asana2flowdock 1.0.0 → 1.1.0

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/1.9.1/gems/sequel-4.15.0/lib/sequel/model/base.rb

@@ -1,2306 +0,0 @@
-module Sequel
-  class Model
-    extend Enumerable
-    extend Inflections
-
-    # Class methods for Sequel::Model that implement basic model functionality.
-    #
-    # * All of the method names in Model::DATASET_METHODS have class methods created that call
-    #   the Model's dataset with the method of the same name with the given arguments.
-    module ClassMethods
-      # Which columns should be the only columns allowed in a call to a mass assignment method (e.g. set)
-      # (default: not set, so all columns not otherwise restricted are allowed).
-      attr_reader :allowed_columns
-
-      # Array of modules that extend this model's dataset.  Stored
-      # so that if the model's dataset is changed, it will be extended
-      # with all of these modules.
-      attr_reader :dataset_method_modules
-
-      # The default options to use for Model#set_fields.  These are merged with
-      # the options given to set_fields.
-      attr_accessor :default_set_fields_options
-
-      # SQL string fragment used for faster DELETE statement creation when deleting/destroying
-      # model instances, or nil if the optimization should not be used. For internal use only.
-      attr_reader :fast_instance_delete_sql
-
-      # The dataset that instance datasets (#this) are based on.  Generally a naked version of
-      # the model's dataset limited to one row.  For internal use only.
-      attr_reader :instance_dataset
-
-      # Array of plugin modules loaded by this class
-      #
-      #   Sequel::Model.plugins
-      #   # => [Sequel::Model, Sequel::Model::Associations]
-      attr_reader :plugins
-  
-      # The primary key for the class.  Sequel can determine this automatically for
-      # many databases, but not all, so you may need to set it manually.  If not
-      # determined automatically, the default is :id.
-      attr_reader :primary_key
-  
-      # Whether to raise an error instead of returning nil on a failure
-      # to save/create/save_changes/update/destroy due to a validation failure or
-      # a before_* hook returning false (default: true). 
-      attr_accessor :raise_on_save_failure
-  
-      # Whether to raise an error when unable to typecast data for a column
-      # (default: true).  This should be set to false if you want to use
-      # validations to display nice error messages to the user (e.g. most
-      # web applications).  You can use the validates_schema_types validation
-      # (from the validation_helpers plugin) in connection with this setting to
-      # check for typecast failures during validation.
-      attr_accessor :raise_on_typecast_failure
-      
-      # Whether to raise an error if an UPDATE or DELETE query related to
-      # a model instance does not modify exactly 1 row.  If set to false,
-      # Sequel will not check the number of rows modified (default: true).
-      attr_accessor :require_modification
-  
-      # Should be the literal primary key column name if this Model's table has a simple primary key, or
-      # nil if the model has a compound primary key or no primary key.
-      attr_reader :simple_pk
-  
-      # Should be the literal table name if this Model's dataset is a simple table (no select, order, join, etc.),
-      # or nil otherwise.  This and simple_pk are used for an optimization in Model.[].
-      attr_reader :simple_table
-  
-      # Whether new/set/update and their variants should raise an error
-      # if an invalid key is used.  A key is invalid if no setter method exists
-      # for that key or the access to the setter method is restricted (e.g. due to it
-      # being a primary key field).  If set to false, silently skip
-      # any key where the setter method doesn't exist or access to it is restricted.
-      attr_accessor :strict_param_setting
-  
-      # Whether to typecast the empty string ('') to nil for columns that
-      # are not string or blob.  In most cases the empty string would be the
-      # way to specify a NULL SQL value in string form (nil.to_s == ''),
-      # and an empty string would not usually be typecast correctly for other
-      # types, so the default is true.
-      attr_accessor :typecast_empty_string_to_nil
-  
-      # Whether to typecast attribute values on assignment (default: true).
-      # If set to false, no typecasting is done, so it will be left up to the
-      # database to typecast the value correctly.
-      attr_accessor :typecast_on_assignment
-  
-      # Whether to enable the after_commit and after_rollback hooks when saving/destroying
-      # instances.  On by default, can be turned off for performance reasons or when using
-      # prepared transactions (which aren't compatible with after commit/rollback).
-      attr_accessor :use_after_commit_rollback
-  
-      # Whether to use a transaction by default when saving/deleting records (default: true).
-      # If you are sending database queries in before_* or after_* hooks, you shouldn't change
-      # the default setting without a good reason.
-      attr_accessor :use_transactions
-  
-      # Returns the first record from the database matching the conditions.
-      # If a hash is given, it is used as the conditions.  If another
-      # object is given, it finds the first record whose primary key(s) match
-      # the given argument(s).  If no object is returned by the dataset, returns nil.
-      # 
-      #   Artist[1] # SELECT * FROM artists WHERE id = 1
-      #   # => #<Artist {:id=>1, ...}>
-      #
-      #   Artist[:name=>'Bob'] # SELECT * FROM artists WHERE (name = 'Bob') LIMIT 1
-      #   # => #<Artist {:name=>'Bob', ...}>
-      def [](*args)
-        args = args.first if args.size <= 1
-        args.is_a?(Hash) ? first_where(args) : (primary_key_lookup(args) unless args.nil?)
-      end
-
-      # Initializes a model instance as an existing record. This constructor is
-      # used by Sequel to initialize model instances when fetching records.
-      # Requires that values be a hash where all keys are symbols. It
-      # probably should not be used by external code.
-      def call(values)
-        o = allocate
-        o.instance_variable_set(:@values, values)
-        o
-      end
-      
-      # Clear the setter_methods cache
-      def clear_setter_methods_cache
-        @setter_methods = nil
-      end
-  
-      # Returns the columns in the result set in their original order.
-      # Generally, this will use the columns determined via the database
-      # schema, but in certain cases (e.g. models that are based on a joined
-      # dataset) it will use <tt>Dataset#columns</tt> to find the columns.
-      #
-      #   Artist.columns
-      #   # => [:id, :name]
-      def columns
-        @columns || set_columns(dataset.naked.columns)
-      end
-    
-      # Creates instance using new with the given values and block, and saves it.
-      # 
-      #   Artist.create(:name=>'Bob')
-      #   # INSERT INTO artists (name) VALUES ('Bob')
-      #
-      #   Artist.create do |a|
-      #     a.name = 'Jim'
-      #   end # INSERT INTO artists (name) VALUES ('Jim')
-      def create(values = {}, &block)
-        new(values, &block).save
-      end
-  
-      # Returns the dataset associated with the Model class.  Raises
-      # an +Error+ if there is no associated dataset for this class.
-      # In most cases, you don't need to call this directly, as Model
-      # proxies many dataset methods to the underlying dataset.
-      #
-      #   Artist.dataset.all # SELECT * FROM artists
-      def dataset
-        @dataset || raise(Error, "No dataset associated with #{self}")
-      end
-
-      # Alias of set_dataset
-      def dataset=(ds)
-        set_dataset(ds)
-      end
-
-      # Extend the dataset with a module, similar to adding
-      # a plugin with the methods defined in DatasetMethods.
-      # This is the recommended way to add methods to model datasets.
-      #
-      # If an argument, it should be a module, and is used to extend
-      # the underlying dataset.  Otherwise an anonymous module is created, and
-      # if a block is given, it is module_evaled, allowing you do define
-      # dataset methods directly using the standard ruby def syntax.
-      # Returns the module given or the anonymous module created.
-      #
-      #   # Usage with existing module
-      #   Artist.dataset_module Sequel::ColumnsIntrospection
-      #
-      #   # Usage with anonymous module
-      #   Artist.dataset_module do
-      #     def foo
-      #       :bar
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #   Artist.dataset.foo
-      #   # => :bar
-      #   Artist.foo
-      #   # => :bar
-      #
-      # Any anonymous modules created are actually instances of Sequel::Model::DatasetModule
-      # (a Module subclass), which allows you to call the subset method on them:
-      #
-      #   Artist.dataset_module do
-      #     subset :released, Sequel.identifier(release_date) > Sequel::CURRENT_DATE
-      #   end
-      #
-      # Any public methods in the dataset module will have class methods created that
-      # call the method on the dataset, assuming that the class method is not already
-      # defined.
-      def dataset_module(mod = nil)
-        if mod
-          raise Error, "can't provide both argument and block to Model.dataset_module" if block_given?
-          dataset_extend(mod)
-          mod
-        else
-          @dataset_module ||= DatasetModule.new(self)
-          @dataset_module.module_eval(&Proc.new) if block_given?
-          dataset_extend(@dataset_module)
-          @dataset_module
-        end
-      end
-    
-      # Returns the database associated with the Model class.
-      # If this model doesn't have a database associated with it,
-      # assumes the superclass's database, or the first object in
-      # Sequel::DATABASES.  If no Sequel::Database object has
-      # been created, raises an error.
-      #
-      #   Artist.db.transaction do # BEGIN
-      #     Artist.create(:name=>'Bob')
-      #     # INSERT INTO artists (name) VALUES ('Bob')
-      #   end # COMMIT
-      def db
-        return @db if @db
-        @db = self == Model ? Sequel.synchronize{DATABASES.first} : superclass.db
-        raise(Error, "No database associated with #{self}: have you called Sequel.connect or #{self}.db= ?") unless @db
-        @db
-      end
-      
-      # Sets the database associated with the Model class. If the
-      # model has an associated dataset, sets the model's dataset
-      # to a dataset on the new database with the same options
-      # used by the current dataset.  This can be used directly on
-      # Sequel::Model to set the default database to be used
-      # by subclasses, or to override the database used for specific
-      # models:
-      #
-      #   Sequel::Model.db = DB1
-      #   Artist.db = DB2
-      #
-      # Note that you should not use this to change the model's database
-      # at runtime.  If you have that need, you should look into Sequel's
-      # sharding support.
-      def db=(db)
-        @db = db
-        set_dataset(db.dataset.clone(@dataset.opts)) if @dataset
-      end
-      
-      # Returns the cached schema information if available or gets it
-      # from the database.  This is a hash where keys are column symbols
-      # and values are hashes of information related to the column.  See
-      # <tt>Database#schema</tt>.
-      #
-      #   Artist.db_schema
-      #   # {:id=>{:type=>:integer, :primary_key=>true, ...},
-      #   #  :name=>{:type=>:string, :primary_key=>false, ...}} 
-      def db_schema
-        @db_schema ||= get_db_schema
-      end
-  
-      # Create a column alias, where the column methods have one name, but the underlying storage uses a
-      # different name.
