asana2flowdock 1.0.0 → 1.1.0

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/1.9.1/gems/sequel-4.15.0/lib/sequel/sql.rb

@@ -1,1865 +0,0 @@
-module Sequel
-  if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9.0'
-  # :nocov:
-    # If on Ruby 1.8, create a <tt>Sequel::BasicObject</tt> class that is similar to the
-    # the Ruby 1.9 +BasicObject+ class.  This is used in a few places where proxy
-    # objects are needed that respond to any method call.
-    class BasicObject
-      # The instance methods to not remove from the class when removing
-      # other methods.
-      KEEP_METHODS = %w"__id__ __send__ __metaclass__ instance_eval instance_exec == equal? initialize method_missing"
-
-      # Remove all but the most basic instance methods from the class.  A separate
-      # method so that it can be called again if necessary if you load libraries
-      # after Sequel that add instance methods to +Object+.
-      def self.remove_methods!
-        ((private_instance_methods + instance_methods) - KEEP_METHODS).each{|m| undef_method(m)}
-      end
-      remove_methods!
-    end
-  # :nocov:
-  else
-    # If on 1.9, create a <tt>Sequel::BasicObject</tt> class that is just like the
-    # default +BasicObject+ class, except that missing constants are resolved in
-    # +Object+.  This allows the virtual row support to work with classes
-    # without prefixing them with ::, such as:
-    #
-    #   DB[:bonds].filter{maturity_date > Time.now}
-    class BasicObject < ::BasicObject
-      # Lookup missing constants in <tt>::Object</tt>
-      def self.const_missing(name)
-        ::Object.const_get(name)
-      end
-
-      # No-op method on ruby 1.9, which has a real +BasicObject+ class.
-      def self.remove_methods!
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  class LiteralString < ::String
-  end
-
-  # Time subclass that gets literalized with only the time value, so it operates
-  # like a standard SQL time type.
-  class SQLTime < ::Time
-    # Create a new SQLTime instance given an hour, minute, and second.
-    def self.create(hour, minute, second, usec = 0)
-      t = now
-      local(t.year, t.month, t.day, hour, minute, second, usec)
-    end
-
-    # Return a string in HH:MM:SS format representing the time.
-    def to_s(*args)
-      if args.empty?
-        strftime('%H:%M:%S')
-      else
-        # Superclass may have defined a method that takes a format string,
-        # and we shouldn't override in that case.
-        super
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # The SQL module holds classes whose instances represent SQL fragments.
-  # It also holds modules that are included in core ruby classes that
-  # make Sequel a friendly DSL.
-  module SQL
-
-    ### Parent Classes ###
-
-    # Classes/Modules aren't in alphabetical order due to the fact that
-    # some reference constants defined in others at load time.
-
-    # Base class for all SQL expression objects.
-    class Expression
-      @comparison_attrs = []
-
-      class << self
-        # All attributes used for equality and hash methods.
-        attr_reader :comparison_attrs
-
-        # Expression objects are assumed to be value objects, where their
-        # attribute values can't change after assignment.  In order to make
-        # it easy to define equality and hash methods, subclass
-        # instances assume that the only values that affect the results of
-        # such methods are the values of the object's attributes.
-        def attr_reader(*args)
-          super
-          comparison_attrs.concat(args)
-        end
-
-        # Copy the comparison_attrs into the subclass.
-        def inherited(subclass)
-          super
-          subclass.instance_variable_set(:@comparison_attrs, comparison_attrs.dup)
-        end
-
-          private
-
-        # Create a to_s instance method that takes a dataset, and calls
-        # the method provided on the dataset with args as the argument (self by default).
-        # Used to DRY up some code.
-        #
-        # Do not call this method with untrusted input, as that can result in
-        # arbitrary code execution.
-        def to_s_method(meth, args=:self) # :nodoc:
-          class_eval("def to_s_append(ds, sql) ds.#{meth}_append(sql, #{args}) end", __FILE__, __LINE__)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Alias of <tt>eql?</tt>
-      def ==(other)
-        eql?(other)
-      end
-
-      # Returns true if the receiver is the same expression as the
-      # the +other+ expression.
-      def eql?(other)
-        other.is_a?(self.class) && !self.class.comparison_attrs.find{|a| send(a) != other.send(a)}
-      end
-
-      # Make sure that the hash value is the same if the attributes are the same.
-      def hash
-        ([self.class] + self.class.comparison_attrs.map{|x| send(x)}).hash
-      end
-
-      # Show the class name and instance variables for the object, necessary
-      # for correct operation on ruby 1.9.2.
-      def inspect
-        "#<#{self.class} #{instance_variables.map{|iv| "#{iv}=>#{instance_variable_get(iv).inspect}"}.join(', ')}>"
-      end
-
-      # Returns +self+, because <tt>SQL::Expression</tt> already acts like +LiteralString+.
-      def lit
-        self
-      end
-      
-      # Alias of +to_s+
-      def sql_literal(ds)
-        s = ''
-        to_s_append(ds, s)
-        s
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Represents a complex SQL expression, with a given operator and one
-    # or more attributes (which may also be ComplexExpressions, forming
-    # a tree).  This class is the backbone of Sequel's ruby expression DSL.
-    #
-    # This is an abstract class that is not that useful by itself.  The
-    # subclasses +BooleanExpression+, +NumericExpression+, and +StringExpression+
-    # define the behavior of the DSL via operators.
-    class ComplexExpression < Expression
-      # A hash of the opposite for each operator symbol, used for inverting
-      # objects.
-      OPERTATOR_INVERSIONS = {:AND => :OR, :OR => :AND, :< => :>=, :> => :<=,
-        :<= => :>, :>= => :<, :'=' => :'!=' , :'!=' => :'=', :LIKE => :'NOT LIKE',
-        :'NOT LIKE' => :LIKE, :~ => :'!~', :'!~' => :~, :IN => :'NOT IN',
-        :'NOT IN' => :IN, :IS => :'IS NOT', :'IS NOT' => :IS, :'~*' => :'!~*',
-        :'!~*' => :'~*', :NOT => :NOOP, :NOOP => :NOT, :ILIKE => :'NOT ILIKE',
-        :'NOT ILIKE'=>:ILIKE}
-
-      # Standard mathematical operators used in +NumericMethods+
-      MATHEMATICAL_OPERATORS = [:+, :-, :/, :*]
-
-      # Bitwise mathematical operators used in +NumericMethods+
-      BITWISE_OPERATORS = [:&, :|, :^, :<<, :>>, :%]
-
-      # Operators that check for equality
-      EQUALITY_OPERATORS = [:'=', :'!=']
-
-      # Inequality operators used in +InequalityMethods+
-      INEQUALITY_OPERATORS = [:<, :>, :<=, :>=]
-
-      # Hash of ruby operator symbols to SQL operators, used in +BooleanMethods+
-      BOOLEAN_OPERATOR_METHODS = {:& => :AND, :| =>:OR}
-
-      # Operators that use IN/NOT IN for inclusion/exclusion
-      IN_OPERATORS = [:IN, :'NOT IN']
-
-      # Operators that use IS, used for special casing to override literal true/false values
-      IS_OPERATORS = [:IS, :'IS NOT']
-
-      # Operators that do pattern matching via regular expressions
-      REGEXP_OPERATORS = [:~, :'!~', :'~*', :'!~*']
-      
-      # Operators that do pattern matching via LIKE
-      LIKE_OPERATORS = [:LIKE, :'NOT LIKE', :ILIKE, :'NOT ILIKE']
-
-      # Operator symbols that take exactly two arguments
-      TWO_ARITY_OPERATORS = EQUALITY_OPERATORS + INEQUALITY_OPERATORS + IS_OPERATORS + IN_OPERATORS + REGEXP_OPERATORS + LIKE_OPERATORS
-
-      # Operator symbols that take one or more arguments
-      N_ARITY_OPERATORS = [:AND, :OR, :'||'] + MATHEMATICAL_OPERATORS + BITWISE_OPERATORS
-
-      # Operator symbols that take only a single argument
-      ONE_ARITY_OPERATORS = [:NOT, :NOOP, :'B~']
-
-      # Custom expressions that may have different syntax on different databases
-      CUSTOM_EXPRESSIONS = [:extract]
-
-      # The operator symbol for this object
-      attr_reader :op
-      
-      # An array of args for this object
-      attr_reader :args
-
-      # Set the operator symbol and arguments for this object to the ones given.
-      # Convert all args that are hashes or arrays of two element arrays to +BooleanExpressions+,
-      # other than the second arg for an IN/NOT IN operator.
-      # Raise an +Error+ if the operator doesn't allow boolean input and a boolean argument is given.
-      # Raise an +Error+ if the wrong number of arguments for a given operator is used.
