crmf 0.1.1 → 0.1.3

data/ext/crlibm-1.0beta5/log1p.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1295 @@
+/*
+ * Correctly rounded log1p(x) = log(1 + x)
+ *
+ * Author : Christoph Lauter (ENS Lyon)
+ *
+ * This file is part of the crlibm library developed by the Arenaire
+ * project at Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or 
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ * 
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.  
+*/
+
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "crlibm.h"
+#include "crlibm_private.h"
+#include "triple-double.h"
+#include "log-td.h"
+
+#define AVOID_FMA 0
+
+
+
+void log1p_td_accurate(double *logh, double *logm, double *logl, double ed, int index, 
+		       double zh, double zm, double zl, double logih, double logim) {
+  double highPoly, t1h, t1l, t2h, t2l, t3h, t3l, t4h, t4l, t5h, t5l, t6h, t6l, t7h, t7l, t8h, t8l, t9h, t9l, t10h, t10l, t11h, t11l;
+  double t12h, t12l, t13h, t13l, t14h, t14l, zSquareh, zSquarem, zSquarel, zCubeh, zCubem, zCubel, higherPolyMultZh, higherPolyMultZm;
+  double higherPolyMultZl, zSquareHalfh, zSquareHalfm, zSquareHalfl, polyWithSquareh, polyWithSquarem, polyWithSquarel;
+  double polyh, polym, polyl, logil, logyh, logym, logyl, loghover, logmover, loglover, log2edhover, log2edmover, log2edlover;
+  double log2edh, log2edm, log2edl;
+
+
+#if EVAL_PERF
+  crlibm_second_step_taken++;
+#endif
+
+
+  /* Accurate phase:
+
+     Argument reduction is already done. 
+     We must return logh, logm and logl representing the intermediate result in 118 bits precision.
+
+     We use a 14 degree polynomial, computing the first 3 (the first is 0) coefficients in triple double,
+     calculating the next 7 coefficients in double double arithmetics and the last in double.
+
+  */
+
+  /* Start of the horner scheme */
+
+#if defined(PROCESSOR_HAS_FMA) && !defined(AVOID_FMA)
+  highPoly = FMA(FMA(FMA(FMA(accPolyC14,zh,accPolyC13),zh,accPolyC12),zh,accPolyC11),zh,accPolyC10);
+#else
+  highPoly = accPolyC10 + zh * (accPolyC11 + zh * (accPolyC12 + zh * (accPolyC13 + zh * accPolyC14)));
+#endif
+  
+  /* We want to write 
+
+     accPolyC3 + zh * (accPoly4 + zh * (accPoly5 + zh * (accPoly6 + zh * (accPoly7 + zh * (accPoly8 + zh * (accPoly9 + zh * highPoly))))));
+     (        t14  t13         t12  t11         t10   t9          t8   t7          t6   t5          t4   t3          t2   t1  )
+
+     with all additions and multiplications in double double arithmetics
+     but we will produce intermediate results labelled t1h/t1l thru t14h/t14l
+  */
+
+  Mul12(&t1h, &t1l, zh, highPoly);
+  Add22(&t2h, &t2l, accPolyC9h, accPolyC9l, t1h, t1l);
+  Mul22(&t3h, &t3l, zh, zm, t2h, t2l);
+  Add22(&t4h, &t4l, accPolyC8h, accPolyC8l, t3h, t3l);
+  Mul22(&t5h, &t5l, zh, zm, t4h, t4l);
+  Add22(&t6h, &t6l, accPolyC7h, accPolyC7l, t5h, t5l);
+  Mul22(&t7h, &t7l, zh, zm, t6h, t6l);
+  Add22(&t8h, &t8l, accPolyC6h, accPolyC6l, t7h, t7l);
+  Mul22(&t9h, &t9l, zh, zm, t8h, t8l);
+  Add22(&t10h, &t10l, accPolyC5h, accPolyC5l, t9h, t9l);
+  Mul22(&t11h, &t11l, zh, zm, t10h, t10l);
+  Add22(&t12h, &t12l, accPolyC4h, accPolyC4l, t11h, t11l);
+  Mul22(&t13h, &t13l, zh, zm, t12h, t12l);
+  Add22(&t14h, &t14l, accPolyC3h, accPolyC3l, t13h, t13l);
+
+  /* We must now prepare (zh + zm)^2 and (zh + zm)^3 as triple doubles */
+
+  Mul33(&zSquareh, &zSquarem, &zSquarel, zh, zm, zl, zh, zm, zl); 
+  Mul33(&zCubeh, &zCubem, &zCubel, zh, zm, zl, zSquareh, zSquarem, zSquarel); 
+  
+  /* We can now multiplicate the middle and higher polynomial by z^3 */
+
+  Mul233(&higherPolyMultZh, &higherPolyMultZm, &higherPolyMultZl, t14h, t14l, zCubeh, zCubem, zCubel);
+  
+  /* Multiply now z^2 by -1/2 (exact op) and add to middle and higher polynomial */
+  
+  zSquareHalfh = zSquareh * -0.5;
+  zSquareHalfm = zSquarem * -0.5;
+  zSquareHalfl = zSquarel * -0.5;
+
+  Add33(&polyWithSquareh, &polyWithSquarem, &polyWithSquarel, 
+	zSquareHalfh, zSquareHalfm, zSquareHalfl, 
+	higherPolyMultZh, higherPolyMultZm, higherPolyMultZl);
+
+  /* Add now zh and zm to obtain the polynomial evaluation result */
+
+  Add33(&polyh, &polym, &polyl, zh, zm, zl, polyWithSquareh, polyWithSquarem, polyWithSquarel);
+
+  /* Reconstruct now log(y) = log(1 + z) - log(ri) by adding logih, logim, logil
+     logil has not been read to the time, do this first 
+  */
+
+  logil =  argredtable[index].logil;
+
+  Add33(&logyh, &logym, &logyl, logih, logim, logil, polyh, polym, polyl);
+
+  /* Multiply log2 with E, i.e. log2h, log2m, log2l by ed 
+     ed is always less than 2^(12) and log2h and log2m are stored with at least 12 trailing zeros 
+     So multiplying naively is correct (up to 134 bits at least)
+
+     The final result is thus obtained by adding log2 * E to log(y)
+  */
+
+  log2edhover = log2h * ed;
+  log2edmover = log2m * ed;
+  log2edlover = log2l * ed;
+
+  /* It may be necessary to renormalize the tabulated value (multiplied by ed) before adding
+     the to the log(y)-result 
+
+     If needed, uncomment the following Renormalize3-Statement and comment out the copies 
+     following it.
