crmf 0.1.1 → 0.1.3

data/ext/crlibm-1.0beta5/trigo_fast.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1243 @@
+/*
+ * Correctly rounded trigonometric functions
+ *
+ * Author : Catherine Daramy, Florent de Dinechin, David Defour
+ *
+ * This file is part of the crlibm library developed by the Arenaire
+ * project at Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or 
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ * 
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.  
+*/
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "crlibm.h"
+#include "crlibm_private.h"
+#include "trigo_fast.h"
+
+extern double scs_sin_rn(double);
+extern double scs_sin_ru(double);
+extern double scs_sin_rd(double);
+extern double scs_sin_rz(double);
+extern double scs_cos_rn(double);
+extern double scs_cos_ru(double);
+extern double scs_cos_rd(double);
+extern double scs_cos_rz(double);
+extern double scs_tan_rn(double); 
+extern double scs_tan_rd(double);  
+extern double scs_tan_ru(double);  
+extern double scs_tan_rz(double);  
+extern int rem_pio2_scs(scs_ptr, scs_ptr);
+
+
+/* 
+
+How these functions work:
+
+The trig range reduction in crlibm computes an integer k and a reduced
+argument y such that
+
+x = k.Pi/256 + y
+
+with the reduced argument y directly in -Pi/512, Pi/512.  
+(Pi/512 < 4/512 = 2^-7)
+y is computed as a double-double yh+yl
+
+Then we read off a table 
+
+  sah+sal ~ sin(kPi/256)
+  cah+cal ~ cos(kPi/256)
+
+and we use the reconstruction 
+
+  sin(kPi/256 + y) = sin(kPi/256)cos(y) + cos(kPi/256)sin(y)
+  cos(kPi/256 + y) = cos(kPi/256)cos(y) - sin(kPi/256)sin(y)
+
+where cos(y) and sin(y) are computed as unevaluated 1+tc and (yh+yl)(1+ts)
+respectively, where tc and ts are doubles resulting from a small
+polynomial approximation.
+This gives 14 extra bits of accuracy, so this first step is very accurate.
+
+
+Why not use accurate tables as defined by Gal ?
+
+In short, because Gal's fast approach only gives as many additiona bits 
+as you've got to address the table (so we are limited to 7 if we limit 
+the table size to 4KB), and we need more to have a good average performance. 
+From a performance point of view we probably lose a few cycles: There
+is 4 values to read in our scheme compared to 3 in Gal's method. The
+reconstruction costs a few floating-point operations more (not that
+many, if you look in details and want to ensure more than 7 extra
+bits).
+ 
+Now for the advantages:
+1/ The whole thing is simpler
+2/ We have much more accuracy in the table, which simplifies the proof.  
+3/ We will be able to reuse the same table values to speed up the
+second step (just tabulating a third double such that the three-double
+approx of sin/cos(kPi/256) will be summed exactly into an SCS number)
+
+
+
+Now a word on range reduction:
+
+We have 4 possible range reductions: 
+
+Cody and Waite with 2 constants (the fastest)
+Cody and Waite with 3 constants (almost as fast)
+Cody and Waite with 3 constants in double-double and k a long-long int
+Payne and Hanek, implemented in SCS (the slowest).
+
+Each of these range reductions except Payne and Hanek is valid for x
+smaller than some bound. 
+
+This range reduction may cancel up to 62 bits according to a program
+by Kahan/Douglas available in Muller's book and implemented as
+function WorstCaseForAdditiveRangeReduction in common-procedures.mpl
+However this is not a concern unless x is close to a multiple of Pi/2
+(that is k&127==0): in the general case the reconstruction will add a
+tabulated non-zero value, so the error to consider in the range
+reduction is the absolute error. Only in the cases when k&127==0 do we
+need to have 62 extra bits to compute with. This is ensured by using a
+slower, more accurate range reduction. This test for k&127==0 actually
+speeds up even these cases, because in these cases there is no table
+to read and no reconstruction to do : a simple approximation to the
+function suffices.
+
+
+Why not use Payne and Hanek only as in Markstein's book ?  Because
+our scheme, in the absence of FMA, is much faster for small values
+which are the most used.
+
+Markstein takes as reduced argument the fractional part of x*256/Pi, 
+(or maybe it's 512 in his case), so he's got the same tables as we have, 
+but different polynomials (which compute sin(2Pi*y) and cos(2Pi*y).
+
+
+
+
+
+ */
+
+
+
+
+#define DEBUG 0
+/* TODO: 
+
+ - in the Cody and Waite, the kd=double(k) should be replaced with a single substraction of the magic number of Double2Int
+
+ - In some Cody and Waite there are Mul12 involving k, CH and CM. They
+	 can be improved by pre-splitting CH, CM (tabulated values)
+	 and k (as an int) Then you can improve the precision by
+	 taking kmax into account
+
+ - The first coefficient of the cosine polynomial is equal exactly
+   to 1/2 and this should be modified in order to increase to accuracy
+   of the approximation.
+
+ - The second step should get the reduced argument from the first step
+   (and use the same argument reduction). This should lead to 5x
+   improvement of the worst case.
