std::vector<grpc_error_handle> error_list;
   // Parse method config with each registered parser.
   auto parsed_configs =
       absl::make_unique<ServiceConfigParser::ParsedConfigVector>();
-  grpc_error* parser_error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  grpc_error_handle parser_error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
   *parsed_configs =
       ServiceConfigParser::ParsePerMethodParameters(args, json, &parser_error);
   if (parser_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ grpc_error* ServiceConfig::ParseJsonMethodConfig(const grpc_channel_args* args,
     }
     const Json::Array& name_array = it->second.array_value();
     for (const Json& name : name_array) {
-      grpc_error* parse_error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+      grpc_error_handle parse_error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
       std::string path = ParseJsonMethodName(name, &parse_error);
       if (parse_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
         error_list.push_back(parse_error);
@@ -130,8 +130,9 @@ grpc_error* ServiceConfig::ParseJsonMethodConfig(const grpc_channel_args* args,
   return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_VECTOR("methodConfig", &error_list);
 }
 
-grpc_error* ServiceConfig::ParsePerMethodParams(const grpc_channel_args* args) {
-  std::vector<grpc_error*> error_list;
+grpc_error_handle ServiceConfig::ParsePerMethodParams(
+    const grpc_channel_args* args) {
+  std::vector<grpc_error_handle> error_list;
   auto it = json_.object_value().find("methodConfig");
   if (it != json_.object_value().end()) {
     if (it->second.type() != Json::Type::ARRAY) {
@@ -144,7 +145,7 @@ grpc_error* ServiceConfig::ParsePerMethodParams(const grpc_channel_args* args) {
             "field:methodConfig error:not of type Object"));
         continue;
       }
-      grpc_error* error = ParseJsonMethodConfig(args, method_config);
+      grpc_error_handle error = ParseJsonMethodConfig(args, method_config);
       if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
         error_list.push_back(error);
       }
@@ -154,7 +155,7 @@ grpc_error* ServiceConfig::ParsePerMethodParams(const grpc_channel_args* args) {
 }
 
 std::string ServiceConfig::ParseJsonMethodName(const Json& json,
-                                               grpc_error** error) {
+                                               grpc_error_handle* error) {
   if (json.type() != Json::Type::OBJECT) {
     *error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING(
         "field:name error:type is not object");

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/service_config.h

@@ -67,10 +67,10 @@ class ServiceConfig : public RefCounted<ServiceConfig> {
   /// Returns null on parse error.
   static RefCountedPtr<ServiceConfig> Create(const grpc_channel_args* args,
                                              absl::string_view json_string,
-                                             grpc_error** error);
+                                             grpc_error_handle* error);
 
   ServiceConfig(const grpc_channel_args* args, std::string json_string,
-                Json json, grpc_error** error);
+                Json json, grpc_error_handle* error);
   ~ServiceConfig() override;
 
   const std::string& json_string() const { return json_string_; }
@@ -91,13 +91,14 @@ class ServiceConfig : public RefCounted<ServiceConfig> {
 
  private:
   // Helper functions for parsing the method configs.
-  grpc_error* ParsePerMethodParams(const grpc_channel_args* args);
-  grpc_error* ParseJsonMethodConfig(const grpc_channel_args* args,
-                                    const Json& json);
+  grpc_error_handle ParsePerMethodParams(const grpc_channel_args* args);
+  grpc_error_handle ParseJsonMethodConfig(const grpc_channel_args* args,
+                                          const Json& json);
 
   // Returns a path string for the JSON name object specified by json.
   // Sets *error on error.
-  static std::string ParseJsonMethodName(const Json& json, grpc_error** error);
+  static std::string ParseJsonMethodName(const Json& json,
+                                         grpc_error_handle* error);
 
   std::string json_string_;
   Json json_;

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/service_config_channel_arg_filter.cc

