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-        Initial Scholarly AI Taxonomy","summary":"Although advances in artificial
-        intelligence (AI)1 have been unfolding for over decades, the progress in the
-        last six months has come faster than anyone expected. The public release of
-        ChatGPT in November 2022, in particular, has opened up new possibilities and
-        heightened awareness of AI''s potential role in various aspects of our work
-        and life.It follows that in the context of the publishing industry, AI also
-        holds the promise of transforming multiple facets of the publishing process2.
-        In this...","date_published":"2023-04-11T08:00:34Z","date_modified":"2023-04-11T15:29:38Z","date_indexed":"1970-01-01T00:00:00+00:00","authors":[{"url":null,"name":"Adam
-        Hyde"},{"url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7378-2408","name":"John Chodacki"},{"url":null,"name":"Paul
-        Shannon"}],"image":"https://upstream.force11.org/content/images/2023/04/1-1.png","content_html":"
-        <!--kg-card-begin: html--><p class=''u-drop-cap-small''>Although advances
-        in artificial intelligence (AI)<sup>1</sup> have been unfolding for over decades,
-        the progress in the last six months has come faster than anyone expected.
-        The public release of ChatGPT in November 2022, in particular, has opened
-        up new possibilities and heightened awareness of AI''s potential role in various
-        aspects of our work and life.</p><!--kg-card-end: html--><!--kg-card-begin:
-        html--><p>It follows that in the context of the publishing industry, AI also
-        holds the promise of transforming multiple facets of the publishing process<sup>2</sup>.
-        In this blog post, we begin the development of a rough taxonomy for understanding
-        how and where AI can and/or should play a role in a publisher’s workflow.</p><!--kg-card-end:
-        html--><p>We intend to iterate on this taxonomy (for now, we will use the
-        working title ‘Scholarly AI Taxonomy’).</p><h2 id=\"scholarly-ai-taxonomy\">Scholarly
-        AI Taxonomy</h2><p>To kickstart discussions on AI''s potential impact on publishing
-        workflows, we present our initial categorization of the \"Scholarly AI Taxonomy.\"
-        This taxonomy outlines seven key roles that AI could potentially play in a
-        scholarly publishing workflow:</p><ol><li><strong>Extract</strong>: Identify
-        and isolate specific entities or data points within the content.</li><li><strong>Validate</strong>:
-        Verify the accuracy and reliability of the information.</li><li><strong>Generate</strong>:
-        Produce new content or ideas, such as text or images.</li><li><strong>Analyse</strong>:
-        Examine patterns, relationships, or trends within the information.</li><li><strong>Reformat</strong>:
-        Modify and adjust information to fit specific formats or presentation styles.</li><li><strong>Discover</strong>:
-        Search for and locate relevant information or connections.</li><li><strong>Translate</strong>:
-        Convert information from one language or form to another.</li></ol><p>The
-        above is the first pass at a taxonomy. To flesh out these further, we have
-        provided examples to illustrate each category further. </p><p>We thoroughly
-        recognise that some of the examples below, when further examined, may be miscategorized.
-        Further, we recognise that some examples could be illustrations of several
-        of these categories at play at once and don’t sit easily within just one of
-        the items listed. We also acknowledge that the categories themselves will
-        need thorough discussion and revision going forward. However, we hope that
-        this initial taxonomy can play a role in helping the community understand
-        what AI could mean for publishing processes.</p><p>Also note, in the examples
-        we are not making any assertions about the accuracy of AI when performing
-        these tasks. There are a lot of discussions already on whether the current
-        state of AI tools can do the following activities <em>well</em>. We are not
-        debating that aspect of the community discussion; that is for publishers and
-        technologists to explore further as the technology progresses and as we all
-        gain experience using these tools. </p><p>These categories are only proposed
-        as a way of understanding the <em>types of contributions</em> AI tools can
-        make. That being said, some of the below examples are more provocative than
-        others in an attempt to help the reader examine what they think <em>and feel</em>
-        about these possibilities.</p><h2 id=\"initial-categorization\">Initial categorization</h2><p>Our
-        initial seven categories are detailed further below.</p><h3 id=\"1-extractidentify-and-isolate-specific-entities-or-data-points-within-the-content\">1.
-        Extract - <em>Identify and isolate specific entities or data points within
-        the content</em></h3><p>In the extraction stage, AI-powered tools can significantly
-        streamline the process of identifying and extracting relevant information
-        from content and datasets. However, an over-reliance on AI for this task can
-        lead to errors if the models are not well-tuned or lack the necessary context
-        to identify entities accurately. Some speculative examples:</p><ol><li>Identifying
-        author names and affiliations from a submitted manuscript to pre-fill forms
-        and save time during submission while increasing the accuracy of the input.</li><li>Extracting
-        key terms and phrases for indexing purposes.</li><li>Isolating figures and
-        tables from a research article for separate processing.</li><li>Extracting
-        metadata, such as title, abstract, and keywords, from a document.</li><li>Identifying
-        citations within a text for reference management.</li></ol><h3 id=\"2-validateverify-the-accuracy-and-reliability-of-the-information\">2.