-      def initialize(op, *args)
-        orig_args = args
-        args = args.map{|a| Sequel.condition_specifier?(a) ? SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(a) : a}
-        case op
-        when *N_ARITY_OPERATORS
-          raise(Error, "The #{op} operator requires at least 1 argument") unless args.length >= 1
-          old_args = args.map{|a| a.is_a?(self.class) && a.op == :NOOP ? a.args.first : a}
-          args = []
-          old_args.each{|a| a.is_a?(self.class) && a.op == op ? args.concat(a.args) : args.push(a)}
-        when *TWO_ARITY_OPERATORS
-          raise(Error, "The #{op} operator requires precisely 2 arguments") unless args.length == 2
-          # With IN/NOT IN, even if the second argument is an array of two element arrays,
-          # don't convert it into a boolean expression, since it's definitely being used
-          # as a value list.
-          args[1] = orig_args[1] if IN_OPERATORS.include?(op)
-        when *ONE_ARITY_OPERATORS
-          raise(Error, "The #{op} operator requires a single argument") unless args.length == 1
-        when *CUSTOM_EXPRESSIONS
-          # nothing
-        else
-          raise(Error, "Invalid operator #{op}")
-        end
-        @op = op
-        @args = args
-      end
-      
-      to_s_method :complex_expression_sql, '@op, @args'
-    end
-
-    # The base class for expressions that can be used in multiple places in
-    # an SQL query.  
-    class GenericExpression < Expression
-    end
-    
-    ### Modules ###
-
-    # Includes an +as+ method that creates an SQL alias.
-    module AliasMethods
-      # Create an SQL alias (+AliasedExpression+) of the receiving column or expression to the given alias.
-      #
-      #   Sequel.function(:func).as(:alias) # func() AS "alias"
-      #   Sequel.function(:func).as(:alias, [:col_alias1, :col_alias2]) # func() AS "alias"("col_alias1", "col_alias2")
-      def as(aliaz, columns=nil)
-        AliasedExpression.new(self, aliaz, columns)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # This defines the bitwise methods: &, |, ^, ~, <<, and >>.  Because these
-    # methods overlap with the standard +BooleanMethods methods+, and they only
-    # make sense for integers, they are only included in +NumericExpression+.
-    #
-    #   :a.sql_number & :b # "a" & "b"
-    #   :a.sql_number | :b # "a" | "b"
-    #   :a.sql_number ^ :b # "a" ^ "b"
-    #   :a.sql_number << :b # "a" << "b"
-    #   :a.sql_number >> :b # "a" >> "b"
-    #   ~:a.sql_number # ~"a"
-    module BitwiseMethods
-      ComplexExpression::BITWISE_OPERATORS.each do |o|
-        module_eval("def #{o}(o) NumericExpression.new(#{o.inspect}, self, o) end", __FILE__, __LINE__)
-      end
-
-      # Do the bitwise compliment of the self
-      #
-      #   ~:a.sql_number # ~"a"
-      def ~
-        NumericExpression.new(:'B~', self)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # This module includes the boolean/logical AND (&), OR (|) and NOT (~) operators
-    # that are defined on objects that can be used in a boolean context in SQL
-    # (+Symbol+, +LiteralString+, and <tt>SQL::GenericExpression</tt>).
-    #
-    #   :a & :b # "a" AND "b"
-    #   :a | :b # "a" OR "b"
-    #   ~:a # NOT "a"
-    #
-    # One exception to this is when a NumericExpression or Integer is the argument
-    # to & or |, in which case a bitwise method will be used:
-    #
-    #   :a & 1 # "a" & 1 
-    #   :a | (:b + 1) # "a" | ("b" + 1)
-    module BooleanMethods
-      ComplexExpression::BOOLEAN_OPERATOR_METHODS.each do |m, o|
-        module_eval(<<-END, __FILE__, __LINE__+1)
-          def #{m}(o)
-            case o
-            when NumericExpression, Integer
-              NumericExpression.new(#{m.inspect}, self, o)
-            else  
-              BooleanExpression.new(#{o.inspect}, self, o)
-            end
-          end
-        END
-      end
-      
-      # Create a new BooleanExpression with NOT, representing the inversion of whatever self represents.
-      #
-      #   ~:a # NOT :a
-      def ~
-        BooleanExpression.invert(self)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # These methods are designed as replacements for the core extensions, so that
-    # Sequel is still easy to use if the core extensions are not enabled.
-    module Builders
-      # Create an SQL::AliasedExpression for the given expression and alias.
-      #
-      #   Sequel.as(:column, :alias) # "column" AS "alias"
-      #   Sequel.as(:column, :alias, [:col_alias1, :col_alias2]) # "column" AS "alias"("col_alias1", "col_alias2")
-      def as(exp, aliaz, columns=nil)
-        SQL::AliasedExpression.new(exp, aliaz, columns)
-      end
-
-      # Order the given argument ascending.
-      # Options:
-      #
-      # :nulls :: Set to :first to use NULLS FIRST (so NULL values are ordered
-      #           before other values), or :last to use NULLS LAST (so NULL values
-      #           are ordered after other values).
-      #
-      #   Sequel.asc(:a) # a ASC
-      #   Sequel.asc(:b, :nulls=>:last) # b ASC NULLS LAST
-      def asc(arg, opts=OPTS)
-        SQL::OrderedExpression.new(arg, false, opts)
-      end
-
-      # Return an <tt>SQL::Blob</tt> that holds the same data as this string.
-      # Blobs provide proper escaping of binary data.  If given a blob, returns it
-      # directly.
-      def blob(s)
-        if s.is_a?(SQL::Blob)
-          s
-        else
-          SQL::Blob.new(s)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Return an <tt>SQL::CaseExpression</tt> created with the given arguments.
-      #
-      #   Sequel.case([[{:a=>[2,3]}, 1]], 0) # SQL: CASE WHEN a IN (2, 3) THEN 1 ELSE 0 END
-      #   Sequel.case({:a=>1}, 0, :b) # SQL: CASE b WHEN a THEN 1 ELSE 0 END
-      def case(*args) # core_sql ignore
-        SQL::CaseExpression.new(*args)
-      end
-
-      # Cast the reciever to the given SQL type.  You can specify a ruby class as a type,
-      # and it is handled similarly to using a database independent type in the schema methods.
-      #
-      #   Sequel.cast(:a, :integer) # CAST(a AS integer)
-      #   Sequel.cast(:a, String) # CAST(a AS varchar(255))
-      def cast(arg, sql_type)
-        SQL::Cast.new(arg, sql_type)
-      end
-
-      # Cast the reciever to the given SQL type (or the database's default Integer type if none given),
-      # and return the result as a +NumericExpression+, so you can use the bitwise operators
-      # on the result. 
-      #
-      #   Sequel.cast_numeric(:a) # CAST(a AS integer)
-      #   Sequel.cast_numeric(:a, Float) # CAST(a AS double precision)
-      def cast_numeric(arg, sql_type = nil)
-        cast(arg, sql_type || Integer).sql_number
-      end
-
-      # Cast the reciever to the given SQL type (or the database's default String type if none given),
-      # and return the result as a +StringExpression+, so you can use +
-      # directly on the result for SQL string concatenation.
-      #
-      #   Sequel.cast_string(:a) # CAST(a AS varchar(255))
-      #   Sequel.cast_string(:a, :text) # CAST(a AS text)
-      def cast_string(arg, sql_type = nil)
-        cast(arg, sql_type || String).sql_string
-      end
-
-      # Return an emulated function call for getting the number of characters
-      # in the argument:
-      #
-      #   Sequel.char_length(:a) # char_length(a) -- Most databases
-      #   Sequel.char_length(:a) # length(a) -- SQLite
-      def char_length(arg)
-        SQL::Function.new!(:char_length, [arg], :emulate=>true)
-      end
-
-      # Do a deep qualification of the argument using the qualifier.  This recurses into
-      # nested structures.
-      #
-      #   Sequel.deep_qualify(:table, :column) # "table"."column"
-      #   Sequel.deep_qualify(:table, Sequel.+(:column, 1)) # "table"."column" + 1
-      #   Sequel.deep_qualify(:table, Sequel.like(:a, 'b')) # "table"."a" LIKE 'b' ESCAPE '\'
-      def deep_qualify(qualifier, expr)
-        Sequel::Qualifier.new(Sequel, qualifier).transform(expr)
-      end
-
-      # Return a delayed evaluation that uses the passed block. This is used
-      # to delay evaluations of the code to runtime.  For example, with
-      # the following code:
-      #
-      #   ds = DB[:table].where{column > Time.now}
-      #
-      # The filter is fixed to the time that where was called. Unless you are
-      # only using the dataset once immediately after creating it, that's
-      # probably not desired.  If you just want to set it to the time when the
-      # query is sent to the database, you can wrap it in Sequel.delay:
-      #
-      #   ds = DB[:table].where{column > Sequel.delay{Time.now}}
-      #
-      # Note that for dates and timestamps, you are probably better off using
-      # Sequel::CURRENT_DATE and Sequel::CURRENT_TIMESTAMP instead of this
-      # generic delayed evaluation facility.
