activerecord 5.2.8 → 7.0.2

data/lib/active_record/relation.rb

@@ -5,12 +5,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
   class Relation
     MULTI_VALUE_METHODS  = [:includes, :eager_load, :preload, :select, :group,
                             :order, :joins, :left_outer_joins, :references,
-                            :extending, :unscope]
+                            :extending, :unscope, :optimizer_hints, :annotate]
 
-    SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS = [:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :reordering,
+    SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS = [:limit, :offset, :lock, :readonly, :reordering, :strict_loading,
                             :reverse_order, :distinct, :create_with, :skip_query_cache]
+
     CLAUSE_METHODS = [:where, :having, :from]
-    INVALID_METHODS_FOR_DELETE_ALL = [:distinct, :group, :having]
+    INVALID_METHODS_FOR_DELETE_ALL = [:distinct]
 
     VALUE_METHODS = MULTI_VALUE_METHODS + SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS + CLAUSE_METHODS
 
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     include FinderMethods, Calculations, SpawnMethods, QueryMethods, Batches, Explain, Delegation
 
     attr_reader :table, :klass, :loaded, :predicate_builder
+    attr_accessor :skip_preloading_value
     alias :model :klass
     alias :loaded? :loaded
     alias :locked? :lock_value
@@ -26,10 +28,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @klass  = klass
       @table  = table
       @values = values
-      @offsets = {}
       @loaded = false
       @predicate_builder = predicate_builder
       @delegate_to_klass = false
+      @future_result = nil
+      @records = nil
     end
 
     def initialize_copy(other)
@@ -37,8 +40,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       reset
     end
 
-    def arel_attribute(name) # :nodoc:
-      klass.arel_attribute(name, table)
+    def bind_attribute(name, value) # :nodoc:
+      if reflection = klass._reflect_on_association(name)
+        name = reflection.foreign_key
+        value = value.read_attribute(reflection.klass.primary_key) unless value.nil?
+      end
+
+      attr = table[name]
+      bind = predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(attr.name, value)
+      yield attr, bind
     end
 
     # Initializes new record from relation while maintaining the current
@@ -54,9 +64,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   user = users.new { |user| user.name = 'Oscar' }
     #   user.name # => Oscar
     def new(attributes = nil, &block)
-      scoping { klass.new(values_for_create(attributes), &block) }
+      if attributes.is_a?(Array)
+        attributes.collect { |attr| new(attr, &block) }
+      else
+        block = current_scope_restoring_block(&block)
+        scoping { _new(attributes, &block) }
+      end
     end
-
     alias build new
 
     # Tries to create a new record with the same scoped attributes
@@ -82,7 +96,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       if attributes.is_a?(Array)
         attributes.collect { |attr| create(attr, &block) }
       else
-        scoping { klass.create(values_for_create(attributes), &block) }
+        block = current_scope_restoring_block(&block)
+        scoping { _create(attributes, &block) }
       end
     end
 
@@ -96,7 +111,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       if attributes.is_a?(Array)
         attributes.collect { |attr| create!(attr, &block) }
       else
-        scoping { klass.create!(values_for_create(attributes), &block) }
+        block = current_scope_restoring_block(&block)
+        scoping { _create!(attributes, &block) }
       end
     end
 
@@ -133,7 +149,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # above can be alternatively written this way:
     #
     #   # Find the first user named "Scarlett" or create a new one with a
-    #   # different last name.
+    #   # particular last name.
     #   User.find_or_create_by(first_name: 'Scarlett') do |user|
     #     user.last_name = 'Johansson'
     #   end
@@ -143,23 +159,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # failed due to validation errors it won't be persisted, you get what
     # #create returns in such situation.
     #
-    # Please note *this method is not atomic*, it runs first a SELECT, and if
+    # Please note <b>this method is not atomic</b>, it runs first a SELECT, and if
     # there are no results an INSERT is attempted. If there are other threads
     # or processes there is a race condition between both calls and it could
     # be the case that you end up with two similar records.
     #
-    # Whether that is a problem or not depends on the logic of the
-    # application, but in the particular case in which rows have a UNIQUE
-    # constraint an exception may be raised, just retry:
-    #
-    #  begin
-    #    CreditAccount.transaction(requires_new: true) do
-    #      CreditAccount.find_or_create_by(user_id: user.id)
-    #    end
-    #  rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
-    #    retry
-    #  end
-    #
+    # If this might be a problem for your application, please see #create_or_find_by.
     def find_or_create_by(attributes, &block)
       find_by(attributes) || create(attributes, &block)
     end
@@ -171,6 +176,51 @@ module ActiveRecord
       find_by(attributes) || create!(attributes, &block)
     end
 