@@ -36,13 +36,14 @@ class ServiceConfigChannelArgChannelData {
     const char* service_config_str = grpc_channel_args_find_string(
         args->channel_args, GRPC_ARG_SERVICE_CONFIG);
     if (service_config_str != nullptr) {
-      grpc_error* service_config_error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+      grpc_error_handle service_config_error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
       auto service_config = ServiceConfig::Create(
           args->channel_args, service_config_str, &service_config_error);
       if (service_config_error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
         service_config_ = std::move(service_config);
       } else {
-        gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "%s", grpc_error_string(service_config_error));
+        gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "%s",
+                grpc_error_std_string(service_config_error).c_str());
       }
       GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(service_config_error);
     }
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ class ServiceConfigChannelArgCallData {
   }
 };
 
-grpc_error* ServiceConfigChannelArgInitCallElem(
+grpc_error_handle ServiceConfigChannelArgInitCallElem(
     grpc_call_element* elem, const grpc_call_element_args* args) {
   ServiceConfigChannelArgCallData* calld =
       static_cast<ServiceConfigChannelArgCallData*>(elem->call_data);
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ void ServiceConfigChannelArgDestroyCallElem(
   calld->~ServiceConfigChannelArgCallData();
 }
 
-grpc_error* ServiceConfigChannelArgInitChannelElem(
+grpc_error_handle ServiceConfigChannelArgInitChannelElem(
     grpc_channel_element* elem, grpc_channel_element_args* args) {
   ServiceConfigChannelArgChannelData* chand =
       static_cast<ServiceConfigChannelArgChannelData*>(elem->channel_data);

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/service_config_parser.cc

@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ size_t ServiceConfigParser::RegisterParser(std::unique_ptr<Parser> parser) {
 ServiceConfigParser::ParsedConfigVector
 ServiceConfigParser::ParseGlobalParameters(const grpc_channel_args* args,
                                            const Json& json,
-                                           grpc_error** error) {
+                                           grpc_error_handle* error) {
   ParsedConfigVector parsed_global_configs;
-  std::vector<grpc_error*> error_list;
+  std::vector<grpc_error_handle> error_list;
   for (size_t i = 0; i < g_registered_parsers->size(); i++) {
-    grpc_error* parser_error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    grpc_error_handle parser_error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
     auto parsed_config = (*g_registered_parsers)[i]->ParseGlobalParams(
         args, json, &parser_error);
     if (parser_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
@@ -68,11 +68,11 @@ ServiceConfigParser::ParseGlobalParameters(const grpc_channel_args* args,
 ServiceConfigParser::ParsedConfigVector
 ServiceConfigParser::ParsePerMethodParameters(const grpc_channel_args* args,
                                               const Json& json,
-                                              grpc_error** error) {
+                                              grpc_error_handle* error) {
   ParsedConfigVector parsed_method_configs;
-  std::vector<grpc_error*> error_list;
+  std::vector<grpc_error_handle> error_list;
   for (size_t i = 0; i < g_registered_parsers->size(); i++) {
-    grpc_error* parser_error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+    grpc_error_handle parser_error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
     auto parsed_config = (*g_registered_parsers)[i]->ParsePerMethodParams(
         args, json, &parser_error);
     if (parser_error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/service_config_parser.h

@@ -47,7 +47,8 @@ class ServiceConfigParser {
     virtual ~Parser() = default;
 
     virtual std::unique_ptr<ParsedConfig> ParseGlobalParams(
-        const grpc_channel_args*, const Json& /* json */, grpc_error** error) {
+        const grpc_channel_args*, const Json& /* json */,
+        grpc_error_handle* error) {
       // Avoid unused parameter warning on debug-only parameter
       (void)error;
       GPR_DEBUG_ASSERT(error != nullptr);
@@ -55,7 +56,8 @@ class ServiceConfigParser {
     }
 
     virtual std::unique_ptr<ParsedConfig> ParsePerMethodParams(
-        const grpc_channel_args*, const Json& /* json */, grpc_error** error) {
+        const grpc_channel_args*, const Json& /* json */,
+        grpc_error_handle* error) {
       // Avoid unused parameter warning on debug-only parameter
       (void)error;
       GPR_DEBUG_ASSERT(error != nullptr);
@@ -81,10 +83,11 @@ class ServiceConfigParser {
 
   static ParsedConfigVector ParseGlobalParameters(const grpc_channel_args* args,
                                                   const Json& json,
-                                                  grpc_error** error);
+                                                  grpc_error_handle* error);
 
   static ParsedConfigVector ParsePerMethodParameters(
-      const grpc_channel_args* args, const Json& json, grpc_error** error);
+      const grpc_channel_args* args, const Json& json,
+      grpc_error_handle* error);
 };
 