-      def def_column_alias(meth, column)
-        clear_setter_methods_cache
-        overridable_methods_module.module_eval do
-          define_method(meth){self[column]}
-          define_method("#{meth}="){|v| self[column] = v}
-        end
-      end
-  
-      # If a block is given, define a method on the dataset (if the model currently has an dataset)  with the given argument name using
-      # the given block.  Also define a class method on the model that calls the
-      # dataset method.  Stores the method name and block so that it can be reapplied if the model's
-      # dataset changes.
-      #
-      # If a block is not given, just define a class method on the model for each argument
-      # that calls the dataset method of the same argument name.
-      #
-      # It is recommended that you define methods inside a block passed to #dataset_module
-      # instead of using this method, as #dataset_module allows you to use normal
-      # ruby def syntax.
-      #
-      #   # Add new dataset method and class method that calls it
-      #   Artist.def_dataset_method(:by_name){order(:name)}
-      #   Artist.filter(:name.like('A%')).by_name
-      #   Artist.by_name.filter(:name.like('A%'))
-      #
-      #   # Just add a class method that calls an existing dataset method
-      #   Artist.def_dataset_method(:server!)
-      #   Artist.server!(:server1)
-      def def_dataset_method(*args, &block)
-        raise(Error, "No arguments given") if args.empty?
-
-        if block
-          raise(Error, "Defining a dataset method using a block requires only one argument") if args.length > 1
-          dataset_module{define_method(args.first, &block)}
-        else
-          args.each{|arg| def_model_dataset_method(arg)}
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Finds a single record according to the supplied filter.
-      # You are encouraged to use Model.[] or Model.first instead of this method.
-      #
-      #   Artist.find(:name=>'Bob')
-      #   # SELECT * FROM artists WHERE (name = 'Bob') LIMIT 1
-      #
-      #   Artist.find{name > 'M'}
-      #   # SELECT * FROM artists WHERE (name > 'M') LIMIT 1
-      def find(*args, &block)
-        if args.length == 1 && !block
-          # Use optimized finder
-          first_where(args.first)
-        else
-          filter(*args, &block).first
-        end
-      end
-      
-      # Like +find+ but invokes create with given conditions when record does not
-      # exist.  Unlike +find+ in that the block used in this method is not passed
-      # to +find+, but instead is passed to +create+ only if +find+ does not
-      # return an object.
-      #
-      #   Artist.find_or_create(:name=>'Bob')
-      #   # SELECT * FROM artists WHERE (name = 'Bob') LIMIT 1
-      #   # INSERT INTO artists (name) VALUES ('Bob')
-      #
-      #   Artist.find_or_create(:name=>'Jim'){|a| a.hometown = 'Sactown'}
-      #   # SELECT * FROM artists WHERE (name = 'Jim') LIMIT 1
-      #   # INSERT INTO artists (name, hometown) VALUES ('Jim', 'Sactown')
-      def find_or_create(cond, &block)
-        find(cond) || create(cond, &block)
-      end
-    
-
-      FINDER_TYPES = [:first, :all, :each, :get].freeze
-
-      # Create an optimized finder method using a dataset placeholder literalizer.
-      # This pre-computes the SQL to use for the query, except for given arguments.
-      #
-      # There are two ways to use this.  The recommended way is to pass a symbol
-      # that represents a model class method that returns a dataset:
-      #
-      #   def Artist.by_name(name)
-      #     where(:name=>name)
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   Artist.finder :by_name
-      #
-      # This creates an optimized first_by_name method, which you can call normally:
-      #
-      #   Artist.first_by_name("Joe")
-      #
-      # The alternative way to use this to pass your own block:
-      #
-      #   Artist.finder(:name=>:first_by_name){|pl, ds| ds.where(:name=>pl.arg).limit(1)}
-      #
-      # Note that if you pass your own block, you are responsible for manually setting
-      # limits if necessary (as shown above).
-      #
-      # Options:
-      # :arity :: When using a symbol method name, this specifies the arity of the method.
-      #           This should be used if if the method accepts an arbitrary number of arguments,
-      #           or the method has default argument values.  Note that if the method is defined
-      #           as a dataset method, the class method Sequel creates accepts an arbitrary number
-      #           of arguments, so you should use this option in that case.  If you want to handle
-      #           multiple possible arities, you need to call the finder method multiple times with
-      #           unique :arity and :name methods each time.
-      # :name :: The name of the method to create.  This must be given if you pass a block.
-      #          If you use a symbol, this defaults to the symbol prefixed by the type.
-      # :mod :: The module in which to create the finder method.  Defaults to the singleton
-      #         class of the model.
-      # :type :: The type of query to run.  Can be :first, :each, :all, or :get, defaults to
-      #          :first.
-      #
-      # Caveats:
-      #
-      # This doesn't handle all possible cases.  For example, if you have a method such as:
-      #
-      #   def Artist.by_name(name)
-      #     name ? where(:name=>name) : exclude(:name=>nil)
-      #   end
-      #
-      # Then calling a finder without an argument will not work as you expect.
-      #
-      #   Artist.finder :by_name
-      #   Artist.by_name(nil).first
-      #   # WHERE (name IS NOT NULL)
-      #   Artist.first_by_name(nil)
-      #   # WHERE (name IS NULL)
-      #
-      # See Dataset::PlaceholderLiteralizer for additional caveats.
-      def finder(meth=OPTS, opts=OPTS, &block)
-        if block
-          raise Error, "cannot pass both a method name argument and a block of Model.finder" unless meth.is_a?(Hash)
-          raise Error, "cannot pass two option hashes to Model.finder" unless opts.equal?(OPTS)
-          opts = meth
-          raise Error, "must provide method name via :name option when passing block to Model.finder" unless meth_name = opts[:name]
-        end
-
-        type = opts.fetch(:type, :first)
-        unless prepare = opts[:prepare]
-          raise Error, ":type option to Model.finder must be :first, :all, :each, or :get" unless FINDER_TYPES.include?(type)
-        end
-        limit1 = type == :first || type == :get
-        meth_name ||= opts[:name] || :"#{type}_#{meth}"
-
-        argn = lambda do |model|
-          if arity = opts[:arity]
-            arity
-          else
-            method = block || model.method(meth)
-            (method.arity < 0 ? method.arity.abs - 1 : method.arity)
-          end
-        end
-
-        loader_proc = if prepare
-          proc do |model|
-            args = prepare_method_args('$a', argn.call(model))
-            ds = if block
-              model.instance_exec(*args, &block)
-            else
-              model.send(meth, *args)
-            end
-            ds = ds.limit(1) if limit1
-            model_name = model.name
-            if model_name.to_s.empty?
-              model_name = model.object_id
-            else
-              model_name = model_name.gsub(/\W/, '_')
-            end
-            ds.prepare(type, :"#{model_name}_#{meth_name}")
-          end
-        else
-          proc do |model|
-            n = argn.call(model)
-            block ||= lambda do |pl, model2|
-              args = (0...n).map{pl.arg}
-              ds = model2.send(meth, *args)
-              ds = ds.limit(1) if limit1
-              ds
-            end
-
-            Sequel::Dataset::PlaceholderLiteralizer.loader(model, &block) 
-          end
-        end
-
-        Sequel.synchronize{@finder_loaders[meth_name] = loader_proc}
-        mod = opts[:mod] || (class << self; self; end)
-        if prepare
-          def_prepare_method(mod, meth_name)
-        else
-          def_finder_method(mod, meth_name, type)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # An alias for calling first on the model's dataset, but with
-      # optimized handling of the single argument case.
-      def first(*args, &block)
-        if args.length == 1 && !block && !args.first.is_a?(Integer)
-          # Use optimized finder
-          first_where(args.first)
-        else
-          dataset.first(*args, &block)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # An alias for calling first! on the model's dataset, but with
-      # optimized handling of the single argument case.
-      def first!(*args, &block)
-        first(*args, &block) || raise(Sequel::NoMatchingRow)
-      end
-
-      # Clear the setter_methods cache when a module is included, as it
-      # may contain setter methods.
-      def include(*mods)
-        clear_setter_methods_cache
-        super
-      end
-
-      # If possible, set the dataset for the model subclass as soon as it
-      # is created.  Also, make sure the inherited class instance variables
-      # are copied into the subclass.
-      #
-      # Sequel queries the database to get schema information as soon as
-      # a model class is created:
-      #
-      #   class Artist < Sequel::Model # Causes schema query
-      #   end
-      def inherited(subclass)
-        super
-        ivs = subclass.instance_variables.collect{|x| x.to_s}
-        inherited_instance_variables.each do |iv, dup|
-          next if ivs.include?(iv.to_s)
-          if (sup_class_value = instance_variable_get(iv)) && dup
-            sup_class_value = case dup
-            when :dup
-              sup_class_value.dup
-            when :hash_dup
-              h = {}
-              sup_class_value.each{|k,v| h[k] = v.dup}
-              h
-            when Proc
-              dup.call(sup_class_value)
-            else
-              raise Error, "bad inherited instance variable type: #{dup.inspect}"
-            end
-          end
-          subclass.instance_variable_set(iv, sup_class_value)
-        end
-        unless ivs.include?("@dataset")
-          if self == Model || !@dataset
-            n = subclass.name
-            unless n.nil? || n.empty?
-              db
-              subclass.set_dataset(subclass.implicit_table_name) rescue nil
-            end
-          elsif @dataset
-            subclass.set_dataset(@dataset.clone, :inherited=>true) rescue nil
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns the implicit table name for the model class, which is the demodulized,
-      # underscored, pluralized name of the class.
-      #
-      #   Artist.implicit_table_name # => :artists
-      #   Foo::ArtistAlias.implicit_table_name # => :artist_aliases
-      def implicit_table_name
-        pluralize(underscore(demodulize(name))).to_sym
-      end
-  
-      # Calls #call with the values hash.  Only for backwards compatibility.
-      def load(values)
-        call(values)
-      end
-
-      # Clear the setter_methods cache when a setter method is added
-      def method_added(meth)
-        clear_setter_methods_cache if meth.to_s =~ SETTER_METHOD_REGEXP
-        super
-      end
-  
-      # Mark the model as not having a primary key. Not having a primary key
-      # can cause issues, among which is that you won't be able to update records.