-      def delay(&block)
-        raise(Error, "Sequel.delay requires a block") unless block
-        SQL::DelayedEvaluation.new(block)
-      end
-
-      # Order the given argument descending.
-      # Options:
-      #
-      # :nulls :: Set to :first to use NULLS FIRST (so NULL values are ordered
-      #           before other values), or :last to use NULLS LAST (so NULL values
-      #           are ordered after other values).
-      #
-      #   Sequel.desc(:a) # b DESC
-      #   Sequel.desc(:b, :nulls=>:first) # b DESC NULLS FIRST
-      def desc(arg, opts=OPTS)
-        SQL::OrderedExpression.new(arg, true, opts)
-      end
-
-      # Wraps the given object in an appropriate Sequel wrapper.
-      # If the given object is already a Sequel object, return it directly.
-      # For condition specifiers (hashes and arrays of two pairs), true, and false,
-      # return a boolean expressions.  For numeric objects, return a numeric
-      # expression.  For strings, return a string expression.  For procs or when
-      # the method is passed a block, evaluate it as a virtual row and wrap it
-      # appropriately.  In all other cases, use a generic wrapper.
-      #
-      # This method allows you to construct SQL expressions that are difficult
-      # to construct via other methods.  For example:
-      #
-      #   Sequel.expr(1) - :a # SQL: (1 - a)
-      def expr(arg=(no_arg=true), &block)
-        if block_given?
-          if no_arg
-            return expr(block)
-          else
-            raise Error, 'cannot provide both an argument and a block to Sequel.expr'
-          end
-        elsif no_arg
-          raise Error, 'must provide either an argument or a block to Sequel.expr'
-        end
-
-        case arg
-        when Symbol
-          t, c, a = Sequel.split_symbol(arg)
-
-          arg = if t
-            SQL::QualifiedIdentifier.new(t, c)
-          else
-            SQL::Identifier.new(c)
-          end
-
-          if a
-            arg = SQL::AliasedExpression.new(arg, a)
-          end
-
-          arg
-        when SQL::Expression, LiteralString, SQL::Blob
-          arg
-        when Hash
-          SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(arg, :AND)
-        when Array
-          if condition_specifier?(arg)
-            SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(arg, :AND)
-          else
-            SQL::Wrapper.new(arg)
-          end
-        when Numeric
-          SQL::NumericExpression.new(:NOOP, arg)
-        when String
-          SQL::StringExpression.new(:NOOP, arg)
-        when TrueClass, FalseClass
-          SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:NOOP, arg)
-        when Proc
-          expr(virtual_row(&arg))
-        else
-          SQL::Wrapper.new(arg)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Extract a datetime_part (e.g. year, month) from the given
-      # expression:
-      #
-      #   Sequel.extract(:year, :date) # extract(year FROM "date")
-      def extract(datetime_part, exp)
-        SQL::NumericExpression.new(:extract, datetime_part, exp)
-      end
-
-      # Returns a <tt>Sequel::SQL::Function</tt> with the function name
-      # and the given arguments.
-      #
-      #   Sequel.function(:now) # SQL: now()
-      #   Sequel.function(:substr, :a, 1) # SQL: substr(a, 1)
-      def function(name, *args)
-        SQL::Function.new(name, *args)
-      end
-
-      # Return the argument wrapped as an <tt>SQL::Identifier</tt>.
-      #
-      #   Sequel.identifier(:a__b) # "a__b"
-      def identifier(name)
-        SQL::Identifier.new(name)
-      end
-
-      # Return a <tt>Sequel::SQL::StringExpression</tt> representing an SQL string made up of the
-      # concatenation of the given array's elements.  If an argument is passed,
-      # it is used in between each element of the array in the SQL
-      # concatenation.
-      #
-      #   Sequel.join([:a]) # SQL: a
-      #   Sequel.join([:a, :b]) # SQL: a || b
-      #   Sequel.join([:a, 'b']) # SQL: a || 'b'
-      #   Sequel.join(['a', :b], ' ') # SQL: 'a' || ' ' || b
-      def join(args, joiner=nil)
-        raise Error, 'argument to Sequel.join must be an array' unless args.is_a?(Array)
-        if joiner
-          args = args.zip([joiner]*args.length).flatten
-          args.pop
-        end
-
-        return SQL::StringExpression.new(:NOOP, '') if args.empty?
-
-        args = args.map do |a|
-          case a
-          when Symbol, ::Sequel::SQL::Expression, ::Sequel::LiteralString, TrueClass, FalseClass, NilClass
-            a
-          else
-            a.to_s
-          end
-        end
-        SQL::StringExpression.new(:'||', *args)
-      end
-
-      # Create a <tt>BooleanExpression</tt> case insensitive (if the database supports it) pattern match of the receiver with
-      # the given patterns.  See <tt>SQL::StringExpression.like</tt>.
-      #
-      #   Sequel.ilike(:a, 'A%') # "a" ILIKE 'A%' ESCAPE '\'
-      def ilike(*args)
-        SQL::StringExpression.like(*(args << {:case_insensitive=>true}))
-      end
-
-      # Create a <tt>SQL::BooleanExpression</tt> case sensitive (if the database supports it) pattern match of the receiver with
-      # the given patterns.  See <tt>SQL::StringExpression.like</tt>.
-      #
-      #   Sequel.like(:a, 'A%') # "a" LIKE 'A%' ESCAPE '\'
-      def like(*args)
-        SQL::StringExpression.like(*args)
-      end
-
-      # Converts a string into a <tt>Sequel::LiteralString</tt>, in order to override string
-      # literalization, e.g.:
-      #
-      #   DB[:items].filter(:abc => 'def').sql #=>
-      #     "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (abc = 'def')"
-      #
-      #   DB[:items].filter(:abc => Sequel.lit('def')).sql #=>
-      #     "SELECT * FROM items WHERE (abc = def)"
-      #
-      # You can also provide arguments, to create a <tt>Sequel::SQL::PlaceholderLiteralString</tt>:
-      #
-      #    DB[:items].select{|o| o.count(Sequel.lit('DISTINCT ?', :a))}.sql #=>
-      #      "SELECT count(DISTINCT a) FROM items"
-      def lit(s, *args) # core_sql ignore
-        if args.empty?
-          if s.is_a?(LiteralString)
-            s
-          else
-            LiteralString.new(s)
-          end
-        else
-          SQL::PlaceholderLiteralString.new(s, args) 
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Return a <tt>Sequel::SQL::BooleanExpression</tt> created from the condition
-      # specifier, matching none of the conditions.
-      #
-      #   Sequel.negate(:a=>true) # SQL: a IS NOT TRUE
-      #   Sequel.negate([[:a, true]]) # SQL: a IS NOT TRUE
-      #   Sequel.negate([[:a, 1], [:b, 2]]) # SQL: ((a != 1) AND (b != 2))
-      def negate(arg)
-        if condition_specifier?(arg)
-          SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(arg, :AND, true)
-        else
-          raise Error, 'must pass a conditions specifier to Sequel.negate'
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Return a <tt>Sequel::SQL::BooleanExpression</tt> created from the condition
-      # specifier, matching any of the conditions.
-      #
-      #   Sequel.or(:a=>true) # SQL: a IS TRUE
-      #   Sequel.or([[:a, true]]) # SQL: a IS TRUE
-      #   Sequel.or([[:a, 1], [:b, 2]]) # SQL: ((a = 1) OR (b = 2))
-      def or(arg)
-        if condition_specifier?(arg)
-          SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(arg, :OR, false)
-        else
-          raise Error, 'must pass a conditions specifier to Sequel.or'
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Create a qualified identifier with the given qualifier and identifier
-      #
-      #   Sequel.qualify(:table, :column) # "table"."column"
-      #   Sequel.qualify(:schema, :table) # "schema"."table"
-      #   Sequel.qualify(:table, :column).qualify(:schema) # "schema"."table"."column"
-      def qualify(qualifier, identifier)
-        SQL::QualifiedIdentifier.new(qualifier, identifier)
-      end
-
-      # Return an <tt>SQL::Subscript</tt> with the given arguments, representing an
-      # SQL array access.
-      #
-      #   Sequel.subscript(:array, 1) # array[1]
-      #   Sequel.subscript(:array, 1, 2) # array[1, 2]
-      #   Sequel.subscript(:array, [1, 2]) # array[1, 2]
-      #   Sequel.subscript(:array, 1..2) # array[1:2]
-      #   Sequel.subscript(:array, 1...3) # array[1:2]
-      def subscript(exp, *subs)
-        SQL::Subscript.new(exp, subs.flatten)
-      end
-
-      # Return an emulated function call for trimming a string of spaces from
-      # both sides (similar to ruby's String#strip).