 }  // namespace grpc_core

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/subchannel.cc

@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/proxy_mapper_registry.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/service_config.h"
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/subchannel_pool_interface.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/address_utils/parse_address.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/address_utils/sockaddr_utils.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/backoff/backoff.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/channel/channel_args.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/channel/connected_channel.h"
@@ -45,8 +47,6 @@
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/manual_constructor.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/ref_counted_ptr.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/sync.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/parse_address.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/sockaddr_utils.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/profiling/timers.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/slice/slice_internal.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/surface/channel.h"
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ size_t ConnectedSubchannel::GetInitialCallSizeEstimate() const {
 //
 
 RefCountedPtr<SubchannelCall> SubchannelCall::Create(Args args,
-                                                     grpc_error** error) {
+                                                     grpc_error_handle* error) {
   const size_t allocation_size =
       args.connected_subchannel->GetInitialCallSizeEstimate();
   Arena* arena = args.arena;
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ RefCountedPtr<SubchannelCall> SubchannelCall::Create(Args args,
       arena->Alloc(allocation_size)) SubchannelCall(std::move(args), error));
 }
 
-SubchannelCall::SubchannelCall(Args args, grpc_error** error)
+SubchannelCall::SubchannelCall(Args args, grpc_error_handle* error)
     : connected_subchannel_(std::move(args.connected_subchannel)),
       deadline_(args.deadline) {
   grpc_call_stack* callstk = SUBCHANNEL_CALL_TO_CALL_STACK(this);
@@ -156,8 +156,7 @@ SubchannelCall::SubchannelCall(Args args, grpc_error** error)
   *error = grpc_call_stack_init(connected_subchannel_->channel_stack(), 1,
                                 SubchannelCall::Destroy, this, &call_args);
   if (GPR_UNLIKELY(*error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE)) {
-    const char* error_string = grpc_error_string(*error);
-    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "error: %s", error_string);
+    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "error: %s", grpc_error_std_string(*error).c_str());
     return;
   }
   grpc_call_stack_set_pollset_or_pollset_set(callstk, args.pollent);
@@ -207,7 +206,7 @@ void SubchannelCall::Unref(const DebugLocation& /*location*/,
   GRPC_CALL_STACK_UNREF(SUBCHANNEL_CALL_TO_CALL_STACK(this), reason);
 }
 
-void SubchannelCall::Destroy(void* arg, grpc_error* /*error*/) {
+void SubchannelCall::Destroy(void* arg, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
   GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("subchannel_call_destroy", 0);
   SubchannelCall* self = static_cast<SubchannelCall*>(arg);
   // Keep some members before destroying the subchannel call.
@@ -252,7 +251,7 @@ namespace {
 
 // Sets *status based on the rest of the parameters.
 void GetCallStatus(grpc_status_code* status, grpc_millis deadline,
-                   grpc_metadata_batch* md_batch, grpc_error* error) {
+                   grpc_metadata_batch* md_batch, grpc_error_handle error) {
   if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
     grpc_error_get_status(error, deadline, status, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
   } else {
@@ -268,7 +267,8 @@ void GetCallStatus(grpc_status_code* status, grpc_millis deadline,
 
