activerecord 6.1.7 → 7.1.0

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb

@@ -21,28 +21,19 @@ require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionHandling # :nodoc:
+    def postgresql_adapter_class
+      ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter
+    end
+
     # Establishes a connection to the database that's used by all Active Record objects
     def postgresql_connection(config)
-      conn_params = config.symbolize_keys.compact
-
-      # Map ActiveRecords param names to PGs.
-      conn_params[:user] = conn_params.delete(:username) if conn_params[:username]
-      conn_params[:dbname] = conn_params.delete(:database) if conn_params[:database]
-
-      # Forward only valid config params to PG::Connection.connect.
-      valid_conn_param_keys = PG::Connection.conndefaults_hash.keys + [:requiressl]
-      conn_params.slice!(*valid_conn_param_keys)
-
-      ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.new(
-        ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.new_client(conn_params),
-        logger,
-        conn_params,
-        config,
-      )
+      postgresql_adapter_class.new(config)
     end
   end
 
   module ConnectionAdapters
+    # = Active Record PostgreSQL Adapter
+    #
     # The PostgreSQL adapter works with the native C (https://github.com/ged/ruby-pg) driver.
     #
     # Options:
@@ -52,7 +43,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # * <tt>:port</tt> - Defaults to 5432.
     # * <tt>:username</tt> - Defaults to be the same as the operating system name of the user running the application.
     # * <tt>:password</tt> - Password to be used if the server demands password authentication.
-    # * <tt>:database</tt> - Defaults to be the same as the user name.
+    # * <tt>:database</tt> - Defaults to be the same as the username.
     # * <tt>:schema_search_path</tt> - An optional schema search path for the connection given
     #   as a string of comma-separated schema names. This is backward-compatible with the <tt>:schema_order</tt> option.
     # * <tt>:encoding</tt> - An optional client encoding that is used in a <tt>SET client_encoding TO
@@ -77,12 +68,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def new_client(conn_params)
           PG.connect(**conn_params)
         rescue ::PG::Error => error
-          if conn_params && conn_params[:dbname] && error.message.include?(conn_params[:dbname])
-            raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
+          if conn_params && conn_params[:dbname] == "postgres"
+            raise ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished, error.message
+          elsif conn_params && conn_params[:dbname] && error.message.include?(conn_params[:dbname])
+            raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.db_error(conn_params[:dbname])
+          elsif conn_params && conn_params[:user] && error.message.include?(conn_params[:user])
+            raise ActiveRecord::DatabaseConnectionError.username_error(conn_params[:user])
+          elsif conn_params && conn_params[:host] && error.message.include?(conn_params[:host])
+            raise ActiveRecord::DatabaseConnectionError.hostname_error(conn_params[:host])
           else
             raise ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished, error.message
           end
         end
+
+        def dbconsole(config, options = {})
+          pg_config = config.configuration_hash
+
+          ENV["PGUSER"]         = pg_config[:username] if pg_config[:username]
+          ENV["PGHOST"]         = pg_config[:host] if pg_config[:host]
+          ENV["PGPORT"]         = pg_config[:port].to_s if pg_config[:port]
+          ENV["PGPASSWORD"]     = pg_config[:password].to_s if pg_config[:password] && options[:include_password]
+          ENV["PGSSLMODE"]      = pg_config[:sslmode].to_s if pg_config[:sslmode]
+          ENV["PGSSLCERT"]      = pg_config[:sslcert].to_s if pg_config[:sslcert]
+          ENV["PGSSLKEY"]       = pg_config[:sslkey].to_s if pg_config[:sslkey]
+          ENV["PGSSLROOTCERT"]  = pg_config[:sslrootcert].to_s if pg_config[:sslrootcert]
+          if pg_config[:variables]
+            ENV["PGOPTIONS"] = pg_config[:variables].filter_map do |name, value|
+              "-c #{name}=#{value.to_s.gsub(/[ \\]/, '\\\\\0')}" unless value == ":default" || value == :default
+            end.join(" ")
+          end
+          find_cmd_and_exec("psql", config.database)
+        end
       end
 
       ##
@@ -98,14 +114,35 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.create_unlogged_tables = true
       class_attribute :create_unlogged_tables, default: false
 
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      # PostgreSQL supports multiple types for DateTimes. By default, if you use +datetime+
+      # in migrations, \Rails will translate this to a PostgreSQL "timestamp without time zone".
+      # Change this in an initializer to use another NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES. For example, to
+      # store DateTimes as "timestamp with time zone":
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.datetime_type = :timestamptz
+      #
+      # Or if you are adding a custom type:
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter::NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES[:my_custom_type] = { name: "my_custom_type_name" }
+      #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.datetime_type = :my_custom_type
+      #
+      # If you're using +:ruby+ as your +config.active_record.schema_format+ and you change this
+      # setting, you should immediately run <tt>bin/rails db:migrate</tt> to update the types in your schema.rb.
+      class_attribute :datetime_type, default: :timestamp
+
       NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
         primary_key: "bigserial primary key",
         string:      { name: "character varying" },
         text:        { name: "text" },
         integer:     { name: "integer", limit: 4 },
+        bigint:      { name: "bigint" },
         float:       { name: "float" },
         decimal:     { name: "decimal" },
-        datetime:    { name: "timestamp" },
+        datetime:    {}, # set dynamically based on datetime_type
+        timestamp:   { name: "timestamp" },
+        timestamptz: { name: "timestamptz" },
         time:        { name: "time" },
         date:        { name: "date" },
         daterange:   { name: "daterange" },
@@ -139,9 +176,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         money:       { name: "money" },
         interval:    { name: "interval" },
         oid:         { name: "oid" },
+        enum:        {} # special type https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype-enum.html
       }
 