-      #
-      #   Sequel.trim(:a) # trim(a) -- Most databases
-      #   Sequel.trim(:a) # ltrim(rtrim(a)) -- Microsoft SQL Server
-      def trim(arg)
-        SQL::Function.new!(:trim, [arg], :emulate=>true)
-      end
-
-      # Return a <tt>SQL::ValueList</tt> created from the given array.  Used if the array contains
-      # all two element arrays and you want it treated as an SQL value list (IN predicate) 
-      # instead of as a conditions specifier (similar to a hash).  This is not necessary if you are using
-      # this array as a value in a filter, but may be necessary if you are using it as a
-      # value with placeholder SQL:
-      #
-      #   DB[:a].filter([:a, :b]=>[[1, 2], [3, 4]]) # SQL: (a, b) IN ((1, 2), (3, 4))
-      #   DB[:a].filter('(a, b) IN ?', [[1, 2], [3, 4]]) # SQL: (a, b) IN ((1 = 2) AND (3 = 4))
-      #   DB[:a].filter('(a, b) IN ?', Sequel.value_list([[1, 2], [3, 4]])) # SQL: (a, b) IN ((1, 2), (3, 4))
-      def value_list(arg)
-        raise Error, 'argument to Sequel.value_list must be an array' unless arg.is_a?(Array)
-        SQL::ValueList.new(arg)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Holds methods that are used to cast objects to different SQL types.
-    module CastMethods 
-      # Cast the reciever to the given SQL type.  You can specify a ruby class as a type,
-      # and it is handled similarly to using a database independent type in the schema methods.
-      #
-      #   Sequel.function(:func).cast(:integer) # CAST(func() AS integer)
-      #   Sequel.function(:func).cast(String) # CAST(func() AS varchar(255))
-      def cast(sql_type)
-        Cast.new(self, sql_type)
-      end
-
-      # Cast the reciever to the given SQL type (or the database's default Integer type if none given),
-      # and return the result as a +NumericExpression+, so you can use the bitwise operators
-      # on the result. 
-      #
-      #   Sequel.function(:func).cast_numeric # CAST(func() AS integer)
-      #   Sequel.function(:func).cast_numeric(Float) # CAST(func() AS double precision)
-      def cast_numeric(sql_type = nil)
-        Cast.new(self, sql_type || Integer).sql_number
-      end
-
-      # Cast the reciever to the given SQL type (or the database's default String type if none given),
-      # and return the result as a +StringExpression+, so you can use +
-      # directly on the result for SQL string concatenation.
-      #
-      #   Sequel.function(:func).cast_string # CAST(func() AS varchar(255))
-      #   Sequel.function(:func).cast_string(:text) # CAST(func() AS text)
-      def cast_string(sql_type = nil)
-        Cast.new(self, sql_type || String).sql_string
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Adds methods that allow you to treat an object as an instance of a specific
-    # +ComplexExpression+ subclass.  This is useful if another library
-    # overrides the methods defined by Sequel.
-    #
-    # For example, if <tt>Symbol#/</tt> is overridden to produce a string (for
-    # example, to make file system path creation easier), the
-    # following code will not do what you want:
-    #
-    #   :price/10 > 100
-    #
-    # In that case, you need to do the following:
-    #
-    #   :price.sql_number/10 > 100
-    module ComplexExpressionMethods
-      # Extract a datetime part (e.g. year, month) from self:
-      #
-      #   :date.extract(:year) # extract(year FROM "date")
-      #
-      # Also has the benefit of returning the result as a
-      # NumericExpression instead of a generic ComplexExpression.
-      def extract(datetime_part)
-        NumericExpression.new(:extract, datetime_part, self)
-      end
-
-      # Return a BooleanExpression representation of +self+.
-      def sql_boolean
-        BooleanExpression.new(:NOOP, self)
-      end
-
-      # Return a NumericExpression representation of +self+.
-      # 
-      #   ~:a # NOT "a"
-      #   ~:a.sql_number # ~"a"
-      def sql_number
-        NumericExpression.new(:NOOP, self)
-      end
-
-      # Return a StringExpression representation of +self+.
-      #
-      #   :a + :b # "a" + "b"
-      #   :a.sql_string + :b # "a" || "b"
-      def sql_string
-        StringExpression.new(:NOOP, self)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # This module includes the inequality methods (>, <, >=, <=) that are defined on objects that can be 
-    # used in a numeric or string context in SQL.
-    #
-    #   Sequel.lit('a') > :b # a > "b"
-    #   Sequel.lit('a') < :b # a > "b"
-    #   Sequel.lit('a') >= :b # a >= "b"
-    #   Sequel.lit('a') <= :b # a <= "b"
-    module InequalityMethods
-      ComplexExpression::INEQUALITY_OPERATORS.each do |o|
-        module_eval("def #{o}(o) BooleanExpression.new(#{o.inspect}, self, o) end", __FILE__, __LINE__)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # This module includes the standard mathematical methods (+, -, *, and /)
-    # that are defined on objects that can be used in a numeric context in SQL
-    # (+Symbol+, +LiteralString+, and +SQL::GenericExpression+).
-    #
-    #   :a + :b # "a" + "b"
-    #   :a - :b # "a" - "b"
-    #   :a * :b # "a" * "b"
-    #   :a / :b # "a" / "b"
-    #
-    # One exception to this is if + is called with a +String+ or +StringExpression+,
-    # in which case the || operator is used instead of the + operator:
-    #
-    #   :a + 'b' # "a" || 'b'
-    module NumericMethods
-      ComplexExpression::MATHEMATICAL_OPERATORS.each do |o|
-        module_eval("def #{o}(o) NumericExpression.new(#{o.inspect}, self, o) end", __FILE__, __LINE__) unless o == :+
-      end
-
-      # Use || as the operator when called with StringExpression and String instances,
-      # and the + operator for LiteralStrings and all other types.
-      def +(ce)
-        case ce
-        when LiteralString
-          NumericExpression.new(:+, self, ce)
-        when StringExpression, String
-          StringExpression.new(:'||', self, ce)
-        else
-          NumericExpression.new(:+, self, ce)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # These methods are designed as replacements for the core extension operator
-    # methods, so that Sequel is still easy to use if the core extensions are not
-    # enabled.
-    #
-    # The following methods are defined via metaprogramming: +, -, *, /, &, |.
-    # The +, -, *, and / operators return numeric expressions combining all the
-    # arguments with the appropriate operator, and the & and | operators return
-    # boolean expressions combining all of the arguments with either AND or OR.
-    module OperatorBuilders
-      {'::Sequel::SQL::NumericExpression'=>{'+'=>'+', '-'=>'-', '*'=>'*', '/'=>'/'},
-       '::Sequel::SQL::BooleanExpression'=>{'&'=>'AND', '|'=>'OR'}}.each do |klass, ops|
-        ops.each do |m, op|
-          class_eval(<<-END, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-            def #{m}(*args)
-              if (args.length == 1)
-                if (v = args.first).class.is_a?(#{klass})
-                  v
-                else
-                  #{klass}.new(:NOOP, v)
-                end
-              else
-                #{klass}.new(:#{op}, *args)
-              end
-            end
-          END
-        end
-      end
-      
-      # Invert the given expression.  Returns a <tt>Sequel::SQL::BooleanExpression</tt>
-      # created from this argument, not matching all of the conditions.
-      #
-      #   Sequel.~(nil) # SQL: NOT NULL
-      #   Sequel.~([[:a, true]]) # SQL: a IS NOT TRUE
-      #   Sequel.~([[:a, 1], [:b, [2, 3]]]) # SQL: a != 1 OR b NOT IN (2, 3)
-      def ~(arg)
-        if condition_specifier?(arg)
-          SQL::BooleanExpression.from_value_pairs(arg, :OR, true)
-        else
-          SQL::BooleanExpression.invert(arg)
-        end
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Methods that create +OrderedExpressions+, used for sorting by columns
-    # or more complex expressions.
-    module OrderMethods
-      # Mark the receiving SQL column as sorting in an ascending fashion (generally a no-op).
-      # Options:
-      #
-      # :nulls :: Set to :first to use NULLS FIRST (so NULL values are ordered
-      #           before other values), or :last to use NULLS LAST (so NULL values
-      #           are ordered after other values).
-      def asc(opts=OPTS)
-        OrderedExpression.new(self, false, opts)
-      end
-      
-      # Mark the receiving SQL column as sorting in a descending fashion.
-      # Options:
-      #
-      # :nulls :: Set to :first to use NULLS FIRST (so NULL values are ordered
-      #           before other values), or :last to use NULLS LAST (so NULL values
-      #           are ordered after other values).
-      def desc(opts=OPTS)
-        OrderedExpression.new(self, true, opts)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Includes a +qualify+ method that created <tt>QualifiedIdentifier</tt>s, used for qualifying column
-    # names with a table or table names with a schema, and the * method for returning all columns in
-    # the identifier if no arguments are given.
-    module QualifyingMethods
-      # If no arguments are given, return an SQL::ColumnAll:
-      #
-      #   Sequel.expr(:a__b).*  # a.b.*
-      def *(ce=(arg=false;nil))
-        if arg == false
-          Sequel::SQL::ColumnAll.new(self)
-        else
-          super(ce)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Qualify the receiver with the given +qualifier+ (table for column/schema for table).
