activerecord 3.0.0 → 4.0.0

data/lib/active_record/base.rb

@@ -4,24 +4,20 @@ require 'active_support/benchmarkable'
 require 'active_support/dependencies'
 require 'active_support/descendants_tracker'
 require 'active_support/time'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/class/inheritable_attributes'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/string/behavior'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/module/introspection'
 require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses'
 require 'arel'
 require 'active_record/errors'
 require 'active_record/log_subscriber'
+require 'active_record/explain_subscriber'
 
 module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   # = Active Record
@@ -40,7 +36,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   # method is especially useful when you're receiving the data from somewhere else, like an
   # HTTP request. It works like this:
   #
-  #   user = User.new(:name => "David", :occupation => "Code Artist")
+  #   user = User.new(name: "David", occupation: "Code Artist")
   #   user.name # => "David"
   #
   # You can also use block initialization:
@@ -73,13 +69,13 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #     end
   #
   #     def self.authenticate_safely_simply(user_name, password)
-  #       where(:user_name => user_name, :password => password).first
+  #       where(user_name: user_name, password: password).first
   #     end
   #   end
   #
   # The <tt>authenticate_unsafely</tt> method inserts the parameters directly into the query
   # and is thus susceptible to SQL-injection attacks if the <tt>user_name</tt> and +password+
-  # parameters come directly from an HTTP request. The <tt>authenticate_safely</tt>  and
+  # parameters come directly from an HTTP request. The <tt>authenticate_safely</tt> and
   # <tt>authenticate_safely_simply</tt> both will sanitize the <tt>user_name</tt> and +password+
   # before inserting them in the query, which will ensure that an attacker can't escape the
   # query and fake the login (or worse).
@@ -91,28 +87,28 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #
   #   Company.where(
   #     "id = :id AND name = :name AND division = :division AND created_at > :accounting_date",
-  #     { :id => 3, :name => "37signals", :division => "First", :accounting_date => '2005-01-01' }
+  #     { id: 3, name: "37signals", division: "First", accounting_date: '2005-01-01' }
   #   ).first
   #
   # Similarly, a simple hash without a statement will generate conditions based on equality with the SQL AND
   # operator. For instance:
   #
-  #   Student.where(:first_name => "Harvey", :status => 1)
+  #   Student.where(first_name: "Harvey", status: 1)
   #   Student.where(params[:student])
   #
   # A range may be used in the hash to use the SQL BETWEEN operator:
   #
-  #   Student.where(:grade => 9..12)
+  #   Student.where(grade: 9..12)
   #
   # An array may be used in the hash to use the SQL IN operator:
   #
-  #   Student.where(:grade => [9,11,12])
+  #   Student.where(grade: [9,11,12])
   #
   # When joining tables, nested hashes or keys written in the form 'table_name.column_name'
   # can be used to qualify the table name of a particular condition. For instance:
   #
-  #   Student.joins(:schools).where(:schools => { :type => 'public' })
-  #   Student.joins(:schools).where('schools.type' => 'public' )
+  #   Student.joins(:schools).where(schools: { category: 'public' })
+  #   Student.joins(:schools).where('schools.category' => 'public' )
   #
   # == Overwriting default accessors
   #
@@ -145,10 +141,10 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   # For example, an Active Record User with the <tt>name</tt> attribute has a <tt>name?</tt> method that you can call
   # to determine whether the user has a name:
   #
-  #   user = User.new(:name => "David")
+  #   user = User.new(name: "David")
   #   user.name? # => true
   #
-  #   anonymous = User.new(:name => "")
+  #   anonymous = User.new(name: "")
   #   anonymous.name? # => false
   #
   # == Accessing attributes before they have been typecasted
@@ -164,62 +160,24 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #
   # == Dynamic attribute-based finders
   #
-  # Dynamic attribute-based finders are a cleaner way of getting (and/or creating) objects
+  # Dynamic attribute-based finders are a mildly deprecated way of getting (and/or creating) objects
   # by simple queries without turning to SQL. They work by appending the name of an attribute
-  # to <tt>find_by_</tt>, <tt>find_last_by_</tt>, or <tt>find_all_by_</tt> and thus produces finders
-  # like <tt>Person.find_by_user_name</tt>, <tt>Person.find_all_by_last_name</tt>, and
-  # <tt>Payment.find_by_transaction_id</tt>. Instead of writing
-  # <tt>Person.where(:user_name => user_name).first</tt>, you just do <tt>Person.find_by_user_name(user_name)</tt>.
-  # And instead of writing <tt>Person.where(:last_name => last_name).all</tt>, you just do
-  # <tt>Person.find_all_by_last_name(last_name)</tt>.
+  # to <tt>find_by_</tt> like <tt>Person.find_by_user_name</tt>.
+  # Instead of writing <tt>Person.find_by(user_name: user_name)</tt>, you can use
+  # <tt>Person.find_by_user_name(user_name)</tt>.
   #
-  # It's also possible to use multiple attributes in the same find by separating them with "_and_".
+  # It's possible to add an exclamation point (!) on the end of the dynamic finders to get them to raise an
+  # <tt>ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound</tt> error if they do not return any records,
+  # like <tt>Person.find_by_last_name!</tt>.
   #
-  #  Person.where(:user_name => user_name, :password => password).first
-  #  Person.find_by_user_name_and_password #with dynamic finder
+  # It's also possible to use multiple attributes in the same find by separating them with "_and_".
   #
-  #  Person.where(:user_name => user_name, :password => password, :gender => 'male').first
-  #  Payment.find_by_user_name_and_password_and_gender
+  #  Person.find_by(user_name: user_name, password: password)
+  #  Person.find_by_user_name_and_password(user_name, password) # with dynamic finder
   #
   # It's even possible to call these dynamic finder methods on relations and named scopes.
   #
-  #   Payment.order("created_on").find_all_by_amount(50)
-  #   Payment.pending.find_last_by_amount(100)
-  #
-  # The same dynamic finder style can be used to create the object if it doesn't already exist.
-  # This dynamic finder is called with <tt>find_or_create_by_</tt> and will return the object if
-  # it already exists and otherwise creates it, then returns it. Protected attributes won't be set
-  # unless they are given in a block.
-  #
-  #   # No 'Summer' tag exists
-  #   Tag.find_or_create_by_name("Summer") # equal to Tag.create(:name => "Summer")
-  #
-  #   # Now the 'Summer' tag does exist
-  #   Tag.find_or_create_by_name("Summer") # equal to Tag.find_by_name("Summer")
-  #
-  #   # Now 'Bob' exist and is an 'admin'
-  #   User.find_or_create_by_name('Bob', :age => 40) { |u| u.admin = true }
-  #
-  # Use the <tt>find_or_initialize_by_</tt> finder if you want to return a new record without
-  # saving it first. Protected attributes won't be set unless they are given in a block.
-  #
-  #   # No 'Winter' tag exists
-  #   winter = Tag.find_or_initialize_by_name("Winter")
-  #   winter.new_record? # true
-  #
-  # To find by a subset of the attributes to be used for instantiating a new object, pass a hash instead of
-  # a list of parameters.
-  #
-  #   Tag.find_or_create_by_name(:name => "rails", :creator => current_user)
-  #
-  # That will either find an existing tag named "rails", or create a new one while setting the
-  # user that created it.
-  #
-  # Just like <tt>find_by_*</tt>, you can also use <tt>scoped_by_*</tt> to retrieve data. The good thing about
-  # using this feature is that the very first time result is returned using <tt>method_missing</tt> technique
-  # but after that the method is declared on the class. Henceforth <tt>method_missing</tt> will not be hit.
-  #
-  #  User.scoped_by_user_name('David')
+  #   Payment.order("created_on").find_by_amount(50)
   #
   # == Saving arrays, hashes, and other non-mappable objects in text columns
   #
@@ -232,7 +190,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #     serialize :preferences
   #   end
   #
-  #   user = User.create(:preferences => { "background" => "black", "display" => large })
+  #   user = User.create(preferences: { "background" => "black", "display" => large })
   #   User.find(user.id).preferences # => { "background" => "black", "display" => large }
   #
   # You can also specify a class option as the second parameter that'll raise an exception
@@ -242,9 +200,20 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #     serialize :preferences, Hash
   #   end
   #
-  #   user = User.create(:preferences => %w( one two three ))
+  #   user = User.create(preferences: %w( one two three ))
   #   User.find(user.id).preferences    # raises SerializationTypeMismatch
   #
+  # When you specify a class option, the default value for that attribute will be a new
+  # instance of that class.