-        Validate - <em>Verify the accuracy and reliability of the information</em></h3><p>AI-based
-        systems can validate information by cross-referencing data against reliable
-        sources or expected structures, ensuring content conformity, accuracy and/or
-        credibility. While this can reduce human error, it is essential to maintain
-        a level of human oversight, as AI models may not always detect nuances in
-        language or identify reliable sources. Some examples:</p><ol><li>Cross-referencing
-        citations to ensure accuracy and proper formatting.</li><li>Verifying author
-        affiliations against an established database.</li><li>Ensuring proper image
-        attribution and permissions.</li><li>Checking factual information in an article
-        against trusted sources.</li><li>Validating claims made in a scientific paper
-        against previous studies.</li></ol><h3 id=\"3-generateproduce-new-content-or-ideas-such-as-text-or-images\">3.
-        Generate - <em>Produce new content or ideas, such as text or images</em></h3><p>AI
-        can create high-quality text and images, saving time and effort for authors
-        and editors. However, the content generated by AI may contain factual inaccuracies,
-        lack creativity, or inadvertently reproduce biases present in the training
-        data, necessitating human intervention to ensure accuracy, quality, originality,
-        and adherence to ethical guidelines. Some examples:</p><ol><li>Generating
-        social media content (e.g., summarising longer text to a tweetable length)
-        or promotional content for a new publication.</li><li>Creating keyword lists
-        for search engine optimization (SEO).</li><li>Automatically generating an
-        abstract or summary of a manuscript, particularly a plain language summary
-        pitched at a certain audience.</li><li>Creating a list of suggested article
-        titles based on the content and target audience.</li><li>Producing visually
-        engaging charts or graphs from raw data.</li></ol><h3 id=\"4-analyseexamine-patterns-relationships-or-trends-within-the-information\">4.
-        Analyse - <em>Examine patterns, relationships, or trends within the information</em></h3><p>AI-driven
-        data analytics tools can help publishers extract valuable insights from their
-        content, identifying patterns and trends to optimize content strategy. While
-        AI can provide essential information, over-reliance on AI analytics may lead
-        to overlooking important context or misinterpreting data, requiring human
-        analysts to interpret findings accurately. Some examples:</p><ol><li>Analyse
-        an image to create accessible text descriptions.</li><li>Determining the sentiment
-        of reviews.</li><li>Identifying trending topics in a specific field to guide
-        editorial direction.</li><li>Analyzing the readability level of a manuscript.</li><li>Discovering
-        patterns in citation networks to identify influential articles and authors.</li></ol><h3
-        id=\"5-reformatmodify-and-adjust-information-to-fit-specific-formats-or-presentation-styles\">5.
-        Reformat - <em>Modify and adjust information to fit specific formats or presentation
-        styles</em></h3><p>AI can reformat content for specific media channels or
-        alternative structures, enhancing user experience and accessibility. However,
-        AI-generated formatting may not always be ideal or adhere to specific style
-        guidelines, requiring human editors to fine-tune the formatting. Some examples:</p><ol><li>Formatting
-        content to comply with a specific style guide.</li><li>Adapting a long-form
-        article for a shorter, mobile-friendly version.</li><li>Converting a manuscript
-        into XML or converting datasets to open formats.</li><li>Rearranging content
-        to fit different print and digital formats.</li><li>Adjusting images and graphics
-        for optimal display across various devices.</li></ol><h3 id=\"6-discoversearch-for-and-locate-relevant-information-or-connections\">6.
-        Discover - <em>Search for and locate relevant information or connections</em></h3><p>AI
-        can efficiently find and link information about a subject, streamlining the
-        research process. However, AI-driven information discovery may yield irrelevant,
-        incorrect, or outdated results, necessitating human verification and filtering
-        to ensure accuracy and usefulness. Some examples:</p><ol><li>Finding relevant
-        articles within a publisher’s corpus to recommend for further reading.</li><li>Identifying
-        potential reviewers for a submitted manuscript based on their expertise.</li><li>Discovering
-        trending topics for a call for papers.</li><li>Locating similar works to provide
-        context for a piece of content.</li><li>Searching for related images or multimedia
-        to accompany a text.</li></ol><h3 id=\"7-translateconvert-information-from-one-language-or-form-to-another\">7.