-      #
-      #   Sequel.expr(:column).qualify(:table) # "table"."column"
-      #   Sequel.expr(:table).qualify(:schema) # "schema"."table"
-      #   Sequel.qualify(:table, :column).qualify(:schema) # "schema"."table"."column"
-      def qualify(qualifier)
-        QualifiedIdentifier.new(qualifier, self)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # This module includes the +like+ and +ilike+ methods used for pattern matching that are defined on objects that can be 
-    # used in a string context in SQL (+Symbol+, +LiteralString+, <tt>SQL::GenericExpression</tt>).
-    module StringMethods
-      # Create a +BooleanExpression+ case insensitive pattern match of the receiver
-      # with the given patterns.  See <tt>StringExpression.like</tt>.
-      #
-      #   :a.ilike('A%') # "a" ILIKE 'A%' ESCAPE '\'
-      def ilike(*ces)
-        StringExpression.like(self, *(ces << {:case_insensitive=>true}))
-      end
-
-      # Create a +BooleanExpression+ case sensitive (if the database supports it) pattern match of the receiver with
-      # the given patterns.  See <tt>StringExpression.like</tt>.
-      #
-      #   :a.like('A%') # "a" LIKE 'A%' ESCAPE '\'
-      def like(*ces)
-        StringExpression.like(self, *ces)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # This module includes the <tt>+</tt> method.  It is included in +StringExpression+ and can be included elsewhere
-    # to allow the use of the + operator to represent concatenation of SQL Strings:
-    module StringConcatenationMethods
-      # Return a +StringExpression+ representing the concatenation of the receiver
-      # with the given argument.
-      #
-      #   :x.sql_string + :y # => "x" || "y"
-      def +(ce)
-        StringExpression.new(:'||', self, ce)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # This module includes the +sql_subscript+ method, representing SQL array accesses.
-    module SubscriptMethods
-      # Return a <tt>Subscript</tt> with the given arguments, representing an
-      # SQL array access.
-      #
-      #   :array.sql_subscript(1) # array[1]
-      #   :array.sql_subscript(1, 2) # array[1, 2]
-      #   :array.sql_subscript([1, 2]) # array[1, 2]
-      #   :array.sql_subscript(:array, 1..2) # array[1:2]
-      #   :array.sql_subscript(:array, 1...3) # array[1:2]
-      def sql_subscript(*sub)
-        Subscript.new(self, sub.flatten)
-      end
-    end
-
-    ### Classes ###
-
-    # Represents an aliasing of an expression to a given alias.
-    class AliasedExpression < Expression
-      # The expression to alias
-      attr_reader :expression
-
-      # The alias to use for the expression, not +alias+ since that is
-      # a keyword in ruby.
-      attr_reader :aliaz
-      alias_method :alias, :aliaz
-
-      # The columns aliases to use, for when the aliased expression is
-      # a record or set of records (such as a dataset). 
-      attr_reader :columns
-
-      # Create an object with the given expression and alias.
-      def initialize(expression, aliaz, columns=nil)
-        @expression = expression
-        @aliaz = aliaz
-        @columns = columns
-      end
-
-      to_s_method :aliased_expression_sql
-    end
-
-    # +Blob+ is used to represent binary data in the Ruby environment that is
-    # stored as a blob type in the database. Sequel represents binary data as a Blob object because 
-    # most database engines require binary data to be escaped differently than regular strings.
-    class Blob < ::String
-      include SQL::AliasMethods
-      include SQL::CastMethods
-
-      # Return a LiteralString with the same content if no args are given, otherwise
-      # return a SQL::PlaceholderLiteralString with the current string and the given args.
-      def lit(*args)
-        args.empty? ? LiteralString.new(self) : SQL::PlaceholderLiteralString.new(self, args)
-      end
-      
-      # Returns +self+, since it is already a blob.
-      def to_sequel_blob
-        self
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Subclass of +ComplexExpression+ where the expression results
-    # in a boolean value in SQL.
-    class BooleanExpression < ComplexExpression
-      include BooleanMethods
-      
-      # Take pairs of values (e.g. a hash or array of two element arrays)
-      # and converts it to a +BooleanExpression+.  The operator and args
-      # used depends on the case of the right (2nd) argument:
-      #
-      # 0..10 :: left >= 0 AND left <= 10
-      # [1,2] :: left IN (1,2)
-      # nil :: left IS NULL
-      # true :: left IS TRUE 
-      # false :: left IS FALSE 
-      # /as/ :: left ~ 'as'
-      # :blah :: left = blah
-      # 'blah' :: left = 'blah'
-      #
-      # If multiple arguments are given, they are joined with the op given (AND
-      # by default, OR possible).  If negate is set to true,
-      # all subexpressions are inverted before used.  Therefore, the following
-      # expressions are equivalent:
-      #
-      #   ~from_value_pairs(hash)
-      #   from_value_pairs(hash, :OR, true)
-      def self.from_value_pairs(pairs, op=:AND, negate=false)
-        pairs = pairs.map{|l,r| from_value_pair(l, r)}
-        pairs.map!{|ce| invert(ce)} if negate
-        pairs.length == 1 ? pairs.at(0) : new(op, *pairs)
-      end
-
-      # Return a BooleanExpression based on the right side of the pair.
-      def self.from_value_pair(l, r)
-        case r
-        when Range
-          new(:AND, new(:>=, l, r.begin), new(r.exclude_end? ? :< : :<=, l, r.end))
-        when ::Array, ::Sequel::Dataset
-          new(:IN, l, r)
-        when NegativeBooleanConstant
-          new(:"IS NOT", l, r.constant)
-        when BooleanConstant
-          new(:IS, l, r.constant)
-        when NilClass, TrueClass, FalseClass
-          new(:IS, l, r)
-        when Regexp
-          StringExpression.like(l, r)
-        when DelayedEvaluation
-          Sequel.delay{|ds| from_value_pair(l, r.call(ds))}
-        when Dataset::PlaceholderLiteralizer::Argument
-          r.transform{|v| from_value_pair(l, v)}
-        else
-          new(:'=', l, r)
-        end
-      end
-      private_class_method :from_value_pair
-      
-      # Invert the expression, if possible.  If the expression cannot
-      # be inverted, raise an error.  An inverted expression should match everything that the
-      # uninverted expression did not match, and vice-versa, except for possible issues with
-      # SQL NULL (i.e. 1 == NULL is NULL and 1 != NULL is also NULL).
-      #
-      #   BooleanExpression.invert(:a) # NOT "a"
-      def self.invert(ce)
-        case ce
-        when BooleanExpression
-          case op = ce.op
-          when :AND, :OR
-            BooleanExpression.new(OPERTATOR_INVERSIONS[op], *ce.args.collect{|a| BooleanExpression.invert(a)})
-          else
-            BooleanExpression.new(OPERTATOR_INVERSIONS[op], *ce.args.dup)
-          end
-        when StringExpression, NumericExpression
-          raise(Sequel::Error, "cannot invert #{ce.inspect}")
-        when Constant
-          CONSTANT_INVERSIONS[ce] || raise(Sequel::Error, "cannot invert #{ce.inspect}")
-        else
-          BooleanExpression.new(:NOT, ce)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Always use an AND operator for & on BooleanExpressions
-      def &(ce)
-        BooleanExpression.new(:AND, self, ce)
-      end
-
-      # Always use an OR operator for | on BooleanExpressions
-      def |(ce)
-        BooleanExpression.new(:OR, self, ce)
-      end
-
-      # Return self instead of creating a new object to save on memory.
-      def sql_boolean
-        self
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Represents an SQL CASE expression, used for conditional branching in SQL.
-    class CaseExpression < GenericExpression
-      # An array of all two pairs with the first element specifying the
-      # condition and the second element specifying the result if the
-      # condition matches.
-      attr_reader :conditions
-
-      # The default value if no conditions match. 
-      attr_reader :default
-
-      # The expression to test the conditions against
-      attr_reader :expression
-
-      # Create an object with the given conditions and
-      # default value.  An expression can be provided to
-      # test each condition against, instead of having
-      # all conditions represent their own boolean expression.
-      def initialize(conditions, default, expression=(no_expression=true; nil))
-        raise(Sequel::Error, 'CaseExpression conditions must be a hash or array of all two pairs') unless Sequel.condition_specifier?(conditions)
-        @conditions, @default, @expression, @no_expression = conditions.to_a, default, expression, no_expression
-      end
-
-      # Whether to use an expression for this CASE expression.
-      def expression?
-        !@no_expression
-      end
-
-      # Merge the CASE expression into the conditions, useful for databases that
-      # don't support CASE expressions.
-      def with_merged_expression
-        if expression?
-          e = expression
-          CaseExpression.new(conditions.map{|c, r| [::Sequel::SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:'=', e, c), r]}, default)
-        else
-          self
-        end
-      end
-
-      to_s_method :case_expression_sql
-    end
-
-    # Represents a cast of an SQL expression to a specific type.