+  #
+  #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     serialize :preferences, OpenStruct
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   user = User.new
+  #   user.preferences.theme_color = "red"
+  #
+  #
   # == Single table inheritance
   #
   # Active Record allows inheritance by storing the name of the class in a column that by
@@ -256,9 +225,9 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #   class Client < Company; end
   #   class PriorityClient < Client; end
   #
-  # When you do <tt>Firm.create(:name => "37signals")</tt>, this record will be saved in
+  # When you do <tt>Firm.create(name: "37signals")</tt>, this record will be saved in
   # the companies table with type = "Firm". You can then fetch this row again using
-  # <tt>Company.where(:name => '37signals').first</tt> and it will return a Firm object.
+  # <tt>Company.where(name: '37signals').first</tt> and it will return a Firm object.
   #
   # If you don't have a type column defined in your table, single-table inheritance won't
   # be triggered. In that case, it'll work just like normal subclasses with no special magic
@@ -289,1579 +258,66 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
   #   (or a bad spelling of an existing one).
   # * AssociationTypeMismatch - The object assigned to the association wasn't of the type
   #   specified in the association definition.
-  # * SerializationTypeMismatch - The serialized object wasn't of the class specified as the second parameter.
-  # * ConnectionNotEstablished+ - No connection has been established. Use <tt>establish_connection</tt>
+  # * AttributeAssignmentError - An error occurred while doing a mass assignment through the
+  #   <tt>attributes=</tt> method.
+  #   You can inspect the +attribute+ property of the exception object to determine which attribute
+  #   triggered the error.
+  # * ConnectionNotEstablished - No connection has been established. Use <tt>establish_connection</tt>
   #   before querying.
-  # * RecordNotFound - No record responded to the +find+ method. Either the row with the given ID doesn't exist
-  #   or the row didn't meet the additional restrictions. Some +find+ calls do not raise this exception to signal
-  #   nothing was found, please check its documentation for further details.
-  # * StatementInvalid - The database server rejected the SQL statement. The precise error is added in the message.
   # * MultiparameterAssignmentErrors - Collection of errors that occurred during a mass assignment using the
   #   <tt>attributes=</tt> method. The +errors+ property of this exception contains an array of
   #   AttributeAssignmentError
   #   objects that should be inspected to determine which attributes triggered the errors.
-  # * AttributeAssignmentError - An error occurred while doing a mass assignment through the
-  #   <tt>attributes=</tt> method.
-  #   You can inspect the +attribute+ property of the exception object to determine which attribute
-  #   triggered the error.
+  # * RecordInvalid - raised by save! and create! when the record is invalid.
+  # * RecordNotFound - No record responded to the +find+ method. Either the row with the given ID doesn't exist
+  #   or the row didn't meet the additional restrictions. Some +find+ calls do not raise this exception to signal
+  #   nothing was found, please check its documentation for further details.
+  # * SerializationTypeMismatch - The serialized object wasn't of the class specified as the second parameter.
+  # * StatementInvalid - The database server rejected the SQL statement. The precise error is added in the message.
   #
   # *Note*: The attributes listed are class-level attributes (accessible from both the class and instance level).
   # So it's possible to assign a logger to the class through <tt>Base.logger=</tt> which will then be used by all
   # instances in the current object space.
   class Base
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby 1.8+ Logger class,
-    # which is then passed on to any new database connections made and which can be retrieved on both
-    # a class and instance level by calling +logger+.
-    cattr_accessor :logger, :instance_writer => false
-
-    class << self
-      def reset_subclasses #:nodoc:
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'ActiveRecord::Base.reset_subclasses no longer does anything in Rails 3. It will be removed in the final release; please update your apps and plugins.', caller
-      end
-
-      def subclasses
-        descendants
-      end
-
-      deprecate :subclasses => :descendants
-    end
-
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Contains the database configuration - as is typically stored in config/database.yml -
-    # as a Hash.
-    #
-    # For example, the following database.yml...
-    #
-    #   development:
-    #     adapter: sqlite3
-    #     database: db/development.sqlite3
-    #
-    #   production:
-    #     adapter: sqlite3
-    #     database: db/production.sqlite3
-    #
-    # ...would result in ActiveRecord::Base.configurations to look like this:
-    #
-    #   {
-    #      'development' => {
-    #         'adapter'  => 'sqlite3',
-    #         'database' => 'db/development.sqlite3'
-    #      },
-    #      'production' => {
-    #         'adapter'  => 'sqlite3',
-    #         'database' => 'db/production.sqlite3'
-    #      }
-    #   }
-    cattr_accessor :configurations, :instance_writer => false
-    @@configurations = {}
-
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Accessor for the prefix type that will be prepended to every primary key column name.
-    # The options are :table_name and :table_name_with_underscore. If the first is specified,
-    # the Product class will look for "productid" instead of "id" as the primary column. If the
-    # latter is specified, the Product class will look for "product_id" instead of "id". Remember
-    # that this is a global setting for all Active Records.
-    cattr_accessor :primary_key_prefix_type, :instance_writer => false
-    @@primary_key_prefix_type = nil
-
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Accessor for the name of the prefix string to prepend to every table name. So if set
-    # to "basecamp_", all table names will be named like "basecamp_projects", "basecamp_people",
-    # etc. This is a convenient way of creating a namespace for tables in a shared database.
-    # By default, the prefix is the empty string.
-    #
-    # If you are organising your models within modules you can add a prefix to the models within
-    # a namespace by defining a singleton method in the parent module called table_name_prefix which
-    # returns your chosen prefix.
-    class_attribute :table_name_prefix, :instance_writer => false
-    self.table_name_prefix = ""
-
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Works like +table_name_prefix+, but appends instead of prepends (set to "_basecamp" gives "projects_basecamp",
-    # "people_basecamp"). By default, the suffix is the empty string.
-    class_attribute :table_name_suffix, :instance_writer => false
-    self.table_name_suffix = ""
-
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Indicates whether table names should be the pluralized versions of the corresponding class names.
-    # If true, the default table name for a Product class will be +products+. If false, it would just be +product+.
-    # See table_name for the full rules on table/class naming. This is true, by default.
-    cattr_accessor :pluralize_table_names, :instance_writer => false
-    @@pluralize_table_names = true
-
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Determines whether to use Time.local (using :local) or Time.utc (using :utc) when pulling
-    # dates and times from the database. This is set to :local by default.
-    cattr_accessor :default_timezone, :instance_writer => false
-    @@default_timezone = :local
-
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Specifies the format to use when dumping the database schema with Rails'
-    # Rakefile.  If :sql, the schema is dumped as (potentially database-
-    # specific) SQL statements.  If :ruby, the schema is dumped as an
-    # ActiveRecord::Schema file which can be loaded into any database that
-    # supports migrations.  Use :ruby if you want to have different database
-    # adapters for, e.g., your development and test environments.
-    cattr_accessor :schema_format , :instance_writer => false
-    @@schema_format = :ruby
-
-    ##
-    # :singleton-method:
-    # Specify whether or not to use timestamps for migration versions
-    cattr_accessor :timestamped_migrations , :instance_writer => false
-    @@timestamped_migrations = true
-
-    # Determine whether to store the full constant name including namespace when using STI
-    superclass_delegating_accessor :store_full_sti_class
-    self.store_full_sti_class = true
-
-    # Stores the default scope for the class
-    class_inheritable_accessor :default_scoping, :instance_writer => false
-    self.default_scoping = []
-
-    class << self # Class methods
-      def colorize_logging(*args)
-        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActiveRecord::Base.colorize_logging and " <<
-          "config.active_record.colorize_logging are deprecated. Please use " <<
-          "Rails::LogSubscriber.colorize_logging or config.colorize_logging instead", caller
-      end
-      alias :colorize_logging= :colorize_logging
-
-      delegate :find, :first, :last, :all, :destroy, :destroy_all, :exists?, :delete, :delete_all, :update, :update_all, :to => :scoped
-      delegate :find_each, :find_in_batches, :to => :scoped
-      delegate :select, :group, :order, :reorder, :limit, :joins, :where, :preload, :eager_load, :includes, :from, :lock, :readonly, :having, :create_with, :to => :scoped
-      delegate :count, :average, :minimum, :maximum, :sum, :calculate, :to => :scoped
-
-      # Executes a custom SQL query against your database and returns all the results.  The results will
-      # be returned as an array with columns requested encapsulated as attributes of the model you call
-      # this method from.  If you call <tt>Product.find_by_sql</tt> then the results will be returned in
-      # a Product object with the attributes you specified in the SQL query.
-      #
-      # If you call a complicated SQL query which spans multiple tables the columns specified by the
-      # SELECT will be attributes of the model, whether or not they are columns of the corresponding
-      # table.
