grpc 1.35.0 → 1.38.0

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver/dns/c_ares/grpc_ares_ev_driver.h

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class GrpcPolledFd {
   virtual bool IsFdStillReadableLocked() = 0;
   /* Called once and only once. Must cause cancellation of any pending
    * read/write callbacks. */
-  virtual void ShutdownLocked(grpc_error* error) = 0;
+  virtual void ShutdownLocked(grpc_error_handle error) = 0;
   /* Get the underlying ares_socket_t that this was created from */
   virtual ares_socket_t GetWrappedAresSocketLocked() = 0;
   /* A unique name, for logging */

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver/dns/c_ares/grpc_ares_ev_driver_libuv.cc

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class GrpcPolledFdLibuv : public GrpcPolledFd {
     return false;
   }
 
-  void ShutdownInternalLocked(grpc_error* error) {
+  void ShutdownInternalLocked(grpc_error_handle error) {
     uv_poll_stop(handle_);
     uv_close(reinterpret_cast<uv_handle_t*>(handle_), ares_uv_poll_close_cb);
     if (read_closure_ != nullptr) {
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class GrpcPolledFdLibuv : public GrpcPolledFd {
     }
   }
 
-  void ShutdownLocked(grpc_error* error) override {
+  void ShutdownLocked(grpc_error_handle error) override {
     if (grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get() == nullptr) {
       grpc_core::ExecCtx exec_ctx;
       ShutdownInternalLocked(error);
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ static void ares_uv_poll_cb_locked(AresUvPollCbArg* arg) {
   int events = arg_struct->events;
   GrpcPolledFdLibuv* polled_fd =
       reinterpret_cast<GrpcPolledFdLibuv*>(handle->data);
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
   if (status < 0) {
     error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_STATIC_STRING("cares polling error");
     error =

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver/dns/c_ares/grpc_ares_ev_driver_posix.cc

@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@
 #include <grpc/support/string_util.h>
 #include <grpc/support/time.h>
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver/dns/c_ares/grpc_ares_wrapper.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/address_utils/sockaddr_utils.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gpr/string.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/ev_posix.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/iomgr_internal.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/sockaddr_utils.h"
 
 namespace grpc_core {
 
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ class GrpcPolledFdPosix : public GrpcPolledFd {
     /* c-ares library will close the fd inside grpc_fd. This fd may be picked up
        immediately by another thread, and should not be closed by the following
        grpc_fd_orphan. */
-    int dummy_release_fd;
-    grpc_fd_orphan(fd_, nullptr, &dummy_release_fd, "c-ares query finished");
+    int phony_release_fd;
+    grpc_fd_orphan(fd_, nullptr, &phony_release_fd, "c-ares query finished");
   }
 
   void RegisterForOnReadableLocked(grpc_closure* read_closure) override {
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class GrpcPolledFdPosix : public GrpcPolledFd {
            bytes_available > 0;
   }
 
-  void ShutdownLocked(grpc_error* error) override {
+  void ShutdownLocked(grpc_error_handle error) override {
     grpc_fd_shutdown(fd_, error);
   }
 

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver/dns/c_ares/grpc_ares_ev_driver_windows.cc

@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@
 #include <grpc/support/string_util.h>
 #include <grpc/support/time.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include "src/core/lib/address_utils/sockaddr_utils.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gpr/string.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/memory.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/iocp_windows.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/sockaddr_utils.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/sockaddr_windows.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/socket_windows.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/tcp_windows.h"
@@ -131,12 +131,12 @@ class GrpcPolledFdWindows {
     grpc_winsocket_destroy(winsocket_);
   }
 
-  void ScheduleAndNullReadClosure(grpc_error* error) {
+  void ScheduleAndNullReadClosure(grpc_error_handle error) {
     grpc_core::ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, read_closure_, error);
     read_closure_ = nullptr;
   }
 
-  void ScheduleAndNullWriteClosure(grpc_error* error) {
+  void ScheduleAndNullWriteClosure(grpc_error_handle error) {
     grpc_core::ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, write_closure_, error);
     write_closure_ = nullptr;
   }
@@ -251,9 +251,9 @@ class GrpcPolledFdWindows {
     }
   }
 