-      OID = PostgreSQL::OID #:nodoc:
+      OID = PostgreSQL::OID # :nodoc:
 
       include PostgreSQL::Quoting
       include PostgreSQL::ReferentialIntegrity
@@ -157,13 +195,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def supports_partitioned_indexes?
-        database_version >= 110_000
+        database_version >= 11_00_00 # >= 11.0
       end
 
       def supports_partial_index?
         true
       end
 
+      def supports_index_include?
+        database_version >= 11_00_00 # >= 11.0
+      end
+
       def supports_expression_index?
         true
       end
@@ -180,10 +222,22 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
+      def supports_exclusion_constraints?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_unique_constraints?
+        true
+      end
+
       def supports_validate_constraints?
         true
       end
 
+      def supports_deferrable_constraints?
+        true
+      end
+
       def supports_views?
         true
       end
@@ -204,21 +258,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
         true
       end
 
+      def supports_restart_db_transaction?
+        database_version >= 12_00_00 # >= 12.0
+      end
+
       def supports_insert_returning?
         true
       end
 
       def supports_insert_on_conflict?
-        database_version >= 90500
+        database_version >= 9_05_00 # >= 9.5
       end
       alias supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip? supports_insert_on_conflict?
       alias supports_insert_on_duplicate_update? supports_insert_on_conflict?
       alias supports_insert_conflict_target? supports_insert_on_conflict?
 
+      def supports_virtual_columns?
+        database_version >= 12_00_00 # >= 12.0
+      end
+
+      def supports_nulls_not_distinct?
+        database_version >= 15_00_00 # >= 15.0
+      end
+
       def index_algorithms
         { concurrently: "CONCURRENTLY" }
       end
 
+      def return_value_after_insert?(column) # :nodoc:
+        column.auto_populated?
+      end
+
       class StatementPool < ConnectionAdapters::StatementPool # :nodoc:
         def initialize(connection, max)
           super(max)
@@ -232,73 +302,74 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         private
           def dealloc(key)
-            @connection.query "DEALLOCATE #{key}" if connection_active?
-          rescue PG::Error
-          end
-
-          def connection_active?
-            @connection.status == PG::CONNECTION_OK
+            # This is ugly, but safe: the statement pool is only
+            # accessed while holding the connection's lock. (And we
+            # don't need the complication of with_raw_connection because
+            # a reconnect would invalidate the entire statement pool.)
+            if conn = @connection.instance_variable_get(:@raw_connection)
+              conn.query "DEALLOCATE #{key}" if conn.status == PG::CONNECTION_OK
+            end
           rescue PG::Error
-            false
           end
       end
 
       # Initializes and connects a PostgreSQL adapter.
-      def initialize(connection, logger, connection_parameters, config)
-        super(connection, logger, config)
+      def initialize(...)
+        super
 
-        @connection_parameters = connection_parameters || {}
+        conn_params = @config.compact
 
-        # @local_tz is initialized as nil to avoid warnings when connect tries to use it
-        @local_tz = nil
-        @max_identifier_length = nil
+        # Map ActiveRecords param names to PGs.
+        conn_params[:user] = conn_params.delete(:username) if conn_params[:username]
+        conn_params[:dbname] = conn_params.delete(:database) if conn_params[:database]
 
-        configure_connection
-        add_pg_encoders
-        add_pg_decoders
+        # Forward only valid config params to PG::Connection.connect.
+        valid_conn_param_keys = PG::Connection.conndefaults_hash.keys + [:requiressl]
+        conn_params.slice!(*valid_conn_param_keys)
 
-        @type_map = Type::HashLookupTypeMap.new
-        initialize_type_map
-        @local_tz = execute("SHOW TIME ZONE", "SCHEMA").first["TimeZone"]
-        @use_insert_returning = @config.key?(:insert_returning) ? self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(@config[:insert_returning]) : true
-      end
+        @connection_parameters = conn_params
 
-      def self.database_exists?(config)
-        !!ActiveRecord::Base.postgresql_connection(config)
-      rescue ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
-        false
+        @max_identifier_length = nil
+        @type_map = nil
+        @raw_connection = nil
+        @notice_receiver_sql_warnings = []
+
+        @use_insert_returning = @config.key?(:insert_returning) ? self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(@config[:insert_returning]) : true
       end
 