 }  // namespace
 
-void SubchannelCall::RecvTrailingMetadataReady(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+void SubchannelCall::RecvTrailingMetadataReady(void* arg,
+                                               grpc_error_handle error) {
   SubchannelCall* call = static_cast<SubchannelCall*>(arg);
   GPR_ASSERT(call->recv_trailing_metadata_ != nullptr);
   grpc_status_code status = GRPC_STATUS_OK;
@@ -303,20 +303,17 @@ class Subchannel::ConnectedSubchannelStateWatcher
     : public AsyncConnectivityStateWatcherInterface {
  public:
   // Must be instantiated while holding c->mu.
-  explicit ConnectedSubchannelStateWatcher(Subchannel* c) : subchannel_(c) {
-    // Steal subchannel ref for connecting.
-    GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_WEAK_REF(subchannel_, "state_watcher");
-    GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_WEAK_UNREF(subchannel_, "connecting");
-  }
+  explicit ConnectedSubchannelStateWatcher(WeakRefCountedPtr<Subchannel> c)
+      : subchannel_(std::move(c)) {}
 
   ~ConnectedSubchannelStateWatcher() override {
-    GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_WEAK_UNREF(subchannel_, "state_watcher");
+    subchannel_.reset(DEBUG_LOCATION, "state_watcher");
   }
 
  private:
   void OnConnectivityStateChange(grpc_connectivity_state new_state,
                                  const absl::Status& status) override {
-    Subchannel* c = subchannel_;
+    Subchannel* c = subchannel_.get();
     MutexLock lock(&c->mu_);
     switch (new_state) {
       case GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE:
@@ -357,7 +354,7 @@ class Subchannel::ConnectedSubchannelStateWatcher
     }
   }
 
-  Subchannel* subchannel_;
+  WeakRefCountedPtr<Subchannel> subchannel_;
 };
 
 // Asynchronously notifies the \a watcher of a change in the connectvity state
@@ -378,7 +375,7 @@ class Subchannel::AsyncWatcherNotifierLocked {
     ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION,
                  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(
                      &closure_,
-                     [](void* arg, grpc_error* /*error*/) {
+                     [](void* arg, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
                        auto* self =
                            static_cast<AsyncWatcherNotifierLocked*>(arg);
                        self->watcher_->OnConnectivityStateChange();
@@ -424,19 +421,19 @@ void Subchannel::ConnectivityStateWatcherList::NotifyLocked(
 class Subchannel::HealthWatcherMap::HealthWatcher
     : public AsyncConnectivityStateWatcherInterface {
  public:
-  HealthWatcher(Subchannel* c, std::string health_check_service_name,
-                grpc_connectivity_state subchannel_state)
-      : subchannel_(c),
+  HealthWatcher(WeakRefCountedPtr<Subchannel> c,
+                std::string health_check_service_name)
+      : subchannel_(std::move(c)),
         health_check_service_name_(std::move(health_check_service_name)),
-        state_(subchannel_state == GRPC_CHANNEL_READY ? GRPC_CHANNEL_CONNECTING
-                                                      : subchannel_state) {
-    GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_WEAK_REF(subchannel_, "health_watcher");
+        state_(subchannel_->state_ == GRPC_CHANNEL_READY
+                   ? GRPC_CHANNEL_CONNECTING
+                   : subchannel_->state_) {
     // If the subchannel is already connected, start health checking.
-    if (subchannel_state == GRPC_CHANNEL_READY) StartHealthCheckingLocked();
+    if (subchannel_->state_ == GRPC_CHANNEL_READY) StartHealthCheckingLocked();
   }
 
   ~HealthWatcher() override {
-    GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_WEAK_UNREF(subchannel_, "health_watcher");
+    subchannel_.reset(DEBUG_LOCATION, "health_watcher");
   }
 
   const std::string& health_check_service_name() const {
@@ -449,7 +446,8 @@ class Subchannel::HealthWatcherMap::HealthWatcher
       grpc_connectivity_state initial_state,
       RefCountedPtr<Subchannel::ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface> watcher) {
     if (state_ != initial_state) {
-      new AsyncWatcherNotifierLocked(watcher, subchannel_, state_, status_);
+      new AsyncWatcherNotifierLocked(watcher, subchannel_.get(), state_,
+                                     status_);
     }
     watcher_list_.AddWatcherLocked(std::move(watcher));
   }
@@ -461,7 +459,8 @@ class Subchannel::HealthWatcherMap::HealthWatcher
 