-  bool IsFdStillReadableLocked() { return GRPC_SLICE_LENGTH(read_buf_) > 0; }
+  bool IsFdStillReadableLocked() { return read_buf_has_data_; }
 
-  void ShutdownLocked(grpc_error* error) {
+  void ShutdownLocked(grpc_error_handle error) {
     grpc_winsocket_shutdown(winsocket_);
   }
 
@@ -362,6 +362,8 @@ class GrpcPolledFdWindows {
     DWORD bytes_sent = 0;
     int wsa_error_code = 0;
     if (SendWriteBuf(&bytes_sent, nullptr, &wsa_error_code) != 0) {
+      grpc_slice_unref_internal(write_buf_);
+      write_buf_ = grpc_empty_slice();
       wsa_error_ctx->SetWSAError(wsa_error_code);
       char* msg = gpr_format_message(wsa_error_code);
       GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG(
@@ -418,7 +420,7 @@ class GrpcPolledFdWindows {
     abort();
   }
 
-  static void OnTcpConnect(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+  static void OnTcpConnect(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
     GrpcPolledFdWindows* grpc_polled_fd =
         static_cast<GrpcPolledFdWindows*>(arg);
     GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // ref owned by lambda
@@ -429,12 +431,12 @@ class GrpcPolledFdWindows {
         DEBUG_LOCATION);
   }
 
-  void OnTcpConnectLocked(grpc_error* error) {
+  void OnTcpConnectLocked(grpc_error_handle error) {
     GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG(
         "fd:%s InnerOnTcpConnectLocked error:|%s| "
         "pending_register_for_readable:%d"
         " pending_register_for_writeable:%d",
-        GetName(), grpc_error_string(error),
+        GetName(), grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str(),
         pending_continue_register_for_on_readable_locked_,
         pending_continue_register_for_on_writeable_locked_);
     GPR_ASSERT(!connect_done_);
@@ -574,7 +576,7 @@ class GrpcPolledFdWindows {
     return out;
   }
 
-  static void OnIocpReadable(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+  static void OnIocpReadable(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
     GrpcPolledFdWindows* polled_fd = static_cast<GrpcPolledFdWindows*>(arg);
     GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // ref owned by lambda
     polled_fd->work_serializer_->Run(
@@ -587,7 +589,7 @@ class GrpcPolledFdWindows {
   // c-ares reads from this socket later, but it shouldn't necessarily cancel
   // the entire resolution attempt. Doing so will allow the "inject broken
   // nameserver list" test to pass on Windows.
-  void OnIocpReadableLocked(grpc_error* error) {
+  void OnIocpReadableLocked(grpc_error_handle error) {
     if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
       if (winsocket_->read_info.wsa_error != 0) {
         /* WSAEMSGSIZE would be due to receiving more data
@@ -601,7 +603,7 @@ class GrpcPolledFdWindows {
               "fd:|%s| OnIocpReadableInner winsocket_->read_info.wsa_error "
               "code:|%d| msg:|%s|",
               GetName(), winsocket_->read_info.wsa_error,
-              grpc_error_string(error));
+              grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
         }
       }
     }
@@ -619,7 +621,7 @@ class GrpcPolledFdWindows {
     ScheduleAndNullReadClosure(error);
   }
 
-  static void OnIocpWriteable(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+  static void OnIocpWriteable(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
     GrpcPolledFdWindows* polled_fd = static_cast<GrpcPolledFdWindows*>(arg);
     GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // error owned by lambda
     polled_fd->work_serializer_->Run(
@@ -627,7 +629,7 @@ class GrpcPolledFdWindows {
         DEBUG_LOCATION);
   }
 
-  void OnIocpWriteableLocked(grpc_error* error) {
+  void OnIocpWriteableLocked(grpc_error_handle error) {
     GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("OnIocpWriteableInner. fd:|%s|", GetName());
     GPR_ASSERT(socket_type_ == SOCK_STREAM);
     if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
@@ -638,7 +640,7 @@ class GrpcPolledFdWindows {
             "fd:|%s| OnIocpWriteableInner. winsocket_->write_info.wsa_error "
             "code:|%d| msg:|%s|",
             GetName(), winsocket_->write_info.wsa_error,
-            grpc_error_string(error));
+            grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
       }
     }
     GPR_ASSERT(tcp_write_state_ == WRITE_PENDING);
@@ -849,7 +851,7 @@ class GrpcPolledFdWindowsWrapper : public GrpcPolledFd {
     return wrapped_->IsFdStillReadableLocked();
   }
 