       # Is this connection alive and ready for queries?
       def active?
         @lock.synchronize do
-          @connection.query "SELECT 1"
+          return false unless @raw_connection
+          @raw_connection.query ";"
         end
         true
       rescue PG::Error
         false
       end
 
-      # Close then reopen the connection.
-      def reconnect!
+      def reload_type_map # :nodoc:
         @lock.synchronize do
-          super
-          @connection.reset
-          configure_connection
-        rescue PG::ConnectionBad
-          connect
+          if @type_map
+            type_map.clear
+          else
+            @type_map = Type::HashLookupTypeMap.new
+          end
+
+          initialize_type_map
         end
       end
 
       def reset!
         @lock.synchronize do
-          clear_cache!
-          reset_transaction
-          unless @connection.transaction_status == ::PG::PQTRANS_IDLE
-            @connection.query "ROLLBACK"
+          return connect! unless @raw_connection
+
+          unless @raw_connection.transaction_status == ::PG::PQTRANS_IDLE
+            @raw_connection.query "ROLLBACK"
           end
-          @connection.query "DISCARD ALL"
-          configure_connection
+          @raw_connection.query "DISCARD ALL"
+
+          super
         end
       end
 
@@ -307,22 +378,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def disconnect!
         @lock.synchronize do
           super
-          @connection.close rescue nil
+          @raw_connection&.close rescue nil
+          @raw_connection = nil
         end
       end
 
       def discard! # :nodoc:
         super
-        @connection.socket_io.reopen(IO::NULL) rescue nil
-        @connection = nil
+        @raw_connection&.socket_io&.reopen(IO::NULL) rescue nil
+        @raw_connection = nil
       end
 
-      def native_database_types #:nodoc:
-        NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES
+      def native_database_types # :nodoc:
+        self.class.native_database_types
+      end
+
+      def self.native_database_types # :nodoc:
+        @native_database_types ||= begin
+          types = NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES.dup
+          types[:datetime] = types[datetime_type]
+          types
+        end
       end
 
       def set_standard_conforming_strings
-        execute("SET standard_conforming_strings = on", "SCHEMA")
+        internal_execute("SET standard_conforming_strings = on")
       end
 
       def supports_ddl_transactions?
@@ -350,7 +430,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def supports_pgcrypto_uuid?
-        database_version >= 90400
+        database_version >= 9_04_00 # >= 9.4
       end
 
       def supports_optimizer_hints?
@@ -382,14 +462,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
         query_value("SELECT pg_advisory_unlock(#{lock_id})")
       end
 
-      def enable_extension(name)
-        exec_query("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS \"#{name}\"").tap {
-          reload_type_map
-        }
+      def enable_extension(name, **)
+        schema, name = name.to_s.split(".").values_at(-2, -1)
+        sql = +"CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS \"#{name}\""
+        sql << " SCHEMA #{schema}" if schema
+
+        internal_exec_query(sql).tap { reload_type_map }
       end
 