-      #
-      #   Artist.primary_key # => :id
-      #   Artist.no_primary_key
-      #   Artist.primary_key # => nil
-      def no_primary_key
-        clear_setter_methods_cache
-        self.simple_pk = @primary_key = nil
-      end
-      
-      # Loads a plugin for use with the model class, passing optional arguments
-      # to the plugin.  If the plugin is a module, load it directly.  Otherwise,
-      # require the plugin from either sequel/plugins/#{plugin} or
-      # sequel_#{plugin}, and then attempt to load the module using a
-      # the camelized plugin name under Sequel::Plugins.
-      def plugin(plugin, *args, &block)
-        m = plugin.is_a?(Module) ? plugin : plugin_module(plugin)
-        unless @plugins.include?(m)
-          @plugins << m
-          m.apply(self, *args, &block) if m.respond_to?(:apply)
-          extend(m::ClassMethods) if plugin_module_defined?(m, :ClassMethods)
-          include(m::InstanceMethods) if plugin_module_defined?(m, :InstanceMethods)
-          if plugin_module_defined?(m, :DatasetMethods)
-            dataset_extend(m::DatasetMethods, :create_class_methods=>false)
-          end
-        end
-        m.configure(self, *args, &block) if m.respond_to?(:configure)
-      end
-
-      # Returns primary key attribute hash.  If using a composite primary key
-      # value such be an array with values for each primary key in the correct
-      # order.  For a standard primary key, value should be an object with a
-      # compatible type for the key.  If the model does not have a primary key,
-      # raises an +Error+.
-      #
-      #   Artist.primary_key_hash(1) # => {:id=>1}
-      #   Artist.primary_key_hash([1, 2]) # => {:id1=>1, :id2=>2}
-      def primary_key_hash(value)
-        raise(Error, "#{self} does not have a primary key") unless key = @primary_key
-        case key
-        when Array
-          hash = {}
-          key.each_with_index{|k,i| hash[k] = value[i]}
-          hash
-        else
-          {key => value}
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Return a hash where the keys are qualified column references.  Uses the given
-      # qualifier if provided, or the table_name otherwise. This is useful if you
-      # plan to join other tables to this table and you want the column references
-      # to be qualified.
-      #
-      #   Artist.filter(Artist.qualified_primary_key_hash(1))
-      #   # SELECT * FROM artists WHERE (artists.id = 1)
-      def qualified_primary_key_hash(value, qualifier=table_name)
-        h = primary_key_hash(value)
-        h.to_a.each{|k,v| h[SQL::QualifiedIdentifier.new(qualifier, k)] = h.delete(k)}
-        h
-      end
-  
-      # Similar to finder, but uses a prepared statement instead of a placeholder
-      # literalizer. This makes the SQL used static (cannot vary per call), but
-      # allows binding argument values instead of literalizing them into the SQL
-      # query string.
-      #
-      # If a block is used with this method, it is instance_execed by the model,
-      # and should accept the desired number of placeholder arguments.
-      #
-      # The options are the same as the options for finder, with the following
-      # exception:
-      # :type :: Specifies the type of prepared statement to create
-      def prepared_finder(meth=OPTS, opts=OPTS, &block)
-        if block
-          raise Error, "cannot pass both a method name argument and a block of Model.finder" unless meth.is_a?(Hash)
-          meth = meth.merge(:prepare=>true)
-        else
-          opts = opts.merge(:prepare=>true)
-        end
-        finder(meth, opts, &block)
-      end
-
-      # Restrict the setting of the primary key(s) when using mass assignment (e.g. +set+).  Because
-      # this is the default, this only make sense to use in a subclass where the
-      # parent class has used +unrestrict_primary_key+.
-      def restrict_primary_key
-        clear_setter_methods_cache
-        @restrict_primary_key = true
-      end
-  
-      # Whether or not setting the primary key(s) when using mass assignment (e.g. +set+) is
-      # restricted, true by default.
-      def restrict_primary_key?
-        @restrict_primary_key
-      end
-  
-      # Set the columns to allow when using mass assignment (e.g. +set+).  Using this means that
-      # any columns not listed here will not be modified.  If you have any virtual
-      # setter methods (methods that end in =) that you want to be used during
-      # mass assignment, they need to be listed here as well (without the =).
-      #
-      # It may be better to use a method such as +set_only+ or +set_fields+ that lets you specify
-      # the allowed fields per call.
-      #
-      #   Artist.set_allowed_columns(:name, :hometown)
-      #   Artist.set(:name=>'Bob', :hometown=>'Sactown') # No Error
-      #   Artist.set(:name=>'Bob', :records_sold=>30000) # Error
-      def set_allowed_columns(*cols)
-        clear_setter_methods_cache
-        @allowed_columns = cols
-      end
-  
-      # Sets the dataset associated with the Model class. +ds+ can be a +Symbol+,
-      # +LiteralString+, <tt>SQL::Identifier</tt>, <tt>SQL::QualifiedIdentifier</tt>,
-      # <tt>SQL::AliasedExpression</tt>
-      # (all specifying a table name in the current database), or a +Dataset+.
-      # If a dataset is used, the model's database is changed to the database of the given
-      # dataset.  If a dataset is not used, a dataset is created from the current
-      # database with the table name given. Other arguments raise an +Error+.
-      # Returns self.
-      #
-      # This changes the row_proc of the dataset to return
-      # model objects and extends the dataset with the dataset_method_modules.
-      # It also attempts to determine the database schema for the model,
-      # based on the given dataset.
-      #
-      #   Artist.set_dataset(:tbl_artists)
-      #   Artist.set_dataset(DB[:artists])
-      #
-      # Note that you should not use this to change the model's dataset
-      # at runtime.  If you have that need, you should look into Sequel's
-      # sharding support.
-      def set_dataset(ds, opts=OPTS)
-        inherited = opts[:inherited]
-        @dataset = convert_input_dataset(ds)
-        @require_modification = Sequel::Model.require_modification.nil? ? @dataset.provides_accurate_rows_matched? : Sequel::Model.require_modification
-        if inherited
-          self.simple_table = superclass.simple_table
-          @columns = @dataset.columns rescue nil
-        else
-          @dataset_method_modules.each{|m| @dataset.extend(m)} if @dataset_method_modules
-        end
-        @dataset.model = self if @dataset.respond_to?(:model=)
-        check_non_connection_error{@db_schema = (inherited ? superclass.db_schema : get_db_schema)}
-        reset_instance_dataset
-        self
-      end
-
-      # Sets the primary key for this model. You can use either a regular 
-      # or a composite primary key.  To not use a primary key, set to nil
-      # or use +no_primary_key+.  On most adapters, Sequel can automatically
-      # determine the primary key to use, so this method is not needed often.
-      #
-      #   class Person < Sequel::Model
-      #     # regular key
-      #     set_primary_key :person_id
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   class Tagging < Sequel::Model
-      #     # composite key
-      #     set_primary_key [:taggable_id, :tag_id]
-      #   end
-      def set_primary_key(key)
-        clear_setter_methods_cache
-        if key.is_a?(Array)
-          if key.length < 2
-            key = key.first
-          else
-            key = key.dup.freeze
-          end
-        end
-        self.simple_pk = if key && !key.is_a?(Array)
-          (@dataset || db).literal(key)
-        end
-        @primary_key = key
-      end
-  
-      # Cache of setter methods to allow by default, in order to speed up new/set/update instance methods.
-      def setter_methods
-        @setter_methods ||= get_setter_methods
-      end
-
-      # Sets up a dataset method that returns a filtered dataset.
-      # Sometimes thought of as a scope, and like most dataset methods,
-      # they can be chained.
-      # For example:
-      #
-      #   Topic.subset(:joes, :username.like('%joe%'))
-      #   Topic.subset(:popular){num_posts > 100}
-      #   Topic.subset(:recent){created_on > Date.today - 7}
-      #
-      # Allows you to do:
-      #
-      #   Topic.joes.recent.popular
-      #
-      # to get topics with a username that includes joe that
-      # have more than 100 posts and were created less than
-      # 7 days ago.
-      #
-      # Both the args given and the block are passed to <tt>Dataset#filter</tt>.
-      #
-      # This method creates dataset methods that do not accept arguments.  To create
-      # dataset methods that accept arguments, you should use define a
-      # method directly inside a #dataset_module block.
-      def subset(name, *args, &block)
-        dataset_module.subset(name, *args, &block)
-      end
-      
-      # Returns name of primary table for the dataset. If the table for the dataset
-      # is aliased, returns the aliased name.
-      #
-      #   Artist.table_name # => :artists
-      #   Sequel::Model(:foo).table_name # => :foo
-      #   Sequel::Model(:foo___bar).table_name # => :bar
-      def table_name
-        dataset.first_source_alias
-      end
-  
-      # Allow the setting of the primary key(s) when using the mass assignment methods.
-      # Using this method can open up security issues, be very careful before using it.
-      #
-      #   Artist.set(:id=>1) # Error
-      #   Artist.unrestrict_primary_key
-      #   Artist.set(:id=>1) # No Error
-      def unrestrict_primary_key
-        clear_setter_methods_cache
-        @restrict_primary_key = false
-      end
-
-      # Return the model instance with the primary key, or nil if there is no matching record.
-      def with_pk(pk)
-        primary_key_lookup(pk)
-      end
-
-      # Return the model instance with the primary key, or raise NoMatchingRow if there is no matching record.
-      def with_pk!(pk)
-        with_pk(pk) || raise(NoMatchingRow)
-      end
-  
-      # Add model methods that call dataset methods
-      Plugins.def_dataset_methods(self, DATASET_METHODS)
-  
-      private
-      
-      # Yield to the passed block and swallow all errors other than DatabaseConnectionErrors.
-      def check_non_connection_error
-        begin
-          yield
-        rescue Sequel::DatabaseConnectionError
-          raise
-        rescue
-          nil
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Convert the given object to a Dataset that should be used as
-      # this model's dataset.
-      def convert_input_dataset(ds)
-        case ds
-        when Symbol, SQL::Identifier, SQL::QualifiedIdentifier, SQL::AliasedExpression, LiteralString
-          self.simple_table = db.literal(ds)
-          ds = db.from(ds)
-        when Dataset
-          self.simple_table = if ds.send(:simple_select_all?)