+    # Attempts to create a record with the given attributes in a table that has a unique database constraint
+    # on one or several of its columns. If a row already exists with one or several of these
+    # unique constraints, the exception such an insertion would normally raise is caught,
+    # and the existing record with those attributes is found using #find_by!.
+    #
+    # This is similar to #find_or_create_by, but avoids the problem of stale reads between the SELECT
+    # and the INSERT, as that method needs to first query the table, then attempt to insert a row
+    # if none is found.
+    #
+    # There are several drawbacks to #create_or_find_by, though:
+    #
+    # * The underlying table must have the relevant columns defined with unique database constraints.
+    # * A unique constraint violation may be triggered by only one, or at least less than all,
+    #   of the given attributes. This means that the subsequent #find_by! may fail to find a
+    #   matching record, which will then raise an <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> exception,
+    #   rather than a record with the given attributes.
+    # * While we avoid the race condition between SELECT -> INSERT from #find_or_create_by,
+    #   we actually have another race condition between INSERT -> SELECT, which can be triggered
+    #   if a DELETE between those two statements is run by another client. But for most applications,
+    #   that's a significantly less likely condition to hit.
+    # * It relies on exception handling to handle control flow, which may be marginally slower.
+    # * The primary key may auto-increment on each create, even if it fails. This can accelerate
+    #   the problem of running out of integers, if the underlying table is still stuck on a primary
+    #   key of type int (note: All Rails apps since 5.1+ have defaulted to bigint, which is not liable
+    #   to this problem).
+    #
+    # This method will return a record if all given attributes are covered by unique constraints
+    # (unless the INSERT -> DELETE -> SELECT race condition is triggered), but if creation was attempted
+    # and failed due to validation errors it won't be persisted, you get what #create returns in
+    # such situation.
+    def create_or_find_by(attributes, &block)
+      transaction(requires_new: true) { create(attributes, &block) }
+    rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
+      find_by!(attributes)
+    end
+
+    # Like #create_or_find_by, but calls
+    # {create!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create!] so an exception
+    # is raised if the created record is invalid.
+    def create_or_find_by!(attributes, &block)
+      transaction(requires_new: true) { create!(attributes, &block) }
+    rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique
+      find_by!(attributes)
+    end
+
     # Like #find_or_create_by, but calls {new}[rdoc-ref:Core#new]
     # instead of {create}[rdoc-ref:Persistence::ClassMethods#create].
     def find_or_initialize_by(attributes, &block)
@@ -185,7 +235,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # are needed by the next ones when eager loading is going on.
     #
     # Please see further details in the
-    # {Active Record Query Interface guide}[http://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_querying.html#running-explain].
+    # {Active Record Query Interface guide}[https://guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_querying.html#running-explain].
     def explain
       exec_explain(collecting_queries_for_explain { exec_queries })
     end
@@ -208,13 +258,20 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
     # Returns size of the records.
     def size
-      loaded? ? @records.length : count(:all)
+      if loaded?
+        records.length
+      else
+        count(:all)
+      end
     end
 
     # Returns true if there are no records.
     def empty?
-      return @records.empty? if loaded?
-      !exists?
+      if loaded?
+        records.empty?
+      else
+        !exists?
+      end
     end
 
     # Returns true if there are no records.
@@ -232,39 +289,119 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Returns true if there is exactly one record.
     def one?
       return super if block_given?
-      limit_value ? records.one? : size == 1
+      return records.one? if loaded?
+      limited_count == 1
     end
 
     # Returns true if there is more than one record.
     def many?
       return super if block_given?
-      limit_value ? records.many? : size > 1
+      return records.many? if loaded?
+      limited_count > 1
     end
 