-      def disable_extension(name)
-        exec_query("DROP EXTENSION IF EXISTS \"#{name}\" CASCADE").tap {
+      # Removes an extension from the database.
+      #
+      # [<tt>:force</tt>]
+      #   Set to +:cascade+ to drop dependent objects as well.
+      #   Defaults to false.
+      def disable_extension(name, force: false)
+        internal_exec_query("DROP EXTENSION IF EXISTS \"#{name}\"#{' CASCADE' if force == :cascade}").tap {
           reload_type_map
         }
       end
@@ -403,7 +490,105 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def extensions
-        exec_query("SELECT extname FROM pg_extension", "SCHEMA").cast_values
+        internal_exec_query("SELECT extname FROM pg_extension", "SCHEMA", allow_retry: true, materialize_transactions: false).cast_values
+      end
+
+      # Returns a list of defined enum types, and their values.
+      def enum_types
+        query = <<~SQL
+          SELECT
+            type.typname AS name,
+            type.OID AS oid,
+            n.nspname AS schema,
+            string_agg(enum.enumlabel, ',' ORDER BY enum.enumsortorder) AS value
+          FROM pg_enum AS enum
+          JOIN pg_type AS type ON (type.oid = enum.enumtypid)
+          JOIN pg_namespace n ON type.typnamespace = n.oid
+          WHERE n.nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false))
+          GROUP BY type.OID, n.nspname, type.typname;
+        SQL
+
+        internal_exec_query(query, "SCHEMA", allow_retry: true, materialize_transactions: false).cast_values.each_with_object({}) do |row, memo|
+          name, schema = row[0], row[2]
+          schema = nil if schema == current_schema
+          full_name = [schema, name].compact.join(".")
+          memo[full_name] = row.last
+        end.to_a
+      end
+
+      # Given a name and an array of values, creates an enum type.
+      def create_enum(name, values, **options)
+        sql_values = values.map { |s| quote(s) }.join(", ")
+        scope = quoted_scope(name)
+        query = <<~SQL
+          DO $$
+          BEGIN
+              IF NOT EXISTS (
+                SELECT 1
+                FROM pg_type t
+                JOIN pg_namespace n ON t.typnamespace = n.oid
+                WHERE t.typname = #{scope[:name]}
+                  AND n.nspname = #{scope[:schema]}
+              ) THEN
+                  CREATE TYPE #{quote_table_name(name)} AS ENUM (#{sql_values});
+              END IF;
+          END
+          $$;
+        SQL
+        internal_exec_query(query)
+      end
+
+      # Drops an enum type.
+      #
+      # If the <tt>if_exists: true</tt> option is provided, the enum is dropped
+      # only if it exists. Otherwise, if the enum doesn't exist, an error is
+      # raised.
+      #
+      # The +values+ parameter will be ignored if present. It can be helpful
+      # to provide this in a migration's +change+ method so it can be reverted.
+      # In that case, +values+ will be used by #create_enum.
+      def drop_enum(name, values = nil, **options)
+        query = <<~SQL
+          DROP TYPE#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_table_name(name)};
+        SQL
+        internal_exec_query(query)
+      end
+
+      # Rename an existing enum type to something else.
+      def rename_enum(name, options = {})
+        to = options.fetch(:to) { raise ArgumentError, ":to is required" }
+
+        exec_query("ALTER TYPE #{quote_table_name(name)} RENAME TO #{to}").tap { reload_type_map }
+      end
+
+      # Add enum value to an existing enum type.
+      def add_enum_value(type_name, value, options = {})
+        before, after = options.values_at(:before, :after)
+        sql = +"ALTER TYPE #{quote_table_name(type_name)} ADD VALUE '#{value}'"
+
+        if before && after
+          raise ArgumentError, "Cannot have both :before and :after at the same time"
+        elsif before
+          sql << " BEFORE '#{before}'"
+        elsif after
+          sql << " AFTER '#{after}'"
+        end
+
+        execute(sql).tap { reload_type_map }
+      end
+
+      # Rename enum value on an existing enum type.
+      def rename_enum_value(type_name, options = {})
+        unless database_version >= 10_00_00 # >= 10.0
+          raise ArgumentError, "Renaming enum values is only supported in PostgreSQL 10 or later"
+        end
+
+        from = options.fetch(:from) { raise ArgumentError, ":from is required" }
+        to = options.fetch(:to) { raise ArgumentError, ":to is required" }
+
+        execute("ALTER TYPE #{quote_table_name(type_name)} RENAME VALUE '#{from}' TO '#{to}'").tap {
+          reload_type_map
+        }
       end
 
       # Returns the configured supported identifier length supported by PostgreSQL
@@ -411,10 +596,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @max_identifier_length ||= query_value("SHOW max_identifier_length", "SCHEMA").to_i
       end
 
+      # Returns the maximum length of a table name.
+      def table_name_length
+        # PostgreSQL automatically creates an index for PRIMARY KEY with name consisting of
+        # truncated table name and "_pkey" suffix fitting into max_identifier_length number of characters.
+        # We allow smaller table names to be able to correctly rename this index when renaming the table.
+        max_identifier_length - "_pkey".length
+      end
+
       # Set the authorized user for this session
       def session_auth=(user)
         clear_cache!
-        execute("SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION #{user}")
+        internal_execute("SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION #{user}", nil, materialize_transactions: true)
       end
 
       def use_insert_returning?
@@ -423,7 +616,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns the version of the connected PostgreSQL server.
       def get_database_version # :nodoc:
-        @connection.server_version
+        valid_raw_connection.server_version
       end
       alias :postgresql_version :database_version
 
@@ -438,8 +631,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           sql << " ON CONFLICT #{insert.conflict_target} DO NOTHING"
         elsif insert.update_duplicates?
           sql << " ON CONFLICT #{insert.conflict_target} DO UPDATE SET "
-          sql << insert.touch_model_timestamps_unless { |column| "#{insert.model.quoted_table_name}.#{column} IS NOT DISTINCT FROM excluded.#{column}" }
-          sql << insert.updatable_columns.map { |column| "#{column}=excluded.#{column}" }.join(",")
+          if insert.raw_update_sql?
+            sql << insert.raw_update_sql
+          else
+            sql << insert.touch_model_timestamps_unless { |column| "#{insert.model.quoted_table_name}.#{column} IS NOT DISTINCT FROM excluded.#{column}" }
+            sql << insert.updatable_columns.map { |column| "#{column}=excluded.#{column}" }.join(",")
+          end
         end
 
         sql << " RETURNING #{insert.returning}" if insert.returning
@@ -447,73 +644,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def check_version # :nodoc:
-        if database_version < 90300
+        if database_version < 9_03_00 # < 9.3
           raise "Your version of PostgreSQL (#{database_version}) is too old. Active Record supports PostgreSQL >= 9.3."
         end
       end
 