+  */
+
+  /* Renormalize3(&log2edh, &log2edm, &log2edl, log2edhover, log2edmover, log2edlover); */
+
+  log2edh = log2edhover;
+  log2edm = log2edmover;
+  log2edl = log2edlover;
+
+  Add33(&loghover, &logmover, &loglover, log2edh, log2edm, log2edl, logyh, logym, logyl);
+
+  /* Since we can not guarantee in each addition and multiplication procedure that 
+     the results are not overlapping, we must renormalize the result before handing
+     it over to the final rounding
+  */
+
+  Renormalize3(logh,logm,logl,loghover,logmover,loglover);
+
+}
+
+
+
+/*************************************************************
+ *************************************************************
+ *               ROUNDED  TO NEAREST			     *
+ *************************************************************
+ *************************************************************/
+ double log1p_rn(double x){ 
+   db_number xdb, shdb, scaledb;
+   double yh, yl, ed, ri, logih, logim, yhrih, yhril, ylri, t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, zh, zm, zl;
+   double polyHorner, zhSquareh, zhSquarel, polyUpper, zhSquareHalfh, zhSquareHalfl;
+   double t1h, t1l, t2h, t2l, ph, pl, log2edh, log2edl, logTabPolyh, logTabPolyl, logh, logm, logl, roundcst;
+   double sh, sl;
+   int E, index;
+
+
+   xdb.d=x;
+
+   /* Filter cases */
+   if ((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff) < 0x3c900000) {
+     /* We are less than 2^(-54) and return simply an adjusted x 
+	This captures also the algebraic case x = 0
+     */
+     return x;
+   }
+
+   if (((xdb.i[HI] & 0x80000000) != 0) && ((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff) >= 0x3ff00000)) {
+     /* We are less or equal than -1 (-inf and NaN, too), 
+	we return -inf for -1 and NaN otherwise 
+     */
+     if (x == -1.0) return x/0.0;
+
+     
+     return (x-x)/0.0;
+   }
+
+   if ((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7ff00000) == 0x7ff00000) {
+     /* We are +inf or NaN 
+	If +inf, we return +inf (x+x)
+	If NaN, we return NaN (x+x)
+     */
+     return x+x;
+   }
+
+   /* Test if |x| < 2^(-8)
+      
+   If yes, short-circuit the range reduction 
+   
+   */
+   
+   if ((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff) < 0x3f700000) {
+     /* Use the polynomial p(zh + zl) approximating log(1+zh+zl) directly 
+	Set E and index to values that read 0.0 in the accurate phase.
+     */
+     logih = 0.0;
+     logim = 0.0;
+     index = 0;
+     ed = 0.0;
+     index = 0;
+     zh = x;
+     zm = 0.0;
+     zl = 0.0;
+   } else {
+     /* If we are here, |x| >= 2^(-8) and we must perform range reduction */
+     
+     /* Compute first exactly
+	
+        sh + sl = 1 + x 
+     
+        x can move over 1, so use a conditional Add12
+     */
+     
+     Add12Cond(sh,sl,1.0,x);
+     
+     /* Transform higher order double to integer */
+     
+     shdb.d = sh;
+
+     /* Extract exponent and mantissa 
+	Do range reduction,
+	yielding to E holding the exponent and
+	y the mantissa between sqrt(2)/2 and sqrt(2)
+     */
+     E = 0;
+     E += (shdb.i[HI]>>20)-1023;             /* extract the exponent */
+     index = (shdb.i[HI] & 0x000fffff);
+     shdb.i[HI] =  index | 0x3ff00000;	/* do exponent = 0 */
+     index = (index + (1<<(20-L-1))) >> (20-L);
+     
+     /* reduce  such that sqrt(2)/2 < xdb.d < sqrt(2) */
+     if (index >= MAXINDEX){ /* corresponds to xdb>sqrt(2)*/
+       shdb.i[HI] -= 0x00100000; 
+       E++;
+     }
+     
+     
+     /* Transform shdb to yh */
+     yh = shdb.d;
+     
+    
+     /* Compute the index to the table */
+     index = index & INDEXMASK;
+     
+     /* Cast integer E into double ed for multiplication later */
+     ed = (double) E;
+     
+     /* 
+	Read tables:
+	Read one float for ri
+	Read the first two doubles for -log(r_i) (out of three)
+	    
+	Organization of the table:
+	
+	one struct entry per index, the struct entry containing 
+	r, logih, logim and logil in this order
+     */
+     
+     
+     ri = argredtable[index].ri;
+     /* 
+	Actually we don't need the logarithm entries now
+	Move the following two lines to the eventual reconstruction
+	As long as we don't have any if in the following code, we can overlap 
+	memory access with calculations 
+     */
+     logih = argredtable[index].logih;
+     logim = argredtable[index].logim;
+     
+     /* Test if we have a simple range reduction or a complicated one 
+	
+        Simple range reduction for x < 0: x + 1 is exact, sl = 0 exactly
+        Simple range reduction for x > 2^(125) (sh > 2^(125)): x + 1 is not exact but its error less than 2^(-125)
+     
+	Complicated range reduction: other cases 
+	
+     */
+
+     
+     if ((sl == 0.0) || (E > 125)) {
+       /* Simple range reduction */
+       
+       Mul12(&yhrih, &yhril, yh, ri);
+       t1 = yhrih - 1.0; 
+       Add12Cond(zh, zm, t1, yhril); 
+       zl = 0.0;
+       
+     } else {
+       /* Complicated range reduction; E <= 125 */
+       
+       
+       /* Scale sl accordingly to sh, from which the exponent was extracted 
+	  
+          We form first 2^(-E) and multiply sl with this value; this gives yl.