   bool HasWatchers() const { return !watcher_list_.empty(); }
 
-  void NotifyLocked(grpc_connectivity_state state, const absl::Status& status) {
+  void NotifyLocked(grpc_connectivity_state state, const absl::Status& status)
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(subchannel_->mu_) {
     if (state == GRPC_CHANNEL_READY) {
       // If we had not already notified for CONNECTING state, do so now.
       // (We may have missed this earlier, because if the transition
@@ -470,14 +469,14 @@ class Subchannel::HealthWatcherMap::HealthWatcher
       if (state_ != GRPC_CHANNEL_CONNECTING) {
         state_ = GRPC_CHANNEL_CONNECTING;
         status_ = status;
-        watcher_list_.NotifyLocked(subchannel_, state_, status);
+        watcher_list_.NotifyLocked(subchannel_.get(), state_, status);
       }
       // If we've become connected, start health checking.
       StartHealthCheckingLocked();
     } else {
       state_ = state;
       status_ = status;
-      watcher_list_.NotifyLocked(subchannel_, state_, status);
+      watcher_list_.NotifyLocked(subchannel_.get(), state_, status);
       // We're not connected, so stop health checking.
       health_check_client_.reset();
     }
@@ -496,18 +495,19 @@ class Subchannel::HealthWatcherMap::HealthWatcher
     if (new_state != GRPC_CHANNEL_SHUTDOWN && health_check_client_ != nullptr) {
       state_ = new_state;
       status_ = status;
-      watcher_list_.NotifyLocked(subchannel_, new_state, status);
+      watcher_list_.NotifyLocked(subchannel_.get(), new_state, status);
     }
   }
 
-  void StartHealthCheckingLocked() {
+  void StartHealthCheckingLocked()
+      ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(subchannel_->mu_) {
     GPR_ASSERT(health_check_client_ == nullptr);
     health_check_client_ = MakeOrphanable<HealthCheckClient>(
         health_check_service_name_, subchannel_->connected_subchannel_,
         subchannel_->pollset_set_, subchannel_->channelz_node_, Ref());
   }
 
-  Subchannel* subchannel_;
+  WeakRefCountedPtr<Subchannel> subchannel_;
   std::string health_check_service_name_;
   OrphanablePtr<HealthCheckClient> health_check_client_;
   grpc_connectivity_state state_;
@@ -520,7 +520,8 @@ class Subchannel::HealthWatcherMap::HealthWatcher
 //
 
 void Subchannel::HealthWatcherMap::AddWatcherLocked(
-    Subchannel* subchannel, grpc_connectivity_state initial_state,
+    WeakRefCountedPtr<Subchannel> subchannel,
+    grpc_connectivity_state initial_state,
     const std::string& health_check_service_name,
     RefCountedPtr<ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface> watcher) {
   // If the health check service name is not already present in the map,
@@ -528,8 +529,8 @@ void Subchannel::HealthWatcherMap::AddWatcherLocked(
   auto it = map_.find(health_check_service_name);
   HealthWatcher* health_watcher;
   if (it == map_.end()) {
-    auto w = MakeOrphanable<HealthWatcher>(
-        subchannel, health_check_service_name, subchannel->state_);
+    auto w = MakeOrphanable<HealthWatcher>(std::move(subchannel),
+                                           health_check_service_name);
     health_watcher = w.get();
     map_.emplace(health_check_service_name, std::move(w));
   } else {
@@ -647,14 +648,16 @@ Subchannel::ConnectivityStateWatcherInterface::PopConnectivityStateChange() {
   return state_change;
 }
 
-Subchannel::Subchannel(SubchannelKey* key,
+Subchannel::Subchannel(SubchannelKey key,
                        OrphanablePtr<SubchannelConnector> connector,
                        const grpc_channel_args* args)
-    : key_(key),
+    : DualRefCounted<Subchannel>(
+          GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_trace_subchannel_refcount) ? "Subchannel"
+                                                                  : nullptr),
+      key_(std::move(key)),
       connector_(std::move(connector)),
       backoff_(ParseArgsForBackoffValues(args, &min_connect_timeout_ms_)) {
   GRPC_STATS_INC_CLIENT_SUBCHANNELS_CREATED();
-  gpr_atm_no_barrier_store(&ref_pair_, 1 << INTERNAL_REF_BITS);
   pollset_set_ = grpc_pollset_set_create();
   grpc_resolved_address* addr =
       static_cast<grpc_resolved_address*>(gpr_malloc(sizeof(*addr)));
@@ -704,26 +707,26 @@ Subchannel::~Subchannel() {
   grpc_channel_args_destroy(args_);
   connector_.reset();
   grpc_pollset_set_destroy(pollset_set_);
-  delete key_;
 }
 