-      private
-        # See https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/errcodes-appendix.html
-        VALUE_LIMIT_VIOLATION = "22001"
-        NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE = "22003"
-        NOT_NULL_VIOLATION    = "23502"
-        FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION = "23503"
-        UNIQUE_VIOLATION      = "23505"
-        SERIALIZATION_FAILURE = "40001"
-        DEADLOCK_DETECTED     = "40P01"
-        DUPLICATE_DATABASE    = "42P04"
-        LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE    = "55P03"
-        QUERY_CANCELED        = "57014"
-
-        def translate_exception(exception, message:, sql:, binds:)
-          return exception unless exception.respond_to?(:result)
-
-          case exception.result.try(:error_field, PG::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
-          when nil
-            if exception.message.match?(/connection is closed/i)
-              ConnectionNotEstablished.new(exception)
-            else
-              super
-            end
-          when UNIQUE_VIOLATION
-            RecordNotUnique.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
-          when FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION
-            InvalidForeignKey.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
-          when VALUE_LIMIT_VIOLATION
-            ValueTooLong.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
-          when NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE
-            RangeError.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
-          when NOT_NULL_VIOLATION
-            NotNullViolation.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
-          when SERIALIZATION_FAILURE
-            SerializationFailure.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
-          when DEADLOCK_DETECTED
-            Deadlocked.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
-          when DUPLICATE_DATABASE
-            DatabaseAlreadyExists.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
-          when LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE
-            LockWaitTimeout.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
-          when QUERY_CANCELED
-            QueryCanceled.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def get_oid_type(oid, fmod, column_name, sql_type = "")
-          if !type_map.key?(oid)
-            load_additional_types([oid])
-          end
-
-          type_map.fetch(oid, fmod, sql_type) {
-            warn "unknown OID #{oid}: failed to recognize type of '#{column_name}'. It will be treated as String."
-            Type.default_value.tap do |cast_type|
-              type_map.register_type(oid, cast_type)
-            end
-          }
-        end
-
-        def initialize_type_map(m = type_map)
+      class << self
+        def initialize_type_map(m) # :nodoc:
           m.register_type "int2", Type::Integer.new(limit: 2)
           m.register_type "int4", Type::Integer.new(limit: 4)
           m.register_type "int8", Type::Integer.new(limit: 8)
@@ -528,7 +665,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           m.register_type "bool", Type::Boolean.new
           register_class_with_limit m, "bit", OID::Bit
           register_class_with_limit m, "varbit", OID::BitVarying
-          m.alias_type "timestamptz", "timestamp"
           m.register_type "date", OID::Date.new
 
           m.register_type "money", OID::Money.new
@@ -552,9 +688,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           m.register_type "polygon", OID::SpecializedString.new(:polygon)
           m.register_type "circle", OID::SpecializedString.new(:circle)
 
-          register_class_with_precision m, "time", Type::Time
-          register_class_with_precision m, "timestamp", OID::DateTime
-
           m.register_type "numeric" do |_, fmod, sql_type|
             precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
             scale = extract_scale(sql_type)
@@ -579,6 +712,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
             precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
             OID::Interval.new(precision: precision)
           end
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+        attr_reader :type_map
+
+        def initialize_type_map(m = type_map)
+          self.class.initialize_type_map(m)
+
+          self.class.register_class_with_precision m, "time", Type::Time, timezone: @default_timezone
+          self.class.register_class_with_precision m, "timestamp", OID::Timestamp, timezone: @default_timezone
+          self.class.register_class_with_precision m, "timestamptz", OID::TimestampWithTimeZone
 
           load_additional_types
         end
@@ -587,7 +732,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def extract_value_from_default(default)
           case default
             # Quoted types
-          when /\A[\(B]?'(.*)'.*::"?([\w. ]+)"?(?:\[\])?\z/m
+          when /\A[(B]?'(.*)'.*::"?([\w. ]+)"?(?:\[\])?\z/m
             # The default 'now'::date is CURRENT_DATE
             if $1 == "now" && $2 == "date"
               nil
@@ -618,37 +763,118 @@ module ActiveRecord
           !default_value && %r{\w+\(.*\)|\(.*\)::\w+|CURRENT_DATE|CURRENT_TIMESTAMP}.match?(default)
         end
 