+       */
+       
+       scaledb.i[HI] = (-E + 1023) << 20;
+       scaledb.i[LO] = 0;
+       
+       yl = sl * scaledb.d;
+       
+       
+       /* Do complicated range reduction:
+	
+          zh + zm + zl = (yh + yl) * ri - 1.0 
+
+
+	  We use zh + zm in the quick phase and zh + zm + zl in the accurate phase
+	  
+	  The multiplication yl * ri is exact because yl contains at most 9 bits and
+	  ri contains at most 24 bits.
+	  
+	  The substraction yhrih - 1.0 is exact as per Sterbenz' lemma.
+
+       */
+     
+       Mul12(&yhrih,&yhril,yh,ri);
+       ylri = yl * ri;
+       
+       t1 = yhrih - 1.0;
+       
+       /* The unnormalized triple-double t1 + yhril + ylri is equal to (yh + yl) * ri - 1.0 
+	  As t1 can move over yhril and yhri can move over ylri, we normalize first these
+	  values pairwise with Add12Conds. Then we renormalize the pairs by a 
+	  "inverted" (A.E.) Renormalize3.
+       */
+       
+       Add12Cond(t2,t3,yhril,ylri);
+       Add12Cond(t4,t5,t1,t2);
+       
+       Add12Cond(t6,zl,t3,t5);
+       Add12Cond(zh,zm,t4,t6);
+       
+     }
+   }
+   
+   
+   /* 
+      Polynomial evaluation
+
+      Use a 7 degree polynomial
+      Evaluate the higher 5 terms in double precision (-7 * 3 = -21) using Horner's scheme
+      Evaluate the lower 3 terms (the last is 0) in double double precision accounting also for zm
+      using an ad hoc method
+
+   */
+
+
+
+#if defined(PROCESSOR_HAS_FMA) && !defined(AVOID_FMA)
+   polyHorner = FMA(FMA(FMA(FMA(c7,zh,c6),zh,c5),zh,c4),zh,c3);
+#else
+   polyHorner = c3 + zh * (c4 + zh * (c5 + zh * (c6 + zh * c7)));
+#endif
+
+   Mul12(&zhSquareh, &zhSquarel, zh, zh);
+   polyUpper = polyHorner * (zh * zhSquareh);
+   zhSquareHalfh = zhSquareh * -0.5;
+   zhSquareHalfl = zhSquarel * -0.5;
+   Add12(t1h, t1l, polyUpper, -1 * (zh * zm));
+   Add22(&t2h, &t2l, zh, zm, zhSquareHalfh, zhSquareHalfl);
+   Add22(&ph, &pl, t2h, t2l, t1h, t1l);
+
+   /* Reconstruction 
+
+      Read logih and logim in the tables (already done)
+      
+      Compute log(x) = E * log(2) + log(1+z) - log(ri)
+      i.e. log(x) = ed * (log2h + log2m) + (ph + pl) + (logih + logim) + delta
+
+      Carry out everything in double double precision
+
+   */
+   
+   /* 
+      We store log2 as log2h + log2m + log2l where log2h and log2m have 12 trailing zeros
+      Multiplication of ed (double E) and log2h is thus correct
+      The overall accuracy of log2h + log2m + log2l is 53 * 3 - 24 = 135 which
+      is enough for the accurate phase
+      The accuracy suffices also for the quick phase: 53 * 2 - 24 = 82
+      Nevertheless the storage with trailing zeros implies an overlap of the tabulated
+      triple double values. We have to take it into account for the accurate phase 
+      basic procedures for addition and multiplication
+      The condition on the next Add12 is verified as log2m is smaller than log2h 
+      and both are scaled by ed
+   */
+
+   Add12(log2edh, log2edl, log2h * ed, log2m * ed);
+
+   /* Add logih and logim to ph and pl 
+
+      We must use conditioned Add22 as logih can move over ph
+   */
+
+   Add22Cond(&logTabPolyh, &logTabPolyl, logih, logim, ph, pl);
+
+   /* Add log2edh + log2edl to logTabPolyh + logTabPolyl */
+
+   Add22Cond(&logh, &logm, log2edh, log2edl, logTabPolyh, logTabPolyl);
+
+   /* Rounding test and eventual return or call to the accurate function */
+
+   if(E==0)
+      roundcst = ROUNDCST1;
+   else
+      roundcst = ROUNDCST2;
+
+
+   if(logh == (logh + (logm * roundcst)))
+     return logh;
+   else 
+     {
+       
+#if DEBUG
+       printf("Going for Accurate Phase for x=%1.50e\n",x);
+#endif
+
+       log1p_td_accurate(&logh, &logm, &logl, ed, index, zh, zm, zl, logih, logim); 
+       
+       ReturnRoundToNearest3(logh, logm, logl);
+
+     } /* Accurate phase launched */
+ }
+
+
+
+
+double log1p_ru(double x) {
+   db_number xdb, shdb, scaledb;
+   double yh, yl, ed, ri, logih, logim, yhrih, yhril, ylri, t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, zh, zm, zl;
+   double polyHorner, zhSquareh, zhSquarel, polyUpper, zhSquareHalfh, zhSquareHalfl;
+   double t1h, t1l, t2h, t2l, ph, pl, log2edh, log2edl, logTabPolyh, logTabPolyl, logh, logm, logl, roundcst;
+   double sh, sl;
+   int E, index;
+
+
+   xdb.d=x;
+
+   /* Filter cases */
+   if ((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff) < 0x3c900000) {
+     /* We are less than 2^(-54) and return simply an adjusted x 
+	
+        If x = 0, the result is algebraic and equal to 0.