-      #
-      # The +sql+ parameter is a full SQL query as a string.  It will be called as is, there will be
-      # no database agnostic conversions performed.  This should be a last resort because using, for example,
-      # MySQL specific terms will lock you to using that particular database engine or require you to
-      # change your call if you switch engines.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   # A simple SQL query spanning multiple tables
-      #   Post.find_by_sql "SELECT p.title, c.author FROM posts p, comments c WHERE p.id = c.post_id"
-      #   > [#<Post:0x36bff9c @attributes={"title"=>"Ruby Meetup", "first_name"=>"Quentin"}>, ...]
-      #
-      #   # You can use the same string replacement techniques as you can with ActiveRecord#find
-      #   Post.find_by_sql ["SELECT title FROM posts WHERE author = ? AND created > ?", author_id, start_date]
-      #   > [#<Post:0x36bff9c @attributes={"first_name"=>"The Cheap Man Buys Twice"}>, ...]
-      def find_by_sql(sql)
-        connection.select_all(sanitize_sql(sql), "#{name} Load").collect! { |record| instantiate(record) }
-      end
-
-      # Creates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass.
-      # The resulting object is returned whether the object was saved successfully to the database or not.
-      #
-      # The +attributes+ parameter can be either be a Hash or an Array of Hashes.  These Hashes describe the
-      # attributes on the objects that are to be created.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #   # Create a single new object
-      #   User.create(:first_name => 'Jamie')
-      #
-      #   # Create an Array of new objects
-      #   User.create([{ :first_name => 'Jamie' }, { :first_name => 'Jeremy' }])
-      #
-      #   # Create a single object and pass it into a block to set other attributes.
-      #   User.create(:first_name => 'Jamie') do |u|
-      #     u.is_admin = false
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   # Creating an Array of new objects using a block, where the block is executed for each object:
-      #   User.create([{ :first_name => 'Jamie' }, { :first_name => 'Jeremy' }]) do |u|
-      #     u.is_admin = false
-      #   end
-      def create(attributes = nil, &block)
-        if attributes.is_a?(Array)
-          attributes.collect { |attr| create(attr, &block) }
-        else
-          object = new(attributes)
-          yield(object) if block_given?
-          object.save
-          object
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns the result of an SQL statement that should only include a COUNT(*) in the SELECT part.
-      # The use of this method should be restricted to complicated SQL queries that can't be executed
-      # using the ActiveRecord::Calculations class methods.  Look into those before using this.
-      #
-      # ==== Parameters
-      #
-      # * +sql+ - An SQL statement which should return a count query from the database, see the example below.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   Product.count_by_sql "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sales s, customers c WHERE s.customer_id = c.id"
-      def count_by_sql(sql)
-        sql = sanitize_conditions(sql)
-        connection.select_value(sql, "#{name} Count").to_i
-      end
-
-      # Attributes listed as readonly will be used to create a new record but update operations will
-      # ignore these fields.
-      def attr_readonly(*attributes)
-        write_inheritable_attribute(:attr_readonly, Set.new(attributes.map { |a| a.to_s }) + (readonly_attributes || []))
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of all the attributes that have been specified as readonly.
-      def readonly_attributes
-        read_inheritable_attribute(:attr_readonly) || []
-      end
-
-      # If you have an attribute that needs to be saved to the database as an object, and retrieved as the same object,
-      # then specify the name of that attribute using this method and it will be handled automatically.
-      # The serialization is done through YAML. If +class_name+ is specified, the serialized object must be of that
-      # class on retrieval or SerializationTypeMismatch will be raised.
-      #
-      # ==== Parameters
-      #
-      # * +attr_name+ - The field name that should be serialized.
-      # * +class_name+ - Optional, class name that the object type should be equal to.
-      #
-      # ==== Example
-      #   # Serialize a preferences attribute
-      #   class User
-      #     serialize :preferences
-      #   end
-      def serialize(attr_name, class_name = Object)
-        serialized_attributes[attr_name.to_s] = class_name
-      end
-
-      # Returns a hash of all the attributes that have been specified for serialization as
-      # keys and their class restriction as values.
-      def serialized_attributes
-        read_inheritable_attribute(:attr_serialized) or write_inheritable_attribute(:attr_serialized, {})
-      end
-
-      # Guesses the table name (in forced lower-case) based on the name of the class in the
-      # inheritance hierarchy descending directly from ActiveRecord::Base. So if the hierarchy
-      # looks like: Reply < Message < ActiveRecord::Base, then Message is used
-      # to guess the table name even when called on Reply. The rules used to do the guess
-      # are handled by the Inflector class in Active Support, which knows almost all common
-      # English inflections. You can add new inflections in config/initializers/inflections.rb.
-      #
-      # Nested classes are given table names prefixed by the singular form of
-      # the parent's table name. Enclosing modules are not considered.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base; end;
-      #   file                  class               table_name
-      #   invoice.rb            Invoice             invoices
-      #
-      #   class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base; class Lineitem < ActiveRecord::Base; end; end;
-      #   file                  class               table_name
-      #   invoice.rb            Invoice::Lineitem   invoice_lineitems
-      #
-      #   module Invoice; class Lineitem < ActiveRecord::Base; end; end;
-      #   file                  class               table_name
-      #   invoice/lineitem.rb   Invoice::Lineitem   lineitems
-      #
-      # Additionally, the class-level +table_name_prefix+ is prepended and the
-      # +table_name_suffix+ is appended.  So if you have "myapp_" as a prefix,
-      # the table name guess for an Invoice class becomes "myapp_invoices".
-      # Invoice::Lineitem becomes "myapp_invoice_lineitems".
-      #
-      # You can also overwrite this class method to allow for unguessable
-      # links, such as a Mouse class with a link to a "mice" table. Example:
-      #
-      #   class Mouse < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     set_table_name "mice"
-      #   end
-      def table_name
-        reset_table_name
-      end
-
-      # Returns a quoted version of the table name, used to construct SQL statements.
-      def quoted_table_name
-        @quoted_table_name ||= connection.quote_table_name(table_name)
-      end
-
-      # Computes the table name, (re)sets it internally, and returns it.
-      def reset_table_name #:nodoc:
-        self.table_name = compute_table_name
-      end
-
-      def full_table_name_prefix #:nodoc:
-        (parents.detect{ |p| p.respond_to?(:table_name_prefix) } || self).table_name_prefix
-      end
-
-      # Defines the column name for use with single table inheritance. Use
-      # <tt>set_inheritance_column</tt> to set a different value.
-      def inheritance_column
-        @inheritance_column ||= "type".freeze
-      end
-
-      # Lazy-set the sequence name to the connection's default.  This method
-      # is only ever called once since set_sequence_name overrides it.
-      def sequence_name #:nodoc:
-        reset_sequence_name
-      end
-
-      def reset_sequence_name #:nodoc:
-        default = connection.default_sequence_name(table_name, primary_key)
-        set_sequence_name(default)
-        default
-      end
-
-      # Sets the table name. If the value is nil or false  then the value returned by the given
-      # block is used.
-      #
-      #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     set_table_name "project"
-      #   end
-      def set_table_name(value = nil, &block)
-        @quoted_table_name = nil
-        define_attr_method :table_name, value, &block
-      end
-      alias :table_name= :set_table_name
-
-      # Sets the name of the inheritance column to use to the given value,
-      # or (if the value # is nil or false) to the value returned by the
-      # given block.
-      #
-      #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     set_inheritance_column do
-      #       original_inheritance_column + "_id"
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      def set_inheritance_column(value = nil, &block)
-        define_attr_method :inheritance_column, value, &block
-      end
-      alias :inheritance_column= :set_inheritance_column
-
-      # Sets the name of the sequence to use when generating ids to the given
-      # value, or (if the value is nil or false) to the value returned by the
-      # given block. This is required for Oracle and is useful for any
-      # database which relies on sequences for primary key generation.
-      #
-      # If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using Oracle or Firebird,
-      # it will default to the commonly used pattern of: #{table_name}_seq
-      #
-      # If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using PostgreSQL, it
-      # will discover the sequence corresponding to your primary key for you.
-      #
-      #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     set_sequence_name "projectseq"   # default would have been "project_seq"
-      #   end
-      def set_sequence_name(value = nil, &block)
-        define_attr_method :sequence_name, value, &block
-      end
-      alias :sequence_name= :set_sequence_name
-
-      # Indicates whether the table associated with this class exists
-      def table_exists?
-        connection.table_exists?(table_name)
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of column objects for the table associated with this class.
-      def columns
-        unless defined?(@columns) && @columns
-          @columns = connection.columns(table_name, "#{name} Columns")
-          @columns.each { |column| column.primary = column.name == primary_key }
-        end
-        @columns
-      end
-
-      # Returns a hash of column objects for the table associated with this class.