-    # Returns a cache key that can be used to identify the records fetched by
-    # this query. The cache key is built with a fingerprint of the sql query,
-    # the number of records matched by the query and a timestamp of the last
-    # updated record. When a new record comes to match the query, or any of
-    # the existing records is updated or deleted, the cache key changes.
+    # Returns a stable cache key that can be used to identify this query.
+    # The cache key is built with a fingerprint of the SQL query.
     #
-    #   Product.where("name like ?", "%Cosmic Encounter%").cache_key
-    #   # => "products/query-1850ab3d302391b85b8693e941286659-1-20150714212553907087000"
+    #    Product.where("name like ?", "%Cosmic Encounter%").cache_key
+    #    # => "products/query-1850ab3d302391b85b8693e941286659"
     #
-    # If the collection is loaded, the method will iterate through the records
-    # to generate the timestamp, otherwise it will trigger one SQL query like:
+    # If ActiveRecord::Base.collection_cache_versioning is turned off, as it was
+    # in Rails 6.0 and earlier, the cache key will also include a version.
     #
-    #    SELECT COUNT(*), MAX("products"."updated_at") FROM "products" WHERE (name like '%Cosmic Encounter%')
+    #    ActiveRecord::Base.collection_cache_versioning = false
+    #    Product.where("name like ?", "%Cosmic Encounter%").cache_key
+    #    # => "products/query-1850ab3d302391b85b8693e941286659-1-20150714212553907087000"
     #
     # You can also pass a custom timestamp column to fetch the timestamp of the
     # last updated record.
     #
     #   Product.where("name like ?", "%Game%").cache_key(:last_reviewed_at)
-    #
-    # You can customize the strategy to generate the key on a per model basis
-    # overriding ActiveRecord::Base#collection_cache_key.
-    def cache_key(timestamp_column = :updated_at)
+    def cache_key(timestamp_column = "updated_at")
       @cache_keys ||= {}
-      @cache_keys[timestamp_column] ||= @klass.collection_cache_key(self, timestamp_column)
+      @cache_keys[timestamp_column] ||= klass.collection_cache_key(self, timestamp_column)
+    end
+
+    def compute_cache_key(timestamp_column = :updated_at) # :nodoc:
+      query_signature = ActiveSupport::Digest.hexdigest(to_sql)
+      key = "#{klass.model_name.cache_key}/query-#{query_signature}"
+
+      if collection_cache_versioning
+        key
+      else
+        "#{key}-#{compute_cache_version(timestamp_column)}"
+      end
+    end
+    private :compute_cache_key
+
+    # Returns a cache version that can be used together with the cache key to form
+    # a recyclable caching scheme. The cache version is built with the number of records
+    # matching the query, and the timestamp of the last updated record. When a new record
+    # comes to match the query, or any of the existing records is updated or deleted,
+    # the cache version changes.
+    #
+    # If the collection is loaded, the method will iterate through the records
+    # to generate the timestamp, otherwise it will trigger one SQL query like:
+    #
+    #    SELECT COUNT(*), MAX("products"."updated_at") FROM "products" WHERE (name like '%Cosmic Encounter%')
+    def cache_version(timestamp_column = :updated_at)
+      if collection_cache_versioning
+        @cache_versions ||= {}
+        @cache_versions[timestamp_column] ||= compute_cache_version(timestamp_column)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def compute_cache_version(timestamp_column) # :nodoc:
+      timestamp_column = timestamp_column.to_s
+
+      if loaded?
+        size = records.size
+        if size > 0
+          timestamp = records.map { |record| record.read_attribute(timestamp_column) }.max
+        end
+      else
+        collection = eager_loading? ? apply_join_dependency : self
+
+        column = connection.visitor.compile(table[timestamp_column])
+        select_values = "COUNT(*) AS #{connection.quote_column_name("size")}, MAX(%s) AS timestamp"
+
+        if collection.has_limit_or_offset?
+          query = collection.select("#{column} AS collection_cache_key_timestamp")
+          query._select!(table[Arel.star]) if distinct_value && collection.select_values.empty?
+          subquery_alias = "subquery_for_cache_key"
+          subquery_column = "#{subquery_alias}.collection_cache_key_timestamp"
+          arel = query.build_subquery(subquery_alias, select_values % subquery_column)
+        else
+          query = collection.unscope(:order)
+          query.select_values = [select_values % column]
+          arel = query.arel
+        end
+
+        size, timestamp = connection.select_rows(arel, nil).first
+
+        if size
+          column_type = klass.type_for_attribute(timestamp_column)
+          timestamp = column_type.deserialize(timestamp)
+        else
+          size = 0
+        end
+      end
+
+      if timestamp
+        "#{size}-#{timestamp.utc.to_fs(cache_timestamp_format)}"
+      else
+        "#{size}"
+      end
+    end
+    private :compute_cache_version
+
+    # Returns a cache key along with the version.
+    def cache_key_with_version
+      if version = cache_version
+        "#{cache_key}-#{version}"
+      else
+        cache_key
+      end
     end
 