+	
+	The series for log(1 + x) = x - 1/2 * x^2 + ... is alternated
+	and converges in this interval. 
+	The truncation rest -1/2 * x^2 + 1/3 * x^3 - ... is
+	always negative, so log(1 + x) is always less than x but less than
+	1 ulp of x away.
+	We round up, so we return x.
+
+     */
+     return x;
+   }
+
+   if (((xdb.i[HI] & 0x80000000) != 0) && ((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff) >= 0x3ff00000)) {
+     /* We are less or equal than -1 (-inf and NaN, too), 
+	we return -inf for -1 and NaN otherwise 
+     */
+     if (x == -1.0) return x/0.0;
+
+     
+     return (x-x)/0.0;
+   }
+
+   if ((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7ff00000) == 0x7ff00000) {
+     /* We are +inf or NaN 
+	If +inf, we return +inf (x+x)
+	If NaN, we return NaN (x+x)
+     */
+     return x+x;
+   }
+
+   /* Test if |x| < 2^(-8)
+      
+   If yes, short-circuit the range reduction 
+   
+   */
+   
+   if ((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff) < 0x3f700000) {
+     /* Use the polynomial p(zh + zl) approximating log(1+zh+zl) directly 
+	Set E and index to values that read 0.0 in the accurate phase.
+     */
+     logih = 0.0;
+     logim = 0.0;
+     index = 0;
+     ed = 0.0;
+     index = 0;
+     zh = x;
+     zm = 0.0;
+     zl = 0.0;
+   } else {
+     /* If we are here, |x| >= 2^(-8) and we must perform range reduction */
+     
+     /* Compute first exactly
+	
+        sh + sl = 1 + x 
+     
+        x can move over 1, so use a conditional Add12
+     */
+     
+     Add12Cond(sh,sl,1.0,x);
+     
+     /* Transform higher order double to integer */
+     
+     shdb.d = sh;
+
+     /* Extract exponent and mantissa 
+	Do range reduction,
+	yielding to E holding the exponent and
+	y the mantissa between sqrt(2)/2 and sqrt(2)
+     */
+     E = 0;
+     E += (shdb.i[HI]>>20)-1023;             /* extract the exponent */
+     index = (shdb.i[HI] & 0x000fffff);
+     shdb.i[HI] =  index | 0x3ff00000;	/* do exponent = 0 */
+     index = (index + (1<<(20-L-1))) >> (20-L);
+     
+     /* reduce  such that sqrt(2)/2 < xdb.d < sqrt(2) */
+     if (index >= MAXINDEX){ /* corresponds to xdb>sqrt(2)*/
+       shdb.i[HI] -= 0x00100000; 
+       E++;
+     }
+     
+     
+     /* Transform shdb to yh */
+     yh = shdb.d;
+     
+    
+     /* Compute the index to the table */
+     index = index & INDEXMASK;
+     
+     /* Cast integer E into double ed for multiplication later */
+     ed = (double) E;
+     
+     /* 
+	Read tables:
+	Read one float for ri
+	Read the first two doubles for -log(r_i) (out of three)
+	    
+	Organization of the table:
+	
+	one struct entry per index, the struct entry containing 
+	r, logih, logim and logil in this order
+     */
+     
+     
+     ri = argredtable[index].ri;
+     /* 
+	Actually we don't need the logarithm entries now
+	Move the following two lines to the eventual reconstruction
+	As long as we don't have any if in the following code, we can overlap 
+	memory access with calculations 
+     */
+     logih = argredtable[index].logih;
+     logim = argredtable[index].logim;
+     
+     /* Test if we have a simple range reduction or a complicated one 
+	
+        Simple range reduction for x < 0: x + 1 is exact, sl = 0 exactly
+        Simple range reduction for x > 2^(125) (sh > 2^(125)): x + 1 is not exact but its error less than 2^(-125)
+     
+	Complicated range reduction: other cases 
+	
+     */
+
+     
+     if ((sl == 0.0) || (E > 125)) {
+       /* Simple range reduction */
+       
+       Mul12(&yhrih, &yhril, yh, ri);
+       t1 = yhrih - 1.0; 
+       Add12Cond(zh, zm, t1, yhril); 
+       zl = 0.0;
+       
+     } else {
+       /* Complicated range reduction; E <= 125 */
+       
+       
+       /* Scale sl accordingly to sh, from which the exponent was extracted 
+	  
+          We form first 2^(-E) and multiply sl with this value; this gives yl.
+       */
+       
+       scaledb.i[HI] = (-E + 1023) << 20;
+       scaledb.i[LO] = 0;
+       
+       yl = sl * scaledb.d;
+       
+       
+       /* Do complicated range reduction:
+	
+          zh + zm + zl = (yh + yl) * ri - 1.0 
+
+
+	  We use zh + zm in the quick phase and zh + zm + zl in the accurate phase
+	  
+	  The multiplication yl * ri is exact because yl contains at most 9 bits and
+	  ri contains at most 24 bits.
+	  
+	  The substraction yhrih - 1.0 is exact as per Sterbenz' lemma.
+
+       */
+     
+       Mul12(&yhrih,&yhril,yh,ri);
+       ylri = yl * ri;
+       
+       t1 = yhrih - 1.0;
+       
+       /* The unnormalized triple-double t1 + yhril + ylri is equal to (yh + yl) * ri - 1.0 
+	  As t1 can move over yhril and yhri can move over ylri, we normalize first these
+	  values pairwise with Add12Conds. Then we renormalize the pairs by a 
+	  "inverted" (A.E.) Renormalize3.
