activerecord 3.0.0

data/lib/active_record/counter_cache.rb

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+module ActiveRecord
+  # = Active Record Counter Cache
+  module CounterCache
+    # Resets one or more counter caches to their correct value using an SQL
+    # count query.  This is useful when adding new counter caches, or if the
+    # counter has been corrupted or modified directly by SQL.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    #
+    # * +id+ - The id of the object you wish to reset a counter on.
+    # * +counters+ - One or more counter names to reset
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   # For Post with id #1 records reset the comments_count
+    #   Post.reset_counters(1, :comments)
+    def reset_counters(id, *counters)
+      object = find(id)
+      counters.each do |association|
+        has_many_association = reflect_on_association(association.to_sym)
+
+        expected_name = if has_many_association.options[:as]
+          has_many_association.options[:as].to_s.classify
+        else
+          self.name
+        end
+
+        child_class  = has_many_association.klass
+        belongs_to   = child_class.reflect_on_all_associations(:belongs_to)
+        reflection   = belongs_to.find { |e| e.class_name == expected_name }
+        counter_name = reflection.counter_cache_column
+
+        self.unscoped.where(arel_table[self.primary_key].eq(object.id)).arel.update({
+          arel_table[counter_name] => object.send(association).count
+        })
+      end
+      return true
+    end
+
+    # A generic "counter updater" implementation, intended primarily to be
+    # used by increment_counter and decrement_counter, but which may also
+    # be useful on its own. It simply does a direct SQL update for the record
+    # with the given ID, altering the given hash of counters by the amount
+    # given by the corresponding value:
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    #
+    # * +id+ - The id of the object you wish to update a counter on or an Array of ids.
+    # * +counters+ - An Array of Hashes containing the names of the fields
+    #   to update as keys and the amount to update the field by as values.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   # For the Post with id of 5, decrement the comment_count by 1, and
+    #   # increment the action_count by 1
+    #   Post.update_counters 5, :comment_count => -1, :action_count => 1
+    #   # Executes the following SQL:
+    #   # UPDATE posts
+    #   #    SET comment_count = comment_count - 1,
+    #   #        action_count = action_count + 1
+    #   #  WHERE id = 5
+    #
+    #   # For the Posts with id of 10 and 15, increment the comment_count by 1
+    #   Post.update_counters [10, 15], :comment_count => 1
+    #   # Executes the following SQL:
+    #   # UPDATE posts
+    #   #    SET comment_count = comment_count + 1,
+    #   #  WHERE id IN (10, 15)
+    def update_counters(id, counters)
+      updates = counters.map do |counter_name, value|
+        operator = value < 0 ? '-' : '+'
+        quoted_column = connection.quote_column_name(counter_name)
+        "#{quoted_column} = COALESCE(#{quoted_column}, 0) #{operator} #{value.abs}"
+      end
+
+      update_all(updates.join(', '), primary_key => id )
+    end
+
+    # Increment a number field by one, usually representing a count.
+    #
+    # This is used for caching aggregate values, so that they don't need to be computed every time.
+    # For example, a DiscussionBoard may cache post_count and comment_count otherwise every time the board is
+    # shown it would have to run an SQL query to find how many posts and comments there are.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    #
+    # * +counter_name+ - The name of the field that should be incremented.
+    # * +id+ - The id of the object that should be incremented.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   # Increment the post_count column for the record with an id of 5
+    #   DiscussionBoard.increment_counter(:post_count, 5)
+    def increment_counter(counter_name, id)
+      update_counters(id, counter_name => 1)
+    end
+
+    # Decrement a number field by one, usually representing a count.
+    #
+    # This works the same as increment_counter but reduces the column value by 1 instead of increasing it.
+    #
+    # ==== Parameters
+    #
+    # * +counter_name+ - The name of the field that should be decremented.
+    # * +id+ - The id of the object that should be decremented.
+    #
+    # ==== Examples
+    #
+    #   # Decrement the post_count column for the record with an id of 5
+    #   DiscussionBoard.decrement_counter(:post_count, 5)
+    def decrement_counter(counter_name, id)
+      update_counters(id, counter_name => -1)
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/dynamic_finder_match.rb

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+module ActiveRecord
+
+  # = Active Record Dynamic Finder Match
+  #
+  # Refer to ActiveRecord::Base documentation for Dynamic attribute-based finders for detailed info
+  #
+  class DynamicFinderMatch
+    def self.match(method)
+      df_match = self.new(method)
+      df_match.finder ? df_match : nil
+    end
+
+    def initialize(method)
+      @finder = :first
+      @bang   = false
+      @instantiator = nil
+
+      case method.to_s
+      when /^find_(all_by|last_by|by)_([_a-zA-Z]\w*)$/
+        @finder = :last if $1 == 'last_by'
+        @finder = :all if $1 == 'all_by'
+        names = $2
+      when /^find_by_([_a-zA-Z]\w*)\!$/
+        @bang = true
+        names = $1
+      when /^find_or_(initialize|create)_by_([_a-zA-Z]\w*)$/
+        @instantiator = $1 == 'initialize' ? :new : :create
+        names = $2
+      else
+        @finder = nil
+      end
+      @attribute_names = names && names.split('_and_')
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :finder, :attribute_names, :instantiator
+
+    def finder?