     # Scope all queries to the current scope.
@@ -274,18 +411,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   end
     #   # => SELECT "comments".* FROM "comments" WHERE "comments"."post_id" = 1 ORDER BY "comments"."id" ASC LIMIT 1
     #
+    # If <tt>all_queries: true</tt> is passed, scoping will apply to all queries
+    # for the relation including +update+ and +delete+ on instances.
+    # Once +all_queries+ is set to true it cannot be set to false in a
+    # nested block.
+    #
     # Please check unscoped if you want to remove all previous scopes (including
     # the default_scope) during the execution of a block.
-    def scoping
-      previous, klass.current_scope = klass.current_scope(true), self unless @delegate_to_klass
-      yield
-    ensure
-      klass.current_scope = previous unless @delegate_to_klass
+    def scoping(all_queries: nil, &block)
+      registry = klass.scope_registry
+      if global_scope?(registry) && all_queries == false
+        raise ArgumentError, "Scoping is set to apply to all queries and cannot be unset in a nested block."
+      elsif already_in_scope?(registry)
+        yield
+      else
+        _scoping(self, registry, all_queries, &block)
+      end
     end
 
     def _exec_scope(*args, &block) # :nodoc:
       @delegate_to_klass = true
-      instance_exec(*args, &block) || self
+      registry = klass.scope_registry
+      _scoping(nil, registry) { instance_exec(*args, &block) || self }
     ensure
       @delegate_to_klass = false
     end
@@ -293,7 +440,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Updates all records in the current relation with details given. This method constructs a single SQL UPDATE
     # statement and sends it straight to the database. It does not instantiate the involved models and it does not
     # trigger Active Record callbacks or validations. However, values passed to #update_all will still go through
-    # Active Record's normal type casting and serialization.
+    # Active Record's normal type casting and serialization. Returns the number of rows affected.
+    #
+    # Note: As Active Record callbacks are not triggered, this method will not automatically update +updated_at+/+updated_on+ columns.
     #
     # ==== Parameters
     #
@@ -315,26 +464,25 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def update_all(updates)
       raise ArgumentError, "Empty list of attributes to change" if updates.blank?
 
-      if eager_loading?
-        relation = apply_join_dependency
-        return relation.update_all(updates)
-      end
-
-      stmt = Arel::UpdateManager.new
-
-      stmt.set Arel.sql(@klass.sanitize_sql_for_assignment(updates))
-      stmt.table(table)
-
-      if has_join_values? || offset_value
-        @klass.connection.join_to_update(stmt, arel, arel_attribute(primary_key))
+      if updates.is_a?(Hash)
+        if klass.locking_enabled? &&
+            !updates.key?(klass.locking_column) &&
+            !updates.key?(klass.locking_column.to_sym)
+          attr = table[klass.locking_column]
+          updates[attr.name] = _increment_attribute(attr)
+        end
+        values = _substitute_values(updates)
       else
-        stmt.key = arel_attribute(primary_key)
-        stmt.take(arel.limit)
-        stmt.order(*arel.orders)
-        stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
+        values = Arel.sql(klass.sanitize_sql_for_assignment(updates, table.name))
       end
 