+       */
+       
+       Add12Cond(t2,t3,yhril,ylri);
+       Add12Cond(t4,t5,t1,t2);
+       
+       Add12Cond(t6,zl,t3,t5);
+       Add12Cond(zh,zm,t4,t6);
+       
+     }
+   }
+   
+   
+   /* 
+      Polynomial evaluation
+
+      Use a 7 degree polynomial
+      Evaluate the higher 5 terms in double precision (-7 * 3 = -21) using Horner's scheme
+      Evaluate the lower 3 terms (the last is 0) in double double precision accounting also for zm
+      using an ad hoc method
+
+   */
+
+
+
+#if defined(PROCESSOR_HAS_FMA) && !defined(AVOID_FMA)
+   polyHorner = FMA(FMA(FMA(FMA(c7,zh,c6),zh,c5),zh,c4),zh,c3);
+#else
+   polyHorner = c3 + zh * (c4 + zh * (c5 + zh * (c6 + zh * c7)));
+#endif
+
+   Mul12(&zhSquareh, &zhSquarel, zh, zh);
+   polyUpper = polyHorner * (zh * zhSquareh);
+   zhSquareHalfh = zhSquareh * -0.5;
+   zhSquareHalfl = zhSquarel * -0.5;
+   Add12(t1h, t1l, polyUpper, -1 * (zh * zm));
+   Add22(&t2h, &t2l, zh, zm, zhSquareHalfh, zhSquareHalfl);
+   Add22(&ph, &pl, t2h, t2l, t1h, t1l);
+
+   /* Reconstruction 
+
+      Read logih and logim in the tables (already done)
+      
+      Compute log(x) = E * log(2) + log(1+z) - log(ri)
+      i.e. log(x) = ed * (log2h + log2m) + (ph + pl) + (logih + logim) + delta
+
+      Carry out everything in double double precision
+
+   */
+   
+   /* 
+      We store log2 as log2h + log2m + log2l where log2h and log2m have 12 trailing zeros
+      Multiplication of ed (double E) and log2h is thus correct
+      The overall accuracy of log2h + log2m + log2l is 53 * 3 - 24 = 135 which
+      is enough for the accurate phase
+      The accuracy suffices also for the quick phase: 53 * 2 - 24 = 82
+      Nevertheless the storage with trailing zeros implies an overlap of the tabulated
+      triple double values. We have to take it into account for the accurate phase 
+      basic procedures for addition and multiplication
+      The condition on the next Add12 is verified as log2m is smaller than log2h 
+      and both are scaled by ed
+   */
+
+   Add12(log2edh, log2edl, log2h * ed, log2m * ed);
+
+   /* Add logih and logim to ph and pl 
+
+      We must use conditioned Add22 as logih can move over ph
+   */
+
+   Add22Cond(&logTabPolyh, &logTabPolyl, logih, logim, ph, pl);
+
+   /* Add log2edh + log2edl to logTabPolyh + logTabPolyl */
+
+   Add22Cond(&logh, &logm, log2edh, log2edl, logTabPolyh, logTabPolyl);
+
+   /* Rounding test and eventual return or call to the accurate function */
+
+   if(E==0)
+      roundcst = RDROUNDCST1;
+   else
+      roundcst = RDROUNDCST2;
+
+   TEST_AND_RETURN_RU(logh, logm, roundcst);
+       
+#if DEBUG
+       printf("Going for Accurate Phase for x=%1.50e\n",x);
+#endif
+
+       log1p_td_accurate(&logh, &logm, &logl, ed, index, zh, zm, zl, logih, logim); 
+       
+       ReturnRoundUpwards3(logh, logm, logl);
+}
+
+double log1p_rd(double x) {
+   db_number xdb, shdb, scaledb;
+   double yh, yl, ed, ri, logih, logim, yhrih, yhril, ylri, t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, zh, zm, zl;
+   double polyHorner, zhSquareh, zhSquarel, polyUpper, zhSquareHalfh, zhSquareHalfl;
+   double t1h, t1l, t2h, t2l, ph, pl, log2edh, log2edl, logTabPolyh, logTabPolyl, logh, logm, logl, roundcst;
+   double sh, sl;
+   int E, index;
+
+
+   xdb.d=x;
+
+   /* Filter cases */
+   if ((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff) < 0x3c900000) {
+     /* We are less than 2^(-54) and return simply an adjusted x 
+	
+        If x = 0, the result is algebraic and equal to 0.
+	
+	The series for log(1 + x) = x - 1/2 * x^2 + ... is alternated
+	and converges in this interval. 
+	The truncation rest -1/2 * x^2 + 1/3 * x^3 - ... is
+	always negative, so log(1 + x) is always less than x but less than
+	1 ulp of x away.
+	We round down, so we return x - 1ulp;
+	
+     */
+
+     if (x == 0.0) return x;
+
+     if (x > 0) {
+       xdb.l--;
+     } else {
+       xdb.l++;
+     }
+     return xdb.d;
+   }
+
+   if (((xdb.i[HI] & 0x80000000) != 0) && ((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff) >= 0x3ff00000)) {
+     /* We are less or equal than -1 (-inf and NaN, too), 
+	we return -inf for -1 and NaN otherwise 
+     */
+     if (x == -1.0) return x/0.0;
+
+     
+     return (x-x)/0.0;
+   }
+
+   if ((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7ff00000) == 0x7ff00000) {
+     /* We are +inf or NaN 
+	If +inf, we return +inf (x+x)
+	If NaN, we return NaN (x+x)
+     */
+     return x+x;
+   }
+
+   /* Test if |x| < 2^(-8)
+      
+   If yes, short-circuit the range reduction 
+   
+   */
+   
+   if ((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff) < 0x3f700000) {
+     /* Use the polynomial p(zh + zl) approximating log(1+zh+zl) directly 
+	Set E and index to values that read 0.0 in the accurate phase.