+
+ - in the tangent there are three steps. This could be studied for the
+   other functions
+*/
+
+
+static int rem_pio256_scs(scs_ptr result, const scs_ptr x){
+  uint64_t r[SCS_NB_WORDS+3], tmp;
+  unsigned int N;
+
+  /* result r[0],...,r[10] could store till 300 bits of precision */
+
+  /* that is really enough for computing the reduced argument */
+  int sign, i, j, ind;
+  int *digits_256_over_pi_pt;
+
+  if ((X_EXP != 1)||(X_IND < -2)){
+    scs_set(result, x);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  
+  /* Compute the product |x| * 256/Pi */
+  if ((X_IND == -2)){
+    r[0] =  0;    r[1] =  0;
+    r[2] =  (uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[0]) * X_HW[0];
+    r[3] = ((uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[0]) * X_HW[1]
+	   +(uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[1]) * X_HW[0]);
+    if(X_HW[2] == 0){
+      for(i=4; i<(SCS_NB_WORDS+3); i++){   
+	r[i] = ((uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[i-3]) * X_HW[1]
+	       +(uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[i-2]) * X_HW[0]);
+      }}else {
+	for(i=4; i<(SCS_NB_WORDS+3); i++){   
+	  r[i] = ((uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[i-4]) * X_HW[2]
+		 +(uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[i-3]) * X_HW[1]
+		 +(uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[i-2]) * X_HW[0]);
+	}
+      }
+  }else {
+    if (X_IND == -1){
+      r[0] =  0;
+      r[1] =  (uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[0]) * X_HW[0];
+      r[2] = ((uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[0]) * X_HW[1]
+	     +(uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[1]) * X_HW[0]);
+      if(X_HW[2] == 0){
+	for(i=3; i<(SCS_NB_WORDS+3); i++){   
+	  r[i] = ((uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[i-2]) * X_HW[1]
+		 +(uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[i-1]) * X_HW[0]);
+	}}else {
+	  for(i=3; i<(SCS_NB_WORDS+3); i++){   
+	    r[i] = ((uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[i-3]) * X_HW[2]
+		   +(uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[i-2]) * X_HW[1]
+		   +(uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[i-1]) * X_HW[0]);
+	  }}
+    }else {
+      if (X_IND == 0){
+	r[0] =  (uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[0]) * X_HW[0];
+	r[1] = ((uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[0]) * X_HW[1]
+	       +(uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[1]) * X_HW[0]);
+	if(X_HW[2] == 0){
+	  for(i=2; i<(SCS_NB_WORDS+3); i++){   
+	    r[i] = ((uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[i-1]) * X_HW[1]
+		   +(uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[ i ]) * X_HW[0]);
+	  }}else {
+	    for(i=2; i<(SCS_NB_WORDS+3); i++){   
+	      r[i] = ((uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[i-2]) * X_HW[2]
+		     +(uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[i-1]) * X_HW[1]
+		     +(uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[ i ]) * X_HW[0]);
+	    }}
+      }else {
+	if (X_IND == 1){
+  	  r[0] = ((uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[0]) * X_HW[1]
+		 +(uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[1]) * X_HW[0]);
+	  if(X_HW[2] == 0){
+	    for(i=1; i<(SCS_NB_WORDS+3); i++){   
+	      r[i] = ((uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[ i ]) * X_HW[1]
+		     +(uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[i+1]) * X_HW[0]);
+	    }}else {
+	      for(i=1; i<(SCS_NB_WORDS+3); i++){   
+		r[i] = ((uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[i-1]) * X_HW[2]
+		       +(uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[ i ]) * X_HW[1]
+		       +(uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi[i+1]) * X_HW[0]);
+	      }}
+	}else {
+	  ind = (X_IND - 2);
+	  digits_256_over_pi_pt = (int*)&(digits_256_over_pi[ind]);
+	  if(X_HW[2] == 0){
+	    for(i=0; i<(SCS_NB_WORDS+3); i++){   
+	      r[i] = ((uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi_pt[i+1]) * X_HW[1]
+		     +(uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi_pt[i+2]) * X_HW[0]);
+	    }}else {
+	      for(i=0; i<(SCS_NB_WORDS+3); i++){   
+		r[i] = ((uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi_pt[ i ]) * X_HW[2]
+		       +(uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi_pt[i+1]) * X_HW[1]
+		       +(uint64_t)(digits_256_over_pi_pt[i+2]) * X_HW[0]);
+	      }
+	    }
+	}
+      }
+    }
+  }
+      
+  /* Carry propagate */
+  r[SCS_NB_WORDS+1] += r[SCS_NB_WORDS+2]>>30;
+  for(i=(SCS_NB_WORDS+1); i>0; i--) {tmp=r[i]>>30;   r[i-1] += tmp;  r[i] -= (tmp<<30);}  
+  /* The integer part is in r[0] */
+  N = r[0];
+
+
+  if (r[1] > (SCS_RADIX)/2){	/* test if the reduced part is bigger than Pi/4 */
+    N += 1;
+    sign = -1;
+    for(i=1; i<(SCS_NB_WORDS+3); i++) { r[i]=((~(unsigned int)(r[i])) & 0x3fffffff);}
+  } 
+  else
+    sign = 1; 
+
+
+  /* Now we get the reduced argument and check for possible
+   * cancellation. By Kahan algorithm we will have at most 2 digits
+   * of cancellations, r[1] and r[2] in the worst case.