-      @klass.connection.update stmt, "#{@klass} Update All"
+      arel = eager_loading? ? apply_join_dependency.arel : build_arel
+      arel.source.left = table
+
+      group_values_arel_columns = arel_columns(group_values.uniq)
+      having_clause_ast = having_clause.ast unless having_clause.empty?
+      stmt = arel.compile_update(values, table[primary_key], having_clause_ast, group_values_arel_columns)
+      klass.connection.update(stmt, "#{klass} Update All").tap { reset }
     end
 
     def update(id = :all, attributes) # :nodoc:
@@ -345,6 +493,73 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
+    def update!(id = :all, attributes) # :nodoc:
+      if id == :all
+        each { |record| record.update!(attributes) }
+      else
+        klass.update!(id, attributes)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Updates the counters of the records in the current relation.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    #
+    # * +counter+ - A Hash containing the names of the fields to update as keys and the amount to update as values.
+    # * <tt>:touch</tt> option - Touch the timestamp columns when updating.
+    # * If attributes names are passed, they are updated along with update_at/on attributes.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   # For Posts by a given author increment the comment_count by 1.
+    #   Post.where(author_id: author.id).update_counters(comment_count: 1)
+    def update_counters(counters)
+      touch = counters.delete(:touch)
+
+      updates = {}
+      counters.each do |counter_name, value|
+        attr = table[counter_name]
+        updates[attr.name] = _increment_attribute(attr, value)
+      end
+
+      if touch
+        names = touch if touch != true
+        names = Array.wrap(names)
+        options = names.extract_options!
+        touch_updates = klass.touch_attributes_with_time(*names, **options)
+        updates.merge!(touch_updates) unless touch_updates.empty?
+      end
+
+      update_all updates
+    end
+
+    # Touches all records in the current relation, setting the +updated_at+/+updated_on+ attributes to the current time or the time specified.
+    # It does not instantiate the involved models, and it does not trigger Active Record callbacks or validations.
+    # This method can be passed attribute names and an optional time argument.
+    # If attribute names are passed, they are updated along with +updated_at+/+updated_on+ attributes.
+    # If no time argument is passed, the current time is used as default.
+    #
+    # === Examples
+    #
+    #   # Touch all records
+    #   Person.all.touch_all
+    #   # => "UPDATE \"people\" SET \"updated_at\" = '2018-01-04 22:55:23.132670'"
+    #
+    #   # Touch multiple records with a custom attribute
+    #   Person.all.touch_all(:created_at)
+    #   # => "UPDATE \"people\" SET \"updated_at\" = '2018-01-04 22:55:23.132670', \"created_at\" = '2018-01-04 22:55:23.132670'"
+    #
+    #   # Touch multiple records with a specified time
+    #   Person.all.touch_all(time: Time.new(2020, 5, 16, 0, 0, 0))
+    #   # => "UPDATE \"people\" SET \"updated_at\" = '2020-05-16 00:00:00'"
+    #
+    #   # Touch records with scope
+    #   Person.where(name: 'David').touch_all
+    #   # => "UPDATE \"people\" SET \"updated_at\" = '2018-01-04 22:55:23.132670' WHERE \"people\".\"name\" = 'David'"
+    def touch_all(*names, time: nil)
+      update_all klass.touch_attributes_with_time(*names, time: time)
+    end
+
     # Destroys the records by instantiating each
     # record and calling its {#destroy}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#destroy] method.
     # Each object's callbacks are executed (including <tt>:dependent</tt> association options).
@@ -385,31 +600,88 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # => ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError: delete_all doesn't support distinct
     def delete_all
       invalid_methods = INVALID_METHODS_FOR_DELETE_ALL.select do |method|
-        value = get_value(method)
-        SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS.include?(method) ? value : value.any?
+        value = @values[method]
+        method == :distinct ? value : value&.any?
       end
       if invalid_methods.any?
         raise ActiveRecordError.new("delete_all doesn't support #{invalid_methods.join(', ')}")
       end
 
-      if eager_loading?
-        relation = apply_join_dependency
-        return relation.delete_all
-      end
+      arel = eager_loading? ? apply_join_dependency.arel : build_arel
+      arel.source.left = table
 