+     */
+     logih = 0.0;
+     logim = 0.0;
+     index = 0;
+     ed = 0.0;
+     index = 0;
+     zh = x;
+     zm = 0.0;
+     zl = 0.0;
+   } else {
+     /* If we are here, |x| >= 2^(-8) and we must perform range reduction */
+     
+     /* Compute first exactly
+	
+        sh + sl = 1 + x 
+     
+        x can move over 1, so use a conditional Add12
+     */
+     
+     Add12Cond(sh,sl,1.0,x);
+     
+     /* Transform higher order double to integer */
+     
+     shdb.d = sh;
+
+     /* Extract exponent and mantissa 
+	Do range reduction,
+	yielding to E holding the exponent and
+	y the mantissa between sqrt(2)/2 and sqrt(2)
+     */
+     E = 0;
+     E += (shdb.i[HI]>>20)-1023;             /* extract the exponent */
+     index = (shdb.i[HI] & 0x000fffff);
+     shdb.i[HI] =  index | 0x3ff00000;	/* do exponent = 0 */
+     index = (index + (1<<(20-L-1))) >> (20-L);
+     
+     /* reduce  such that sqrt(2)/2 < xdb.d < sqrt(2) */
+     if (index >= MAXINDEX){ /* corresponds to xdb>sqrt(2)*/
+       shdb.i[HI] -= 0x00100000; 
+       E++;
+     }
+     
+     
+     /* Transform shdb to yh */
+     yh = shdb.d;
+     
+    
+     /* Compute the index to the table */
+     index = index & INDEXMASK;
+     
+     /* Cast integer E into double ed for multiplication later */
+     ed = (double) E;
+     
+     /* 
+	Read tables:
+	Read one float for ri
+	Read the first two doubles for -log(r_i) (out of three)
+	    
+	Organization of the table:
+	
+	one struct entry per index, the struct entry containing 
+	r, logih, logim and logil in this order
+     */
+     
+     
+     ri = argredtable[index].ri;
+     /* 
+	Actually we don't need the logarithm entries now
+	Move the following two lines to the eventual reconstruction
+	As long as we don't have any if in the following code, we can overlap 
+	memory access with calculations 
+     */
+     logih = argredtable[index].logih;
+     logim = argredtable[index].logim;
+     
+     /* Test if we have a simple range reduction or a complicated one 
+	
+        Simple range reduction for x < 0: x + 1 is exact, sl = 0 exactly
+        Simple range reduction for x > 2^(125) (sh > 2^(125)): x + 1 is not exact but its error less than 2^(-125)
+     
+	Complicated range reduction: other cases 
+	
+     */
+
+     
+     if ((sl == 0.0) || (E > 125)) {
+       /* Simple range reduction */
+       
+       Mul12(&yhrih, &yhril, yh, ri);
+       t1 = yhrih - 1.0; 
+       Add12Cond(zh, zm, t1, yhril); 
+       zl = 0.0;
+       
+     } else {
+       /* Complicated range reduction; E <= 125 */
+       
+       
+       /* Scale sl accordingly to sh, from which the exponent was extracted 
+	  
+          We form first 2^(-E) and multiply sl with this value; this gives yl.
+       */
+       
+       scaledb.i[HI] = (-E + 1023) << 20;
+       scaledb.i[LO] = 0;
+       
+       yl = sl * scaledb.d;
+       
+       
+       /* Do complicated range reduction:
+	
+          zh + zm + zl = (yh + yl) * ri - 1.0 
+
+
+	  We use zh + zm in the quick phase and zh + zm + zl in the accurate phase
+	  
+	  The multiplication yl * ri is exact because yl contains at most 9 bits and
+	  ri contains at most 24 bits.
+	  
+	  The substraction yhrih - 1.0 is exact as per Sterbenz' lemma.
+
+       */
+     
+       Mul12(&yhrih,&yhril,yh,ri);
+       ylri = yl * ri;
+       
+       t1 = yhrih - 1.0;
+       
+       /* The unnormalized triple-double t1 + yhril + ylri is equal to (yh + yl) * ri - 1.0 
+	  As t1 can move over yhril and yhri can move over ylri, we normalize first these
+	  values pairwise with Add12Conds. Then we renormalize the pairs by a 
+	  "inverted" (A.E.) Renormalize3.
+       */
+       
+       Add12Cond(t2,t3,yhril,ylri);
+       Add12Cond(t4,t5,t1,t2);
+       
+       Add12Cond(t6,zl,t3,t5);
+       Add12Cond(zh,zm,t4,t6);
+       
+     }
+   }
+   
+   
+   /* 
+      Polynomial evaluation
+
+      Use a 7 degree polynomial
+      Evaluate the higher 5 terms in double precision (-7 * 3 = -21) using Horner's scheme
+      Evaluate the lower 3 terms (the last is 0) in double double precision accounting also for zm
+      using an ad hoc method
+
+   */
+
+
+
+#if defined(PROCESSOR_HAS_FMA) && !defined(AVOID_FMA)
+   polyHorner = FMA(FMA(FMA(FMA(c7,zh,c6),zh,c5),zh,c4),zh,c3);
+#else
+   polyHorner = c3 + zh * (c4 + zh * (c5 + zh * (c6 + zh * c7)));
+#endif
+
+   Mul12(&zhSquareh, &zhSquarel, zh, zh);
+   polyUpper = polyHorner * (zh * zhSquareh);
+   zhSquareHalfh = zhSquareh * -0.5;
+   zhSquareHalfl = zhSquarel * -0.5;
+   Add12(t1h, t1l, polyUpper, -1 * (zh * zm));
+   Add22(&t2h, &t2l, zh, zm, zhSquareHalfh, zhSquareHalfl);
+   Add22(&ph, &pl, t2h, t2l, t1h, t1l);
+
+   /* Reconstruction 
+
+      Read logih and logim in the tables (already done)
+      
+      Compute log(x) = E * log(2) + log(1+z) - log(ri)
+      i.e. log(x) = ed * (log2h + log2m) + (ph + pl) + (logih + logim) + delta
+
+      Carry out everything in double double precision
+
+   */
+   
+   /* 
+      We store log2 as log2h + log2m + log2l where log2h and log2m have 12 trailing zeros
+      Multiplication of ed (double E) and log2h is thus correct
+      The overall accuracy of log2h + log2m + log2l is 53 * 3 - 24 = 135 which
+      is enough for the accurate phase
+      The accuracy suffices also for the quick phase: 53 * 2 - 24 = 82
+      Nevertheless the storage with trailing zeros implies an overlap of the tabulated
+      triple double values. We have to take it into account for the accurate phase 
+      basic procedures for addition and multiplication
+      The condition on the next Add12 is verified as log2m is smaller than log2h 