+   */    
+  if (r[1] == 0)
+    if (r[2] == 0) i = 3;
+    else           i = 2;
+  else             i = 1;
+
+  for(j=0; j<SCS_NB_WORDS; j++)  
+    R_HW[j] = r[i+j];
+
+  R_EXP   = 1;
+  R_IND   = -i;
+  R_SGN   = sign*X_SGN; 
+  
+  /* Last step :
+   *   Multiplication by pi/2
+   */
+  scs_mul(result, Pio256_ptr, result);
+  return N*X_SGN;
+}
+ 
+
+
+
+#define DoSinZero(psh,psl)                         \
+do{                                                \
+  yh2 = yh*yh ;                                    \
+  ts = yh2 * (s3.d + yh2*(s5.d + yh2*s7.d));	   \
+  /* (1+ts)*(yh+yl) is an approx to sin(yh+yl) */  \
+  /* Now compute (1+ts)*(yh+yl) */                 \
+  Add12(*psh,*psl,   yh, yl+ts*yh);	           \
+} while(0)						   
+
+#define DoCosZero(pch,pcl)                        \
+do {                                              \
+  yh2 = yh*yh ;                                   \
+  tc = yh2 * (c2.d + yh2*(c4.d + yh2*c6.d ));	  \
+  /* 1+ tc is an approx to cos(yh+yl) */	  \
+  /* Now compute 1+tc */			  \
+  Add12(*pch,*pcl, 1., tc);		          \
+} while(0)					  
+
+/* See the documentation for explanations on DoSinNotZero */
+#define DoSinNotZero(psh,psl)                                          \
+do {                                                                   \
+  double thi, tlo, cahyh_h, cahyh_l  ;          		       \
+  Mul12(&cahyh_h,&cahyh_l, cah, yh);				       \
+  Add12(thi, tlo, sah,cahyh_h);					       \
+  tlo = tc*sah+(ts*cahyh_h+(sal+(tlo+(cahyh_l+(cal*yh + cah*yl))))) ;  \
+  Add12(*psh,*psl,  thi, tlo);	   			               \
+} while(0)
+ 
+/* See the documentation for explanations on DoCosNotZero */
+#define DoCosNotZero(pch,pcl)                                       \
+do {                                                                \
+  double thi, tlo, sahyh_h,sahyh_l;      			    \
+  Mul12(&sahyh_h,&sahyh_l, sah, yh);			            \
+  Add12(thi, tlo,  cah, -sahyh_h);			            \
+  tlo = tc*cah-(ts*sahyh_h-(cal+(tlo-(sahyh_l+(sal*yh+sah*yl))))) ; \
+  Add12(*pch, *pcl,    thi, tlo);                                   \
+} while(0)
+
+
+
+
+
+/************************************************************************/
+/*                                                                      */
+/*                       Argument Reduction                             */
+/*                                                                      */
+/************************************************************************/
+
+
+#define SIN 0
+#define COS 1
+#define TAN 2
+
+
+#define SHIFT1 ( 1. / ((double) (1<<SCS_NB_BITS))  )
+#define SHIFT2 (SHIFT1*SHIFT1)
+#define SHIFT3 (SHIFT2*SHIFT1)
+#define RangeReductionSCS()                                \
+do { 							   \
+  db_number nb;   double x0,x1,x2,x3;                      \
+  scs_t X, Y;						   \
+  scs_set_d(X, rri->x); 			  	   \
+  k= rem_pio256_scs(Y, X);				   \
+  index=(k&127)<<2;                                        \
+  quadrant = (k>>7)&3;                                     \
+  x0 = (double)(Y->h_word[0]);                             \
+  x1 = ((double)(Y->h_word[1])) * SHIFT1;                  \
+  x2 = ((double)(Y->h_word[2])) * SHIFT2;                  \
+  x3 = ((double)(Y->h_word[3])) * SHIFT3;                  \
+  nb.i[HI] = ((Y->index)*SCS_NB_BITS +1023)  << 20;  	   \
+  nb.i[LO] = 0;                                            \
+  nb.d *= Y->sign;                                         \
+  yh=(x2+x1)+x0;                                           \
+  yl=(((x0-yh)+x1)+x2) + x3;                               \
+  yh *= nb.d;     /* exact multiplication */               \
+  yl *= nb.d;     /* exact multiplication */               \
+}while(0)
+
+
+
+
+
+/* A structure that holds all the information to be exchanged between
+   ComputeTrigWithArgred and the 12 functions sin_rn etc
+
+   It is purely for performance (almost 100 cycles out of 300 on a P4
+   when compared to passing a list of arguments). In addition to
+   saving a few memory accesses, it also allows other small
+   optimizations like deferring the possible change of sign of the
+   result to the the last moment using rri->changesign.
+
+   All this is not very elegant, but it is safe.
+*/
+
+struct rrinfo_s {double rh; double rl; double x; int absxhi; int function;} ;
+typedef struct rrinfo_s rrinfo;
+#define changesign function  /* saves one int in the rrinfo structure */
+
+static void ComputeTrigWithArgred(rrinfo *rri){ 
+  double sah,sal,cah,cal, yh, yl, yh2, ts,tc, kd; 
+  double kch_h,kch_l, kcm_h,kcm_l, th, tl,sh,sl,ch,cl;