-      def columns_hash
-        @columns_hash ||= columns.inject({}) { |hash, column| hash[column.name] = column; hash }
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of column names as strings.
-      def column_names
-        @column_names ||= columns.map { |column| column.name }
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of column objects where the primary id, all columns ending in "_id" or "_count",
-      # and columns used for single table inheritance have been removed.
-      def content_columns
-        @content_columns ||= columns.reject { |c| c.primary || c.name =~ /(_id|_count)$/ || c.name == inheritance_column }
-      end
-
-      # Returns a hash of all the methods added to query each of the columns in the table with the name of the method as the key
-      # and true as the value. This makes it possible to do O(1) lookups in respond_to? to check if a given method for attribute
-      # is available.
-      def column_methods_hash #:nodoc:
-        @dynamic_methods_hash ||= column_names.inject(Hash.new(false)) do |methods, attr|
-          attr_name = attr.to_s
-          methods[attr.to_sym]       = attr_name
-          methods["#{attr}=".to_sym] = attr_name
-          methods["#{attr}?".to_sym] = attr_name
-          methods["#{attr}_before_type_cast".to_sym] = attr_name
-          methods
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Resets all the cached information about columns, which will cause them
-      # to be reloaded on the next request.
-      #
-      # The most common usage pattern for this method is probably in a migration,
-      # when just after creating a table you want to populate it with some default
-      # values, eg:
-      #
-      #  class CreateJobLevels < ActiveRecord::Migration
-      #    def self.up
-      #      create_table :job_levels do |t|
-      #        t.integer :id
-      #        t.string :name
-      #
-      #        t.timestamps
-      #      end
-      #
-      #      JobLevel.reset_column_information
-      #      %w{assistant executive manager director}.each do |type|
-      #        JobLevel.create(:name => type)
-      #      end
-      #    end
-      #
-      #    def self.down
-      #      drop_table :job_levels
-      #    end
-      #  end
-      def reset_column_information
-        undefine_attribute_methods
-        @column_names = @columns = @columns_hash = @content_columns = @dynamic_methods_hash = @inheritance_column = nil
-        @arel_engine = @relation = @arel_table = nil
-      end
-
-      def reset_column_information_and_inheritable_attributes_for_all_subclasses#:nodoc:
-        descendants.each { |klass| klass.reset_inheritable_attributes; klass.reset_column_information }
-      end
-
-      def attribute_method?(attribute)
-        super || (table_exists? && column_names.include?(attribute.to_s.sub(/=$/, '')))
-      end
-
-      # Set the lookup ancestors for ActiveModel.
-      def lookup_ancestors #:nodoc:
-        klass = self
-        classes = [klass]
-        while klass != klass.base_class
-          classes << klass = klass.superclass
-        end
-        classes
-      rescue
-        # OPTIMIZE this rescue is to fix this test: ./test/cases/reflection_test.rb:56:in `test_human_name_for_column'
-        # Apparently the method base_class causes some trouble.
-        # It now works for sure.
-        [self]
-      end
-
-      # Set the i18n scope to overwrite ActiveModel.
-      def i18n_scope #:nodoc:
-        :activerecord
-      end
-
-      # True if this isn't a concrete subclass needing a STI type condition.
-      def descends_from_active_record?
-        if superclass.abstract_class?
-          superclass.descends_from_active_record?
-        else
-          superclass == Base || !columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def finder_needs_type_condition? #:nodoc:
-        # This is like this because benchmarking justifies the strange :false stuff
-        :true == (@finder_needs_type_condition ||= descends_from_active_record? ? :false : :true)
-      end
-
-      # Returns a string like 'Post id:integer, title:string, body:text'
-      def inspect
-        if self == Base
-          super
-        elsif abstract_class?
-          "#{super}(abstract)"
-        elsif table_exists?
-          attr_list = columns.map { |c| "#{c.name}: #{c.type}" } * ', '
-          "#{super}(#{attr_list})"
-        else
-          "#{super}(Table doesn't exist)"
-        end
-      end
-
-      def quote_value(value, column = nil) #:nodoc:
-        connection.quote(value,column)
-      end
-
-      # Used to sanitize objects before they're used in an SQL SELECT statement. Delegates to <tt>connection.quote</tt>.
-      def sanitize(object) #:nodoc:
-        connection.quote(object)
-      end
-
-      # Overwrite the default class equality method to provide support for association proxies.
-      def ===(object)
-        object.is_a?(self)
-      end
-
-      # Returns the base AR subclass that this class descends from. If A
-      # extends AR::Base, A.base_class will return A. If B descends from A
-      # through some arbitrarily deep hierarchy, B.base_class will return A.
-      #
-      # If B < A and C < B and if A is an abstract_class then both B.base_class
-      # and C.base_class would return B as the answer since A is an abstract_class.
-      def base_class
-        class_of_active_record_descendant(self)
-      end
-
-      # Set this to true if this is an abstract class (see <tt>abstract_class?</tt>).
-      attr_accessor :abstract_class
-
-      # Returns whether this class is an abstract class or not.
-      def abstract_class?
-        defined?(@abstract_class) && @abstract_class == true
-      end
-
-      def respond_to?(method_id, include_private = false)
-        if match = DynamicFinderMatch.match(method_id)
-          return true if all_attributes_exists?(match.attribute_names)
-        elsif match = DynamicScopeMatch.match(method_id)
-          return true if all_attributes_exists?(match.attribute_names)
-        end
-
-        super
-      end
-
-      def sti_name
-        store_full_sti_class ? name : name.demodulize
-      end
-
-      def arel_table
-        @arel_table ||= Arel::Table.new(table_name, arel_engine)
-      end
-
-      def arel_engine
-        @arel_engine ||= begin
-          if self == ActiveRecord::Base
-            Arel::Table.engine
-          else
-            connection_handler.connection_pools[name] ? Arel::Sql::Engine.new(self) : superclass.arel_engine
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns a scope for this class without taking into account the default_scope.
-      #
-      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     default_scope :published => true
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   Post.all          # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts WHERE published = true"
-      #   Post.unscoped.all # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts"
-      #
-      # This method also accepts a block meaning that all queries inside the block will
-      # not use the default_scope:
-      #
-      #   Post.unscoped {
-      #     limit(10) # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts LIMIT 10"
-      #   }
-      #
-      # It is recommended to use block form of unscoped because chaining unscoped with <tt>named_scope</tt>
-      # does not work. Assuming that <tt>published</tt> is a <tt>named_scope</tt> following two statements are same.
-      #
-      # Post.unscoped.published 
-      # Post.published 
-      def unscoped #:nodoc:
-        block_given? ? relation.scoping { yield } : relation
-      end
-
-      def scoped_methods #:nodoc:
-        key = :"#{self}_scoped_methods"
-        Thread.current[key] = Thread.current[key].presence || self.default_scoping.dup
-      end
-
-      private
-
-        def relation #:nodoc:
-          @relation ||= Relation.new(self, arel_table)
-          finder_needs_type_condition? ? @relation.where(type_condition) : @relation
-        end
-
-        # Finder methods must instantiate through this method to work with the
-        # single-table inheritance model that makes it possible to create
-        # objects of different types from the same table.
-        def instantiate(record)
-          object = find_sti_class(record[inheritance_column]).allocate
-
-          object.instance_variable_set(:@attributes, record)
-          object.instance_variable_set(:@attributes_cache, {})
-          object.instance_variable_set(:@new_record, false)
-          object.instance_variable_set(:@readonly, false)
-          object.instance_variable_set(:@destroyed, false)
-          object.instance_variable_set(:@marked_for_destruction, false)
-          object.instance_variable_set(:@previously_changed, {})
-          object.instance_variable_set(:@changed_attributes, {})
-
-          object.send(:_run_find_callbacks)
-          object.send(:_run_initialize_callbacks)
-
-          object
-        end
-
-        def find_sti_class(type_name)
-          if type_name.blank? || !columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column)
-            self
-          else
-            begin
-              if store_full_sti_class
-                ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize(type_name)
-              else
-                compute_type(type_name)
-              end
-            rescue NameError
-              raise SubclassNotFound,
-                "The single-table inheritance mechanism failed to locate the subclass: '#{type_name}'. " +
-                "This error is raised because the column '#{inheritance_column}' is reserved for storing the class in case of inheritance. " +
-                "Please rename this column if you didn't intend it to be used for storing the inheritance class " +
-                "or overwrite #{name}.inheritance_column to use another column for that information."