-      stmt = Arel::DeleteManager.new
-      stmt.from(table)
+      group_values_arel_columns = arel_columns(group_values.uniq)
+      having_clause_ast = having_clause.ast unless having_clause.empty?
+      stmt = arel.compile_delete(table[primary_key], having_clause_ast, group_values_arel_columns)
 
-      if has_join_values? || has_limit_or_offset?
-        @klass.connection.join_to_delete(stmt, arel, arel_attribute(primary_key))
-      else
-        stmt.wheres = arel.constraints
+      klass.connection.delete(stmt, "#{klass} Delete All").tap { reset }
+    end
+
+    # Finds and destroys all records matching the specified conditions.
+    # This is short-hand for <tt>relation.where(condition).destroy_all</tt>.
+    # Returns the collection of objects that were destroyed.
+    #
+    # If no record is found, returns empty array.
+    #
+    #   Person.destroy_by(id: 13)
+    #   Person.destroy_by(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4)
+    #   Person.destroy_by("published_at < ?", 2.weeks.ago)
+    def destroy_by(*args)
+      where(*args).destroy_all
+    end
+
+    # Finds and deletes all records matching the specified conditions.
+    # This is short-hand for <tt>relation.where(condition).delete_all</tt>.
+    # Returns the number of rows affected.
+    #
+    # If no record is found, returns <tt>0</tt> as zero rows were affected.
+    #
+    #   Person.delete_by(id: 13)
+    #   Person.delete_by(name: 'Spartacus', rating: 4)
+    #   Person.delete_by("published_at < ?", 2.weeks.ago)
+    def delete_by(*args)
+      where(*args).delete_all
+    end
+
+    # Schedule the query to be performed from a background thread pool.
+    #
+    #   Post.where(published: true).load_async # => #<ActiveRecord::Relation>
+    #
+    # When the +Relation+ is iterated, if the background query wasn't executed yet,
+    # it will be performed by the foreground thread.
+    #
+    # Note that {config.active_record.async_query_executor}[https://guides.rubyonrails.org/configuring.html#config-active-record-async-query-executor] must be configured
+    # for queries to actually be executed concurrently. Otherwise it defaults to
+    # executing them in the foreground.
+    #
+    # +load_async+ will also fallback to executing in the foreground in the test environment when transactional
+    # fixtures are enabled.
+    #
+    # If the query was actually executed in the background, the Active Record logs will show
+    # it by prefixing the log line with <tt>ASYNC</tt>:
+    #
+    #   ASYNC Post Load (0.0ms) (db time 2ms)  SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" LIMIT 100
+    def load_async
+      return load if !connection.async_enabled?
+
+      unless loaded?
+        result = exec_main_query(async: connection.current_transaction.closed?)
+
+        if result.is_a?(Array)
+          @records = result
+        else
+          @future_result = result
+        end
+        @loaded = true
       end
 
-      affected = @klass.connection.delete(stmt, "#{@klass} Destroy")
+      self
+    end
 
-      reset
-      affected
+    # Returns <tt>true</tt> if the relation was scheduled on the background
+    # thread pool.
+    def scheduled?
+      !!@future_result
     end
 
     # Causes the records to be loaded from the database if they have not
@@ -419,7 +691,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   Post.where(published: true).load # => #<ActiveRecord::Relation>
     def load(&block)
-      exec_queries(&block) unless loaded?
+      if !loaded? || scheduled?
+        @records = exec_queries(&block)
+        @loaded = true
+      end
 
       self
     end
@@ -431,10 +706,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def reset
+      @future_result&.cancel
+      @future_result = nil
       @delegate_to_klass = false
       @to_sql = @arel = @loaded = @should_eager_load = nil
-      @records = [].freeze
-      @offsets = {}
+      @offsets = @take = nil
+      @cache_keys = nil
+      @records = nil
       self
     end
 