+  int k, quadrant, index;
+  int64_t kl;
+
+  if  (rri->absxhi < XMAX_CODY_WAITE_3) {
+    /* Compute k, deduce the table index and the quadrant */
+#if 0
+    DOUBLE2INT(k, rri->x * INV_PIO256);
+    kd = (double) k;
+#else
+		{db_number _t;
+			double _d = rri->x * INV_PIO256;
+			_t.d = (_d+6755399441055744.0);
+			k = _t.i[LO];
+			kd=_t.d-6755399441055744.0;
+		}
+
+#endif
+    quadrant = (k>>7)&3;      
+    index=(k&127)<<2;
+    if((index == 0)) { 
+      /* Here a large cancellation on yh+yl would be a problem, so use double-double RR */
+      /* all this is exact */
+      Mul12(&kch_h, &kch_l,   kd, RR_DD_MCH);
+      Mul12(&kcm_h, &kcm_l,   kd, RR_DD_MCM);
+      Add12 (th,tl,  kch_l, kcm_h) ;
+      /* only rounding error in the last multiplication and addition */ 
+      Add22 (&yh, &yl,    (rri->x + kch_h) , (kcm_l - kd*RR_DD_CL),   th, tl) ;
+      goto computeZero;
+    } 
+    else {      
+      /* index <> 0, don't worry about cancellations on yh+yl */
+      if (rri->absxhi < XMAX_CODY_WAITE_2) {
+	/* CW 2: all this is exact but the rightmost multiplication */
+	Add12 (yh,yl,  (rri->x - kd*RR_CW2_CH),  (kd*RR_CW2_MCL) ) ; 
+      }
+      else { 
+	/* CW 3: all this is exact but the rightmost multiplication */
+	Add12Cond(yh,yl,  (rri->x - kd*RR_CW3_CH) -  kd*RR_CW3_CM,   kd*RR_CW3_MCL);
+      }
+    }
+    goto computeNotZero;
+  }
+
+  else if ( rri->absxhi < XMAX_DDRR ) {
+    /* x sufficiently small for a Cody and Waite in double-double */
+    DOUBLE2LONGINT(kl, rri->x*INV_PIO256);
+    kd=(double)kl;
+    quadrant = (kl>>7)&3;
+    index=(kl&127)<<2;
+    if(index == 0) { 
+      /* Here again a large cancellation on yh+yl would be a problem, 
+	 so we do the accurate range reduction */
+      RangeReductionSCS();   /*recomputes k, index, quadrant, and yh and yl*/
+      /* Now it may happen that the new k differs by 1 of kl, so check that */
+      if(index==0)   /* no surprise */
+	goto computeZero; 
+      else 
+	goto computeNotZero;
+    }
+    else {   /*  index<>0 : double-double argument reduction*/
+      /* all this is exact */
+      Mul12(&kch_h, &kch_l,   kd, RR_DD_MCH);
+      Mul12(&kcm_h, &kcm_l,   kd, RR_DD_MCM);
+      Add12 (th,tl,  kch_l, kcm_h) ;
+      /* only rounding error in the last multiplication and addition */ 
+      Add22 (&yh, &yl,    (rri->x + kch_h) , (kcm_l - kd*RR_DD_CL),   th, tl) ;
+      //      printf("%f\n", yh);
+      goto computeNotZero;
+    }
+  } /* closes if ( absxhi < XMAX_DDRR ) */ 
+
+  else {
+    /* Worst case : x very large, sin(x) probably meaningless, we return
+       correct rounding but do't mind taking time for it */
+    RangeReductionSCS(); 
+    quadrant = (k>>7)&3;                                       
+    if(index == 0)
+      goto computeZero;
+    else 
+      goto computeNotZero;
+  }
+
+
+ computeZero:
+  switch(rri->function) {
+ 
+  case SIN: 
+    if (quadrant&1)
+      DoCosZero(&rri->rh, &rri->rl);
+    else 
+      DoSinZero(&rri->rh, &rri->rl);
+    rri->changesign=(quadrant==2)||(quadrant==3);
+    return;
+    
+  case COS: 
+    if (quadrant&1)
+      DoSinZero(&rri->rh, &rri->rl);
+    else 
+      DoCosZero(&rri->rh, &rri->rl);
+    rri->changesign= (quadrant==1)||(quadrant==2);
+    return;
+
+  case TAN: 
+    rri->changesign = quadrant&1;
+    if (quadrant&1) {
+      DoSinZero(&ch, &cl);
+      DoCosZero(&sh, &sl);
+    } else {
+      DoSinZero(&sh, &sl);
+      DoCosZero(&ch, &cl);
+    }
+    Div22(&rri->rh, &rri->rl, sh, sl, ch, cl);
+    return;
+  }
+  
+ computeNotZero:
+  if(index<=(64<<2)) {                                    
+    sah=sincosTable[index+0].d; /* sin(a), high part */   
+    sal=sincosTable[index+1].d; /* sin(a), low part  */   
+    cah=sincosTable[index+2].d; /* cos(a), high part */   
+    cal=sincosTable[index+3].d; /* cos(a), low part  */   
+  }else { /* cah <= sah */                                
+    index=(128<<2) - index;                               
+    cah=sincosTable[index+0].d; /* cos(a), high part */   
+    cal=sincosTable[index+1].d; /* cos(a), low part  */   
+    sah=sincosTable[index+2].d; /* sin(a), high part */   
+    sal=sincosTable[index+3].d; /* sin(a), low part  */   
+  }                                                       
+  yh2 = yh*yh ;
+  ts = yh2 * (s3.d + yh2*(s5.d + yh2*s7.d));	
+  tc = yh2 * (c2.d + yh2*(c4.d + yh2*c6.d ));	
+  switch(rri->function) {
+
+  case SIN: 
+    if (quadrant&1)   
+      DoCosNotZero(&rri->rh, &rri->rl);
+    else 
+      DoSinNotZero(&rri->rh, &rri->rl);
+    rri->changesign=(quadrant==2)||(quadrant==3);