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        def construct_finder_arel(options = {}, scope = nil)
-          relation = options.is_a?(Hash) ? unscoped.apply_finder_options(options) : unscoped.merge(options)
-          relation = scope.merge(relation) if scope
-          relation
-        end
-
-        def type_condition
-          sti_column = arel_table[inheritance_column]
-          condition = sti_column.eq(sti_name)
-          descendants.each { |subclass| condition = condition.or(sti_column.eq(subclass.sti_name)) }
-
-          condition
-        end
-
-        # Guesses the table name, but does not decorate it with prefix and suffix information.
-        def undecorated_table_name(class_name = base_class.name)
-          table_name = class_name.to_s.demodulize.underscore
-          table_name = table_name.pluralize if pluralize_table_names
-          table_name
-        end
-
-        # Computes and returns a table name according to default conventions.
-        def compute_table_name
-          base = base_class
-          if self == base
-            # Nested classes are prefixed with singular parent table name.
-            if parent < ActiveRecord::Base && !parent.abstract_class?
-              contained = parent.table_name
-              contained = contained.singularize if parent.pluralize_table_names
-              contained << '_'
-            end
-            "#{full_table_name_prefix}#{contained}#{undecorated_table_name(name)}#{table_name_suffix}"
-          else
-            # STI subclasses always use their superclass' table.
-            base.table_name
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Enables dynamic finders like <tt>User.find_by_user_name(user_name)</tt> and
-        # <tt>User.scoped_by_user_name(user_name). Refer to Dynamic attribute-based finders
-        # section at the top of this file for more detailed information.
-        #
-        # It's even possible to use all the additional parameters to +find+. For example, the
-        # full interface for +find_all_by_amount+ is actually <tt>find_all_by_amount(amount, options)</tt>.
-        #
-        # Each dynamic finder using <tt>scoped_by_*</tt> is also defined in the class after it
-        # is first invoked, so that future attempts to use it do not run through method_missing.
-        def method_missing(method_id, *arguments, &block)
-          if match = DynamicFinderMatch.match(method_id)
-            attribute_names = match.attribute_names
-            super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
-            if match.finder?
-              options = arguments.extract_options!
-              relation = options.any? ? construct_finder_arel(options, current_scoped_methods) : scoped
-              relation.send :find_by_attributes, match, attribute_names, *arguments
-            elsif match.instantiator?
-              scoped.send :find_or_instantiator_by_attributes, match, attribute_names, *arguments, &block
-            end
-          elsif match = DynamicScopeMatch.match(method_id)
-            attribute_names = match.attribute_names
-            super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
-            if match.scope?
-              self.class_eval <<-METHOD, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-                def self.#{method_id}(*args)                        # def self.scoped_by_user_name_and_password(*args)
-                  options = args.extract_options!                   #   options = args.extract_options!
-                  attributes = construct_attributes_from_arguments( #   attributes = construct_attributes_from_arguments(
-                    [:#{attribute_names.join(',:')}], args          #     [:user_name, :password], args
-                  )                                                 #   )
-                                                                    #
-                  scoped(:conditions => attributes)                 #   scoped(:conditions => attributes)
-                end                                                 # end
-              METHOD
-              send(method_id, *arguments)
-            end
-          else
-            super
-          end
-        end
-
-        def construct_attributes_from_arguments(attribute_names, arguments)
-          attributes = {}
-          attribute_names.each_with_index { |name, idx| attributes[name] = arguments[idx] }
-          attributes
-        end
-
-        # Similar in purpose to +expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates+.
-        def expand_attribute_names_for_aggregates(attribute_names)
-          expanded_attribute_names = []
-          attribute_names.each do |attribute_name|
-            unless (aggregation = reflect_on_aggregation(attribute_name.to_sym)).nil?
-              aggregate_mapping(aggregation).each do |field_attr, aggregate_attr|
-                expanded_attribute_names << field_attr
-              end
-            else
-              expanded_attribute_names << attribute_name
-            end
-          end
-          expanded_attribute_names
-        end
-
-        def all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
-          attribute_names = expand_attribute_names_for_aggregates(attribute_names)
-          attribute_names.all? { |name| column_methods_hash.include?(name.to_sym) }
-        end
-
-      protected
-        # with_scope lets you apply options to inner block incrementally. It takes a hash and the keys must be
-        # <tt>:find</tt> or <tt>:create</tt>. <tt>:find</tt> parameter is <tt>Relation</tt> while
-        # <tt>:create</tt> parameters are an attributes hash.
-        #
-        #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
-        #     def self.create_with_scope
-        #       with_scope(:find => where(:blog_id => 1), :create => { :blog_id => 1 }) do
-        #         find(1) # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 AND id = 1
-        #         a = create(1)
-        #         a.blog_id # => 1
-        #       end
-        #     end
-        #   end
-        #
-        # In nested scopings, all previous parameters are overwritten by the innermost rule, with the exception of
-        # <tt>where</tt>, <tt>includes</tt>, and <tt>joins</tt> operations in <tt>Relation</tt>, which are merged.
-        #
-        # <tt>joins</tt> operations are uniqued so multiple scopes can join in the same table without table aliasing
-        # problems.  If you need to join multiple tables, but still want one of the tables to be uniqued, use the
-        # array of strings format for your joins.
-        #
-        #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
-        #     def self.find_with_scope
-        #       with_scope(:find => where(:blog_id => 1).limit(1), :create => { :blog_id => 1 }) do
-        #         with_scope(:find => limit(10)) do
-        #           all # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 LIMIT 10
-        #         end
-        #         with_scope(:find => where(:author_id => 3)) do
-        #           all # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 AND author_id = 3 LIMIT 1
-        #         end
-        #       end
-        #     end
-        #   end
-        #
-        # You can ignore any previous scopings by using the <tt>with_exclusive_scope</tt> method.
-        #
-        #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
-        #     def self.find_with_exclusive_scope
-        #       with_scope(:find => where(:blog_id => 1).limit(1)) do
-        #         with_exclusive_scope(:find => limit(10)) do
-        #           all # => SELECT * from articles LIMIT 10
-        #         end
-        #       end
-        #     end
-        #   end
-        #
-        # *Note*: the +:find+ scope also has effect on update and deletion methods, like +update_all+ and +delete_all+.
-        def with_scope(method_scoping = {}, action = :merge, &block)
-          method_scoping = method_scoping.method_scoping if method_scoping.respond_to?(:method_scoping)
-
-          if method_scoping.is_a?(Hash)
-            # Dup first and second level of hash (method and params).
-            method_scoping = method_scoping.inject({}) do |hash, (method, params)|
-              hash[method] = (params == true) ? params : params.dup
-              hash
-            end
-
-            method_scoping.assert_valid_keys([ :find, :create ])
-            relation = construct_finder_arel(method_scoping[:find] || {})
-
-            if current_scoped_methods && current_scoped_methods.create_with_value && method_scoping[:create]
-              scope_for_create = if action == :merge
-                current_scoped_methods.create_with_value.merge(method_scoping[:create])
-              else
-                method_scoping[:create]
-              end
-
-              relation = relation.create_with(scope_for_create)
-            else
-              scope_for_create = method_scoping[:create]
-              scope_for_create ||= current_scoped_methods.create_with_value if current_scoped_methods
-              relation = relation.create_with(scope_for_create) if scope_for_create
-            end
-
-            method_scoping = relation
-          end
-
-          method_scoping = current_scoped_methods.merge(method_scoping) if current_scoped_methods && action ==  :merge
-
-          self.scoped_methods << method_scoping
-          begin
-            yield
-          ensure
-            self.scoped_methods.pop
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Works like with_scope, but discards any nested properties.
-        def with_exclusive_scope(method_scoping = {}, &block)
-          if method_scoping.values.any? { |e| e.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Relation) }
-            raise ArgumentError, <<-MSG
-New finder API can not be used with_exclusive_scope. You can either call unscoped to get an anonymous scope not bound to the default_scope:
-
-  User.unscoped.where(:active => true)
-
-Or call unscoped with a block:
-
-  User.unscoped do
-    User.where(:active => true).all
-  end
-
-MSG
-          end
-          with_scope(method_scoping, :overwrite, &block)
-        end
-
-        # Sets the default options for the model. The format of the
-        # <tt>options</tt> argument is the same as in find.
-        #
-        #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-        #     default_scope order('last_name, first_name')
-        #   end
-        #
-        # <tt>default_scope</tt> is also applied while creating/building a record. It is not
-        # applied while updating a record.
-        #
-        #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
-        #     default_scope where(:published => true)
-        #   end
-        #
-        #   Article.new.published    # => true
-        #   Article.create.published # => true
-        def default_scope(options = {})
-          self.default_scoping << construct_finder_arel(options, default_scoping.pop)
-        end
-
-        def current_scoped_methods #:nodoc:
-          scoped_methods.last
-        end
-
-        # Returns the class type of the record using the current module as a prefix. So descendants of
-        # MyApp::Business::Account would appear as MyApp::Business::AccountSubclass.