@@ -443,16 +721,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   User.where(name: 'Oscar').to_sql
     #   # => SELECT "users".* FROM "users"  WHERE "users"."name" = 'Oscar'
     def to_sql
-      @to_sql ||= begin
-        if eager_loading?
-          apply_join_dependency do |relation, join_dependency|
-            relation = join_dependency.apply_column_aliases(relation)
-            relation.to_sql
-          end
-        else
-          conn = klass.connection
-          conn.unprepared_statement { conn.to_sql(arel) }
+      @to_sql ||= if eager_loading?
+        apply_join_dependency do |relation, join_dependency|
+          relation = join_dependency.apply_column_aliases(relation)
+          relation.to_sql
         end
+      else
+        conn = klass.connection
+        conn.unprepared_statement { conn.to_sql(arel) }
       end
     end
 
@@ -465,7 +741,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def scope_for_create
-      where_values_hash.merge!(create_with_value.stringify_keys)
+      hash = where_clause.to_h(klass.table_name, equality_only: true)
+      create_with_value.each { |k, v| hash[k.to_s] = v } unless create_with_value.empty?
+      hash
     end
 
     # Returns true if relation needs eager loading.
@@ -508,8 +786,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @values.dup
     end
 
+    def values_for_queries # :nodoc:
+      @values.except(:extending, :skip_query_cache, :strict_loading)
+    end
+
     def inspect
-      subject = loaded? ? records : self
+      subject = loaded? ? records : annotate("loading for inspect")
       entries = subject.take([limit_value, 11].compact.min).map!(&:inspect)
 
       entries[10] = "..." if entries.size == 11
@@ -526,104 +808,186 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def alias_tracker(joins = [], aliases = nil) # :nodoc:
-      joins += [aliases] if aliases
-      ActiveRecord::Associations::AliasTracker.create(connection, table.name, joins)
+      ActiveRecord::Associations::AliasTracker.create(connection, table.name, joins, aliases)
     end
 
-    protected
+    class StrictLoadingScope # :nodoc:
+      def self.empty_scope?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def self.strict_loading_value
+        true
+      end
+    end
 
+    def preload_associations(records) # :nodoc:
+      preload = preload_values
+      preload += includes_values unless eager_loading?
+      scope = strict_loading_value ? StrictLoadingScope : nil
+      preload.each do |associations|
+        ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: records, associations: associations, scope: scope).call
+      end
+    end
+
+    protected
       def load_records(records)
         @records = records.freeze
         @loaded = true
       end
 
+      def null_relation? # :nodoc:
+        is_a?(NullRelation)
+      end
+
     private
+      def already_in_scope?(registry)
+        @delegate_to_klass && registry.current_scope(klass, true)
+      end
+
+      def global_scope?(registry)
+        registry.global_current_scope(klass, true)
+      end
+
+      def current_scope_restoring_block(&block)
+        current_scope = klass.current_scope(true)
+        -> record do
+          klass.current_scope = current_scope
+          yield record if block_given?
+        end
+      end
+
+      def _new(attributes, &block)
+        klass.new(attributes, &block)
+      end
+
+      def _create(attributes, &block)
+        klass.create(attributes, &block)
+      end
+
+      def _create!(attributes, &block)
+        klass.create!(attributes, &block)
+      end
+
+      def _scoping(scope, registry, all_queries = false)
+        previous = registry.current_scope(klass, true)
+        registry.set_current_scope(klass, scope)
+
+        if all_queries
+          previous_global = registry.global_current_scope(klass, true)
+          registry.set_global_current_scope(klass, scope)
+        end
+        yield
+      ensure
+        registry.set_current_scope(klass, previous)
+        if all_queries
+          registry.set_global_current_scope(klass, previous_global)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def _substitute_values(values)
+        values.map do |name, value|
+          attr = table[name]
+          unless Arel.arel_node?(value)
+            type = klass.type_for_attribute(attr.name)
+            value = predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(attr.name, type.cast(value))
+          end
+          [attr, value]
+        end
+      end
 