+      !@finder.nil? && @instantiator.nil?
+    end
+
+    def instantiator?
+      @finder == :first && !@instantiator.nil?
+    end
+
+    def creator?
+      @finder == :first && @instantiator == :create
+    end
+
+    def bang?
+      @bang
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/dynamic_scope_match.rb

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+module ActiveRecord
+
+  # = Active Record Dynamic Scope Match
+  #
+  # Provides dynamic attribute-based scopes such as <tt>scoped_by_price(4.99)</tt>
+  # if, for example, the <tt>Product</tt> has an attribute with that name. You can
+  # chain more <tt>scoped_by_* </tt> methods after the other. It acts like a named
+  # scope except that it's dynamic.
+  class DynamicScopeMatch
+    def self.match(method)
+      ds_match = self.new(method)
+      ds_match.scope ? ds_match : nil
+    end
+
+    def initialize(method)
+      @scope = true
+      case method.to_s
+      when /^scoped_by_([_a-zA-Z]\w*)$/
+        names = $1
+      else
+        @scope = nil
+      end
+      @attribute_names = names && names.split('_and_')
+    end
+
+    attr_reader :scope, :attribute_names
+
+    def scope?
+      !@scope.nil?
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/errors.rb

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+module ActiveRecord
+
+  # = Active Record Errors
+  #
+  # Generic Active Record exception class.
+  class ActiveRecordError < StandardError
+  end
+
+  # Raised when the single-table inheritance mechanism fails to locate the subclass
+  # (for example due to improper usage of column that +inheritance_column+ points to).
+  class SubclassNotFound < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+  end
+
+  # Raised when an object assigned to an association has an incorrect type.
+  #
+  #   class Ticket < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     has_many :patches
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Patch < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     belongs_to :ticket
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   # Comments are not patches, this assignment raises AssociationTypeMismatch.
+  #   @ticket.patches << Comment.new(:content => "Please attach tests to your patch.")
+  class AssociationTypeMismatch < ActiveRecordError
+  end
+
+  # Raised when unserialized object's type mismatches one specified for serializable field.
+  class SerializationTypeMismatch < ActiveRecordError
+  end
+
+  # Raised when adapter not specified on connection (or configuration file <tt>config/database.yml</tt>
+  # misses adapter field).
+  class AdapterNotSpecified < ActiveRecordError
+  end
+
+  # Raised when Active Record cannot find database adapter specified in <tt>config/database.yml</tt> or programmatically.
+  class AdapterNotFound < ActiveRecordError
+  end
+
+  # Raised when connection to the database could not been established (for example when <tt>connection=</tt>
+  # is given a nil object).
+  class ConnectionNotEstablished < ActiveRecordError
+  end
+
+  # Raised when Active Record cannot find record by given id or set of ids.
+  class RecordNotFound < ActiveRecordError
+  end
+
+  # Raised by ActiveRecord::Base.save! and ActiveRecord::Base.create! methods when record cannot be
+  # saved because record is invalid.
+  class RecordNotSaved < ActiveRecordError
+  end
+
+  # Raised when SQL statement cannot be executed by the database (for example, it's often the case for
+  # MySQL when Ruby driver used is too old).
+  class StatementInvalid < ActiveRecordError
+  end
+
+  # Raised when SQL statement is invalid and the application gets a blank result.
+  class ThrowResult < ActiveRecordError
+  end
+
+  # Parent class for all specific exceptions which wrap database driver exceptions
+  # provides access to the original exception also.
+  class WrappedDatabaseException < StatementInvalid
+    attr_reader :original_exception
+
+    def initialize(message, original_exception)
+      super(message)
+      @original_exception = original_exception
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Raised when a record cannot be inserted because it would violate a uniqueness constraint.
+  class RecordNotUnique < WrappedDatabaseException
+  end
+
+  # Raised when a record cannot be inserted or updated because it references a non-existent record.
+  class InvalidForeignKey < WrappedDatabaseException
+  end
+
+  # Raised when number of bind variables in statement given to <tt>:condition</tt> key (for example,
+  # when using +find+ method)
+  # does not match number of expected variables.