-  void ShutdownLocked(grpc_error* error) override {
+  void ShutdownLocked(grpc_error_handle error) override {
     wrapped_->ShutdownLocked(error);
   }
 

data/src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver/dns/c_ares/grpc_ares_wrapper.cc

@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@
 
 #include <address_sorting/address_sorting.h>
 #include "src/core/ext/filters/client_channel/resolver/dns/c_ares/grpc_ares_ev_driver.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/address_utils/parse_address.h"
+#include "src/core/lib/address_utils/sockaddr_utils.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gpr/string.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/gprpp/host_port.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/error.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/executor.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/iomgr_internal.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/nameser.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/parse_address.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/sockaddr_utils.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/iomgr/timer.h"
 #include "src/core/lib/transport/authority_override.h"
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ struct grpc_ares_request {
   size_t pending_queries;
 
   /** the errors explaining query failures, appended to in query callbacks */
-  grpc_error* error;
+  grpc_error_handle error;
 };
 
 typedef struct fd_node {
@@ -114,8 +114,6 @@ struct grpc_ares_ev_driver {
   std::shared_ptr<grpc_core::WorkSerializer> work_serializer;
   /** a list of grpc_fd that this event driver is currently using. */
   fd_node* fds;
-  /** is this event driver currently working? */
-  bool working;
   /** is this event driver being shut down */
   bool shutting_down;
   /** request object that's using this ev driver */
@@ -219,9 +217,9 @@ static void fd_node_shutdown_locked(fd_node* fdn, const char* reason) {
 
 void grpc_ares_ev_driver_on_queries_complete_locked(
     grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
-  // We mark the event driver as being shut down. If the event driver
-  // is working, grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked will shut down the
-  // fds; if it's not working, there are no fds to shut down.
+  // We mark the event driver as being shut down.
+  // grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked will shut down any remaining
+  // fds.
   ev_driver->shutting_down = true;
   grpc_timer_cancel(&ev_driver->query_timeout);
   grpc_timer_cancel(&ev_driver->ares_backup_poll_alarm);
@@ -240,14 +238,14 @@ void grpc_ares_ev_driver_shutdown_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
 // Search fd in the fd_node list head. This is an O(n) search, the max possible
 // value of n is ARES_GETSOCK_MAXNUM (16). n is typically 1 - 2 in our tests.
 static fd_node* pop_fd_node_locked(fd_node** head, ares_socket_t as) {
-  fd_node dummy_head;
-  dummy_head.next = *head;
-  fd_node* node = &dummy_head;
+  fd_node phony_head;
+  phony_head.next = *head;
+  fd_node* node = &phony_head;
   while (node->next != nullptr) {
     if (node->next->grpc_polled_fd->GetWrappedAresSocketLocked() == as) {
       fd_node* ret = node->next;
       node->next = node->next->next;
-      *head = dummy_head.next;
+      *head = phony_head.next;
       return ret;
     }
     node = node->next;
@@ -270,11 +268,13 @@ static grpc_millis calculate_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm_ms(
          grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
 }
 
-static void on_timeout_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver, grpc_error* error) {
+static void on_timeout_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver,
+                              grpc_error_handle error) {
   GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG(
       "request:%p ev_driver=%p on_timeout_locked. driver->shutting_down=%d. "
       "err=%s",
-      driver->request, driver, driver->shutting_down, grpc_error_string(error));
+      driver->request, driver, driver->shutting_down,
+      grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
   if (!driver->shutting_down && error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
     grpc_ares_ev_driver_shutdown_locked(driver);
   }
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ static void on_timeout_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver, grpc_error* error) {
   GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
 }
 
-static void on_timeout(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+static void on_timeout(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver = static_cast<grpc_ares_ev_driver*>(arg);
   GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // ref owned by lambda
   driver->work_serializer->Run(
@@ -292,9 +292,9 @@ static void on_timeout(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
 static void grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver);
 
 static void on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver,
-                                             grpc_error* error);
+                                             grpc_error_handle error);
 