+      and both are scaled by ed
+   */
+
+   Add12(log2edh, log2edl, log2h * ed, log2m * ed);
+
+   /* Add logih and logim to ph and pl 
+
+      We must use conditioned Add22 as logih can move over ph
+   */
+
+   Add22Cond(&logTabPolyh, &logTabPolyl, logih, logim, ph, pl);
+
+   /* Add log2edh + log2edl to logTabPolyh + logTabPolyl */
+
+   Add22Cond(&logh, &logm, log2edh, log2edl, logTabPolyh, logTabPolyl);
+
+   /* Rounding test and eventual return or call to the accurate function */
+
+   if(E==0)
+      roundcst = RDROUNDCST1;
+   else
+      roundcst = RDROUNDCST2;
+
+   TEST_AND_RETURN_RD(logh, logm, roundcst);
+       
+#if DEBUG
+       printf("Going for Accurate Phase for x=%1.50e\n",x);
+#endif
+
+       log1p_td_accurate(&logh, &logm, &logl, ed, index, zh, zm, zl, logih, logim); 
+       
+       ReturnRoundDownwards3(logh, logm, logl);
+}
+
+double log1p_rz(double x) {
+   db_number xdb, shdb, scaledb;
+   double yh, yl, ed, ri, logih, logim, yhrih, yhril, ylri, t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, zh, zm, zl;
+   double polyHorner, zhSquareh, zhSquarel, polyUpper, zhSquareHalfh, zhSquareHalfl;
+   double t1h, t1l, t2h, t2l, ph, pl, log2edh, log2edl, logTabPolyh, logTabPolyl, logh, logm, logl, roundcst;
+   double sh, sl;
+   int E, index;
+
+
+   xdb.d=x;
+
+   /* Filter cases */
+   if ((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff) < 0x3c900000) {
+     /* We are less than 2^(-54) and return simply an adjusted x 
+	
+        If x = 0, the result is algebraic and equal to 0.
+	
+	The series for log(1 + x) = x - 1/2 * x^2 + ... is alternated
+	and converges in this interval. 
+	The truncation rest -1/2 * x^2 + 1/3 * x^3 - ... is
+	always negative, so log(1 + x) is always less than x but less than
+	1 ulp of x away.
+	For x < 0, we have log(1 + x) < 0, so we round up and return x;
+	For x > 0, we round down and return x - 1ulp
+
+     */
+     if (x > 0) {
+       xdb.l--;
+       return xdb.d;
+     }
+
+     /* Algebraic case x == 0.0 and round up */
+
+     return x;
+   }
+
+   if (((xdb.i[HI] & 0x80000000) != 0) && ((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff) >= 0x3ff00000)) {
+     /* We are less or equal than -1 (-inf and NaN, too), 
+	we return -inf for -1 and NaN otherwise 
+     */
+     if (x == -1.0) return x/0.0;
+
+     
+     return (x-x)/0.0;
+   }
+
+   if ((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7ff00000) == 0x7ff00000) {
+     /* We are +inf or NaN 
+	If +inf, we return +inf (x+x)
+	If NaN, we return NaN (x+x)
+     */
+     return x+x;
+   }
+
+   /* Test if |x| < 2^(-8)
+      
+   If yes, short-circuit the range reduction 
+   
+   */
+   
+   if ((xdb.i[HI] & 0x7fffffff) < 0x3f700000) {
+     /* Use the polynomial p(zh + zl) approximating log(1+zh+zl) directly 
+	Set E and index to values that read 0.0 in the accurate phase.
+     */
+     logih = 0.0;
+     logim = 0.0;
+     index = 0;
+     ed = 0.0;
+     index = 0;
+     zh = x;
+     zm = 0.0;
+     zl = 0.0;
+   } else {
+     /* If we are here, |x| >= 2^(-8) and we must perform range reduction */
+     
+     /* Compute first exactly
+	
+        sh + sl = 1 + x 
+     
+        x can move over 1, so use a conditional Add12
+     */
+     
+     Add12Cond(sh,sl,1.0,x);
+     
+     /* Transform higher order double to integer */
+     
+     shdb.d = sh;
+
+     /* Extract exponent and mantissa 
+	Do range reduction,
+	yielding to E holding the exponent and
+	y the mantissa between sqrt(2)/2 and sqrt(2)
+     */
+     E = 0;
+     E += (shdb.i[HI]>>20)-1023;             /* extract the exponent */
+     index = (shdb.i[HI] & 0x000fffff);
+     shdb.i[HI] =  index | 0x3ff00000;	/* do exponent = 0 */
+     index = (index + (1<<(20-L-1))) >> (20-L);
+     
+     /* reduce  such that sqrt(2)/2 < xdb.d < sqrt(2) */
+     if (index >= MAXINDEX){ /* corresponds to xdb>sqrt(2)*/
+       shdb.i[HI] -= 0x00100000; 
+       E++;
+     }
+     
+     
+     /* Transform shdb to yh */
+     yh = shdb.d;
+     
+    
+     /* Compute the index to the table */
+     index = index & INDEXMASK;
+     
+     /* Cast integer E into double ed for multiplication later */
+     ed = (double) E;
+     
+     /* 
+	Read tables:
+	Read one float for ri
+	Read the first two doubles for -log(r_i) (out of three)
+	    
+	Organization of the table:
+	
+	one struct entry per index, the struct entry containing 
+	r, logih, logim and logil in this order
+     */
+     
+     
+     ri = argredtable[index].ri;
+     /* 
+	Actually we don't need the logarithm entries now
+	Move the following two lines to the eventual reconstruction
+	As long as we don't have any if in the following code, we can overlap 
+	memory access with calculations 
+     */
+     logih = argredtable[index].logih;
+     logim = argredtable[index].logim;
+     
+     /* Test if we have a simple range reduction or a complicated one 
+	
+        Simple range reduction for x < 0: x + 1 is exact, sl = 0 exactly
+        Simple range reduction for x > 2^(125) (sh > 2^(125)): x + 1 is not exact but its error less than 2^(-125)
+     
+	Complicated range reduction: other cases 
+	
+     */
+
+     
+     if ((sl == 0.0) || (E > 125)) {
+       /* Simple range reduction */
+       
+       Mul12(&yhrih, &yhril, yh, ri);
+       t1 = yhrih - 1.0; 
+       Add12Cond(zh, zm, t1, yhril); 
+       zl = 0.0;
+       
+     } else {
+       /* Complicated range reduction; E <= 125 */
+       
+       
+       /* Scale sl accordingly to sh, from which the exponent was extracted 
+	  
+          We form first 2^(-E) and multiply sl with this value; this gives yl.