+        # See https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/errcodes-appendix.html
+        VALUE_LIMIT_VIOLATION = "22001"
+        NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE = "22003"
+        NOT_NULL_VIOLATION    = "23502"
+        FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION = "23503"
+        UNIQUE_VIOLATION      = "23505"
+        SERIALIZATION_FAILURE = "40001"
+        DEADLOCK_DETECTED     = "40P01"
+        DUPLICATE_DATABASE    = "42P04"
+        LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE    = "55P03"
+        QUERY_CANCELED        = "57014"
+
+        def translate_exception(exception, message:, sql:, binds:)
+          return exception unless exception.respond_to?(:result)
+
+          case exception.result.try(:error_field, PG::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
+          when nil
+            if exception.message.match?(/connection is closed/i)
+              ConnectionNotEstablished.new(exception, connection_pool: @pool)
+            elsif exception.is_a?(PG::ConnectionBad)
+              # libpq message style always ends with a newline; the pg gem's internal
+              # errors do not. We separate these cases because a pg-internal
+              # ConnectionBad means it failed before it managed to send the query,
+              # whereas a libpq failure could have occurred at any time (meaning the
+              # server may have already executed part or all of the query).
+              if exception.message.end_with?("\n")
+                ConnectionFailed.new(exception, connection_pool: @pool)
+              else
+                ConnectionNotEstablished.new(exception, connection_pool: @pool)
+              end
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          when UNIQUE_VIOLATION
+            RecordNotUnique.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          when FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION
+            InvalidForeignKey.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          when VALUE_LIMIT_VIOLATION
+            ValueTooLong.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          when NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE
+            RangeError.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          when NOT_NULL_VIOLATION
+            NotNullViolation.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          when SERIALIZATION_FAILURE
+            SerializationFailure.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          when DEADLOCK_DETECTED
+            Deadlocked.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          when DUPLICATE_DATABASE
+            DatabaseAlreadyExists.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          when LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE
+            LockWaitTimeout.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          when QUERY_CANCELED
+            QueryCanceled.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        def retryable_query_error?(exception)
+          # We cannot retry anything if we're inside a broken transaction; we need to at
+          # least raise until the innermost savepoint is rolled back
+          @raw_connection&.transaction_status != ::PG::PQTRANS_INERROR &&
+            super
+        end
+
+        def get_oid_type(oid, fmod, column_name, sql_type = "")
+          if !type_map.key?(oid)
+            load_additional_types([oid])
+          end
+
+          type_map.fetch(oid, fmod, sql_type) {
+            warn "unknown OID #{oid}: failed to recognize type of '#{column_name}'. It will be treated as String."
+            Type.default_value.tap do |cast_type|
+              type_map.register_type(oid, cast_type)
+            end
+          }
+        end
+
         def load_additional_types(oids = nil)
           initializer = OID::TypeMapInitializer.new(type_map)
+          load_types_queries(initializer, oids) do |query|
+            execute_and_clear(query, "SCHEMA", [], allow_retry: true, materialize_transactions: false) do |records|
+              initializer.run(records)
+            end
+          end
+        end
 
+        def load_types_queries(initializer, oids)
           query = <<~SQL
             SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, r.rngsubtype, t.typtype, t.typbasetype
             FROM pg_type as t
             LEFT JOIN pg_range as r ON oid = rngtypid
           SQL
-
           if oids
-            query += "WHERE t.oid IN (%s)" % oids.join(", ")
+            yield query + "WHERE t.oid IN (%s)" % oids.join(", ")
           else
-            query += initializer.query_conditions_for_initial_load
-          end
-
-          execute_and_clear(query, "SCHEMA", []) do |records|
-            initializer.run(records)
+            yield query + initializer.query_conditions_for_known_type_names
+            yield query + initializer.query_conditions_for_known_type_types
+            yield query + initializer.query_conditions_for_array_types
           end
         end
 
-        FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED = "0A000" #:nodoc:
+        FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED = "0A000" # :nodoc:
 
-        def execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds, prepare: false)
-          if preventing_writes? && write_query?(sql)
-            raise ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError, "Write query attempted while in readonly mode: #{sql}"
-          end
+        def execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds, prepare: false, async: false, allow_retry: false, materialize_transactions: true)
+          sql = transform_query(sql)
+          check_if_write_query(sql)
 
           if !prepare || without_prepared_statement?(binds)
-            result = exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds)
+            result = exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds, async: async, allow_retry: allow_retry, materialize_transactions: materialize_transactions)
           else
-            result = exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
+            result = exec_cache(sql, name, binds, async: async, allow_retry: allow_retry, materialize_transactions: materialize_transactions)
           end
           begin
             ret = yield result
@@ -658,33 +884,32 @@ module ActiveRecord
           ret
         end
 
-        def exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds)
-          materialize_transactions
+        def exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds, async:, allow_retry:, materialize_transactions:)
           mark_transaction_written_if_write(sql)
 
-          # make sure we carry over any changes to ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone that have been
+          # make sure we carry over any changes to ActiveRecord.default_timezone that have been
           # made since we established the connection
           update_typemap_for_default_timezone
 
           type_casted_binds = type_casted_binds(binds)
-          log(sql, name, binds, type_casted_binds) do
-            ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.permit_concurrent_loads do
-              @connection.exec_params(sql, type_casted_binds)
+          log(sql, name, binds, type_casted_binds, async: async) do
+            with_raw_connection do |conn|
+              conn.exec_params(sql, type_casted_binds)
             end
           end
         end
 
-        def exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
-          materialize_transactions
+        def exec_cache(sql, name, binds, async:, allow_retry:, materialize_transactions:)
           mark_transaction_written_if_write(sql)
+
           update_typemap_for_default_timezone
 
           stmt_key = prepare_statement(sql, binds)
           type_casted_binds = type_casted_binds(binds)
 