-            ds.literal(ds.first_source_table)
-          end
-          @db = ds.db
-        else
-          raise(Error, "Model.set_dataset takes one of the following classes as an argument: Symbol, LiteralString, SQL::Identifier, SQL::QualifiedIdentifier, SQL::AliasedExpression, Dataset")
-        end
-        set_dataset_row_proc(ds)
-        ds
-      end
-
-      # Add the module to the class's dataset_method_modules.  Extend the dataset with the
-      # module if the model has a dataset.  Add dataset methods to the class for all
-      # public dataset methods.
-      def dataset_extend(mod, opts=OPTS)
-        @dataset.extend(mod) if @dataset
-        reset_instance_dataset
-        dataset_method_modules << mod
-        unless opts[:create_class_methods] == false
-          mod.public_instance_methods.each{|meth| def_model_dataset_method(meth)}
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Create a column accessor for a column with a method name that is hard to use in ruby code.
-      def def_bad_column_accessor(column)
-        overridable_methods_module.module_eval do
-          define_method(column){self[column]}
-          define_method("#{column}="){|v| self[column] = v}
-        end
-      end
-  
-      # Create the column accessors.  For columns that can be used as method names directly in ruby code,
-      # use a string to define the method for speed.  For other columns names, use a block.
-      def def_column_accessor(*columns)
-        clear_setter_methods_cache
-        columns, bad_columns = columns.partition{|x| NORMAL_METHOD_NAME_REGEXP.match(x.to_s)}
-        bad_columns.each{|x| def_bad_column_accessor(x)}
-        im = instance_methods.collect{|x| x.to_s}
-        columns.each do |column|
-          meth = "#{column}="
-          overridable_methods_module.module_eval("def #{column}; self[:#{column}] end", __FILE__, __LINE__) unless im.include?(column.to_s)
-          overridable_methods_module.module_eval("def #{meth}(v); self[:#{column}] = v end", __FILE__, __LINE__) unless im.include?(meth)
-        end
-      end
-  
-      # Define a model method that calls the dataset method with the same name,
-      # only used for methods with names that can't be presented directly in
-      # ruby code.
-      def def_model_dataset_method(meth)
-        return if respond_to?(meth, true)
-
-        if meth.to_s =~ NORMAL_METHOD_NAME_REGEXP
-          instance_eval("def #{meth}(*args, &block); dataset.#{meth}(*args, &block) end", __FILE__, __LINE__)
-        else
-          (class << self; self; end).send(:define_method, meth){|*args, &block| dataset.send(meth, *args, &block)}
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Define a finder method in the given module with the given method name that
-      # load rows using the finder with the given name.
-      def def_finder_method(mod, meth, type)
-        mod.send(:define_method, meth){|*args, &block| finder_for(meth).send(type, *args, &block)}
-      end
-
-      # Define a prepared_finder method in the given module that will call the associated prepared
-      # statement.
-      def def_prepare_method(mod, meth)
-        mod.send(:define_method, meth){|*args, &block| finder_for(meth).call(prepare_method_arg_hash(args), &block)}
-      end
-
-      # Find the finder to use for the give method.  If a finder has not been loaded
-      # for the method, load the finder and set correctly in the finders hash, then
-      # return the finder.
-      def finder_for(meth)
-        unless finder = Sequel.synchronize{@finders[meth]}
-          finder_loader = @finder_loaders.fetch(meth)
-          finder = finder_loader.call(self)
-          Sequel.synchronize{@finders[meth] = finder}
-        end
-        finder
-      end
-
-      # Get the schema from the database, fall back on checking the columns
-      # via the database if that will return inaccurate results or if
-      # it raises an error.
-      def get_db_schema(reload = false)
-        set_columns(nil)
-        return nil unless @dataset
-        schema_hash = {}
-        ds_opts = dataset.opts
-        get_columns = proc{check_non_connection_error{columns} || []}
-        schema_array = check_non_connection_error{db.schema(dataset, :reload=>reload)} if db.supports_schema_parsing?
-        if schema_array
-          schema_array.each{|k,v| schema_hash[k] = v}
-
-          # Set the primary key(s) based on the schema information,
-          # if the schema information includes primary key information
-          if schema_array.all?{|k,v| v.has_key?(:primary_key)}
-            pks = schema_array.collect{|k,v| k if v[:primary_key]}.compact
-            pks.length > 0 ? set_primary_key(pks) : no_primary_key
-          end
-
-          if (select = ds_opts[:select]) && !(select.length == 1 && select.first.is_a?(SQL::ColumnAll))
-            # We don't remove the columns from the schema_hash,
-            # as it's possible they will be used for typecasting
-            # even if they are not selected.
-            cols = get_columns.call
-            cols.each{|c| schema_hash[c] ||= {}}
-            def_column_accessor(*schema_hash.keys)
-          else
-            # Dataset is for a single table with all columns,
-            # so set the columns based on the order they were
-            # returned by the schema.
-            cols = schema_array.collect{|k,v| k}
-            set_columns(cols)
-            # Also set the columns for the dataset, so the dataset
-            # doesn't have to do a query to get them.
-            dataset.instance_variable_set(:@columns, cols)
-          end
-        else
-          # If the dataset uses multiple tables or custom sql or getting
-          # the schema raised an error, just get the columns and
-          # create an empty schema hash for it.
-          get_columns.call.each{|c| schema_hash[c] = {}}
-        end
-        schema_hash
-      end
-      
-      # Uncached version of setter_methods, to be overridden by plugins
-      # that want to modify the methods used.
-      def get_setter_methods
-        if allowed_columns
-          allowed_columns.map{|x| "#{x}="}
-        else
-          meths = instance_methods.collect{|x| x.to_s}.grep(SETTER_METHOD_REGEXP) - RESTRICTED_SETTER_METHODS
-          meths -= Array(primary_key).map{|x| "#{x}="} if primary_key && restrict_primary_key?
-          meths
-        end
-      end
-  
-      # A hash of instance variables to automatically set up in subclasses.
-      # See Sequel::Model::INHERITED_INSTANCE_VARIABLES.  It is safe to modify
-      # the hash returned by this method, though it may not be safe to modify
-      # values of the hash.
-      def inherited_instance_variables
-        INHERITED_INSTANCE_VARIABLES.dup
-      end
-    
-      # For the given opts hash and default name or :class option, add a
-      # :class_name option unless already present which contains the name
-      # of the class to use as a string.  The purpose is to allow late
-      # binding to the class later using constantize.
-      def late_binding_class_option(opts, default)
-        case opts[:class]
-          when String, Symbol
-            # Delete :class to allow late binding
-            opts[:class_name] ||= opts.delete(:class).to_s
-          when Class
-            opts[:class_name] ||= opts[:class].name
-        end
-        opts[:class_name] ||= ((name || '').split("::")[0..-2] + [camelize(default)]).join('::')
-      end
-  
-      # Module that the class includes that holds methods the class adds for column accessors and
-      # associations so that the methods can be overridden with +super+.
-      def overridable_methods_module
-        include(@overridable_methods_module = Module.new) unless @overridable_methods_module
-        @overridable_methods_module
-      end
-      
-      # Returns the module for the specified plugin. If the module is not 
-      # defined, the corresponding plugin required.
-      def plugin_module(plugin)
-        module_name = plugin.to_s.gsub(/(^|_)(.)/){|x| x[-1..-1].upcase}
-        if !Sequel::Plugins.const_defined?(module_name) ||
-           (Sequel.const_defined?(module_name) &&
-            Sequel::Plugins.const_get(module_name) == Sequel.const_get(module_name))
-          begin
-            require "sequel/plugins/#{plugin}"
-          rescue LoadError => e
-            begin
-              require "sequel_#{plugin}"
-            rescue LoadError => e2
-              e.message << "; #{e2.message}"
-              raise e
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        Sequel::Plugins.const_get(module_name)
-      end
-
-      # Check if the plugin module +plugin+ defines the constant named by +submod+.
-      def plugin_module_defined?(plugin, submod)
-        if RUBY_VERSION >= '1.9'
-          plugin.const_defined?(submod, false)
-        else
-        # :nocov:
-          plugin.const_defined?(submod)
-        # :nocov:
-        end
-      end
-  
-      # An hash of prepared argument values for the given arguments, with keys
-      # starting at a.  Used by the methods created by prepared_finder.
-      def prepare_method_arg_hash(args)
-        h = {}
-        prepare_method_args('a', args.length).zip(args).each{|k, v| h[k] = v}
-        h
-      end
-
-      # An array of prepared statement argument names, of length n and starting with base.
-      def prepare_method_args(base, n)
-        (0...n).map do
-          s = base.to_sym
-          base = base.next
-          s
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Find the row in the dataset that matches the primary key.  Uses
-      # a static SQL optimization if the table and primary key are simple.
-      #
-      # This method should not be called with a nil primary key, in case
-      # it is overridden by plugins which assume that the passed argument
-      # is valid.
-      def primary_key_lookup(pk)
-        if sql = @fast_pk_lookup_sql
-          sql = sql.dup
-          ds = dataset
-          ds.literal_append(sql, pk)
-          ds.fetch_rows(sql){|r| return ds.row_proc.call(r)}
-          nil
-        elsif dataset.joined_dataset?
-          first_where(qualified_primary_key_hash(pk))
-        else
-          first_where(primary_key_hash(pk))
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Reset the cached fast primary lookup SQL if a simple table and primary key
-      # are used, or set it to nil if not used.
-      def reset_fast_pk_lookup_sql
-        @fast_pk_lookup_sql = if @simple_table && @simple_pk
-          "SELECT * FROM #@simple_table WHERE #@simple_pk = ".freeze
-        end
-        @fast_instance_delete_sql = if @simple_table && @simple_pk
-          "DELETE FROM #@simple_table WHERE #@simple_pk = ".freeze
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Reset the instance dataset to a modified copy of the current dataset,
-      # should be used whenever the model's dataset is modified.
-      def reset_instance_dataset
-        @finders.clear if @finders
-        @instance_dataset = @dataset.limit(1).naked if @dataset
-      end
-  
-      # Set the columns for this model and create accessor methods for each column.
-      def set_columns(new_columns)
-        @columns = new_columns
-        def_column_accessor(*new_columns) if new_columns
-        @columns
-      end
-
-      # Set the dataset's row_proc to the current model.