+       */
+       
+       scaledb.i[HI] = (-E + 1023) << 20;
+       scaledb.i[LO] = 0;
+       
+       yl = sl * scaledb.d;
+       
+       
+       /* Do complicated range reduction:
+	
+          zh + zm + zl = (yh + yl) * ri - 1.0 
+
+
+	  We use zh + zm in the quick phase and zh + zm + zl in the accurate phase
+	  
+	  The multiplication yl * ri is exact because yl contains at most 9 bits and
+	  ri contains at most 24 bits.
+	  
+	  The substraction yhrih - 1.0 is exact as per Sterbenz' lemma.
+
+       */
+     
+       Mul12(&yhrih,&yhril,yh,ri);
+       ylri = yl * ri;
+       
+       t1 = yhrih - 1.0;
+       
+       /* The unnormalized triple-double t1 + yhril + ylri is equal to (yh + yl) * ri - 1.0 
+	  As t1 can move over yhril and yhri can move over ylri, we normalize first these
+	  values pairwise with Add12Conds. Then we renormalize the pairs by a 
+	  "inverted" (A.E.) Renormalize3.
+       */
+       
+       Add12Cond(t2,t3,yhril,ylri);
+       Add12Cond(t4,t5,t1,t2);
+       
+       Add12Cond(t6,zl,t3,t5);
+       Add12Cond(zh,zm,t4,t6);
+       
+     }
+   }
+   
+   
+   /* 
+      Polynomial evaluation
+
+      Use a 7 degree polynomial
+      Evaluate the higher 5 terms in double precision (-7 * 3 = -21) using Horner's scheme
+      Evaluate the lower 3 terms (the last is 0) in double double precision accounting also for zm
+      using an ad hoc method
+
+   */
+
+
+
+#if defined(PROCESSOR_HAS_FMA) && !defined(AVOID_FMA)
+   polyHorner = FMA(FMA(FMA(FMA(c7,zh,c6),zh,c5),zh,c4),zh,c3);
+#else
+   polyHorner = c3 + zh * (c4 + zh * (c5 + zh * (c6 + zh * c7)));
+#endif
+
+   Mul12(&zhSquareh, &zhSquarel, zh, zh);
+   polyUpper = polyHorner * (zh * zhSquareh);
+   zhSquareHalfh = zhSquareh * -0.5;
+   zhSquareHalfl = zhSquarel * -0.5;
+   Add12(t1h, t1l, polyUpper, -1 * (zh * zm));
+   Add22(&t2h, &t2l, zh, zm, zhSquareHalfh, zhSquareHalfl);
+   Add22(&ph, &pl, t2h, t2l, t1h, t1l);
+
+   /* Reconstruction 
+
+      Read logih and logim in the tables (already done)
+      
+      Compute log(x) = E * log(2) + log(1+z) - log(ri)
+      i.e. log(x) = ed * (log2h + log2m) + (ph + pl) + (logih + logim) + delta
+
+      Carry out everything in double double precision
+
+   */
+   
+   /* 
+      We store log2 as log2h + log2m + log2l where log2h and log2m have 12 trailing zeros
+      Multiplication of ed (double E) and log2h is thus correct
+      The overall accuracy of log2h + log2m + log2l is 53 * 3 - 24 = 135 which
+      is enough for the accurate phase
+      The accuracy suffices also for the quick phase: 53 * 2 - 24 = 82
+      Nevertheless the storage with trailing zeros implies an overlap of the tabulated
+      triple double values. We have to take it into account for the accurate phase 
+      basic procedures for addition and multiplication
+      The condition on the next Add12 is verified as log2m is smaller than log2h 
+      and both are scaled by ed
+   */
+
+   Add12(log2edh, log2edl, log2h * ed, log2m * ed);
+
+   /* Add logih and logim to ph and pl 
+
+      We must use conditioned Add22 as logih can move over ph
+   */
+
+   Add22Cond(&logTabPolyh, &logTabPolyl, logih, logim, ph, pl);
+
+   /* Add log2edh + log2edl to logTabPolyh + logTabPolyl */
+
+   Add22Cond(&logh, &logm, log2edh, log2edl, logTabPolyh, logTabPolyl);
+
+   /* Rounding test and eventual return or call to the accurate function */
+
+   if(E==0)
+      roundcst = RDROUNDCST1;
+   else
+      roundcst = RDROUNDCST2;
+
+   TEST_AND_RETURN_RZ(logh, logm, roundcst);
+       
+#if DEBUG
+       printf("Going for Accurate Phase for x=%1.50e\n",x);
+#endif
+
+       log1p_td_accurate(&logh, &logm, &logl, ed, index, zh, zm, zl, logih, logim); 
+       
+       ReturnRoundTowardsZero3(logh, logm, logl);
+}