-        def compute_type(type_name)
-          if type_name.match(/^::/)
-            # If the type is prefixed with a scope operator then we assume that
-            # the type_name is an absolute reference.
-            ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize(type_name)
-          else
-            # Build a list of candidates to search for
-            candidates = []
-            name.scan(/::|$/) { candidates.unshift "#{$`}::#{type_name}" }
-            candidates << type_name
-
-            candidates.each do |candidate|
-              begin
-                constant = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize(candidate)
-                return constant if candidate == constant.to_s
-              rescue NameError => e
-                # We don't want to swallow NoMethodError < NameError errors
-                raise e unless e.instance_of?(NameError)
-              rescue ArgumentError
-              end
-            end
-
-            raise NameError, "uninitialized constant #{candidates.first}"
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Returns the class descending directly from ActiveRecord::Base or an
-        # abstract class, if any, in the inheritance hierarchy.
-        def class_of_active_record_descendant(klass)
-          if klass.superclass == Base || klass.superclass.abstract_class?
-            klass
-          elsif klass.superclass.nil?
-            raise ActiveRecordError, "#{name} doesn't belong in a hierarchy descending from ActiveRecord"
-          else
-            class_of_active_record_descendant(klass.superclass)
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Accepts an array, hash, or string of SQL conditions and sanitizes
-        # them into a valid SQL fragment for a WHERE clause.
-        #   ["name='%s' and group_id='%s'", "foo'bar", 4]  returns  "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
-        #   { :name => "foo'bar", :group_id => 4 }  returns "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
-        #   "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'" returns "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
-        def sanitize_sql_for_conditions(condition, table_name = self.table_name)
-          return nil if condition.blank?
-
-          case condition
-            when Array; sanitize_sql_array(condition)
-            when Hash;  sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions(condition, table_name)
-            else        condition
-          end
-        end
-        alias_method :sanitize_sql, :sanitize_sql_for_conditions
-
-        # Accepts an array, hash, or string of SQL conditions and sanitizes
-        # them into a valid SQL fragment for a SET clause.
-        #   { :name => nil, :group_id => 4 }  returns "name = NULL , group_id='4'"
-        def sanitize_sql_for_assignment(assignments)
-          case assignments
-            when Array; sanitize_sql_array(assignments)
-            when Hash;  sanitize_sql_hash_for_assignment(assignments)
-            else        assignments
-          end
-        end
-
-        def aggregate_mapping(reflection)
-          mapping = reflection.options[:mapping] || [reflection.name, reflection.name]
-          mapping.first.is_a?(Array) ? mapping : [mapping]
-        end
-
-        # Accepts a hash of SQL conditions and replaces those attributes
-        # that correspond to a +composed_of+ relationship with their expanded
-        # aggregate attribute values.
-        # Given:
-        #     class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-        #       composed_of :address, :class_name => "Address",
-        #         :mapping => [%w(address_street street), %w(address_city city)]
-        #     end
-        # Then:
-        #     { :address => Address.new("813 abc st.", "chicago") }
-        #       # => { :address_street => "813 abc st.", :address_city => "chicago" }
-        def expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates(attrs)
-          expanded_attrs = {}
-          attrs.each do |attr, value|
-            unless (aggregation = reflect_on_aggregation(attr.to_sym)).nil?
-              mapping = aggregate_mapping(aggregation)
-              mapping.each do |field_attr, aggregate_attr|
-                if mapping.size == 1 && !value.respond_to?(aggregate_attr)
-                  expanded_attrs[field_attr] = value
-                else
-                  expanded_attrs[field_attr] = value.send(aggregate_attr)
-                end
-              end
-            else
-              expanded_attrs[attr] = value
-            end
-          end
-          expanded_attrs
-        end
-
-        # Sanitizes a hash of attribute/value pairs into SQL conditions for a WHERE clause.
-        #   { :name => "foo'bar", :group_id => 4 }
-        #     # => "name='foo''bar' and group_id= 4"
-        #   { :status => nil, :group_id => [1,2,3] }
-        #     # => "status IS NULL and group_id IN (1,2,3)"
-        #   { :age => 13..18 }
-        #     # => "age BETWEEN 13 AND 18"
-        #   { 'other_records.id' => 7 }
-        #     # => "`other_records`.`id` = 7"
-        #   { :other_records => { :id => 7 } }
-        #     # => "`other_records`.`id` = 7"
-        # And for value objects on a composed_of relationship:
-        #   { :address => Address.new("123 abc st.", "chicago") }
-        #     # => "address_street='123 abc st.' and address_city='chicago'"
-        def sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions(attrs, default_table_name = self.table_name)
-          attrs = expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates(attrs)
-
-          table = Arel::Table.new(self.table_name, :engine => arel_engine, :as => default_table_name)
-          builder = PredicateBuilder.new(arel_engine)
-          builder.build_from_hash(attrs, table).map{ |b| b.to_sql }.join(' AND ')
-        end
-        alias_method :sanitize_sql_hash, :sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions
-
-        # Sanitizes a hash of attribute/value pairs into SQL conditions for a SET clause.
-        #   { :status => nil, :group_id => 1 }
-        #     # => "status = NULL , group_id = 1"
-        def sanitize_sql_hash_for_assignment(attrs)
-          attrs.map do |attr, value|
-            "#{connection.quote_column_name(attr)} = #{quote_bound_value(value)}"
-          end.join(', ')
-        end
-
-        # Accepts an array of conditions.  The array has each value
-        # sanitized and interpolated into the SQL statement.
-        #   ["name='%s' and group_id='%s'", "foo'bar", 4]  returns  "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
-        def sanitize_sql_array(ary)
-          statement, *values = ary
-          if values.first.is_a?(Hash) and statement =~ /:\w+/
-            replace_named_bind_variables(statement, values.first)
-          elsif statement.include?('?')
-            replace_bind_variables(statement, values)
-          elsif statement.blank?
-            statement
-          else
-            statement % values.collect { |value| connection.quote_string(value.to_s) }
-          end
-        end
-
-        alias_method :sanitize_conditions, :sanitize_sql
-
-        def replace_bind_variables(statement, values) #:nodoc:
-          raise_if_bind_arity_mismatch(statement, statement.count('?'), values.size)
-          bound = values.dup
-          c = connection
-          statement.gsub('?') { quote_bound_value(bound.shift, c) }
-        end
-
-        def replace_named_bind_variables(statement, bind_vars) #:nodoc:
-          statement.gsub(/(:?):([a-zA-Z]\w*)/) do
-            if $1 == ':' # skip postgresql casts
-              $& # return the whole match
-            elsif bind_vars.include?(match = $2.to_sym)
-              quote_bound_value(bind_vars[match])
-            else
-              raise PreparedStatementInvalid, "missing value for :#{match} in #{statement}"
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
-        def expand_range_bind_variables(bind_vars) #:nodoc:
-          expanded = []
-
-          bind_vars.each do |var|
-            next if var.is_a?(Hash)
-
-            if var.is_a?(Range)
-              expanded << var.first
-              expanded << var.last
-            else
-              expanded << var
-            end
-          end
-
-          expanded
-        end
-
-        def quote_bound_value(value, c = connection) #:nodoc:
-          if value.respond_to?(:map) && !value.acts_like?(:string)
-            if value.respond_to?(:empty?) && value.empty?
-              c.quote(nil)
-            else
-              value.map { |v| c.quote(v) }.join(',')
-            end
-          else
-            c.quote(value)
-          end
-        end
-
-        def raise_if_bind_arity_mismatch(statement, expected, provided) #:nodoc:
-          unless expected == provided
-            raise PreparedStatementInvalid, "wrong number of bind variables (#{provided} for #{expected}) in: #{statement}"
-          end
-        end
-
-        def encode_quoted_value(value) #:nodoc:
-          quoted_value = connection.quote(value)
-          quoted_value = "'#{quoted_value[1..-2].gsub(/\'/, "\\\\'")}'" if quoted_value.include?("\\\'") # (for ruby mode) "
-          quoted_value
-        end
-    end
-
-    public
-      # New objects can be instantiated as either empty (pass no construction parameter) or pre-set with
-      # attributes but not yet saved (pass a hash with key names matching the associated table column names).
-      # In both instances, valid attribute keys are determined by the column names of the associated table --
-      # hence you can't have attributes that aren't part of the table columns.