-          log(sql, name, binds, type_casted_binds, stmt_key) do
-            ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.permit_concurrent_loads do
-              @connection.exec_prepared(stmt_key, type_casted_binds)
+          with_raw_connection do |conn|
+            log(sql, name, binds, type_casted_binds, stmt_key, async: async) do
+              conn.exec_prepared(stmt_key, type_casted_binds)
             end
           end
         rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => e
@@ -733,17 +958,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Prepare the statement if it hasn't been prepared, return
         # the statement key.
         def prepare_statement(sql, binds)
-          @lock.synchronize do
+          with_raw_connection(allow_retry: true, materialize_transactions: false) do |conn|
             sql_key = sql_key(sql)
             unless @statements.key? sql_key
               nextkey = @statements.next_key
               begin
-                @connection.prepare nextkey, sql
+                conn.prepare nextkey, sql
               rescue => e
                 raise translate_exception_class(e, sql, binds)
               end
               # Clear the queue
-              @connection.get_last_result
+              conn.get_last_result
               @statements[sql_key] = nextkey
             end
             @statements[sql_key]
@@ -753,49 +978,79 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Connects to a PostgreSQL server and sets up the adapter depending on the
         # connected server's characteristics.
         def connect
-          @connection = self.class.new_client(@connection_parameters)
-          configure_connection
-          add_pg_encoders
-          add_pg_decoders
+          @raw_connection = self.class.new_client(@connection_parameters)
+        rescue ConnectionNotEstablished => ex
+          raise ex.set_pool(@pool)
+        end
+
+        def reconnect
+          begin
+            @raw_connection&.reset
+          rescue PG::ConnectionBad
+            @raw_connection = nil
+          end
+
+          connect unless @raw_connection
         end
 
         # Configures the encoding, verbosity, schema search path, and time zone of the connection.
         # This is called by #connect and should not be called manually.
         def configure_connection
           if @config[:encoding]
-            @connection.set_client_encoding(@config[:encoding])
+            @raw_connection.set_client_encoding(@config[:encoding])
           end
           self.client_min_messages = @config[:min_messages] || "warning"
           self.schema_search_path = @config[:schema_search_path] || @config[:schema_order]
 
+          unless ActiveRecord.db_warnings_action.nil?
+            @raw_connection.set_notice_receiver do |result|
+              message = result.error_field(PG::Result::PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_PRIMARY)
+              code = result.error_field(PG::Result::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
+              level = result.error_field(PG::Result::PG_DIAG_SEVERITY)
+              @notice_receiver_sql_warnings << SQLWarning.new(message, code, level, nil, @pool)
+            end
+          end
+
           # Use standard-conforming strings so we don't have to do the E'...' dance.
           set_standard_conforming_strings
 
           variables = @config.fetch(:variables, {}).stringify_keys
 
-          # If using Active Record's time zone support configure the connection to return
-          # TIMESTAMP WITH ZONE types in UTC.
-          unless variables["timezone"]
-            if ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc
-              variables["timezone"] = "UTC"
-            elsif @local_tz
-              variables["timezone"] = @local_tz
-            end
-          end
-
           # Set interval output format to ISO 8601 for ease of parsing by ActiveSupport::Duration.parse
-          execute("SET intervalstyle = iso_8601", "SCHEMA")
+          internal_execute("SET intervalstyle = iso_8601")
 
           # SET statements from :variables config hash
           # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-set.html
           variables.map do |k, v|
             if v == ":default" || v == :default
               # Sets the value to the global or compile default
-              execute("SET SESSION #{k} TO DEFAULT", "SCHEMA")
+              internal_execute("SET SESSION #{k} TO DEFAULT")
             elsif !v.nil?
-              execute("SET SESSION #{k} TO #{quote(v)}", "SCHEMA")
+              internal_execute("SET SESSION #{k} TO #{quote(v)}")
             end
           end
+
+          add_pg_encoders
+          add_pg_decoders
+
+          reload_type_map
+        end
+
+        def reconfigure_connection_timezone
+          variables = @config.fetch(:variables, {}).stringify_keys
+
+          # If it's been directly configured as a connection variable, we don't
+          # need to do anything here; it will be set up by configure_connection
+          # and then never changed.
+          return if variables["timezone"]
+
+          # If using Active Record's time zone support configure the connection
+          # to return TIMESTAMP WITH ZONE types in UTC.
+          if default_timezone == :utc
+            internal_execute("SET SESSION timezone TO 'UTC'")
+          else
+            internal_execute("SET SESSION timezone TO DEFAULT")
+          end
         end
 
         # Returns the list of a table's column names, data types, and default values.
@@ -820,7 +1075,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           query(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")
               SELECT a.attname, format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod),
                      pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid), a.attnotnull, a.atttypid, a.atttypmod,
-                     c.collname, col_description(a.attrelid, a.attnum) AS comment
+                     c.collname, col_description(a.attrelid, a.attnum) AS comment,
+                     #{supports_virtual_columns? ? 'attgenerated' : quote('')} as attgenerated
                 FROM pg_attribute a
                 LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef d ON a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND a.attnum = d.adnum
                 LEFT JOIN pg_type t ON a.atttypid = t.oid
@@ -831,37 +1087,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
           SQL
         end
 