+  #
+  # For example, in
+  #
+  #   Location.find :all, :conditions => ["lat = ? AND lng = ?", 53.7362]
+  #
+  # two placeholders are given but only one variable to fill them.
+  class PreparedStatementInvalid < ActiveRecordError
+  end
+
+  # Raised on attempt to save stale record. Record is stale when it's being saved in another query after
+  # instantiation, for example, when two users edit the same wiki page and one starts editing and saves
+  # the page before the other.
+  #
+  # Read more about optimistic locking in ActiveRecord::Locking module RDoc.
+  class StaleObjectError < ActiveRecordError
+  end
+
+  # Raised when association is being configured improperly or
+  # user tries to use offset and limit together with has_many or has_and_belongs_to_many associations.
+  class ConfigurationError < ActiveRecordError
+  end
+
+  # Raised on attempt to update record that is instantiated as read only.
+  class ReadOnlyRecord < ActiveRecordError
+  end
+
+  # ActiveRecord::Transactions::ClassMethods.transaction uses this exception
+  # to distinguish a deliberate rollback from other exceptional situations.
+  # Normally, raising an exception will cause the +transaction+ method to rollback
+  # the database transaction *and* pass on the exception. But if you raise an
+  # ActiveRecord::Rollback exception, then the database transaction will be rolled back,
+  # without passing on the exception.
+  #
+  # For example, you could do this in your controller to rollback a transaction:
+  #
+  #   class BooksController < ActionController::Base
+  #     def create
+  #       Book.transaction do
+  #         book = Book.new(params[:book])
+  #         book.save!
+  #         if today_is_friday?
+  #           # The system must fail on Friday so that our support department
+  #           # won't be out of job. We silently rollback this transaction
+  #           # without telling the user.
+  #           raise ActiveRecord::Rollback, "Call tech support!"
+  #         end
+  #       end
+  #       # ActiveRecord::Rollback is the only exception that won't be passed on
+  #       # by ActiveRecord::Base.transaction, so this line will still be reached
+  #       # even on Friday.
+  #       redirect_to root_url
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  class Rollback < ActiveRecordError
+  end
+
+  # Raised when attribute has a name reserved by Active Record (when attribute has name of one of Active Record instance methods).
+  class DangerousAttributeError < ActiveRecordError
+  end
+
+  # Raised when unknown attributes are supplied via mass assignment.
+  class UnknownAttributeError < NoMethodError
+  end
+
+  # Raised when an error occurred while doing a mass assignment to an attribute through the
+  # <tt>attributes=</tt> method. The exception has an +attribute+ property that is the name of the
+  # offending attribute.
+  class AttributeAssignmentError < ActiveRecordError
+    attr_reader :exception, :attribute
+    def initialize(message, exception, attribute)
+      @exception = exception
+      @attribute = attribute
+      @message = message
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Raised when there are multiple errors while doing a mass assignment through the +attributes+
+  # method. The exception has an +errors+ property that contains an array of AttributeAssignmentError
+  # objects, each corresponding to the error while assigning to an attribute.
+  class MultiparameterAssignmentErrors < ActiveRecordError
+    attr_reader :errors
+    def initialize(errors)
+      @errors = errors
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/fixtures.rb

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+require 'erb'
+require 'yaml'
+require 'csv'
+require 'zlib'
+require 'active_support/dependencies'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/logger'
+
+if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9'
+  module YAML #:nodoc:
+    class Omap #:nodoc:
+      def keys;   map { |k, v| k } end
+      def values; map { |k, v| v } end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+if defined? ActiveRecord
+  class FixtureClassNotFound < ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+  end
+else
+  class FixtureClassNotFound < StandardError #:nodoc:
+  end
+end
+
+class FixturesFileNotFound < StandardError; end
+
+# Fixtures are a way of organizing data that you want to test against; in short, sample data.
+#
+# = Fixture formats
+#
+# Fixtures come in 3 flavors:
+#
+#   1.  YAML fixtures
+#   2.  CSV fixtures
+#   3.  Single-file fixtures
+#
+# == YAML fixtures
+#
+# This type of fixture is in YAML format and the preferred default. YAML is a file format which describes data structures
+# in a non-verbose, human-readable format. It ships with Ruby 1.8.1+.
+#
+# Unlike single-file fixtures, YAML fixtures are stored in a single file per model, which are placed
+# in the directory appointed by <tt>ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path=(path)</tt> (this is
+# automatically configured for Rails, so you can just put your files in <tt><your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/</tt>).