-static void on_ares_backup_poll_alarm(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+static void on_ares_backup_poll_alarm(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver = static_cast<grpc_ares_ev_driver*>(arg);
   GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);
   driver->work_serializer->Run(
@@ -311,12 +311,13 @@ static void on_ares_backup_poll_alarm(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
  * For the latter, we use this backup poller. Also see
  * https://github.com/grpc/grpc/pull/17688 description for more details. */
 static void on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver,
-                                             grpc_error* error) {
+                                             grpc_error_handle error) {
   GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG(
       "request:%p ev_driver=%p on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked. "
       "driver->shutting_down=%d. "
       "err=%s",
-      driver->request, driver, driver->shutting_down, grpc_error_string(error));
+      driver->request, driver, driver->shutting_down,
+      grpc_error_std_string(error).c_str());
   if (!driver->shutting_down && error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
     fd_node* fdn = driver->fds;
     while (fdn != nullptr) {
@@ -331,6 +332,10 @@ static void on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver,
       fdn = fdn->next;
     }
     if (!driver->shutting_down) {
+      // InvalidateNow to avoid getting stuck re-initializing this timer
+      // in a loop while draining the currently-held WorkSerializer.
+      // Also see https://github.com/grpc/grpc/issues/26079.
+      grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->InvalidateNow();
       grpc_millis next_ares_backup_poll_alarm =
           calculate_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm_ms(driver);
       grpc_ares_ev_driver_ref(driver);
@@ -347,7 +352,7 @@ static void on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* driver,
   GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
 }
 
-static void on_readable_locked(fd_node* fdn, grpc_error* error) {
+static void on_readable_locked(fd_node* fdn, grpc_error_handle error) {
   GPR_ASSERT(fdn->readable_registered);
   grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver = fdn->ev_driver;
   const ares_socket_t as = fdn->grpc_polled_fd->GetWrappedAresSocketLocked();
@@ -372,14 +377,14 @@ static void on_readable_locked(fd_node* fdn, grpc_error* error) {
   GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
 }
 
-static void on_readable(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+static void on_readable(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   fd_node* fdn = static_cast<fd_node*>(arg);
   GRPC_ERROR_REF(error); /* ref owned by lambda */
   fdn->ev_driver->work_serializer->Run(
       [fdn, error]() { on_readable_locked(fdn, error); }, DEBUG_LOCATION);
 }
 
-static void on_writable_locked(fd_node* fdn, grpc_error* error) {
+static void on_writable_locked(fd_node* fdn, grpc_error_handle error) {
   GPR_ASSERT(fdn->writable_registered);
   grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver = fdn->ev_driver;
   const ares_socket_t as = fdn->grpc_polled_fd->GetWrappedAresSocketLocked();
@@ -402,7 +407,7 @@ static void on_writable_locked(fd_node* fdn, grpc_error* error) {
   GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(error);
 }
 
-static void on_writable(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+static void on_writable(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   fd_node* fdn = static_cast<fd_node*>(arg);
   GRPC_ERROR_REF(error); /* ref owned by lambda */
   fdn->ev_driver->work_serializer->Run(
@@ -483,43 +488,34 @@ static void grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
     }
   }
   ev_driver->fds = new_list;
-  // If the ev driver has no working fd, all the tasks are done.
-  if (new_list == nullptr) {
-    ev_driver->working = false;
-    GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p ev driver stop working",
-                         ev_driver->request);
-  }
 }
 