-Subchannel* Subchannel::Create(OrphanablePtr<SubchannelConnector> connector,
-                               const grpc_channel_args* args) {
-  SubchannelKey* key = new SubchannelKey(args);
+RefCountedPtr<Subchannel> Subchannel::Create(
+    OrphanablePtr<SubchannelConnector> connector,
+    const grpc_channel_args* args) {
+  SubchannelKey key(args);
   SubchannelPoolInterface* subchannel_pool =
       SubchannelPoolInterface::GetSubchannelPoolFromChannelArgs(args);
   GPR_ASSERT(subchannel_pool != nullptr);
-  Subchannel* c = subchannel_pool->FindSubchannel(key);
+  RefCountedPtr<Subchannel> c = subchannel_pool->FindSubchannel(key);
   if (c != nullptr) {
-    delete key;
     return c;
   }
-  c = new Subchannel(key, std::move(connector), args);
+  c = MakeRefCounted<Subchannel>(std::move(key), std::move(connector), args);
   // Try to register the subchannel before setting the subchannel pool.
   // Otherwise, in case of a registration race, unreffing c in
   // RegisterSubchannel() will cause c to be tried to be unregistered, while
   // its key maps to a different subchannel.
-  Subchannel* registered = subchannel_pool->RegisterSubchannel(key, c);
+  RefCountedPtr<Subchannel> registered =
+      subchannel_pool->RegisterSubchannel(c->key_, c);
   if (registered == c) c->subchannel_pool_ = subchannel_pool->Ref();
   return registered;
 }
@@ -747,68 +750,6 @@ void Subchannel::ThrottleKeepaliveTime(int new_keepalive_time) {
   }
 }
 
-Subchannel* Subchannel::Ref(GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_REF_EXTRA_ARGS) {
-  gpr_atm old_refs;
-  old_refs = RefMutate((1 << INTERNAL_REF_BITS),
-                       0 GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_REF_MUTATE_PURPOSE("STRONG_REF"));
-  GPR_ASSERT((old_refs & STRONG_REF_MASK) != 0);
-  return this;
-}
-
-void Subchannel::Unref(GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_REF_EXTRA_ARGS) {
-  gpr_atm old_refs;
-  // add a weak ref and subtract a strong ref (atomically)
-  old_refs = RefMutate(
-      static_cast<gpr_atm>(1) - static_cast<gpr_atm>(1 << INTERNAL_REF_BITS),
-      1 GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_REF_MUTATE_PURPOSE("STRONG_UNREF"));
-  if ((old_refs & STRONG_REF_MASK) == (1 << INTERNAL_REF_BITS)) {
-    Disconnect();
-  }
-  GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_WEAK_UNREF(this, "strong-unref");
-}
-
-Subchannel* Subchannel::WeakRef(GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_REF_EXTRA_ARGS) {
-  gpr_atm old_refs;
-  old_refs = RefMutate(1, 0 GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_REF_MUTATE_PURPOSE("WEAK_REF"));
-  GPR_ASSERT(old_refs != 0);
-  return this;
-}
-
-namespace {
-
-void subchannel_destroy(void* arg, grpc_error* /*error*/) {
-  Subchannel* self = static_cast<Subchannel*>(arg);
-  delete self;
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
-void Subchannel::WeakUnref(GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_REF_EXTRA_ARGS) {
-  gpr_atm old_refs;
-  old_refs = RefMutate(-static_cast<gpr_atm>(1),
-                       1 GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_REF_MUTATE_PURPOSE("WEAK_UNREF"));
-  if (old_refs == 1) {
-    ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION,
-                 GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(subchannel_destroy, this,
-                                     grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx),
-                 GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
-  }
-}
-
-Subchannel* Subchannel::RefFromWeakRef() {
-  for (;;) {
-    gpr_atm old_refs = gpr_atm_acq_load(&ref_pair_);
-    if (old_refs >= (1 << INTERNAL_REF_BITS)) {
-      gpr_atm new_refs = old_refs + (1 << INTERNAL_REF_BITS);
-      if (gpr_atm_rel_cas(&ref_pair_, old_refs, new_refs)) {
-        return this;
-      }
-    } else {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 const char* Subchannel::GetTargetAddress() {
   const grpc_arg* addr_arg =
       grpc_channel_args_find(args_, GRPC_ARG_SUBCHANNEL_ADDRESS);
@@ -854,7 +795,8 @@ void Subchannel::WatchConnectivityState(
     watcher_list_.AddWatcherLocked(std::move(watcher));
   } else {
     health_watcher_map_.AddWatcherLocked(
-        this, initial_state, *health_check_service_name, std::move(watcher));
+        WeakRef(DEBUG_LOCATION, "health_watcher"), initial_state,
+        *health_check_service_name, std::move(watcher));
   }
 }
 