-        def extract_table_ref_from_insert_sql(sql)
-          sql[/into\s("[A-Za-z0-9_."\[\]\s]+"|[A-Za-z0-9_."\[\]]+)\s*/im]
-          $1.strip if $1
-        end
-
         def arel_visitor
           Arel::Visitors::PostgreSQL.new(self)
         end
 
         def build_statement_pool
-          StatementPool.new(@connection, self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(@config[:statement_limit]))
+          StatementPool.new(self, self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(@config[:statement_limit]))
         end
 
         def can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?(column)
-          @case_insensitive_cache ||= {}
-          @case_insensitive_cache[column.sql_type] ||= begin
-            sql = <<~SQL
-              SELECT exists(
-                SELECT * FROM pg_proc
-                WHERE proname = 'lower'
-                  AND proargtypes = ARRAY[#{quote column.sql_type}::regtype]::oidvector
-              ) OR exists(
-                SELECT * FROM pg_proc
-                INNER JOIN pg_cast
-                  ON ARRAY[casttarget]::oidvector = proargtypes
-                WHERE proname = 'lower'
-                  AND castsource = #{quote column.sql_type}::regtype
-              )
-            SQL
-            execute_and_clear(sql, "SCHEMA", []) do |result|
-              result.getvalue(0, 0)
+          # NOTE: citext is an exception. It is possible to perform a
+          #       case-insensitive comparison using `LOWER()`, but it is
+          #       unnecessary, as `citext` is case-insensitive by definition.
+          @case_insensitive_cache ||= { "citext" => false }
+          @case_insensitive_cache.fetch(column.sql_type) do
+            @case_insensitive_cache[column.sql_type] = begin
+              sql = <<~SQL
+                SELECT exists(
+                  SELECT * FROM pg_proc
+                  WHERE proname = 'lower'
+                    AND proargtypes = ARRAY[#{quote column.sql_type}::regtype]::oidvector
+                ) OR exists(
+                  SELECT * FROM pg_proc
+                  INNER JOIN pg_cast
+                    ON ARRAY[casttarget]::oidvector = proargtypes
+                  WHERE proname = 'lower'
+                    AND castsource = #{quote column.sql_type}::regtype
+                )
+              SQL
+              execute_and_clear(sql, "SCHEMA", [], allow_retry: true, materialize_transactions: false) do |result|
+                result.getvalue(0, 0)
+              end
             end
           end
         end
@@ -871,23 +1127,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
           map[Integer] = PG::TextEncoder::Integer.new
           map[TrueClass] = PG::TextEncoder::Boolean.new
           map[FalseClass] = PG::TextEncoder::Boolean.new
-          @connection.type_map_for_queries = map
+          @raw_connection.type_map_for_queries = map
         end
 
         def update_typemap_for_default_timezone
-          if @default_timezone != ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone && @timestamp_decoder
-            decoder_class = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc ?
+          if @raw_connection && @mapped_default_timezone != default_timezone && @timestamp_decoder
+            decoder_class = default_timezone == :utc ?
               PG::TextDecoder::TimestampUtc :
               PG::TextDecoder::TimestampWithoutTimeZone
 
-            @timestamp_decoder = decoder_class.new(@timestamp_decoder.to_h)
-            @connection.type_map_for_results.add_coder(@timestamp_decoder)
-            @default_timezone = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone
+            @timestamp_decoder = decoder_class.new(**@timestamp_decoder.to_h)
+            @raw_connection.type_map_for_results.add_coder(@timestamp_decoder)
+
+            @mapped_default_timezone = default_timezone
+
+            # if default timezone has changed, we need to reconfigure the connection
+            # (specifically, the session time zone)
+            reconfigure_connection_timezone
+
+            true
           end
         end
 
         def add_pg_decoders
-          @default_timezone = nil
+          @mapped_default_timezone = nil
           @timestamp_decoder = nil
 
           coders_by_name = {
@@ -909,15 +1172,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
             FROM pg_type as t
             WHERE t.typname IN (%s)
           SQL
-          coders = execute_and_clear(query, "SCHEMA", []) do |result|
-            result
-              .map { |row| construct_coder(row, coders_by_name[row["typname"]]) }
-              .compact
+          coders = execute_and_clear(query, "SCHEMA", [], allow_retry: true, materialize_transactions: false) do |result|
+            result.filter_map { |row| construct_coder(row, coders_by_name[row["typname"]]) }
           end
 
           map = PG::TypeMapByOid.new
           coders.each { |coder| map.add_coder(coder) }
-          @connection.type_map_for_results = map
+          @raw_connection.type_map_for_results = map
 
           @type_map_for_results = PG::TypeMapByOid.new
           @type_map_for_results.default_type_map = map
@@ -963,5 +1224,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         ActiveRecord::Type.register(:vector, OID::Vector, adapter: :postgresql)
         ActiveRecord::Type.register(:xml, OID::Xml, adapter: :postgresql)
     end
+    ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_record_postgresqladapter, PostgreSQLAdapter)
   end
 end