-    class Cast < GenericExpression
-      # The expression to cast
-      attr_reader :expr
-
-      # The type to which to cast the expression
-      attr_reader :type
-      
-      # Set the attributes to the given arguments
-      def initialize(expr, type)
-        @expr = expr
-        @type = type
-      end
-
-      to_s_method :cast_sql, '@expr, @type'
-    end
-
-    # Represents all columns in a given table, table.* in SQL
-    class ColumnAll < Expression
-      # The table containing the columns being selected
-      attr_reader :table
-
-      # Create an object with the given table
-      def initialize(table)
-        @table = table
-      end
-
-      to_s_method :column_all_sql
-    end
-    
-    class ComplexExpression
-      include AliasMethods
-      include CastMethods
-      include OrderMethods
-      include SubscriptMethods
-
-      # Return a BooleanExpression with the same op and args.
-      def sql_boolean
-        BooleanExpression.new(self.op, *self.args)
-      end
-
-      # Return a NumericExpression with the same op and args.
-      def sql_number
-        NumericExpression.new(self.op, *self.args)
-      end
-
-      # Return a StringExpression with the same op and args.
-      def sql_string
-        StringExpression.new(self.op, *self.args)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Represents constants or psuedo-constants (e.g. +CURRENT_DATE+) in SQL.
-    class Constant < GenericExpression
-      # The underlying constant related to this object.
-      attr_reader :constant
-
-      # Create an constant with the given value
-      def initialize(constant)
-        @constant = constant
-      end
-      
-      to_s_method :constant_sql, '@constant'
-    end
-
-    # Represents boolean constants such as +NULL+, +NOTNULL+, +TRUE+, and +FALSE+.
-    class BooleanConstant < Constant
-      to_s_method :boolean_constant_sql, '@constant'
-    end
-    
-    # Represents inverse boolean constants (currently only +NOTNULL+). A
-    # special class to allow for special behavior.
-    class NegativeBooleanConstant < Constant
-      to_s_method :negative_boolean_constant_sql, '@constant'
-    end
-    
-    # Holds default generic constants that can be referenced.  These
-    # are included in the Sequel top level module and are also available
-    # in this module which can be required at the top level to get
-    # direct access to the constants.
-    module Constants
-      CURRENT_DATE = Constant.new(:CURRENT_DATE)
-      CURRENT_TIME = Constant.new(:CURRENT_TIME)
-      CURRENT_TIMESTAMP = Constant.new(:CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)
-      SQLTRUE = TRUE = BooleanConstant.new(true)
-      SQLFALSE = FALSE = BooleanConstant.new(false)
-      NULL = BooleanConstant.new(nil)
-      NOTNULL = NegativeBooleanConstant.new(nil)
-    end
-
-    class ComplexExpression
-      # A hash of the opposite for each constant, used for inverting constants.
-      CONSTANT_INVERSIONS = {Constants::TRUE=>Constants::FALSE, Constants::FALSE=>Constants::TRUE,
-                             Constants::NULL=>Constants::NOTNULL, Constants::NOTNULL=>Constants::NULL}
-    end
-
-    # Represents a delayed evaluation, encapsulating a callable
-    # object which returns the value to use when called.
-    class DelayedEvaluation < GenericExpression
-      # A callable object that returns the value of the evaluation
-      # when called. 
-      attr_reader :callable
-
-      # Set the callable object
-      def initialize(callable)
-        @callable = callable
-      end
-
-      # Call the underlying callable and return the result.  If the
-      # underlying callable only accepts a single argument, call it
-      # with the given dataset.
-      def call(ds)
-        if @callable.respond_to?(:arity) && @callable.arity == 1
-          @callable.call(ds)
-        else
-          @callable.call
-        end
-      end
-
-      to_s_method :delayed_evaluation_sql
-    end
-
-    # Represents an SQL function call.
-    class Function < GenericExpression
-      WILDCARD = LiteralString.new('*').freeze
-      DISTINCT = ["DISTINCT ".freeze].freeze
-      COMMA_ARRAY = [LiteralString.new(', ').freeze].freeze
-
-      # The SQL function to call
-      attr_reader :name
-      alias f name
-      
-      # The array of arguments to pass to the function (may be blank)
-      attr_reader :args
-
-      # Options for this function
-      attr_reader :opts
-
-      # Set the name and args for the function
-      def initialize(name, *args)
-        @name = name
-        @args = args
-        @opts = OPTS
-      end
-
-      def self.new!(name, args, opts)
-        f = new(name, *args)
-        f.instance_variable_set(:@opts, opts)
-        f
-      end
-
-      # If no arguments are given, return a new function with the wildcard prepended to the arguments.
-      #
-      #   Sequel.function(:count).*  # count(*)
-      def *(ce=(arg=false;nil))
-        if arg == false
-          raise Error, "Cannot apply * to functions with arguments" unless args.empty?
-          with_opts(:"*"=>true)
-        else
-          super(ce)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Return a new function with DISTINCT before the method arguments.
-      #
-      #   Sequel.function(:count, :col).distinct # count(DISTINCT col)
-      def distinct
-        with_opts(:distinct=>true)
-      end
-
-      # Return a new function with FILTER added to it, for filtered
-      # aggregate functions:
-      #
-      #   Sequel.function(:foo, :col).filter(:a=>1) # foo(col) FILTER (WHERE a = 1)
-      def filter(*args, &block)
-        args = args.first if args.length == 1
-        with_opts(:filter=>args, :filter_block=>block)
-      end
-
-      # Return a function which will use LATERAL when literalized:
-      #
-      #   Sequel.function(:foo, :col).lateral # LATERAL foo(col)
-      def lateral
-        with_opts(:lateral=>true)
-      end
-
-      # Return a new function with an OVER clause (making it a window function).
-      #
-      #   Sequel.function(:row_number).over(:partition=>:col) # row_number() OVER (PARTITION BY col)
-      def over(window=OPTS)
-        raise Error, "function already has a window applied to it" if opts[:over]
-        window = Window.new(window) unless window.is_a?(Window)
-        with_opts(:over=>window)
-      end
-
-      # Return a new function where the function name will be quoted if the database supports
-      # quoted functions:
-      #
-      #   Sequel.function(:foo).quoted # "foo"()
-      def quoted
-        with_opts(:quoted=>true)
-      end
-
-      # Return a new function where the function name will not be quoted even
-      # if the database supports quoted functions:
-      #
-      #   Sequel.expr(:foo).function.unquoted # foo()
-      def unquoted
-        with_opts(:quoted=>false)
-      end
-
-      # Return a new function that will use WITH ORDINALITY to also return
-      # a row number for every row the function returns:
-      #
-      #   Sequel.function(:foo).with_ordinality # foo() WITH ORDINALITY
-      def with_ordinality
-        with_opts(:with_ordinality=>true)
-      end
-
-      # Return a new function that uses WITHIN GROUP ordered by the given expression,
-      # useful for ordered-set and hypothetical-set aggregate functions:
-      #
-      #   Sequel.function(:rank, :a).within_group(:b, :c)
-      #   # rank(a) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY b, c)
-      def within_group(*expressions)
-        with_opts(:within_group=>expressions)
-      end
-
-      to_s_method :function_sql
-
-      private
-
-      # Return a new function call with the given opts merged into the current opts.
-      def with_opts(opts)
-        self.class.new!(name, args, @opts.merge(opts))
-      end
-    end
-
-    class GenericExpression
-      include AliasMethods
-      include BooleanMethods
-      include CastMethods
-      include ComplexExpressionMethods
-      include InequalityMethods
-      include NumericMethods
-      include OrderMethods
-      include StringMethods
-      include SubscriptMethods
-    end
-
-    # Represents an identifier (column or table). Can be used
-    # to specify a +Symbol+ with multiple underscores should not be
-    # split, or for creating an identifier without using a symbol.
-    class Identifier < GenericExpression
-      include QualifyingMethods
-
-      # The table or column to reference
-      attr_reader :value
-
-      # Set the value to the given argument
-      def initialize(value)
-        @value = value
-      end
-
-      # Create a Function using this identifier as the functions name, with
-      # the given args.
-      def function(*args)
-        Function.new(self, *args)
-      end
-      
-      to_s_method :quote_identifier, '@value'
-    end
-    
-    # Represents an SQL JOIN clause, used for joining tables.
-    class JoinClause < Expression
-      # The type of join to do
-      attr_reader :join_type
-
-      # The expression representing the table/set related to the JOIN.
-      # Is an AliasedExpression if the JOIN uses an alias.
-      attr_reader :table_expr
-
-      # Create an object with the given join_type and table expression.
-      def initialize(join_type, table_expr)
-        @join_type = join_type
-        @table_expr = table_expr
-      end
-
-      # The table/set related to the JOIN, without any alias.