-      def set_dataset_row_proc(ds)
-        ds.row_proc = self
-      end
-
-      # Reset the fast primary key lookup SQL when the simple_pk value changes.
-      def simple_pk=(pk)
-        @simple_pk = pk
-        reset_fast_pk_lookup_sql
-      end
-
-      # Reset the fast primary key lookup SQL when the simple_table value changes.
-      def simple_table=(t)
-        @simple_table = t
-        reset_fast_pk_lookup_sql
-      end
-
-      # Returns a copy of the model's dataset with custom SQL
-      #
-      #   Artist.fetch("SELECT * FROM artists WHERE name LIKE 'A%'")
-      #   Artist.fetch("SELECT * FROM artists WHERE id = ?", 1)
-      alias fetch with_sql
-    end
-
-    # Sequel::Model instance methods that implement basic model functionality.
-    #
-    # * All of the methods in +HOOKS+ and +AROUND_HOOKS+ create instance methods that are called
-    #   by Sequel when the appropriate action occurs.  For example, when destroying
-    #   a model object, Sequel will call +around_destroy+, which will call +before_destroy+, do
-    #   the destroy, and then call +after_destroy+.
-    # * The following instance_methods all call the class method of the same
-    #   name: columns, db, primary_key, db_schema.
-    # * All of the methods in +BOOLEAN_SETTINGS+ create attr_writers allowing you
-    #   to set values for the attribute.  It also creates instance getters returning
-    #   the value of the setting.  If the value has not yet been set, it
-    #   gets the default value from the class by calling the class method of the same name.
-    module InstanceMethods
-      HOOKS.each{|h| class_eval("def #{h}; end", __FILE__, __LINE__)}
-      AROUND_HOOKS.each{|h| class_eval("def #{h}; yield end", __FILE__, __LINE__)}
-
-      # Define instance method(s) that calls class method(s) of the
-      # same name. Replaces the construct:
-      #   
-      #   define_method(meth){self.class.send(meth)}
-      [:columns, :db, :primary_key, :db_schema].each{|meth| class_eval("def #{meth}; self.class.#{meth} end", __FILE__, __LINE__)}
-
-      # Define instance method(s) that calls class method(s) of the
-      # same name, caching the result in an instance variable.  Define
-      # standard attr_writer method for modifying that instance variable.
-      BOOLEAN_SETTINGS.each{|meth| class_eval("def #{meth}; !defined?(@#{meth}) ? (frozen? ? self.class.#{meth} : (@#{meth} = self.class.#{meth})) : @#{meth} end", __FILE__, __LINE__)}
-      attr_writer(*BOOLEAN_SETTINGS)
-
-      # The hash of attribute values.  Keys are symbols with the names of the
-      # underlying database columns.
-      #
-      #   Artist.new(:name=>'Bob').values # => {:name=>'Bob'}
-      #   Artist[1].values # => {:id=>1, :name=>'Jim', ...}
-      attr_reader :values
-      alias to_hash values
-
-      # Creates new instance and passes the given values to set.
-      # If a block is given, yield the instance to the block unless
-      # from_db is true.
-      #
-      # Arguments:
-      # values :: should be a hash to pass to set. 
-      # from_db :: only for backwards compatibility, forget it exists.
-      #
-      #   Artist.new(:name=>'Bob')
-      #
-      #   Artist.new do |a|
-      #     a.name = 'Bob'
-      #   end
-      def initialize(values = {})
-        @values = {}
-        @new = true
-        @modified = true
-        initialize_set(values)
-        changed_columns.clear 
-        yield self if block_given?
-      end
-
-      # Returns value of the column's attribute.
-      #
-      #   Artist[1][:id] #=> 1
-      def [](column)
-        @values[column]
-      end
-  
-      # Sets the value for the given column.  If typecasting is enabled for
-      # this object, typecast the value based on the column's type.
-      # If this is a new record or the typecasted value isn't the same
-      # as the current value for the column, mark the column as changed.
-      #
-      #   a = Artist.new
-      #   a[:name] = 'Bob'
-      #   a.values #=> {:name=>'Bob'}
-      def []=(column, value)
-        # If it is new, it doesn't have a value yet, so we should
-        # definitely set the new value.
-        # If the column isn't in @values, we can't assume it is
-        # NULL in the database, so assume it has changed.
-        v = typecast_value(column, value)
-        vals = @values
-        if new? || !vals.include?(column) || v != (c = vals[column]) || v.class != c.class
-          change_column_value(column, v)
-        end
-      end
-  
-      # Alias of eql?
-      def ==(obj)
-        eql?(obj)
-      end
-  
-      # If pk is not nil, true only if the objects have the same class and pk.
-      # If pk is nil, false.
-      #
-      #   Artist[1] === Artist[1] # true
-      #   Artist.new === Artist.new # false
-      #   Artist[1].set(:name=>'Bob') == Artist[1] # => true
-      def ===(obj)
-        pk.nil? ? false : (obj.class == model) && (obj.pk == pk)
-      end
-  
-      # class is defined in Object, but it is also a keyword,
-      # and since a lot of instance methods call class methods,
-      # this alias makes it so you can use model instead of
-      # self.class.
-      #
-      #   Artist.new.model # => Artist
-      alias_method :model, :class
-
-      # The autoincrementing primary key for this model object. Should be
-      # overridden if you have a composite primary key with one part of it
-      # being autoincrementing.
-      def autoincrementing_primary_key
-        primary_key
-      end
-  
-      # The columns that have been updated.  This isn't completely accurate,
-      # as it could contain columns whose values have not changed.
-      #
-      #   a = Artist[1]
-      #   a.changed_columns # => []
-      #   a.name = 'Bob'
-      #   a.changed_columns # => [:name]
-      def changed_columns
-        @changed_columns ||= []
-      end
-  
-      # Deletes and returns +self+.  Does not run destroy hooks.
-      # Look into using +destroy+ instead.
-      #
-      #   Artist[1].delete # DELETE FROM artists WHERE (id = 1)
-      #   # => #<Artist {:id=>1, ...}>
-      def delete
-        raise Sequel::Error, "can't delete frozen object" if frozen?
-        _delete
-        self
-      end
-      
-      # Like delete but runs hooks before and after delete.
-      # If before_destroy returns false, returns false without
-      # deleting the object from the database. Otherwise, deletes
-      # the item from the database and returns self.  Uses a transaction
-      # if use_transactions is true or if the :transaction option is given and
-      # true.
-      #
-      #   Artist[1].destroy # BEGIN; DELETE FROM artists WHERE (id = 1); COMMIT;
-      #   # => #<Artist {:id=>1, ...}>
-      def destroy(opts = OPTS)
-        raise Sequel::Error, "can't destroy frozen object" if frozen?
-        checked_save_failure(opts){checked_transaction(opts){_destroy(opts)}}
-      end
-
-      # Iterates through all of the current values using each.
-      #
-      #  Album[1].each{|k, v| puts "#{k} => #{v}"}
-      #  # id => 1
-      #  # name => 'Bob'
-      def each(&block)
-        @values.each(&block)
-      end
-  
-      # Compares model instances by values.
-      #
-      #   Artist[1] == Artist[1] # => true
-      #   Artist.new == Artist.new # => true
-      #   Artist[1].set(:name=>'Bob') == Artist[1] # => false
-      def eql?(obj)
-        (obj.class == model) && (obj.values == @values)
-      end
-
-      # Returns the validation errors associated with this object.
-      # See +Errors+.
-      def errors
-        @errors ||= errors_class.new
-      end 
-
-      # Returns true when current instance exists, false otherwise.
-      # Generally an object that isn't new will exist unless it has
-      # been deleted.  Uses a database query to check for existence,
-      # unless the model object is new, in which case this is always
-      # false.
-      #
-      #   Artist[1].exists? # SELECT 1 FROM artists WHERE (id = 1)
-      #   # => true
-      #   Artist.new.exists?
-      #   # => false
-      def exists?
-        new? ? false : !this.get(SQL::AliasedExpression.new(1, :one)).nil?
-      end
-      
-      # Ignore the model's setter method cache when this instances extends a module, as the
-      # module may contain setter methods.
-      def extend(mod)
-        @singleton_setter_added = true
-        super
-      end
-
-      # Freeze the object in such a way that it is still usable but not modifiable.
-      # Once an object is frozen, you cannot modify it's values, changed_columns,
-      # errors, or dataset.
-      def freeze
-        values.freeze
-        changed_columns.freeze
-        errors
-        validate
-        errors.freeze
-        this.freeze if !new? && model.primary_key
-        super
-      end
-  
-      # Value that should be unique for objects with the same class and pk (if pk is not nil), or
-      # the same class and values (if pk is nil).
-      #
-      #   Artist[1].hash == Artist[1].hash # true
-      #   Artist[1].set(:name=>'Bob').hash == Artist[1].hash # true
-      #   Artist.new.hash == Artist.new.hash # true
-      #   Artist.new(:name=>'Bob').hash == Artist.new.hash # false
-      def hash
-        case primary_key
-        when Array
-          [model, !pk.all? ? @values : pk].hash
-        when Symbol
-          [model, pk.nil? ? @values : pk].hash
-        else
-          [model, @values].hash
-        end
-      end
-  
-      # Returns value for the :id attribute, even if the primary key is
-      # not id. To get the primary key value, use +pk+.
-      #
-      #   Artist[1].id # => 1
-      def id
-        @values[:id]
-      end
-  
-      # Returns a string representation of the model instance including
-      # the class name and values.
-      def inspect
-        "#<#{model.name} @values=#{inspect_values}>"
-      end
-  
-      # Returns the keys in +values+.  May not include all column names.
-      #
-      #   Artist.new.keys # => []
-      #   Artist.new(:name=>'Bob').keys # => [:name]
-      #   Artist[1].keys # => [:id, :name]
-      def keys
-        @values.keys
-      end
-      
-      # Refresh this record using +for_update+ unless this is a new record.  Returns self.
-      # This can be used to make sure no other process is updating the record at the
-      # same time.
-      #
-      #   a = Artist[1]
-      #   Artist.db.transaction do
-      #     a.lock!
-      #     a.update(:name=>'A')
-      #   end
-      def lock!
-        _refresh(this.for_update) unless new?
-        self
-      end
-      
-      # Remove elements of the model object that make marshalling fail. Returns self.
-      #
-      #   a = Artist[1]
-      #   a.marshallable!