 void grpc_ares_ev_driver_start_locked(grpc_ares_ev_driver* ev_driver) {
-  if (!ev_driver->working) {
-    ev_driver->working = true;
-    grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(ev_driver);
-    // Initialize overall DNS resolution timeout alarm
-    grpc_millis timeout =
-        ev_driver->query_timeout_ms == 0
-            ? GRPC_MILLIS_INF_FUTURE
-            : ev_driver->query_timeout_ms + grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
-    GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG(
-        "request:%p ev_driver=%p grpc_ares_ev_driver_start_locked. timeout in "
-        "%" PRId64 " ms",
-        ev_driver->request, ev_driver, timeout);
-    grpc_ares_ev_driver_ref(ev_driver);
-    GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&ev_driver->on_timeout_locked, on_timeout, ev_driver,
-                      grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
-    grpc_timer_init(&ev_driver->query_timeout, timeout,
-                    &ev_driver->on_timeout_locked);
-    // Initialize the backup poll alarm
-    grpc_millis next_ares_backup_poll_alarm =
-        calculate_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm_ms(ev_driver);
-    grpc_ares_ev_driver_ref(ev_driver);
-    GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&ev_driver->on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked,
-                      on_ares_backup_poll_alarm, ev_driver,
-                      grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
-    grpc_timer_init(&ev_driver->ares_backup_poll_alarm,
-                    next_ares_backup_poll_alarm,
-                    &ev_driver->on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked);
-  }
+  grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(ev_driver);
+  // Initialize overall DNS resolution timeout alarm
+  grpc_millis timeout =
+      ev_driver->query_timeout_ms == 0
+          ? GRPC_MILLIS_INF_FUTURE
+          : ev_driver->query_timeout_ms + grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
+  GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG(
+      "request:%p ev_driver=%p grpc_ares_ev_driver_start_locked. timeout in "
+      "%" PRId64 " ms",
+      ev_driver->request, ev_driver, timeout);
+  grpc_ares_ev_driver_ref(ev_driver);
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&ev_driver->on_timeout_locked, on_timeout, ev_driver,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  grpc_timer_init(&ev_driver->query_timeout, timeout,
+                  &ev_driver->on_timeout_locked);
+  // Initialize the backup poll alarm
+  grpc_millis next_ares_backup_poll_alarm =
+      calculate_next_ares_backup_poll_alarm_ms(ev_driver);
+  grpc_ares_ev_driver_ref(ev_driver);
+  GRPC_CLOSURE_INIT(&ev_driver->on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked,
+                    on_ares_backup_poll_alarm, ev_driver,
+                    grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx);
+  grpc_timer_init(&ev_driver->ares_backup_poll_alarm,
+                  next_ares_backup_poll_alarm,
+                  &ev_driver->on_ares_backup_poll_alarm_locked);
 }
 
 static void noop_inject_channel_config(ares_channel /*channel*/) {}
@@ -527,7 +523,7 @@ static void noop_inject_channel_config(ares_channel /*channel*/) {}
 void (*grpc_ares_test_only_inject_config)(ares_channel channel) =
     noop_inject_channel_config;
 