+    return;
+
+  case COS: 
+    if (quadrant&1)   
+      DoSinNotZero(&rri->rh, &rri->rl);
+    else 
+      DoCosNotZero(&rri->rh, &rri->rl);
+    rri->changesign=(quadrant==1)||(quadrant==2);
+    return;
+
+  case TAN: 
+    rri->changesign = quadrant&1;
+    if (quadrant&1) {
+      DoSinNotZero(&ch, &cl);
+      DoCosNotZero(&sh, &sl);
+    } else {
+      DoSinNotZero(&sh, &sl);
+      DoCosNotZero(&ch, &cl);
+    }
+    Div22(&rri->rh, &rri->rl, sh, sl, ch, cl);
+    return;
+  }
+}
+
+
+/*************************************************************
+ *************************************************************
+ *              SIN ROUNDED  TO NEAREST			     *
+ *************************************************************
+ *************************************************************/ 
+
+double sin_rn(double x){ 
+  double ts,x2,rncst; 
+  rrinfo rri;
+  db_number x_split;
+  double r;
+  
+  x_split.d=x;
+  rri.absxhi = x_split.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff;
+  
+  /* SPECIAL CASES: x=(Nan, Inf) sin(x)=Nan */
+  if (rri.absxhi>=0x7ff00000) {
+    x_split.l=0xfff8000000000000LL;
+    return x_split.d - x_split.d; 
+  }
+   
+  else if (rri.absxhi < XMAX_SIN_CASE2){
+    /* CASE 1 : x small enough sin(x)=x */
+    if (rri.absxhi <XMAX_RETURN_X_FOR_SIN)
+      return x;
+    
+    /* CASE 2 :XMAX_RETURN_X_FOR_SIN x < XMAX_SIN_CASE2
+       Fast polynomial evaluation as in DoSinZero */
+    x2 = x*x ;
+    ts = x2 * (s3.d + x2*(s5.d + x2*s7.d));
+    Add12(rri.rh,rri.rl,   x, ts*x);
+    if(rri.rh == (rri.rh + (rri.rl * RN_CST_SIN_CASE2)))	
+      return rri.rh;
+    else
+      return scs_sin_rn(x); 
+  }
+  
+  /* CASE 3 : Need argument reduction */ 
+  else {
+    rri.x=x;
+    rri.function=SIN;
+    ComputeTrigWithArgred(&rri);
+
+    /* change sign in parallel to the test */ 
+    if(rri.changesign) r= -rri.rh; else r= rri.rh;
+
+    rncst= RN_CST_SINCOS_CASE3;
+    if(rri.rh == (rri.rh + (rri.rl * rncst)))	
+      return r;
+    else
+      return scs_sin_rn(x); 
+  }
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+/*************************************************************
+ *************************************************************
+ *               SIN ROUNDED  TOWARD  +INFINITY              *
+ *************************************************************
+ *************************************************************/
+
+
+double sin_ru(double x){
+  double xx, ts, epsilon; 
+  rrinfo rri;
+  db_number x_split;
+  
+  x_split.d=x;
+  rri.absxhi = x_split.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff;
+  
+  /* SPECIAL CASES: x=(Nan, Inf) sin(x)=Nan */
+  if (rri.absxhi>=0x7ff00000) {
+    x_split.l=0xfff8000000000000LL;
+    return x_split.d - x_split.d; 
+  }    
+  
+  if (rri.absxhi < XMAX_SIN_CASE2){
+
+    /* CASE 1 : x small enough, return x suitably rounded */
+    if (rri.absxhi <XMAX_RETURN_X_FOR_SIN) {
+      if(x>=0.)
+	return x;
+      else {
+	x_split.l --;
+	return x_split.d;
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      /* CASE 2 : x < Pi/512
+	 Fast polynomial evaluation */
+      xx = x*x;
+      ts = x * xx * (s3.d + xx*(s5.d + xx*s7.d ));
+      Add12(rri.rh,rri.rl, x, ts);
+      epsilon=EPS_SIN_CASE2; 
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    /* CASE 3 : Need argument reduction */ 
+    rri.x=x;
+    rri.function=SIN;
+    ComputeTrigWithArgred(&rri);
+    epsilon=EPS_SINCOS_CASE3;
+    if(rri.changesign) {
+      rri.rh = -rri.rh;
+      rri.rl = -rri.rl;
+    } 
+  }
+
+  TEST_AND_RETURN_RU(rri.rh, rri.rl, epsilon);
+
+  /* if the previous block didn't return a value, launch accurate phase */
+  return scs_sin_ru(x);
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+/*************************************************************
+ *************************************************************
+ *               SIN ROUNDED  TOWARD  -INFINITY              *
+ *************************************************************
+ *************************************************************/
+double sin_rd(double x){ 
+  double xx, ts, epsilon; 
+  db_number x_split;
+  rrinfo rri;
+  
+  x_split.d=x;
+  rri.absxhi = x_split.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff;
+  
+  /* SPECIAL CASES: x=(Nan, Inf) sin(x)=Nan */
+  if (rri.absxhi>=0x7ff00000) {
+    x_split.l=0xfff8000000000000LL;
+    return x_split.d - x_split.d; 
+  }    
+  
+  if (rri.absxhi < XMAX_SIN_CASE2){
+
+    /* CASE 1 : x small enough, return x suitably rounded */
+    if (rri.absxhi <XMAX_RETURN_X_FOR_SIN) {
+      if(x<=0.)