-      #   Marshal.dump(a)
-      def marshallable!
-        @this = nil
-        self
-      end
-
-      # Explicitly mark the object as modified, so +save_changes+/+update+ will
-      # run callbacks even if no columns have changed.
-      #
-      #   a = Artist[1]
-      #   a.save_changes # No callbacks run, as no changes
-      #   a.modified!
-      #   a.save_changes # Callbacks run, even though no changes made
-      #
-      # If a column is given, specifically marked that column as modified,
-      # so that +save_changes+/+update+ will include that column in the
-      # update. This should be used if you plan on mutating the column
-      # value instead of assigning a new column value:
-      #
-      #   a.modified!(:name)
-      #   a.name.gsub!(/[aeou]/, 'i')
-      def modified!(column=nil)
-        if column && !changed_columns.include?(column)
-          changed_columns << column
-        end
-        @modified = true
-      end
-
-      # Whether this object has been modified since last saved, used by
-      # save_changes to determine whether changes should be saved.  New
-      # values are always considered modified.
-      #
-      #   a = Artist[1]
-      #   a.modified? # => false
-      #   a.set(:name=>'Jim')
-      #   a.modified? # => true
-      #
-      # If a column is given, specifically check if the given column has
-      # been modified:
-      #
-      #   a.modified?(:num_albums) # => false
-      #   a.num_albums = 10
-      #   a.modified?(:num_albums) # => true
-      def modified?(column=nil)
-        if column
-          changed_columns.include?(column)
-        else
-          @modified || !changed_columns.empty?
-        end
-      end
-  
-      # Returns true if the current instance represents a new record.
-      #
-      #   Artist.new.new? # => true
-      #   Artist[1].new? # => false
-      def new?
-        defined?(@new) ? @new : (@new = false)
-      end
-      
-      # Returns the primary key value identifying the model instance.
-      # Raises an +Error+ if this model does not have a primary key.
-      # If the model has a composite primary key, returns an array of values.
-      #
-      #   Artist[1].pk # => 1
-      #   Artist[[1, 2]].pk # => [1, 2]
-      def pk
-        raise(Error, "No primary key is associated with this model") unless key = primary_key
-        if key.is_a?(Array)
-          vals = @values
-          key.map{|k| vals[k]}
-        else
-          @values[key]
-        end
-      end
-      
-      # Returns a hash mapping the receivers primary key column(s) to their values.
-      # 
-      #   Artist[1].pk_hash # => {:id=>1}
-      #   Artist[[1, 2]].pk_hash # => {:id1=>1, :id2=>2}
-      def pk_hash
-        model.primary_key_hash(pk)
-      end
-      
-      # Reloads attributes from database and returns self. Also clears all
-      # changed_columns information.  Raises an +Error+ if the record no longer
-      # exists in the database.
-      #
-      #   a = Artist[1]
-      #   a.name = 'Jim'
-      #   a.refresh
-      #   a.name # => 'Bob'
-      def refresh
-        raise Sequel::Error, "can't refresh frozen object" if frozen?
-        _refresh(this)
-        self
-      end
-
-      # Alias of refresh, but not aliased directly to make overriding in a plugin easier.
-      def reload
-        refresh
-      end
-  
-      # Creates or updates the record, after making sure the record
-      # is valid and before hooks execute successfully. Fails if:
-      #
-      # * the record is not valid, or
-      # * before_save returns false, or
-      # * the record is new and before_create returns false, or
-      # * the record is not new and before_update returns false.
-      #
-      # If +save+ fails and either raise_on_save_failure or the
-      # :raise_on_failure option is true, it raises ValidationFailed
-      # or HookFailed. Otherwise it returns nil.
-      #
-      # If it succeeds, it returns self.
-      #
-      # You can provide an optional list of columns to update, in which
-      # case it only updates those columns, or a options hash.
-      #
-      # Takes the following options:
-      #
-      # :changed :: save all changed columns, instead of all columns or the columns given
-      # :columns :: array of specific columns that should be saved.
-      # :raise_on_failure :: set to true or false to override the current
-      #                      +raise_on_save_failure+ setting
-      # :server :: set the server/shard on the object before saving, and use that
-      #            server/shard in any transaction.
-      # :transaction :: set to true or false to override the current
-      #                 +use_transactions+ setting
-      # :validate :: set to false to skip validation
-      def save(opts=OPTS)
-        raise Sequel::Error, "can't save frozen object" if frozen?
-        set_server(opts[:server]) if opts[:server] 
-        _before_validation
-        if opts[:validate] != false
-          unless checked_save_failure(opts){_valid?(true, opts)}
-            raise(ValidationFailed.new(self)) if raise_on_failure?(opts)
-            return
-          end
-        end
-        checked_save_failure(opts){checked_transaction(opts){_save(opts)}}
-      end
-
-      # Saves only changed columns if the object has been modified.
-      # If the object has not been modified, returns nil.  If unable to
-      # save, returns false unless +raise_on_save_failure+ is true.
-      #
-      #   a = Artist[1]
-      #   a.save_changes # => nil
-      #   a.name = 'Jim'
-      #   a.save_changes # UPDATE artists SET name = 'Bob' WHERE (id = 1)
-      #   # => #<Artist {:id=>1, :name=>'Jim', ...}
-      def save_changes(opts=OPTS)
-        save(opts.merge(:changed=>true)) || false if modified? 
-      end
-  
-      # Updates the instance with the supplied values with support for virtual
-      # attributes, raising an exception if a value is used that doesn't have
-      # a setter method (or ignoring it if <tt>strict_param_setting = false</tt>).
-      # Does not save the record.
-      #
-      #   artist.set(:name=>'Jim')
-      #   artist.name # => 'Jim'
-      def set(hash)
-        set_restricted(hash, :default)
-      end
-  
-      # Set all values using the entries in the hash, ignoring any setting of
-      # allowed_columns in the model.
-      #
-      #   Artist.set_allowed_columns(:num_albums)
-      #   artist.set_all(:name=>'Jim')
-      #   artist.name # => 'Jim'
-      def set_all(hash)
-        set_restricted(hash, :all)
-      end
-  
-      # For each of the fields in the given array +fields+, call the setter
-      # method with the value of that +hash+ entry for the field. Returns self.
-      #
-      # You can provide an options hash, with the following options currently respected:
-      # :missing :: Can be set to :skip to skip missing entries or :raise to raise an
-      #             Error for missing entries.  The default behavior is not to check for
-      #             missing entries, in which case the default value is used.  To be
-      #             friendly with most web frameworks, the missing check will also check
-      #             for the string version of the argument in the hash if given a symbol.
-      #
-      # Examples:
-      #
-      #   artist.set_fields({:name=>'Jim'}, [:name])
-      #   artist.name # => 'Jim'
-      #
-      #   artist.set_fields({:hometown=>'LA'}, [:name])
-      #   artist.name # => nil
-      #   artist.hometown # => 'Sac'
-      #
-      #   artist.name # => 'Jim'
-      #   artist.set_fields({}, [:name], :missing=>:skip)
-      #   artist.name # => 'Jim'
-      #
-      #   artist.name # => 'Jim'
-      #   artist.set_fields({}, [:name], :missing=>:raise)
-      #   # Sequel::Error raised
-      def set_fields(hash, fields, opts=nil)
-        opts = if opts
-          model.default_set_fields_options.merge(opts)
-        else
-          model.default_set_fields_options
-        end
-
-        case opts[:missing]
-        when :skip
-          fields.each do |f|
-            if hash.has_key?(f) 
-              send("#{f}=", hash[f])
-            elsif f.is_a?(Symbol) && hash.has_key?(sf = f.to_s)
-              send("#{sf}=", hash[sf])
-            end
-          end
-        when :raise
-          fields.each do |f|
-            if hash.has_key?(f)
-              send("#{f}=", hash[f])
-            elsif f.is_a?(Symbol) && hash.has_key?(sf = f.to_s)
-              send("#{sf}=", hash[sf])
-            else
-              raise(Sequel::Error, "missing field in hash: #{f.inspect} not in #{hash.inspect}")
-            end
-          end
-        else
-          fields.each{|f| send("#{f}=", hash[f])}
-        end
-        self
-      end
-  
-      # Set the values using the entries in the hash, only if the key
-      # is included in only.  It may be a better idea to use +set_fields+
-      # instead of this method.
-      #
-      #   artist.set_only({:name=>'Jim'}, :name)
-      #   artist.name # => 'Jim'
-      #
-      #   artist.set_only({:hometown=>'LA'}, :name) # Raise Error
-      def set_only(hash, *only)
-        set_restricted(hash, only.flatten)
-      end
-  
-      # Set the shard that this object is tied to.  Returns self.
-      def set_server(s)
-        @server = s
-        @this.opts[:server] = s if @this
-        self
-      end
-
-      # Clear the setter_methods cache when a method is added
-      def singleton_method_added(meth)
-        @singleton_setter_added = true if meth.to_s =~ SETTER_METHOD_REGEXP
-        super
-      end
-  
-      # Returns (naked) dataset that should return only this instance.
-      #
-      #   Artist[1].this
-      #   # SELECT * FROM artists WHERE (id = 1) LIMIT 1
-      def this
-        return @this if @this
-        raise Error, "No dataset for model #{model}" unless ds = model.instance_dataset
-
-        cond = if ds.joined_dataset?
-          model.qualified_primary_key_hash(pk)
-        else
-          pk_hash
-        end
-
-        @this = use_server(ds.where(cond))
-      end
-      
-      # Runs #set with the passed hash and then runs save_changes.
-      #
-      #   artist.update(:name=>'Jim') # UPDATE artists SET name = 'Jim' WHERE (id = 1)
-      def update(hash)
-        update_restricted(hash, :default)
-      end
-  
-      # Update all values using the entries in the hash, ignoring any setting of
-      # +allowed_columns+ in the model.
-      #
-      #   Artist.set_allowed_columns(:num_albums)
-      #   artist.update_all(:name=>'Jim') # UPDATE artists SET name = 'Jim' WHERE (id = 1)
-      def update_all(hash)
-        update_restricted(hash, :all)
-      end
-  
-      # Update the instances values by calling +set_fields+ with the arguments, then
-      # saves any changes to the record.  Returns self.