-      def table
-        if @table_expr.is_a?(AliasedExpression)
-          @table_expr.expression
-        else
-          @table_expr
-        end
-      end
-
-      # The table alias to use for the JOIN , or nil if the
-      # JOIN does not alias the table.
-      def table_alias
-        if @table_expr.is_a?(AliasedExpression)
-          @table_expr.alias
-        end
-      end
-
-      # The column aliases to use for the JOIN , or nil if the
-      # JOIN does not use a derived column list.
-      def column_aliases
-        if @table_expr.is_a?(AliasedExpression)
-          @table_expr.columns
-        end
-      end
-
-      to_s_method :join_clause_sql
-    end
-
-    # Represents an SQL JOIN clause with ON conditions.
-    class JoinOnClause < JoinClause
-      # The conditions for the join
-      attr_reader :on
-
-      # Create an object with the ON conditions and call super with the
-      # remaining args.
-      def initialize(on, *args)
-        @on = on
-        super(*args)
-      end
-
-      to_s_method :join_on_clause_sql
-    end
-
-    # Represents an SQL JOIN clause with USING conditions.
-    class JoinUsingClause < JoinClause
-      # The columns that appear in both tables that should be equal 
-      # for the conditions to match.
-      attr_reader :using
-
-      # Create an object with the given USING conditions and call super
-      # with the remaining args.
-      def initialize(using, *args)
-        @using = using
-        super(*args)
-      end
-
-      to_s_method :join_using_clause_sql
-    end
-
-    # Represents a literal string with placeholders and arguments.
-    # This is necessary to ensure delayed literalization of the arguments
-    # required for the prepared statement support and for database-specific
-    # literalization.
-    class PlaceholderLiteralString < GenericExpression
-      # The literal string containing placeholders.  This can also be an array
-      # of strings, where each arg in args goes between the string elements. 
-      attr_reader :str
-
-      # The arguments that will be subsituted into the placeholders.
-      # Either an array of unnamed placeholders (which will be substituted in
-      # order for ? characters), or a hash of named placeholders (which will be
-      # substituted for :key phrases).
-      attr_reader :args
-
-      # Whether to surround the expression with parantheses
-      attr_reader :parens
-
-      # Create an object with the given string, placeholder arguments, and parens flag.
-      def initialize(str, args, parens=false)
-        @str = str
-        @args = args.is_a?(Array) && args.length == 1 && (v = args.at(0)).is_a?(Hash) ? v : args
-        @parens = parens
-      end
-
-      to_s_method :placeholder_literal_string_sql
-    end
-
-    # Subclass of +ComplexExpression+ where the expression results
-    # in a numeric value in SQL.
-    class NumericExpression < ComplexExpression
-      include BitwiseMethods 
-      include NumericMethods
-      include InequalityMethods
-
-      # Always use + for + operator for NumericExpressions.
-      def +(ce)
-        NumericExpression.new(:+, self, ce)
-      end
-
-      # Return self instead of creating a new object to save on memory.
-      def sql_number
-        self
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Represents a column/expression to order the result set by.
-    class OrderedExpression < Expression
-      INVERT_NULLS = {:first=>:last, :last=>:first}.freeze
-
-      # The expression to order the result set by.
-      attr_reader :expression
-
-      # Whether the expression should order the result set in a descending manner
-      attr_reader :descending
-
-      # Whether to sort NULLS FIRST/LAST
-      attr_reader :nulls
-
-      # Set the expression and descending attributes to the given values.
-      # Options:
-      #
-      # :nulls :: Can be :first/:last for NULLS FIRST/LAST.
-      def initialize(expression, descending = true, opts=OPTS)
-        @expression, @descending, @nulls = expression, descending, opts[:nulls]
-      end
-
-      # Return a copy that is ordered ASC
-      def asc
-        OrderedExpression.new(@expression, false, :nulls=>@nulls)
-      end
-
-      # Return a copy that is ordered DESC
-      def desc
-        OrderedExpression.new(@expression, true, :nulls=>@nulls)
-      end
-
-      # Return an inverted expression, changing ASC to DESC and NULLS FIRST to NULLS LAST.
-      def invert
-        OrderedExpression.new(@expression, !@descending, :nulls=>INVERT_NULLS.fetch(@nulls, @nulls))
-      end
-
-      to_s_method :ordered_expression_sql
-    end
-
-    # Represents a qualified identifier (column with table or table with schema).
-    class QualifiedIdentifier < GenericExpression
-      include QualifyingMethods
-
-      # The table/schema qualifying the reference
-      attr_reader :table
-
-      # The column/table referenced
-      attr_reader :column
-
-      # Set the table and column to the given arguments
-      def initialize(table, column)
-        @table, @column = table, column
-      end
-      
-      # Create a Function using this identifier as the functions name, with
-      # the given args.
-      def function(*args)
-        Function.new(self, *args)
-      end
-      
-      to_s_method :qualified_identifier_sql, "@table, @column"
-    end
-    
-    # Subclass of +ComplexExpression+ where the expression results
-    # in a text/string/varchar value in SQL.
-    class StringExpression < ComplexExpression
-      include StringMethods
-      include StringConcatenationMethods
-      include InequalityMethods
-
-      # Map of [regexp, case_insenstive] to +ComplexExpression+ operator symbol
-      LIKE_MAP = {[true, true]=>:'~*', [true, false]=>:~, [false, true]=>:ILIKE, [false, false]=>:LIKE}
-      
-      # Creates a SQL pattern match exprssion. left (l) is the SQL string we
-      # are matching against, and ces are the patterns we are matching.
-      # The match succeeds if any of the patterns match (SQL OR).
-      #
-      # If a regular expression is used as a pattern, an SQL regular expression will be
-      # used, which is currently only supported on MySQL and PostgreSQL.  Be aware
-      # that MySQL and PostgreSQL regular expression syntax is similar to ruby
-      # regular expression syntax, but it not exactly the same, especially for
-      # advanced regular expression features.  Sequel just uses the source of the
-      # ruby regular expression verbatim as the SQL regular expression string.
-      #
-      # If any other object is used as a regular expression, the SQL LIKE operator will
-      # be used, and should be supported by most databases.  
-      # 
-      # The pattern match will be case insensitive if the last argument is a hash
-      # with a key of :case_insensitive that is not false or nil. Also,
-      # if a case insensitive regular expression is used (//i), that particular
-      # pattern which will always be case insensitive.
-      #
-      #   StringExpression.like(:a, 'a%') # "a" LIKE 'a%' ESCAPE '\'
-      #   StringExpression.like(:a, 'a%', :case_insensitive=>true) # "a" ILIKE 'a%' ESCAPE '\'
-      #   StringExpression.like(:a, 'a%', /^a/i) # "a" LIKE 'a%' ESCAPE '\' OR "a" ~* '^a'
-      def self.like(l, *ces)
-        l, lre, lci = like_element(l)
-        lci = (ces.last.is_a?(Hash) ? ces.pop : {})[:case_insensitive] ? true : lci
-        ces.collect! do |ce|
-          r, rre, rci = like_element(ce)
-          BooleanExpression.new(LIKE_MAP[[lre||rre, lci||rci]], l, r)
-        end
-        ces.length == 1 ? ces.at(0) : BooleanExpression.new(:OR, *ces)
-      end
-      
-      # Returns a three element array, made up of:
-      # * The object to use
-      # * Whether it is a regular expression
-      # * Whether it is case insensitive
-      def self.like_element(re) # :nodoc:
-        if re.is_a?(Regexp)
-          [re.source, true, re.casefold?]
-        else
-          [re, false, false]
-        end
-      end
-      private_class_method :like_element
-
-      # Return self instead of creating a new object to save on memory.
-      def sql_string
-        self
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Represents an SQL array access, with multiple possible arguments.
-    class Subscript < GenericExpression
-      # The SQL array column
-      attr_reader :f
-
-      # The array of subscripts to use (should be an array of numbers)
-      attr_reader :sub
-
-      # Set the array column and subscripts to the given arguments
-      def initialize(f, sub)
-        @f, @sub = f, sub
-      end
-
-      # Create a new +Subscript+ appending the given subscript(s)
-      # to the current array of subscripts.
-      #
-      #   :a.sql_subscript(2) # a[2]
-      #   :a.sql_subscript(2) | 1 # a[2, 1]
-      def |(sub)
-        Subscript.new(@f, @sub + Array(sub))
-      end
-
-      # Create a new +Subscript+ by accessing a subarray of a multidimensional
-      # array.
-      #
-      #   :a.sql_subscript(2) # a[2]
-      #   :a.sql_subscript(2)[1] # a[2][1]
-      def [](sub)
-        Subscript.new(self, Array(sub))
-      end
-      
-      to_s_method :subscript_sql
-    end
-
-    # Represents an SQL value list (IN/NOT IN predicate value).  Added so it is possible to deal with a
-    # ruby array of two element arrays as an SQL value list instead of an ordered
-    # hash-like conditions specifier.