+	return x;
+      else {
+	x_split.l --;
+	return x_split.d;
+      }
+    }
+
+    else{
+      /* CASE 2 : x < Pi/512
+	 Fast polynomial evaluation */
+      xx = x*x;
+      ts = x * xx * (s3.d + xx*(s5.d + xx*s7.d ));
+      Add12(rri.rh,rri.rl, x, ts);
+      epsilon=EPS_SIN_CASE2; 
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    /* CASE 3 : Need argument reduction */ 
+    rri.x=x;
+    rri.function=SIN;
+    ComputeTrigWithArgred(&rri);
+    epsilon=EPS_SINCOS_CASE3;
+    if(rri.changesign) {
+      rri.rh = -rri.rh;
+      rri.rl = -rri.rl;
+    } 
+  }
+
+  TEST_AND_RETURN_RD(rri.rh, rri.rl, epsilon);
+
+  /* if the previous block didn't return a value, launch accurate phase */
+  return scs_sin_rd(x);
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+/*************************************************************
+ *************************************************************
+ *               SIN ROUNDED  TOWARD  ZERO                   *
+ *************************************************************
+ *************************************************************/
+double sin_rz(double x){ 
+  double xx, ts, epsilon; 
+  db_number x_split;
+  rrinfo rri;  
+  x_split.d=x;
+
+  rri.absxhi = x_split.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff;
+  
+  /* SPECIAL CASES: x=(Nan, Inf) sin(x)=Nan */
+  if (rri.absxhi>=0x7ff00000) {
+    x_split.l=0xfff8000000000000LL;
+    return x_split.d - x_split.d; 
+  }    
+  
+  if (rri.absxhi < XMAX_SIN_CASE2){
+
+    /* CASE 1 : x small enough, return x suitably rounded */
+    if (rri.absxhi <XMAX_RETURN_X_FOR_SIN) {
+      if(x==0) return x;
+      else {
+	x_split.l --;
+	return x_split.d;
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      /* CASE 2 : x < Pi/512
+	 Fast polynomial evaluation */
+      xx = x*x;
+      ts = x * xx * (s3.d + xx*(s5.d + xx*s7.d ));
+      Add12(rri.rh,rri.rl, x, ts);
+      epsilon=EPS_SIN_CASE2; 
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    /* CASE 3 : Need argument reduction */ 
+    rri.x=x;
+    rri.function=SIN;
+    ComputeTrigWithArgred(&rri);
+    epsilon=EPS_SINCOS_CASE3;
+    if(rri.changesign) {
+      rri.rh = -rri.rh;
+      rri.rl = -rri.rl;
+    } 
+  }
+
+  TEST_AND_RETURN_RZ(rri.rh, rri.rl, epsilon);
+
+  /* if the previous block didn't return a value, launch accurate phase */
+  return scs_sin_rz(x);
+}
+
+
+
+
+/*************************************************************
+ *************************************************************
+ *              COS ROUNDED  TO NEAREST			     *
+ *************************************************************
+ *************************************************************/
+double cos_rn(double x){ 
+  double tc, x2;
+  rrinfo rri;
+  db_number x_split;
+
+  x_split.d=x;
+  rri.absxhi = x_split.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff;
+
+  /* SPECIAL CASES: x=(Nan, Inf) cos(x)=Nan */
+  if (rri.absxhi>=0x7ff00000) {
+    /* was : return x-x; 
+       but it's optimized out by Intel compiler (bug reported).
+       Who cares to be slow in this case anyway... */
+    x_split.l=0xfff8000000000000LL;
+    return x_split.d-x_split.d;
+  }
+
+  if (rri.absxhi < XMAX_COS_CASE2){
+    /* CASE 1 : x small enough cos(x)=1. */
+    if (rri.absxhi <XMAX_RETURN_1_FOR_COS_RN)
+      return 1.;
+    else {
+      /* CASE 2 : Fast polynomial evaluation */
+      x2 = x*x;
+      tc = x2 * (c2.d + x2*(c4.d + x2*c6.d ));
+      Add12(rri.rh,rri.rl, 1.0, tc);
+      if(rri.rh == (rri.rh + (rri.rl * RN_CST_COS_CASE2)))	
+	return rri.rh;
+      else
+	return scs_cos_rn(x); 
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+  /* CASE 3 : Need argument reduction */ 
+    rri.x=x;
+    rri.function=COS;
+    ComputeTrigWithArgred(&rri);
+    if(rri.rh == (rri.rh + (rri.rl * RN_CST_SINCOS_CASE3)))	
+      if(rri.changesign) return -rri.rh; else return rri.rh;
+    else
+      return scs_cos_rn(x); 
+  }
+}
+
+
+
+/*************************************************************
+ *************************************************************
+ *              COS ROUNDED  TO +INFINITY      		     *
+ *************************************************************
+ *************************************************************/
+double cos_ru(double x){ 
+  double x2, tc, epsilon; 
+  rrinfo rri;
+  db_number x_split;
+
+  x_split.d=x;
+  rri.absxhi = x_split.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff;
+
+  /* SPECIAL CASES: x=(Nan, Inf) cos(x)=Nan */
+  if (rri.absxhi>=0x7ff00000) {
+    x_split.l=0xfff8000000000000LL;
+    return x_split.d - x_split.d;
+  }
+   
+  if (rri.absxhi < XMAX_COS_CASE2){
+    /* CASE 1 : x small enough cos(x)=1. */
+    if (rri.absxhi <XMAX_RETURN_1_FOR_COS_RDIR)
+      return 1.;
+    else{
+      /* CASE 2 : Fast polynomial evaluation */
+      x2 = x*x;
+      tc = x2 * (c2.d + x2*(c4.d + x2*c6.d ));
+      Add12(rri.rh,rri.rl, 1, tc);
+      epsilon=EPS_COS_CASE2; 
+    }
+  }
+
+  else {
+    /* CASE 3 : Need argument reduction */ 
+    rri.x=x;
+    rri.function=COS;
+    ComputeTrigWithArgred(&rri);
+    epsilon=EPS_SINCOS_CASE3;
+    if(rri.changesign) {
+      rri.rh = -rri.rh;
+      rri.rl = -rri.rl;
+    }
+  }    
+  
+  TEST_AND_RETURN_RU(rri.rh, rri.rl, epsilon);
+
+  /* if the previous block didn't return a value, launch accurate phase */
+  return scs_cos_ru(x);
+}
+
+
+/*************************************************************