-      #
-      #   artist.update_fields({:name=>'Jim'}, [:name])
-      #   # UPDATE artists SET name = 'Jim' WHERE (id = 1)
-      #
-      #   artist.update_fields({:hometown=>'LA'}, [:name])
-      #   # UPDATE artists SET name = NULL WHERE (id = 1)
-      def update_fields(hash, fields, opts=nil)
-        set_fields(hash, fields, opts)
-        save_changes
-      end
-
-      # Update the values using the entries in the hash, only if the key
-      # is included in only.  It may be a better idea to use +update_fields+
-      # instead of this method.
-      #
-      #   artist.update_only({:name=>'Jim'}, :name)
-      #   # UPDATE artists SET name = 'Jim' WHERE (id = 1)
-      #
-      #   artist.update_only({:hometown=>'LA'}, :name) # Raise Error
-      def update_only(hash, *only)
-        update_restricted(hash, only.flatten)
-      end
-      
-      # Validates the object.  If the object is invalid, errors should be added
-      # to the errors attribute.  By default, does nothing, as all models
-      # are valid by default.  See the {"Model Validations" guide}[rdoc-ref:doc/validations.rdoc].
-      # for details about validation.  Should not be called directly by
-      # user code, call <tt>valid?</tt> instead to check if an object
-      # is valid.
-      def validate
-      end
-
-      # Validates the object and returns true if no errors are reported.
-      #
-      #   artist(:name=>'Valid').valid? # => true
-      #   artist(:name=>'Invalid').valid? # => false
-      #   artist.errors.full_messages # => ['name cannot be Invalid']
-      def valid?(opts = OPTS)
-        _before_validation
-        _valid?(false, opts)
-      end
-
-      private
-      
-      # Run code before any validation is done, but also run it before saving
-      # even if validation is skipped.  This is a private hook.  It exists so that
-      # plugins can set values automatically before validation (as the values
-      # need to be validated), but should be set even if validation is skipped.
-      # Unlike the regular before_validation hook, we do not skip the save/validation
-      # if this returns false.
-      def _before_validation
-      end
-
-      # Do the deletion of the object's dataset, and check that the row
-      # was actually deleted.
-      def _delete
-        n = _delete_without_checking
-        raise(NoExistingObject, "Attempt to delete object did not result in a single row modification (Rows Deleted: #{n}, SQL: #{_delete_dataset.delete_sql})") if require_modification && n != 1
-        n
-      end
-      
-      # The dataset to use when deleting the object.   The same as the object's
-      # dataset by default.
-      def _delete_dataset
-        this
-      end
-  
-      # Actually do the deletion of the object's dataset.  Return the
-      # number of rows modified.
-      def _delete_without_checking
-        if sql = (m = model).fast_instance_delete_sql
-          sql = sql.dup
-          (ds = m.dataset).literal_append(sql, pk)
-          ds.with_sql_delete(sql)
-        else
-          _delete_dataset.delete 
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Internal destroy method, separted from destroy to
-      # allow running inside a transaction
-      def _destroy(opts)
-        sh = {:server=>this_server}
-        db.after_rollback(sh){after_destroy_rollback} if uacr = use_after_commit_rollback
-        called = false
-        around_destroy do
-          called = true
-          raise_hook_failure(:before_destroy) if before_destroy == false
-          _destroy_delete
-          after_destroy
-          true
-        end
-        raise_hook_failure(:around_destroy) unless called
-        db.after_commit(sh){after_destroy_commit} if uacr
-        self
-      end
-      
-      # Internal delete method to call when destroying an object,
-      # separated from delete to allow you to override destroy's version
-      # without affecting delete.
-      def _destroy_delete
-        delete
-      end
-
-      # Insert the record into the database, returning the primary key if
-      # the record should be refreshed from the database.
-      def _insert
-        ds = _insert_dataset
-        if _use_insert_select?(ds) && (h = _insert_select_raw(ds))
-          _save_set_values(h)
-          nil
-        else
-          iid = _insert_raw(ds)
-          # if we have a regular primary key and it's not set in @values,
-          # we assume it's the last inserted id
-          if (pk = autoincrementing_primary_key) && pk.is_a?(Symbol) && !(vals = @values)[pk]
-            vals[pk] = iid
-          end
-          pk
-        end
-      end
-
-      # The dataset to use when inserting a new object.   The same as the model's
-      # dataset by default.
-      def _insert_dataset
-        use_server(model.instance_dataset)
-      end
-  
-      # Insert into the given dataset and return the primary key created (if any).
-      def _insert_raw(ds)
-        ds.insert(@values)
-      end
-
-      # Insert into the given dataset and return the hash of column values.
-      def _insert_select_raw(ds)
-        ds.insert_select(@values)
-      end
-      
-      # Refresh using a particular dataset, used inside save to make sure the same server
-      # is used for reading newly inserted values from the database
-      def _refresh(dataset)
-        _refresh_set_values(_refresh_get(dataset) || raise(Error, "Record not found"))
-        changed_columns.clear
-      end
-
-      # Get the row of column data from the database.
-      def _refresh_get(dataset)
-        dataset.first
-      end
-      
-      # Set the refreshed values after 
-      def _refresh_set_values(h)
-        @values = h
-      end
-
-      # Internal version of save, split from save to allow running inside
-      # it's own transaction.
-      def _save(opts)
-        sh = {:server=>this_server}
-        db.after_rollback(sh){after_rollback} if uacr = use_after_commit_rollback
-        was_new = false
-        pk = nil
-        called_save = false
-        called_cu = false
-        around_save do
-          called_save = true
-          raise_hook_failure(:before_save) if before_save == false
-          if new?
-            was_new = true
-            around_create do
-              called_cu = true
-              raise_hook_failure(:before_create) if before_create == false
-              pk = _insert
-              @this = nil
-              @new = false
-              @was_new = true
-              after_create
-              true
-            end
-            raise_hook_failure(:around_create) unless called_cu
-          else
-            around_update do
-              called_cu = true
-              raise_hook_failure(:before_update) if before_update == false
-              columns = opts[:columns]
-              if columns.nil?
-                @columns_updated = if opts[:changed]
-                  @values.reject{|k,v| !changed_columns.include?(k)}
-                else
-                  _save_update_all_columns_hash
-                end
-                changed_columns.clear
-              else # update only the specified columns
-                columns = Array(columns)
-                @columns_updated = @values.reject{|k, v| !columns.include?(k)}
-                changed_columns.reject!{|c| columns.include?(c)}
-              end
-              _update_columns(@columns_updated)
-              @this = nil
-              after_update
-              true
-            end
-            raise_hook_failure(:around_update) unless called_cu
-          end
-          after_save
-          true
-        end
-        raise_hook_failure(:around_save) unless called_save
-        if was_new
-          @was_new = nil
-          pk ? _save_refresh : changed_columns.clear
-        else
-          @columns_updated = nil
-        end
-        @modified = false
-        db.after_commit(sh){after_commit} if uacr
-        self
-      end
-
-      # Refresh the object after saving it, used to get
-      # default values of all columns.  Separated from _save so it
-      # can be overridden to avoid the refresh.
-      def _save_refresh
-        _save_set_values(_refresh_get(this.opts[:server] ? this : this.server(:default)) || raise(Error, "Record not found"))
-        changed_columns.clear
-      end
-
-      # Set values to the provided hash.  Called after a create,
-      # to set the full values from the database in the model instance.
-      def _save_set_values(h)
-        @values = h
-      end
-
-      # Return a hash of values used when saving all columns of an
-      # existing object (i.e. not passing specific columns to save
-      # or using update/save_changes).  Defaults to all of the
-      # object's values except unmodified primary key columns, as some
-      # databases don't like you setting primary key values even
-      # to their existing values.
-      def _save_update_all_columns_hash
-        v = @values.dup
-        Array(primary_key).each{|x| v.delete(x) unless changed_columns.include?(x)}
-        v
-      end
-
-      # Call _update with the given columns, if any are present.
-      # Plugins can override this method in order to update with
-      # additional columns, even when the column hash is initially empty.
-      def _update_columns(columns)
-        _update(columns) unless columns.empty?
-      end
-
-      # Update this instance's dataset with the supplied column hash,
-      # checking that only a single row was modified.
-      def _update(columns)
-        n = _update_without_checking(columns)
-        raise(NoExistingObject, "Attempt to update object did not result in a single row modification (SQL: #{_update_dataset.update_sql(columns)})") if require_modification && n != 1
-        n
-      end
-      
-      # The dataset to use when updating an object.  The same as the object's
-      # dataset by default.
-      def _update_dataset
-        this
-      end
-
-      # Update this instances dataset with the supplied column hash.
-      def _update_without_checking(columns)
-        _update_dataset.update(columns)
-      end
-
-      # Whether to use insert_select when inserting a new row.
-      def _use_insert_select?(ds)
-        (!ds.opts[:select] || ds.opts[:returning]) && ds.supports_insert_select? 
-      end
-
-      # Internal validation method.  If +raise_errors+ is +true+, hook
-      # failures will be raised as HookFailure exceptions.  If it is
-      # +false+, +false+ will be returned instead.
-      def _valid?(raise_errors, opts)
-        return errors.empty? if frozen?
-        errors.clear
-        called = false
-        error = false
-        around_validation do
-          called = true
-          if before_validation == false
-            if raise_errors
-              raise_hook_failure(:before_validation)
-            else
-              error = true
-            end
-            false
-          else
-            validate
-            after_validation
-            errors.empty?
-          end
-        end
-        error = true unless called
-        if error
-          if raise_errors
-            raise_hook_failure(:around_validation)
-          else
-            false
-          end
-        else
-          errors.empty?
-        end
-      end
-
-      # If not raising on failure, check for HookFailed
-      # being raised by yielding and swallow it.
-      def checked_save_failure(opts)
-        if raise_on_failure?(opts)
-          yield
-        else
-          begin
-            yield
-          rescue HookFailed 
-            nil
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      
-      # If transactions should be used, wrap the yield in a transaction block.
-      def checked_transaction(opts=OPTS)
-        use_transaction?(opts) ? db.transaction({:server=>this_server}.merge(opts)){yield} : yield
-      end
-
-      # Change the value of the column to given value, recording the change.
-      def change_column_value(column, value)
-        cc = changed_columns
-        cc << column unless cc.include?(column)
-        @values[column] = value
-      end
-
-      # Default error class used for errors.