@@ -891,6 +833,21 @@ void Subchannel::ResetBackoff() {
   }
 }
 
+void Subchannel::Orphan() {
+  // The subchannel_pool is only used once here in this subchannel, so the
+  // access can be outside of the lock.
+  if (subchannel_pool_ != nullptr) {
+    subchannel_pool_->UnregisterSubchannel(key_, this);
+    subchannel_pool_.reset();
+  }
+  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
+  GPR_ASSERT(!disconnected_);
+  disconnected_ = true;
+  connector_.reset();
+  connected_subchannel_.reset();
+  health_watcher_map_.ShutdownLocked();
+}
+
 grpc_arg Subchannel::CreateSubchannelAddressArg(
     const grpc_resolved_address* addr) {
   return grpc_channel_arg_string_create(
@@ -984,7 +941,8 @@ void Subchannel::MaybeStartConnectingLocked() {
     return;
   }
   connecting_ = true;
-  GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_WEAK_REF(this, "connecting");
+  WeakRef(DEBUG_LOCATION, "connecting")
+      .release();  // ref held by pending connect
   if (!backoff_begun_) {
     backoff_begun_ = true;
     ContinueConnectingLocked();
@@ -1005,11 +963,9 @@ void Subchannel::MaybeStartConnectingLocked() {
   }
 }
 
-void Subchannel::OnRetryAlarm(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
-  Subchannel* c = static_cast<Subchannel*>(arg);
-  // TODO(soheilhy): Once subchannel refcounting is simplified, we can get use
-  //                 MutexLock instead of ReleasableMutexLock, here.
-  ReleasableMutexLock lock(&c->mu_);
+void Subchannel::OnRetryAlarm(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  WeakRefCountedPtr<Subchannel> c(static_cast<Subchannel*>(arg));
+  MutexLock lock(&c->mu_);
   c->have_retry_alarm_ = false;
   if (c->disconnected_) {
     error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_REFERENCING_FROM_STATIC_STRING("Disconnected",
@@ -1023,10 +979,9 @@ void Subchannel::OnRetryAlarm(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
   if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
     gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "Failed to connect to channel, retrying");
     c->ContinueConnectingLocked();
-    lock.Unlock();
-  } else {
-    lock.Unlock();
-    GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_WEAK_UNREF(c, "connecting");
+    // Still connecting, keep ref around. Note that this stolen ref won't
+    // be dropped without first acquiring c->mu_.
+    c.release();
   }
   GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
 }
@@ -1043,33 +998,30 @@ void Subchannel::ContinueConnectingLocked() {
   connector_->Connect(args, &connecting_result_, &on_connecting_finished_);
 }
 