-      def has_join_values?
-        joins_values.any? || left_outer_joins_values.any?
+      def _increment_attribute(attribute, value = 1)
+        bind = predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(attribute.name, value.abs)
+        expr = table.coalesce(Arel::Nodes::UnqualifiedColumn.new(attribute), 0)
+        expr = value < 0 ? expr - bind : expr + bind
+        expr.expr
       end
 
       def exec_queries(&block)
         skip_query_cache_if_necessary do
-          @records =
-            if eager_loading?
-              apply_join_dependency do |relation, join_dependency|
-                if ActiveRecord::NullRelation === relation
-                  []
-                else
-                  relation = join_dependency.apply_column_aliases(relation)
-                  rows = connection.select_all(relation.arel, "SQL")
-                  join_dependency.instantiate(rows, &block)
-                end.freeze
-              end
-            else
-              klass.find_by_sql(arel, &block).freeze
-            end
-
-          preload = preload_values
-          preload += includes_values unless eager_loading?
-          preloader = nil
-          preload.each do |associations|
-            preloader ||= build_preloader
-            preloader.preload @records, associations
+          rows = if scheduled?
+            future = @future_result
+            @future_result = nil
+            future.result
+          else
+            exec_main_query
           end
 
-          @records.each(&:readonly!) if readonly_value
+          records = instantiate_records(rows, &block)
+          preload_associations(records) unless skip_preloading_value
+
+          records.each(&:readonly!) if readonly_value
+          records.each(&:strict_loading!) if strict_loading_value
 
-          @loaded = true
-          @records
+          records
         end
       end
 
-      def skip_query_cache_if_necessary
-        if skip_query_cache_value
-          uncached do
-            yield
+      def exec_main_query(async: false)
+        skip_query_cache_if_necessary do
+          if where_clause.contradiction?
+            [].freeze
+          elsif eager_loading?
+            apply_join_dependency do |relation, join_dependency|
+              if relation.null_relation?
+                [].freeze
+              else
+                relation = join_dependency.apply_column_aliases(relation)
+                @_join_dependency = join_dependency
+                connection.select_all(relation.arel, "SQL", async: async)
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            klass._query_by_sql(arel, async: async)
           end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def instantiate_records(rows, &block)
+        return [].freeze if rows.empty?
+        if eager_loading?
+          records = @_join_dependency.instantiate(rows, strict_loading_value, &block).freeze
+          @_join_dependency = nil
+          records
         else
-          yield
+          klass._load_from_sql(rows, &block).freeze
         end
       end
 
-      def build_preloader
-        ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new
+      def skip_query_cache_if_necessary(&block)
+        if skip_query_cache_value
+          uncached(&block)
+        else
+          yield
+        end
       end
 
       def references_eager_loaded_tables?
-        joined_tables = arel.join_sources.map do |join|
+        joined_tables = build_joins([]).flat_map do |join|
           if join.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::StringJoin)
             tables_in_string(join.left)
           else
-            [join.left.table_name, join.left.table_alias]
+            join.left.name
           end
         end
 
-        joined_tables += [table.name, table.table_alias]
+        joined_tables << table.name
 
         # always convert table names to downcase as in Oracle quoted table names are in uppercase
-        joined_tables = joined_tables.flatten.compact.map(&:downcase).uniq
+        joined_tables.map!(&:downcase)
 
-        (references_values - joined_tables).any?
+        !(references_values.map(&:to_s) - joined_tables).empty?
       end
 
       def tables_in_string(string)
         return [] if string.blank?
         # always convert table names to downcase as in Oracle quoted table names are in uppercase
         # ignore raw_sql_ that is used by Oracle adapter as alias for limit/offset subqueries
-        string.scan(/([a-zA-Z_][.\w]+).?\./).flatten.map(&:downcase).uniq - ["raw_sql_"]
+        string.scan(/[a-zA-Z_][.\w]+(?=.?\.)/).map!(&:downcase) - ["raw_sql_"]
       end
 
-      def values_for_create(attributes = nil)
-        result = attributes ? where_values_hash.merge!(attributes) : where_values_hash
-
-        # NOTE: if there are same keys in both create_with and result, create_with should be used.
-        # This is to make sure nested attributes don't get passed to the klass.new,
-        # while keeping the precedence of the duplicate keys in create_with.
-        create_with_value.stringify_keys.each do |k, v|
-          result[k] = v if result.key?(k)
-        end
-
-        result
+      def limited_count
+        limit_value ? count : limit(2).count
       end
   end
 end