-grpc_error* grpc_ares_ev_driver_create_locked(
+grpc_error_handle grpc_ares_ev_driver_create_locked(
     grpc_ares_ev_driver** ev_driver, grpc_pollset_set* pollset_set,
     int query_timeout_ms,
     std::shared_ptr<grpc_core::WorkSerializer> work_serializer,
@@ -540,7 +536,7 @@ grpc_error* grpc_ares_ev_driver_create_locked(
   grpc_ares_test_only_inject_config((*ev_driver)->channel);
   GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p grpc_ares_ev_driver_create_locked", request);
   if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) {
-    grpc_error* err = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(
+    grpc_error_handle err = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(
         absl::StrCat("Failed to init ares channel. C-ares error: ",
                      ares_strerror(status))
             .c_str());
@@ -551,7 +547,6 @@ grpc_error* grpc_ares_ev_driver_create_locked(
   gpr_ref_init(&(*ev_driver)->refs, 1);
   (*ev_driver)->pollset_set = pollset_set;
   (*ev_driver)->fds = nullptr;
-  (*ev_driver)->working = false;
   (*ev_driver)->shutting_down = false;
   (*ev_driver)->request = request;
   (*ev_driver)->polled_fd_factory =
@@ -725,7 +720,8 @@ static void on_hostbyname_done_locked(void* arg, int status, int /*timeouts*/,
         hr->qtype, hr->host, hr->is_balancer, ares_strerror(status));
     GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p on_hostbyname_done_locked: %s", r,
                          error_msg.c_str());
-    grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(error_msg.c_str());
+    grpc_error_handle error =
+        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(error_msg.c_str());
     r->error = grpc_error_add_child(error, r->error);
   }
   destroy_hostbyname_request_locked(hr);
@@ -757,7 +753,7 @@ static void on_srv_query_done_locked(void* arg, int status, int /*timeouts*/,
             r, srv_it->host, htons(srv_it->port), true /* is_balancer */, "A");
         ares_gethostbyname(r->ev_driver->channel, hr->host, AF_INET,
                            on_hostbyname_done_locked, hr);
-        grpc_ares_ev_driver_start_locked(r->ev_driver);
+        grpc_ares_notify_on_event_locked(r->ev_driver);
       }
     }
     if (reply != nullptr) {
@@ -769,7 +765,8 @@ static void on_srv_query_done_locked(void* arg, int status, int /*timeouts*/,
         ares_strerror(status));
     GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p on_srv_query_done_locked: %s", r,
                          error_msg.c_str());
-    grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(error_msg.c_str());
+    grpc_error_handle error =
+        GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(error_msg.c_str());
     r->error = grpc_error_add_child(error, r->error);
   }
   delete q;
@@ -785,7 +782,7 @@ static void on_txt_done_locked(void* arg, int status, int /*timeouts*/,
   const size_t prefix_len = sizeof(g_service_config_attribute_prefix) - 1;
   struct ares_txt_ext* result = nullptr;
   struct ares_txt_ext* reply = nullptr;
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
   if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) goto fail;
   GRPC_CARES_TRACE_LOG("request:%p on_txt_done_locked name=%s ARES_SUCCESS", r,
                        q->name().c_str());
@@ -837,7 +834,7 @@ void grpc_dns_lookup_ares_continue_after_check_localhost_and_ip_literals_locked(
     const char* default_port, grpc_pollset_set* interested_parties,
     int query_timeout_ms,
     std::shared_ptr<grpc_core::WorkSerializer> work_serializer) {
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
+  grpc_error_handle error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
   grpc_ares_hostbyname_request* hr = nullptr;
   /* parse name, splitting it into host and port parts */
   std::string host;
@@ -983,11 +980,7 @@ static bool target_matches_localhost_inner(const char* name, std::string* host,
     gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Unable to split host and port for name: %s", name);
     return false;
   }
-  if (gpr_stricmp(host->c_str(), "localhost") == 0) {
-    return true;
-  } else {
-    return false;
-  }
+  return gpr_stricmp(host->c_str(), "localhost") == 0;
 }
 
 static bool target_matches_localhost(const char* name) {
@@ -1132,7 +1125,7 @@ void (*grpc_cancel_ares_request_locked)(grpc_ares_request* r) =
 // Windows. Calling them may cause race conditions when other parts of the
 // binary calls these functions concurrently.
 #ifdef GPR_WINDOWS
-grpc_error* grpc_ares_init(void) {
+grpc_error_handle grpc_ares_init(void) {
   int status = ares_library_init(ARES_LIB_INIT_ALL);
   if (status != ARES_SUCCESS) {
     return GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(
@@ -1144,7 +1137,7 @@ grpc_error* grpc_ares_init(void) {
 
 void grpc_ares_cleanup(void) { ares_library_cleanup(); }
 #else
-grpc_error* grpc_ares_init(void) { return GRPC_ERROR_NONE; }
+grpc_error_handle grpc_ares_init(void) { return GRPC_ERROR_NONE; }
 void grpc_ares_cleanup(void) {}
 #endif  // GPR_WINDOWS
 
@@ -1175,7 +1168,7 @@ typedef struct grpc_resolve_address_ares_request {
 } grpc_resolve_address_ares_request;
 
 static void on_dns_lookup_done_locked(grpc_resolve_address_ares_request* r,
-                                      grpc_error* error) {
+                                      grpc_error_handle error) {
   gpr_free(r->ares_request);
   grpc_resolved_addresses** resolved_addresses = r->addrs_out;
   if (r->addresses == nullptr || r->addresses->empty()) {
@@ -1196,7 +1189,7 @@ static void on_dns_lookup_done_locked(grpc_resolve_address_ares_request* r,
   delete r;
 }
 
-static void on_dns_lookup_done(void* arg, grpc_error* error) {
+static void on_dns_lookup_done(void* arg, grpc_error_handle error) {
   grpc_resolve_address_ares_request* r =
       static_cast<grpc_resolve_address_ares_request*>(arg);
   GRPC_ERROR_REF(error);  // ref owned by lambda