-      def initialize(attributes = nil)
-        @attributes = attributes_from_column_definition
-        @attributes_cache = {}
-        @new_record = true
-        @readonly = false
-        @destroyed = false
-        @marked_for_destruction = false
-        @previously_changed = {}
-        @changed_attributes = {}
-
-        ensure_proper_type
-
-        if scope = self.class.send(:current_scoped_methods)
-          create_with = scope.scope_for_create
-          create_with.each { |att,value| self.send("#{att}=", value) } if create_with
-        end
-        self.attributes = attributes unless attributes.nil?
-
-        result = yield self if block_given?
-        _run_initialize_callbacks
-        result
-      end
-
-      # Cloned objects have no id assigned and are treated as new records. Note that this is a "shallow" clone
-      # as it copies the object's attributes only, not its associations. The extent of a "deep" clone is
-      # application specific and is therefore left to the application to implement according to its need.
-      def initialize_copy(other)
-        _run_after_initialize_callbacks if respond_to?(:_run_after_initialize_callbacks)
-        cloned_attributes = other.clone_attributes(:read_attribute_before_type_cast)
-        cloned_attributes.delete(self.class.primary_key)
-
-        @attributes = cloned_attributes
-
-        @changed_attributes = {}
-        attributes_from_column_definition.each do |attr, orig_value|
-          @changed_attributes[attr] = orig_value if field_changed?(attr, orig_value, @attributes[attr])
-        end
-
-        clear_aggregation_cache
-        clear_association_cache
-        @attributes_cache = {}
-        @new_record = true
-        ensure_proper_type
-
-        if scope = self.class.send(:current_scoped_methods)
-          create_with = scope.scope_for_create
-          create_with.each { |att,value| self.send("#{att}=", value) } if create_with
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns a String, which Action Pack uses for constructing an URL to this
-      # object. The default implementation returns this record's id as a String,
-      # or nil if this record's unsaved.
-      #
-      # For example, suppose that you have a User model, and that you have a
-      # <tt>resources :users</tt> route. Normally, +user_path+ will
-      # construct a path with the user object's 'id' in it:
-      #
-      #   user = User.find_by_name('Phusion')
-      #   user_path(user)  # => "/users/1"
-      #
-      # You can override +to_param+ in your model to make +user_path+ construct
-      # a path using the user's name instead of the user's id:
-      #
-      #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     def to_param  # overridden
-      #       name
-      #     end
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   user = User.find_by_name('Phusion')
-      #   user_path(user)  # => "/users/Phusion"
-      def to_param
-        # We can't use alias_method here, because method 'id' optimizes itself on the fly.
-        id && id.to_s # Be sure to stringify the id for routes
-      end
-
-      # Returns a cache key that can be used to identify this record.
-      #
-      # ==== Examples
-      #
-      #   Product.new.cache_key     # => "products/new"
-      #   Product.find(5).cache_key # => "products/5" (updated_at not available)
-      #   Person.find(5).cache_key  # => "people/5-20071224150000" (updated_at available)
-      def cache_key
-        case
-        when new_record?
-          "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/new"
-        when timestamp = self[:updated_at]
-          "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}-#{timestamp.to_s(:number)}"
-        else
-          "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}"
-        end
-      end
-
-      def quoted_id #:nodoc:
-        quote_value(id, column_for_attribute(self.class.primary_key))
-      end
-
-      # Returns true if the given attribute is in the attributes hash
-      def has_attribute?(attr_name)
-        @attributes.has_key?(attr_name.to_s)
-      end
-
-      # Returns an array of names for the attributes available on this object sorted alphabetically.
-      def attribute_names
-        @attributes.keys.sort
-      end
-
-      # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
-      # "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
-      # (Alias for the protected read_attribute method).
-      def [](attr_name)
-        read_attribute(attr_name)
-      end
-
-      # Updates the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> with the specified +value+.
-      # (Alias for the protected write_attribute method).
-      def []=(attr_name, value)
-        write_attribute(attr_name, value)
-      end
-
-      # Allows you to set all the attributes at once by passing in a hash with keys
-      # matching the attribute names (which again matches the column names).
-      #
-      # If +guard_protected_attributes+ is true (the default), then sensitive
-      # attributes can be protected from this form of mass-assignment by using
-      # the +attr_protected+ macro. Or you can alternatively specify which
-      # attributes *can* be accessed with the +attr_accessible+ macro. Then all the
-      # attributes not included in that won't be allowed to be mass-assigned.
-      #
-      #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-      #     attr_protected :is_admin
-      #   end
-      #
-      #   user = User.new
-      #   user.attributes = { :username => 'Phusion', :is_admin => true }
-      #   user.username   # => "Phusion"
-      #   user.is_admin?  # => false
-      #
-      #   user.send(:attributes=, { :username => 'Phusion', :is_admin => true }, false)
-      #   user.is_admin?  # => true
-      def attributes=(new_attributes, guard_protected_attributes = true)
-        return unless new_attributes.is_a?(Hash)
-        attributes = new_attributes.stringify_keys
-
-        multi_parameter_attributes = []
-        attributes = sanitize_for_mass_assignment(attributes) if guard_protected_attributes
-
-        attributes.each do |k, v|
-          if k.include?("(")
-            multi_parameter_attributes << [ k, v ]
-          else
-            respond_to?(:"#{k}=") ? send(:"#{k}=", v) : raise(UnknownAttributeError, "unknown attribute: #{k}")
-          end
-        end
-
-        assign_multiparameter_attributes(multi_parameter_attributes)
-      end
-
-      # Returns a hash of all the attributes with their names as keys and the values of the attributes as values.
-      def attributes
-        attrs = {}
-        attribute_names.each { |name| attrs[name] = read_attribute(name) }
-        attrs
-      end
-
-      # Returns an <tt>#inspect</tt>-like string for the value of the
-      # attribute +attr_name+. String attributes are elided after 50
-      # characters, and Date and Time attributes are returned in the
-      # <tt>:db</tt> format. Other attributes return the value of
-      # <tt>#inspect</tt> without modification.
-      #
-      #   person = Person.create!(:name => "David Heinemeier Hansson " * 3)
-      #
-      #   person.attribute_for_inspect(:name)
-      #   # => '"David Heinemeier Hansson David Heinemeier Hansson D..."'
-      #
-      #   person.attribute_for_inspect(:created_at)
-      #   # => '"2009-01-12 04:48:57"'
-      def attribute_for_inspect(attr_name)
-        value = read_attribute(attr_name)
-
-        if value.is_a?(String) && value.length > 50
-          "#{value[0..50]}...".inspect
-        elsif value.is_a?(Date) || value.is_a?(Time)
-          %("#{value.to_s(:db)}")
-        else
-          value.inspect
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Returns true if the specified +attribute+ has been set by the user or by a database load and is neither
-      # nil nor empty? (the latter only applies to objects that respond to empty?, most notably Strings).
-      def attribute_present?(attribute)
-        value = read_attribute(attribute)
-        !value.blank?
-      end
-
-      # Returns the column object for the named attribute.
-      def column_for_attribute(name)
-        self.class.columns_hash[name.to_s]
-      end
-
-      # Returns true if the +comparison_object+ is the same object, or is of the same type and has the same id.
-      def ==(comparison_object)
-        comparison_object.equal?(self) ||
-          (comparison_object.instance_of?(self.class) &&
-            comparison_object.id == id && !comparison_object.new_record?)
-      end
-
-      # Delegates to ==
-      def eql?(comparison_object)
-        self == (comparison_object)
-      end
-
-      # Delegates to id in order to allow two records of the same type and id to work with something like:
-      #   [ Person.find(1), Person.find(2), Person.find(3) ] & [ Person.find(1), Person.find(4) ] # => [ Person.find(1) ]
-      def hash
-        id.hash
-      end
-
-      # Freeze the attributes hash such that associations are still accessible, even on destroyed records.
-      def freeze
-        @attributes.freeze; self
-      end
-
-      # Returns +true+ if the attributes hash has been frozen.
-      def frozen?
-        @attributes.frozen?
-      end
-
-      # Returns duplicated record with unfreezed attributes.
-      def dup
-        obj = super
-        obj.instance_variable_set('@attributes', @attributes.dup)
-        obj
-      end
-
-      # Returns +true+ if the record is read only. Records loaded through joins with piggy-back
-      # attributes will be marked as read only since they cannot be saved.
-      def readonly?
-        @readonly
-      end
-
-      # Marks this record as read only.
-      def readonly!
-        @readonly = true
-      end
-
-      # Returns the contents of the record as a nicely formatted string.
-      def inspect
-        attributes_as_nice_string = self.class.column_names.collect { |name|
-          if has_attribute?(name) || new_record?