-void Subchannel::OnConnectingFinished(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
-  auto* c = static_cast<Subchannel*>(arg);
+void Subchannel::OnConnectingFinished(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
+  WeakRefCountedPtr<Subchannel> c(static_cast<Subchannel*>(arg));
   const grpc_channel_args* delete_channel_args =
       c->connecting_result_.channel_args;
-  GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_WEAK_REF(c, "on_connecting_finished");
   {
     MutexLock lock(&c->mu_);
     c->connecting_ = false;
     if (c->connecting_result_.transport != nullptr &&
         c->PublishTransportLocked()) {
       // Do nothing, transport was published.
-    } else if (c->disconnected_) {
-      GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_WEAK_UNREF(c, "connecting");
-    } else {
-      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "Connect failed: %s", grpc_error_string(error));
+    } else if (!c->disconnected_) {
+      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "Connect failed: %s",
+              grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
       c->SetConnectivityStateLocked(GRPC_CHANNEL_TRANSIENT_FAILURE,
                                     grpc_error_to_absl_status(error));
-      GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_WEAK_UNREF(c, "connecting");
     }
   }
-  GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_WEAK_UNREF(c, "on_connecting_finished");
   grpc_channel_args_destroy(delete_channel_args);
+  c.reset(DEBUG_LOCATION, "connecting");
 }
 
 namespace {
 
-void ConnectionDestroy(void* arg, grpc_error* /*error*/) {
+void ConnectionDestroy(void* arg, grpc_error_handle /*error*/) {
   grpc_channel_stack* stk = static_cast<grpc_channel_stack*>(arg);
   grpc_channel_stack_destroy(stk);
   gpr_free(stk);
@@ -1089,13 +1041,13 @@ bool Subchannel::PublishTransportLocked() {
     return false;
   }
   grpc_channel_stack* stk;
-  grpc_error* error = grpc_channel_stack_builder_finish(
+  grpc_error_handle error = grpc_channel_stack_builder_finish(
       builder, 0, 1, ConnectionDestroy, nullptr,
       reinterpret_cast<void**>(&stk));
   if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
     grpc_transport_destroy(connecting_result_.transport);
     gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "error initializing subchannel stack: %s",
-            grpc_error_string(error));
+            grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
     GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
     return false;
   }
@@ -1117,39 +1069,11 @@ bool Subchannel::PublishTransportLocked() {
   }
   // Start watching connected subchannel.
   connected_subchannel_->StartWatch(
-      pollset_set_, MakeOrphanable<ConnectedSubchannelStateWatcher>(this));
+      pollset_set_, MakeOrphanable<ConnectedSubchannelStateWatcher>(
+                        WeakRef(DEBUG_LOCATION, "state_watcher")));
   // Report initial state.
   SetConnectivityStateLocked(GRPC_CHANNEL_READY, absl::Status());
   return true;
 }
 
-void Subchannel::Disconnect() {
-  // The subchannel_pool is only used once here in this subchannel, so the
-  // access can be outside of the lock.
-  if (subchannel_pool_ != nullptr) {
-    subchannel_pool_->UnregisterSubchannel(key_);
-    subchannel_pool_.reset();
-  }
-  MutexLock lock(&mu_);
-  GPR_ASSERT(!disconnected_);
-  disconnected_ = true;
-  connector_.reset();
-  connected_subchannel_.reset();
-  health_watcher_map_.ShutdownLocked();
-}
-
-gpr_atm Subchannel::RefMutate(
-    gpr_atm delta, int barrier GRPC_SUBCHANNEL_REF_MUTATE_EXTRA_ARGS) {
-  gpr_atm old_val = barrier ? gpr_atm_full_fetch_add(&ref_pair_, delta)
-                            : gpr_atm_no_barrier_fetch_add(&ref_pair_, delta);
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-  if (grpc_trace_subchannel_refcount.enabled()) {
-    gpr_log(file, line, GPR_LOG_SEVERITY_DEBUG,
-            "SUBCHANNEL: %p %12s 0x%" PRIxPTR " -> 0x%" PRIxPTR " [%s]", this,
-            purpose, old_val, old_val + delta, reason);
-  }
-#endif
-  return old_val;
-}
-
 }  // namespace grpc_core