-        Translate - <em>Convert information from one language or form to another</em></h3><p>AI
-        can quickly translate languages and sentiments, making content more accessible
-        and understandable to diverse audiences. However, AI translations can sometimes
-        be inaccurate or lose nuances in meaning, especially when dealing with idiomatic
-        expressions or cultural context, necessitating the involvement of human translators
-        for sensitive or complex content. Some examples:</p><ol><li>Translating a
-        research article or book into another language.</li><li>Converting scientific
-        jargon into more accessible language for a popular science article.</li><li>Adapting
-        a text''s cultural references to be more understandable for a global readership.</li><li>Translating
-        the sentiment of a text.</li><li>Converting spoken language into written transcripts
-        (or vice versa) for interviews or podcasts.</li></ol><h2 id=\"balancing-ai-and-human-intervention-in-publishing-workflows\">Balancing
-        AI and Human Intervention in Publishing Workflows</h2><p>There is potential
-        for AI to benefit publishing workflows. Still, it''s crucial to identify where
-        AI should play a role and when human intervention is required to check and
-        validate outcomes of assisted technology. In many ways, this is no different
-        to how publishing works today. If there is one thing publishers do well, and
-        sometimes to exaggerated fidelity, it is quality assurance.</p><p>However,
-        AI tools offer several new dimensions which can bring machine assistance into
-        many more parts of the process at a much larger scale. This, together with
-        the feeling we have that AI is, in fact, in some ways ‘doing work previously
-        considered to be the sole realm of the sentient’ and the need for people and
-        AI machines to ‘learn together’ so those outcomes can improve, means there
-        is both factual and emotional requirements to scope, monitor, and check these
-        outcomes.</p><p>Consequently, workflow platforms must be designed with interfaces
-        allowing seamless ‘Human QA’ at appropriate points in the process. These interfaces
-        should enable publishers to review, edit, and approve AI-generated content
-        or insights, ensuring that the final product meets the required standards
-        and ethical guidelines. Where possible, the ‘Human QA’ should feed back into
-        the AI processes to improve future outcomes; this also needs to be considered
-        by tool builders.</p><p>To accommodate this ''Human QA'', new types of interfaces
-        will need to be developed in publishing tools. These interfaces should facilitate
-        easy interaction between human users and AI-generated content, allowing for
-        necessary reviews and modifications. For instance, a journal workflow platform
-        might offer a feature where users are asked to ''greenlight'' a pre-selected
-        option from a drop-down menu (e.g., institutional affiliation), generated
-        by AI. This way, researchers and editors can quickly validate AI-generated
-        suggestions while providing feedback to improve the AI''s performance over
-        time. Integrating such interfaces not only ensures that the content adheres
-        to the desired quality standards and ethical principles but also expedites
-        the publishing process, making it more efficient.</p><h2 id=\"the-speed-of-trust\">The
-        Speed of Trust</h2><p>Trust plays a large role in this process. As we learn
-        more about the fidelity and accuracy of these systems and confront what AI
-        processes can and can’t do well to date, we will need to move forward with
-        building AI into workflows ''at the speed of trust.''</p><p>Adopting a \"speed
-        of trust\" approach means being cautious yet open to AI''s potential in transforming
-        publishing workflows. It involves engaging in honest conversations about AI''s
-        capabilities and addressing concerns, all while striking a balance between
-        innovation and desirable community standards. As we navigate this delicate
-        balance, we create an environment where AI technology can grow and adapt to
-        better serve the publishing community.</p><p>For example, as a start, when
-        integrating AI into publishing workflows, we believe it is essential to provide
-        an ‘opt-in’ and transparent approach to AI contributions. Publishers and authors
-        should be informed about the extent of AI involvement and its limitations,
-        and presented with interfaces allowing them to make informed decisions about
-        when and how AI will be used. This transparent ‘opt-in’ approach helps build
-        trust, allows us to iterate forward as we gain more experience, and sets the
-        stage for discussions and practices regarding ethical AI integration in publishing
-        workflows.</p><h2 id=\"conclusion\">Conclusion</h2><p>The potential of AI
-        in publishing workflows is immense, and we find ourselves at a time when the
-        technology has taken a significant step forward. But it''s essential to approach
-        its integration with a balanced perspective. We can harness the power of AI
-        while adhering to ethical standards and delivering high-quality content by
-        considering both the benefits and drawbacks of AI, identifying areas for human
-        intervention, maintaining transparency, and evolving our understanding of
-        AI contributions.</p><p>This initial taxonomy outlined in this article can
-        serve as a starting point for understanding how AI can contribute to publishing
-        workflows. By quantifying AI contributions in this way, we can also discuss
-        the ethical boundaries of AI-assisted workflows more clearly and help publishers
-        make informed decisions about AI integration.</p><p>By adopting a thoughtful
-        strategy, the combined strengths of AI and human expertise can drive significant
-        advancements and innovation within the publishing industry.</p><hr><!--kg-card-begin:
-        html--><p class=''u-drop-cap-small''><sup>1</sup> It''s worth noting that
-        we use the term AI here, but we are actually referring to large language models
-        (LLMs); AI serves as useful shorthand since it''s the common term used in
-        our community. As we all gain more experience, being more accurate about how
-        we use terms like AI and LLM will become increasingly important. A Large Language
-        Model (LLM) can be described as a sophisticated text processor. It''s an advanced
-        machine learning model designed to process, generate, and understand natural
-        language text.</p><!--kg-card-end: html--><!--kg-card-begin: html--><p class=''u-drop-cap-small''><sup>2</sup>
-        By publishing, we are referring to both traditional journal-focused publishing
-        models as well as emergent publishing models such as preprints, protocols/methods,
-        micropubs, data, etc.</p>\n<!--kg-card-end: html--><p><em>Many thanks to Ben
-        Whitmore, Ryan Dix-Peek, and Nokome Bentley for the discussions that lead
-        to this taxonomy at our recent Coko Summit. This article was written with
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