-            "#{name}: #{attribute_for_inspect(name)}"
-          end
-        }.compact.join(", ")
-        "#<#{self.class} #{attributes_as_nice_string}>"
-      end
-
-    protected
-      def clone_attributes(reader_method = :read_attribute, attributes = {})
-        attribute_names.each do |name|
-          attributes[name] = clone_attribute_value(reader_method, name)
-        end
-        attributes
-      end
-
-      def clone_attribute_value(reader_method, attribute_name)
-        value = send(reader_method, attribute_name)
-        value.duplicable? ? value.clone : value
-      rescue TypeError, NoMethodError
-        value
-      end
-
-    private
-
-      # Sets the attribute used for single table inheritance to this class name if this is not the
-      # ActiveRecord::Base descendant.
-      # Considering the hierarchy Reply < Message < ActiveRecord::Base, this makes it possible to
-      # do Reply.new without having to set <tt>Reply[Reply.inheritance_column] = "Reply"</tt> yourself.
-      # No such attribute would be set for objects of the Message class in that example.
-      def ensure_proper_type
-        unless self.class.descends_from_active_record?
-          write_attribute(self.class.inheritance_column, self.class.sti_name)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # The primary key and inheritance column can never be set by mass-assignment for security reasons.
-      def self.attributes_protected_by_default
-        default = [ primary_key, inheritance_column ]
-        default << 'id' unless primary_key.eql? 'id'
-        default
-      end
-
-      # Returns a copy of the attributes hash where all the values have been safely quoted for use in
-      # an Arel insert/update method.
-      def arel_attributes_values(include_primary_key = true, include_readonly_attributes = true, attribute_names = @attributes.keys)
-        attrs = {}
-        attribute_names.each do |name|
-          if (column = column_for_attribute(name)) && (include_primary_key || !column.primary)
-
-            if include_readonly_attributes || (!include_readonly_attributes && !self.class.readonly_attributes.include?(name))
-              value = read_attribute(name)
-
-              if value && ((self.class.serialized_attributes.has_key?(name) && (value.acts_like?(:date) || value.acts_like?(:time))) || value.is_a?(Hash) || value.is_a?(Array))
-                value = value.to_yaml
-              end
-              attrs[self.class.arel_table[name]] = value
-            end
-          end
-        end
-        attrs
-      end
-
-      # Quote strings appropriately for SQL statements.
-      def quote_value(value, column = nil)
-        self.class.connection.quote(value, column)
-      end
-
-      # Interpolate custom SQL string in instance context.
-      # Optional record argument is meant for custom insert_sql.
-      def interpolate_sql(sql, record = nil)
-        instance_eval("%@#{sql.gsub('@', '\@')}@", __FILE__, __LINE__)
-      end
-
-      # Instantiates objects for all attribute classes that needs more than one constructor parameter. This is done
-      # by calling new on the column type or aggregation type (through composed_of) object with these parameters.
-      # So having the pairs written_on(1) = "2004", written_on(2) = "6", written_on(3) = "24", will instantiate
-      # written_on (a date type) with Date.new("2004", "6", "24"). You can also specify a typecast character in the
-      # parentheses to have the parameters typecasted before they're used in the constructor. Use i for Fixnum,
-      # f for Float, s for String, and a for Array. If all the values for a given attribute are empty, the
-      # attribute will be set to nil.
-      def assign_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
-        execute_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(
-          extract_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
-        )
-      end
-
-      def instantiate_time_object(name, values)
-        if self.class.send(:create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?, name, column_for_attribute(name))
-          Time.zone.local(*values)
-        else
-          Time.time_with_datetime_fallback(@@default_timezone, *values)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def execute_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(callstack)
-        errors = []
-        callstack.each do |name, values_with_empty_parameters|
-          begin
-            klass = (self.class.reflect_on_aggregation(name.to_sym) || column_for_attribute(name)).klass
-            # in order to allow a date to be set without a year, we must keep the empty values.
-            # Otherwise, we wouldn't be able to distinguish it from a date with an empty day.
-            values = values_with_empty_parameters.reject { |v| v.nil? }
-
-            if values.empty?
-              send(name + "=", nil)
-            else
-
-              value = if Time == klass
-                instantiate_time_object(name, values)
-              elsif Date == klass
-                begin
-                  values = values_with_empty_parameters.collect do |v| v.nil? ? 1 : v end
-                  Date.new(*values)
-                rescue ArgumentError => ex # if Date.new raises an exception on an invalid date
-                  instantiate_time_object(name, values).to_date # we instantiate Time object and convert it back to a date thus using Time's logic in handling invalid dates
-                end
-              else
-                klass.new(*values)
-              end
-
-              send(name + "=", value)
-            end
-          rescue => ex
-            errors << AttributeAssignmentError.new("error on assignment #{values.inspect} to #{name}", ex, name)
-          end
-        end
-        unless errors.empty?
-          raise MultiparameterAssignmentErrors.new(errors), "#{errors.size} error(s) on assignment of multiparameter attributes"
-        end
-      end
-
-      def extract_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
-        attributes = { }
-
-        for pair in pairs
-          multiparameter_name, value = pair
-          attribute_name = multiparameter_name.split("(").first
-          attributes[attribute_name] = [] unless attributes.include?(attribute_name)
-
-          parameter_value = value.empty? ? nil : type_cast_attribute_value(multiparameter_name, value)
-          attributes[attribute_name] << [ find_parameter_position(multiparameter_name), parameter_value ]
-        end
-
-        attributes.each { |name, values| attributes[name] = values.sort_by{ |v| v.first }.collect { |v| v.last } }
-      end
-
-      def type_cast_attribute_value(multiparameter_name, value)
-        multiparameter_name =~ /\([0-9]*([if])\)/ ? value.send("to_" + $1) : value
-      end
-
-      def find_parameter_position(multiparameter_name)
-        multiparameter_name.scan(/\(([0-9]*).*\)/).first.first
-      end
-
-      # Returns a comma-separated pair list, like "key1 = val1, key2 = val2".
-      def comma_pair_list(hash)
-        hash.map { |k,v| "#{k} = #{v}" }.join(", ")
-      end
-
-      def quote_columns(quoter, hash)
-        hash.inject({}) do |quoted, (name, value)|
-          quoted[quoter.quote_column_name(name)] = value
-          quoted
-        end
-      end
-
-      def quoted_comma_pair_list(quoter, hash)
-        comma_pair_list(quote_columns(quoter, hash))
-      end
-
-      def convert_number_column_value(value)
-        if value == false
-          0
-        elsif value == true
-          1
-        elsif value.is_a?(String) && value.blank?
-          nil
-        else
-          value
-        end
-      end
-
-      def object_from_yaml(string)
-        return string unless string.is_a?(String) && string =~ /^---/
-        YAML::load(string) rescue string
-      end
-  end
-
-  Base.class_eval do
-    include ActiveRecord::Persistence
     extend ActiveModel::Naming
-    extend QueryCache::ClassMethods
+
     extend ActiveSupport::Benchmarkable
     extend ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker
 
+    extend ConnectionHandling
+    extend QueryCache::ClassMethods
+    extend Querying
+    extend Translation
+    extend DynamicMatchers
+    extend Explain
+
+    include Persistence
+    include ReadonlyAttributes
+    include ModelSchema
+    include Inheritance
+    include Scoping
+    include Sanitization
+    include AttributeAssignment
     include ActiveModel::Conversion
+    include Integration
     include Validations
-    extend CounterCache
-    include Locking::Optimistic, Locking::Pessimistic
+    include CounterCache
+    include Locking::Optimistic
+    include Locking::Pessimistic
     include AttributeMethods
-    include AttributeMethods::Read, AttributeMethods::Write, AttributeMethods::BeforeTypeCast, AttributeMethods::Query
-    include AttributeMethods::PrimaryKey
-    include AttributeMethods::TimeZoneConversion
-    include AttributeMethods::Dirty
-    include ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity
-    include Callbacks, ActiveModel::Observing, Timestamp
-    include Associations, AssociationPreload, NamedScope
-
-    # AutosaveAssociation needs to be included before Transactions, because we want
-    # #save_with_autosave_associations to be wrapped inside a transaction.
-    include AutosaveAssociation, NestedAttributes
-    include Aggregations, Transactions, Reflection, Serialization
-
-    NilClass.add_whiner(self) if NilClass.respond_to?(:add_whiner)
+    include Callbacks
+    include Timestamp
+    include Associations
+    include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
+    include AutosaveAssociation
+    include NestedAttributes
+    include Aggregations
+    include Transactions
+    include Reflection
+    include Serialization
+    include Store
+    include Core
   end
-end
 
-# TODO: Remove this and make it work with LAZY flag
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
-ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_record, ActiveRecord::Base)
+  ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_record, Base)
+end