+ *************************************************************
+ *              COS ROUNDED  TO -INFINITY      		     *
+ *************************************************************
+ *************************************************************/
+double cos_rd(double x){ 
+  double x2, tc, epsilon; 
+  rrinfo rri;
+  db_number x_split;
+
+  x_split.d=x;
+  rri.absxhi = x_split.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff;
+
+  /* SPECIAL CASES: x=(Nan, Inf) cos(x)=Nan */
+  if (rri.absxhi>=0x7ff00000) {
+    x_split.l=0xfff8000000000000LL;
+    return x_split.d - x_split.d;
+  }   
+
+  if (rri.absxhi < XMAX_COS_CASE2){
+    if (x==0) return 1;
+    /* CASE 1 : x small enough cos(x)=1. */
+    if (rri.absxhi <XMAX_RETURN_1_FOR_COS_RDIR)
+      return ONE_ROUNDED_DOWN; 
+    else {   
+      /* CASE 2 :  Fast polynomial evaluation */
+      x2 = x*x;
+      tc = x2 * (c2.d + x2*(c4.d + x2*c6.d ));
+      Add12(rri.rh,rri.rl, 1, tc);
+      epsilon=EPS_COS_CASE2; 
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+  /* CASE 3 : Need argument reduction */ 
+    rri.x=x;
+    rri.function=COS;
+    ComputeTrigWithArgred(&rri);
+    epsilon=EPS_SINCOS_CASE3;
+    if(rri.changesign) {
+      rri.rh = -rri.rh;
+      rri.rl = -rri.rl;
+    }     
+  }
+
+  TEST_AND_RETURN_RD(rri.rh, rri.rl, epsilon);
+
+  /* if the previous block didn't return a value, launch accurate phase */
+  return scs_cos_rd(x);
+}
+
+
+
+
+/*************************************************************
+ *************************************************************
+ *              COS ROUNDED  TO ZERO      		     *
+ *************************************************************
+ *************************************************************/
+double cos_rz(double x){ 
+  double x2, tc, epsilon; 
+  rrinfo rri;
+  db_number x_split;
+
+  x_split.d=x;
+  rri.absxhi = x_split.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff;
+
+  /* SPECIAL CASES: x=(Nan, Inf) cos(x)=Nan */
+  if (rri.absxhi>=0x7ff00000) {
+    x_split.l=0xfff8000000000000LL;
+    return x_split.d - x_split.d;
+  }   
+
+  if (rri.absxhi < XMAX_COS_CASE2){
+    if (x==0) return 1;
+    /* CASE 1 : x small enough cos(x)=1. */
+    if (rri.absxhi <XMAX_RETURN_1_FOR_COS_RDIR)
+      return ONE_ROUNDED_DOWN; 
+    else {
+      /* CASE 2 : Fast polynomial evaluation */
+      x2 = x*x;
+      tc = x2 * (c2.d + x2*(c4.d + x2*c6.d ));
+      Add12(rri.rh,rri.rl, 1, tc);
+      epsilon=EPS_COS_CASE2; 
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    /* CASE 3 : Need argument reduction */ 
+    rri.x=x;
+    rri.function=COS;
+    ComputeTrigWithArgred(&rri);
+    epsilon=EPS_SINCOS_CASE3;
+    if(rri.changesign) {
+      rri.rh = -rri.rh;
+      rri.rl = -rri.rl;
+    } 
+  }
+
+  TEST_AND_RETURN_RZ(rri.rh, rri.rl, epsilon);
+
+  /* if the previous block didn't return a value, launch accurate phase */
+  return scs_cos_rz(x);
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+/*************************************************************
+ *************************************************************
+ *              TAN ROUNDED  TO NEAREST			     *
+ *************************************************************
+ *************************************************************/ 
+double tan_rn(double x){  
+  double x2, p5, tt;
+  rrinfo rri;
+  db_number x_split, rndcst;
+
+  x_split.d=x;
+  rri.absxhi = x_split.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff;
+
+  /* SPECIAL CASES: x=(Nan, Inf) cos(x)=Nan */
+  if (rri.absxhi>=0x7ff00000) {
+    x_split.l=0xfff8000000000000LL;
+    return x_split.d - x_split.d; 
+  }   
+
+  if (rri.absxhi < XMAX_TAN_CASE2){ 
+    if (rri.absxhi < XMAX_RETURN_X_FOR_TAN) 
+      return x;
+    /* Dynamic computation of the rounding constant */
+    rndcst.i[HI] = 0x3ff00000 + (((rri.absxhi & 0x000fffff)+0x00100000) >> (0x3ff+2 - (rri.absxhi>>20))) ;
+    rndcst.i[LO] =0xffffffff;
+    /* Fast Taylor series */
+    x2 = x*x;
+    p5 = t5.d + x2*(t7.d + x2*(t9.d + x2*t11.d));
+    tt = x2*(t3h.d + (t3l.d + x2*p5));
+    Add12(rri.rh, rri.rl, x, x*tt);  
+    /* Test if round to nearest achieved */ 
+    if(rri.rh == (rri.rh + (rri.rl * rndcst.d)))
+      return rri.rh;
+    else
+      return scs_tan_rn(x); 
+  }
+  else {
+    /* Otherwise : Range reduction then standard evaluation */
+    rri.x=x;
+    rri.function=TAN;
+    ComputeTrigWithArgred(&rri);
+
+    /* Test if round to nearest achieved */ 
+    if(rri.rh == (rri.rh + (rri.rl * RN_CST_TAN_CASE3)))
+      if(rri.changesign) return -rri.rh; else return rri.rh;
+    else
+      return scs_tan_rn(x); 
+  }    
+}
+
+
+
+/*************************************************************
+ *************************************************************
+ *               ROUNDED  TOWARD  +INFINITY
+ *************************************************************
+ *************************************************************/
+double tan_ru(double x){  
+  double epsilon, p5, tt, x2;
+  db_number x_split;
+  rrinfo rri;
+
+  x_split.d=x;
+  rri.absxhi = x_split.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff;
+  
+  /* SPECIAL CASES: x=(Nan, Inf) cos(x)=Nan */
+  if (rri.absxhi>=0x7ff00000) {
+    x_split.l=0xfff8000000000000LL;
+    return x_split.d - x_split.d;
+  }   
+  
+  if (rri.absxhi < XMAX_TAN_CASE2){
+    if (rri.absxhi < XMAX_RETURN_X_FOR_TAN) {
+      if(x<=0.)