-    class ValueList < ::Array
-    end
-
-    # The purpose of the +VirtualRow+ class is to allow the easy creation of SQL identifiers and functions
-    # without relying on methods defined on +Symbol+.  This is useful if another library defines
-    # the methods defined by Sequel, if you are running on ruby 1.9, or if you are not using the
-    # core extensions.
-    #
-    # An instance of this class is yielded to the block supplied to <tt>Dataset#filter</tt>, <tt>Dataset#order</tt>, and <tt>Dataset#select</tt>
-    # (and the other methods that accept a block and pass it to one of those methods).
-    # If the block doesn't take an argument, the block is instance_execed in the context of
-    # an instance of this class.
-    #
-    # +VirtualRow+ uses +method_missing+ to return either an +Identifier+, +QualifiedIdentifier+, or +Function+
-    # depending on how it is called.
-    #
-    # If a block is _not_ given, creates one of the following objects:
-    #
-    # +Function+ :: Returned if any arguments are supplied, using the method name
-    #               as the function name, and the arguments as the function arguments.
-    # +QualifiedIdentifier+ :: Returned if the method name contains __, with the
-    #                          table being the part before __, and the column being the part after.
-    # +Identifier+ :: Returned otherwise, using the method name.
-    #
-    # If a block is given, it returns a +Function+.  Note that the block is currently not called by the code, though
-    # this may change in a future version.  If the first argument is:
-    #
-    # no arguments given :: creates a +Function+ with no arguments.
-    # :* :: creates a +Function+ with a literal wildcard argument (*), mostly useful for COUNT.
-    # :distinct :: creates a +Function+ that prepends DISTINCT to the rest of the arguments, mostly
-    #              useful for aggregate functions.
-    # :over :: creates a +Function+ with a window.  If a second argument is provided, it should be a hash
-    #          of options which are used to create the +Window+ (with possible keys :window, :partition, :order, and :frame).  The
-    #          arguments to the function itself should be specified as <tt>:*=>true</tt> for a wildcard, or via
-    #          the <tt>:args</tt> option.
-    #
-    # Examples:
-    #
-    #   ds = DB[:t]
-    #
-    #   # Argument yielded to block
-    #   ds.filter{|r| r.name < 2} # SELECT * FROM t WHERE (name < 2)
-    #
-    #   # Block without argument (instance_eval)
-    #   ds.filter{name < 2} # SELECT * FROM t WHERE (name < 2)
-    #
-    #   # Qualified identifiers
-    #   ds.filter{table__column + 1 < 2} # SELECT * FROM t WHERE ((table.column + 1) < 2)
-    #
-    #   # Functions
-    #   ds.filter{is_active(1, 'arg2')} # SELECT * FROM t WHERE is_active(1, 'arg2')
-    #   ds.select{version{}} # SELECT version() FROM t
-    #   ds.select{count(:*){}} # SELECT count(*) FROM t
-    #   ds.select{count(:distinct, col1){}} # SELECT count(DISTINCT col1) FROM t
-    #
-    #   # Window Functions
-    #   ds.select{rank(:over){}} # SELECT rank() OVER () FROM t
-    #   ds.select{count(:over, :*=>true){}} # SELECT count(*) OVER () FROM t
-    #   ds.select{sum(:over, :args=>col1, :partition=>col2, :order=>col3){}} # SELECT sum(col1) OVER (PARTITION BY col2 ORDER BY col3) FROM t
-    #
-    #   # Math Operators
-    #   ds.select{|o| o.+(1, :a).as(:b)} # SELECT (1 + a) AS b FROM t
-    #   ds.select{|o| o.-(2, :a).as(:b)} # SELECT (2 - a) AS b FROM t
-    #   ds.select{|o| o.*(3, :a).as(:b)} # SELECT (3 * a) AS b FROM t
-    #   ds.select{|o| o./(4, :a).as(:b)} # SELECT (4 / a) AS b FROM t
-    #
-    #   # Boolean Operators
-    #   ds.filter{|o| o.&({:a=>1}, :b)}    # SELECT * FROM t WHERE ((a = 1) AND b)
-    #   ds.filter{|o| o.|({:a=>1}, :b)}    # SELECT * FROM t WHERE ((a = 1) OR b)
-    #   ds.filter{|o| o.~({:a=>1})}        # SELECT * FROM t WHERE (a != 1)
-    #   ds.filter{|o| o.~({:a=>1, :b=>2})} # SELECT * FROM t WHERE ((a != 1) OR (b != 2))
-    #
-    #   # Inequality Operators
-    #   ds.filter{|o| o.>(1, :a)}  # SELECT * FROM t WHERE (1 > a)
-    #   ds.filter{|o| o.<(2, :a)}  # SELECT * FROM t WHERE (2 < a)
-    #   ds.filter{|o| o.>=(3, :a)} # SELECT * FROM t WHERE (3 >= a)
-    #   ds.filter{|o| o.<=(4, :a)} # SELECT * FROM t WHERE (4 <= a)
-    #
-    #   # Literal Strings
-    #   ds.filter{{a=>`some SQL`}} # SELECT * FROM t WHERE (a = some SQL)
-    #
-    # For a more detailed explanation, see the {Virtual Rows guide}[rdoc-ref:doc/virtual_rows.rdoc].
-    class VirtualRow < BasicObject
-      QUESTION_MARK = LiteralString.new('?').freeze
-      DOUBLE_UNDERSCORE = '__'.freeze
-
-      include OperatorBuilders
-
-      %w'> < >= <='.each do |op|
-        class_eval(<<-END, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1)
-          def #{op}(*args)
-            SQL::BooleanExpression.new(:#{op}, *args)
-          end
-        END
-      end
-
-      # Return a literal string created with the given string.
-      def `(s)
-        Sequel::LiteralString.new(s)
-      end
-
-      # Return an +Identifier+, +QualifiedIdentifier+, or +Function+, depending
-      # on arguments and whether a block is provided.  Does not currently call the block.
-      # See the class level documentation.
-      def method_missing(m, *args, &block)
-        if block
-          if args.empty?
-            Function.new(m)
-          else
-            case args.shift
-            when :*
-              Function.new(m, *args).*
-            when :distinct
-              Function.new(m, *args).distinct
-            when :over
-              opts = args.shift || OPTS
-              f = Function.new(m, *::Kernel.Array(opts[:args]))
-              f = f.* if opts[:*]
-              f.over(opts)
-            else
-              Kernel.raise(Error, 'unsupported VirtualRow method argument used with block')
-            end
-          end
-        elsif args.empty?
-          table, column = m.to_s.split(DOUBLE_UNDERSCORE, 2)
-          column ? QualifiedIdentifier.new(table, column) : Identifier.new(m)
-        else
-          Function.new(m, *args)
-        end
-      end
-
-      Sequel::VIRTUAL_ROW = new
-    end
-
-    # A +Window+ is part of a window function specifying the window over which a window function operates.
-    class Window < Expression
-      # The options for this window.  Options currently supported:
-      # :frame :: if specified, should be :all, :rows, or a String that is used literally. :all always operates over all rows in the
-      #           partition, while :rows excludes the current row's later peers.  The default is to include
-      #           all previous rows in the partition up to the current row's last peer.
-      # :order :: order on the column(s) given
-      # :partition :: partition/group on the column(s) given
-      # :window :: base results on a previously specified named window
-      attr_reader :opts
-
-      # Set the options to the options given
-      def initialize(opts=OPTS)
-        @opts = opts
-      end
-
-      to_s_method :window_sql, '@opts'
-    end
-
-    # A +Wrapper+ is a simple way to wrap an existing object so that it supports
-    # the Sequel DSL.
-    class Wrapper < GenericExpression
-      # The underlying value wrapped by this object.
-      attr_reader :value
-
-      # Set the value wrapped by the object.
-      def initialize(value)
-        @value = value
-      end
-
-      to_s_method :literal, '@value'
-    end
-  end
-
-  # +LiteralString+ is used to represent literal SQL expressions. A 
-  # +LiteralString+ is copied verbatim into an SQL statement. Instances of
-  # +LiteralString+ can be created by calling <tt>Sequel.lit</tt>.
-  class LiteralString
-    include SQL::OrderMethods
-    include SQL::ComplexExpressionMethods
-    include SQL::BooleanMethods
-    include SQL::NumericMethods
-    include SQL::StringMethods
-    include SQL::InequalityMethods
-    include SQL::AliasMethods
-    include SQL::CastMethods
-      
-    # Return self if no args are given, otherwise return a SQL::PlaceholderLiteralString
-    # with the current string and the given args.
-    def lit(*args)
-      args.empty? ? self : SQL::PlaceholderLiteralString.new(self, args)
-    end
-      
-    # Convert a literal string to a SQL::Blob.
-    def to_sequel_blob
-      SQL::Blob.new(self)
-    end
-  end
-  
-  include SQL::Constants
-  extend SQL::Builders
-  extend SQL::OperatorBuilders
-end