-      def errors_class
-        Errors
-      end
-
-      if RUBY_VERSION >= '1.9'
-        # Clone constructor -- freeze internal data structures if the original's
-        # are frozen.
-        def initialize_clone(other)
-          super
-          freeze if other.frozen?
-          self
-        end
-      else
-        # :nocov:
-        # Ruby 1.8 doesn't support initialize_clone, so override clone to dup and freeze. 
-        def clone
-          o = dup
-          o.freeze if frozen?
-          o
-        end
-        public :clone
-        # :nocov:
-      end
-
-      # Copy constructor -- Duplicate internal data structures.
-      def initialize_copy(other)
-        super
-        @values = @values.dup
-        @changed_columns = @changed_columns.dup if @changed_columns
-        @errors = @errors.dup if @errors
-        @this = @this.dup if @this
-        self
-      end
-
-      # Set the columns with the given hash.  By default, the same as +set+, but
-      # exists so it can be overridden.  This is called only for new records, before
-      # changed_columns is cleared.
-      def initialize_set(h)
-        set(h) unless h.empty?
-      end
-
-      # Default inspection output for the values hash, overwrite to change what #inspect displays.
-      def inspect_values
-        @values.inspect
-      end
-
-      # Whether to raise or return false if this action fails. If the
-      # :raise_on_failure option is present in the hash, use that, otherwise,
-      # fallback to the object's raise_on_save_failure (if set), or
-      # class's default (if not).
-      def raise_on_failure?(opts)
-        opts.fetch(:raise_on_failure, raise_on_save_failure)
-      end
-
-      # Raise an error appropriate to the hook type. May be swallowed by
-      # checked_save_failure depending on the raise_on_failure? setting.
-      def raise_hook_failure(type)
-        raise HookFailed.new("the #{type} hook failed", self)
-      end
-  
-      # Get the ruby class or classes related to the given column's type.
-      def schema_type_class(column)
-        if (sch = db_schema[column]) && (type = sch[:type])
-          db.schema_type_class(type)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Call setter methods based on keys in hash, with the appropriate values.
-      # Restrict which methods can be called based on the provided type.
-      def set_restricted(hash, type)
-        return self if hash.empty?
-        meths = setter_methods(type)
-        strict = strict_param_setting
-        hash.each do |k,v|
-          m = "#{k}="
-          if meths.include?(m)
-            send(m, v)
-          elsif strict
-            # Avoid using respond_to? or creating symbols from user input
-            if public_methods.map{|s| s.to_s}.include?(m)
-              if Array(model.primary_key).map{|s| s.to_s}.member?(k.to_s) && model.restrict_primary_key?
-                raise Error, "#{k} is a restricted primary key"
-              else
-                raise Error, "#{k} is a restricted column"
-              end
-            else
-              raise Error, "method #{m} doesn't exist"
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        self
-      end
-      
-      # Returns all methods that can be used for attribute assignment (those that end with =),
-      # depending on the type:
-      #
-      # :default :: Use the default methods allowed in the model class. 
-      # :all :: Allow setting all setters, except those specifically restricted (such as ==).
-      # Array :: Only allow setting of columns in the given array.
-      def setter_methods(type)
-        if type == :default
-          if !@singleton_setter_added || model.allowed_columns
-            return model.setter_methods
-          end
-        end
-
-        if type.is_a?(Array)
-          type.map{|x| "#{x}="}
-        else
-          meths = methods.collect{|x| x.to_s}.grep(SETTER_METHOD_REGEXP) - RESTRICTED_SETTER_METHODS
-          meths -= Array(primary_key).map{|x| "#{x}="} if type != :all && primary_key && model.restrict_primary_key?
-          meths
-        end
-      end
-
-      # The server/shard that the model object's dataset uses, or :default if the
-      # model object's dataset does not have an associated shard.
-      def this_server
-        if (s = @server)
-          s
-        elsif (t = @this)
-          t.opts[:server] || :default
-        else
-          model.dataset.opts[:server] || :default
-        end
-      end
-  
-      # Typecast the value to the column's type if typecasting.  Calls the database's
-      # typecast_value method, so database adapters can override/augment the handling
-      # for database specific column types.
-      def typecast_value(column, value)
-        return value unless typecast_on_assignment && db_schema && (col_schema = db_schema[column])
-        value = nil if '' == value and typecast_empty_string_to_nil and col_schema[:type] and ![:string, :blob].include?(col_schema[:type])
-        raise(InvalidValue, "nil/NULL is not allowed for the #{column} column") if raise_on_typecast_failure && value.nil? && (col_schema[:allow_null] == false)
-        begin
-          model.db.typecast_value(col_schema[:type], value)
-        rescue InvalidValue
-          raise_on_typecast_failure ? raise : value
-        end
-      end
-  
-      # Set the columns, filtered by the only and except arrays.
-      def update_restricted(hash, type)
-        set_restricted(hash, type)
-        save_changes
-      end
-
-      # Set the given dataset to use the current object's shard.
-      def use_server(ds)
-        @server ? ds.server(@server) : ds
-      end
-      
-      # Whether to use a transaction for this action.  If the :transaction
-      # option is present in the hash, use that, otherwise, fallback to the
-      # object's default (if set), or class's default (if not).
-      def use_transaction?(opts = OPTS)
-        opts.fetch(:transaction, use_transactions)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Dataset methods are methods that the model class extends its dataset with in
-    # the call to set_dataset.
-    module DatasetMethods
-      # The model class associated with this dataset
-      #
-      #   Artist.dataset.model # => Artist
-      attr_accessor :model
-
-      # Assume if a single integer is given that it is a lookup by primary
-      # key, and call with_pk with the argument.
-      #
-      #   Artist.dataset[1] # SELECT * FROM artists WHERE (id = 1) LIMIT 1
-      def [](*args)
-        if args.length == 1 && (i = args.at(0)) && i.is_a?(Integer)
-          with_pk(i)
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Destroy each row in the dataset by instantiating it and then calling
-      # destroy on the resulting model object.  This isn't as fast as deleting
-      # the dataset, which does a single SQL call, but this runs any destroy
-      # hooks on each object in the dataset.
-      #
-      #   Artist.dataset.destroy
-      #   # DELETE FROM artists WHERE (id = 1)
-      #   # DELETE FROM artists WHERE (id = 2)
-      #   # ...
-      def destroy
-        pr = proc{all{|r| r.destroy}.length}
-        model.use_transactions ? @db.transaction(:server=>opts[:server], &pr) : pr.call
-      end
-
-      # Allow Sequel::Model classes to be used as dataset arguments when graphing:
-      #
-      #   Artist.graph(Album, :artist_id=>id)
-      #   # SELECT artists.id, artists.name, albums.id AS albums_id, albums.artist_id, albums.name AS albums_name
-      #   # FROM artists LEFT OUTER JOIN albums ON (albums.artist_id = artists.id)
-      def graph(table, *args, &block)
-        if table.is_a?(Class) && table < Sequel::Model
-          super(table.dataset, *args, &block)
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Handle Sequel::Model instances when inserting, using the model instance's
-      # values for the insert, unless the model instance can be used directly in
-      # SQL.
-      #
-      #   Album.insert(Album.load(:name=>'A'))
-      #   # INSERT INTO albums (name) VALUES ('A')
-      def insert_sql(*values)
-        if values.size == 1 && (v = values.at(0)).is_a?(Sequel::Model) && !v.respond_to?(:sql_literal_append)
-          super(v.to_hash)
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Allow Sequel::Model classes to be used as table name arguments in dataset
-      # join methods:
-      #
-      #   Artist.join(Album, :artist_id=>id)
-      #   # SELECT * FROM artists INNER JOIN albums ON (albums.artist_id = artists.id)
-      def join_table(type, table, *args, &block)
-        if table.is_a?(Class) && table < Sequel::Model
-          if table.dataset.simple_select_all?
-            super(type, table.table_name, *args, &block)
-          else
-            super(type, table.dataset, *args, &block)
-          end
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-
-      # If there is no order already defined on this dataset, order it by
-      # the primary key and call last.
-      #
-      #   Album.last
-      #   # SELECT * FROM albums ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1
-      def last(*a, &block)
-        if opts[:order].nil? && model && (pk = model.primary_key)
-          order(*pk).last(*a, &block)
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-
-      # If there is no order already defined on this dataset, order it by
-      # the primary key and call paged_each.
-      #
-      #   Album.paged_each{|row| }
-      #   # SELECT * FROM albums ORDER BY id LIMIT 1000 OFFSET 0
-      #   # SELECT * FROM albums ORDER BY id LIMIT 1000 OFFSET 1000
-      #   # SELECT * FROM albums ORDER BY id LIMIT 1000 OFFSET 2000
-      #   # ...
-      def paged_each(*a, &block)
-        if opts[:order].nil? && model && (pk = model.primary_key)
-          order(*pk).paged_each(*a, &block)
-        else
-          super
-        end
-      end
-
-      # This allows you to call +to_hash+ without any arguments, which will
-      # result in a hash with the primary key value being the key and the
-      # model object being the value.
-      #
-      #   Artist.dataset.to_hash # SELECT * FROM artists
-      #   # => {1=>#<Artist {:id=>1, ...}>,
-      #   #     2=>#<Artist {:id=>2, ...}>,
-      #   #     ...}
-      def to_hash(key_column=nil, value_column=nil)
-        if key_column
-          super
-        else
-          raise(Sequel::Error, "No primary key for model") unless model && (pk = model.primary_key)
-          super(pk, value_column) 
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Given a primary key value, return the first record in the dataset with that primary key
-      # value.  If no records matches, returns nil.
-      #
-      #   # Single primary key
-      #   Artist.dataset.with_pk(1) # SELECT * FROM artists WHERE (id = 1) LIMIT 1
-      #
-      #   # Composite primary key
-      #   Artist.dataset.with_pk([1, 2]) # SELECT * FROM artists
-      #                                  # WHERE ((id1 = 1) AND (id2 = 2)) LIMIT 1
-      def with_pk(pk)
-        first(model.qualified_primary_key_hash(pk))
-      end
-
-      # Same as with_pk, but raises NoMatchingRow instead of returning nil if no
-      # row matches.
-      def with_pk!(pk)
-        with_pk(pk) || raise(NoMatchingRow)
-      end
-    end
-
-    extend ClassMethods
-    plugin self
-    finder(:where, :arity=>1, :mod=>ClassMethods)
-  end
-end