+	return x;
+      else {
+	x_split.l ++;
+	return x_split.d;
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      /* Fast Taylor series */
+      x2 = x*x;
+      p5 = t5.d + x2*(t7.d + x2*(t9.d + x2*t11.d));
+      tt = x2*(t3h.d + (t3l.d +x2*p5));
+      Add12(rri.rh, rri.rl, x, x*tt);  
+
+      /* TODO dynamic computation of error constant */
+      TEST_AND_RETURN_RU(rri.rh, rri.rl, EPS_TAN_CASE2);
+
+      /* if the previous block didn't return a value, launch accurate phase */
+      return  scs_tan_ru(x);
+    }
+  }
+  else { 
+    /* Normal case: Range reduction then standard evaluation */
+    rri.x=x;
+    rri.function=TAN;
+    ComputeTrigWithArgred(&rri);
+    epsilon=EPS_TAN_CASE3; 
+    if(rri.changesign) {
+      rri.rh= -rri.rh; 
+      rri.rl=-rri.rl;
+    }
+  }
+  
+  TEST_AND_RETURN_RU(rri.rh, rri.rl, epsilon);
+
+  /* if the previous block didn't return a value, launch accurate phase */
+  return  scs_tan_ru(x);
+}
+
+
+/*************************************************************
+ *************************************************************
+ *               ROUNDED  TOWARD  -INFINITY
+ *************************************************************
+ *************************************************************/
+double tan_rd(double x){  
+  double epsilon, p5, tt, x2;
+  rrinfo rri;
+  db_number x_split;
+
+  
+  x_split.d=x;
+  rri.absxhi = x_split.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff;
+  
+  /* SPECIAL CASES: x=(Nan, Inf) cos(x)=Nan */
+  if (rri.absxhi>=0x7ff00000){
+    x_split.l=0xfff8000000000000LL;
+    return x_split.d - x_split.d;
+
+  }   
+  
+  if (rri.absxhi < XMAX_TAN_CASE2){
+    if (rri.absxhi < XMAX_RETURN_X_FOR_TAN) {
+      if(x>=0.)
+	return x;
+      else {
+	x_split.l ++;
+	return x_split.d;
+      }
+    }
+    
+    /* Fast Taylor series */
+    x2 = x*x;
+    p5 = t5.d + x2*(t7.d + x2*(t9.d + x2*t11.d));
+    tt = x2*(t3h.d + (t3l.d +x2*p5));
+    Add12(rri.rh, rri.rl, x, x*tt);  
+      
+    TEST_AND_RETURN_RD(rri.rh, rri.rl, EPS_TAN_CASE2);
+
+    /* if the previous block didn't return a value, launch accurate phase */
+    return  scs_tan_rd(x);
+  }
+  
+  else { 
+    /* normal case: Range reduction then standard evaluation */
+    rri.x=x;
+    rri.function=TAN;
+    ComputeTrigWithArgred(&rri);
+    epsilon=EPS_TAN_CASE3; 
+    if(rri.changesign) {
+      rri.rh= -rri.rh; 
+      rri.rl=-rri.rl;
+    }
+  }
+  
+  TEST_AND_RETURN_RD(rri.rh, rri.rl, epsilon);
+
+  /* if the previous block didn't return a value, launch accurate phase */
+  return  scs_tan_rd(x);
+}
+ 	
+
+/*************************************************************
+ *************************************************************
+ *               ROUNDED  TOWARD  ZERO
+ *************************************************************
+ *************************************************************/
+double tan_rz(double x){  
+  double epsilon, p5, tt, x2;
+  rrinfo rri;
+  db_number x_split;
+
+  x_split.d=x;
+  rri.absxhi = x_split.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff;
+  
+  /* SPECIAL CASES: x=(Nan, Inf) cos(x)=Nan */
+  if (rri.absxhi>=0x7ff00000) {
+    x_split.l=0xfff8000000000000LL;
+    return x_split.d - x_split.d;
+  }   
+  
+  if (rri.absxhi < XMAX_TAN_CASE2){
+    if (rri.absxhi < XMAX_RETURN_X_FOR_TAN) {
+      return x;
+    }
+    else{ 
+      /* Fast Taylor series */
+      x2 = x*x;
+      p5 = t5.d + x2*(t7.d + x2*(t9.d + x2*t11.d));
+      tt = x2*(t3h.d + (t3l.d +x2*p5));
+      Add12(rri.rh, rri.rl, x, x*tt);  
+
+      TEST_AND_RETURN_RZ(rri.rh, rri.rl, EPS_TAN_CASE2);
+
+      /* if the TEST_AND_RETURN block didn't return a value, launch accurate phase */
+      return  scs_tan_rz(x);
+    }
+  }
+  else { 
+    /* Normal case: Range reduction then standard evaluation */
+    rri.x=x;
+    rri.function=TAN;
+    ComputeTrigWithArgred(&rri);
+    epsilon=EPS_TAN_CASE3; 
+    if(rri.changesign) {
+      rri.rh = -rri.rh; 
+      rri.rl = -rri.rl;
+    }
+  }
+
+  TEST_AND_RETURN_RZ(rri.rh, rri.rl, epsilon);
+
+  /* if the previous block didn't return a value, launch accurate phase */
+  return  scs_tan_rz(x); 
+}
+