+# The fixture file ends with the <tt>.yml</tt> file extension (Rails example:
+# <tt><your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/web_sites.yml</tt>). The format of a YAML fixture file looks like this:
+#
+#   rubyonrails:
+#     id: 1
+#     name: Ruby on Rails
+#     url: http://www.rubyonrails.org
+#
+#   google:
+#     id: 2
+#     name: Google
+#     url: http://www.google.com
+#
+# This YAML fixture file includes two fixtures.  Each YAML fixture (ie. record) is given a name and is followed by an
+# indented list of key/value pairs in the "key: value" format.  Records are separated by a blank line for your viewing
+# pleasure.
+#
+# Note that YAML fixtures are unordered. If you want ordered fixtures, use the omap YAML type.
+# See http://yaml.org/type/omap.html
+# for the specification.  You will need ordered fixtures when you have foreign key constraints on keys in the same table.
+# This is commonly needed for tree structures.  Example:
+#
+#    --- !omap
+#    - parent:
+#        id:         1
+#        parent_id:  NULL
+#        title:      Parent
+#    - child:
+#        id:         2
+#        parent_id:  1
+#        title:      Child
+#
+# == CSV fixtures
+#
+# Fixtures can also be kept in the Comma Separated Value (CSV) format. Akin to YAML fixtures, CSV fixtures are stored
+# in a single file, but instead end with the <tt>.csv</tt> file extension
+# (Rails example: <tt><your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/web_sites.csv</tt>).
+#
+# The format of this type of fixture file is much more compact than the others, but also a little harder to read by us
+# humans.  The first line of the CSV file is a comma-separated list of field names.  The rest of the
+# file is then comprised
+# of the actual data (1 per line).  Here's an example:
+#
+#   id, name, url
+#   1, Ruby On Rails, http://www.rubyonrails.org
+#   2, Google, http://www.google.com
+#
+# Should you have a piece of data with a comma character in it, you can place double quotes around that value.  If you
+# need to use a double quote character, you must escape it with another double quote.
+#
+# Another unique attribute of the CSV fixture is that it has *no* fixture name like the other two formats.  Instead, the
+# fixture names are automatically generated by deriving the class name of the fixture file and adding an incrementing
+# number to the end.  In our example, the 1st fixture would be called "web_site_1" and the 2nd one would be called
+# "web_site_2".
+#
+# Most databases and spreadsheets support exporting to CSV format, so this is a great format for you to choose if you
+# have existing data somewhere already.
+#
+# == Single-file fixtures
+#
+# This type of fixture was the original format for Active Record that has since been deprecated in
+# favor of the YAML and CSV formats.
+# Fixtures for this format are created by placing text files in a sub-directory (with the name of the model)
+# to the directory appointed by <tt>ActiveSupport::TestCase.fixture_path=(path)</tt> (this is automatically
+# configured for Rails, so you can just put your files in <tt><your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/<your-model-name>/</tt> --
+# like <tt><your-rails-app>/test/fixtures/web_sites/</tt> for the WebSite model).
+#
+# Each text file placed in this directory represents a "record".  Usually these types of fixtures are named without
+# extensions, but if you are on a Windows machine, you might consider adding <tt>.txt</tt> as the extension.
+# Here's what the above example might look like:
+#
+#   web_sites/google
+#   web_sites/yahoo.txt
+#   web_sites/ruby-on-rails
+#
+# The file format of a standard fixture is simple.  Each line is a property (or column in db speak) and has the syntax
+# of "name => value".  Here's an example of the ruby-on-rails fixture above:
+#
+#   id => 1
+#   name => Ruby on Rails
+#   url => http://www.rubyonrails.org
+#
+# = Using fixtures in testcases
+#
+# Since fixtures are a testing construct, we use them in our unit and functional tests.  There are two ways to use the
+# fixtures, but first let's take a look at a sample unit test:
+#
+#   require 'test_helper'
+#
+#   class WebSiteTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+#     test "web_site_count" do
+#       assert_equal 2, WebSite.count
+#     end
+#   end
+#
+# By default, the <tt>test_helper module</tt> will load all of your fixtures into your test database,
+# so this test will succeed.
+# The testing environment will automatically load the all fixtures into the database before each test.
+# To ensure consistent data, the environment deletes the fixtures before running the load.
+#
+# In addition to being available in the database, the fixture's data may also be accessed by
+# using a special dynamic method, which has the same name as the model, and accepts the
+# name of the fixture to instantiate:
+#
+#   test "find" do
+#     assert_equal "Ruby on Rails", web_sites(:rubyonrails).name
+#   end
+#
+# Alternatively, you may enable auto-instantiation of the fixture data. For instance, take the following tests:
+#
+#   test "find_alt_method_1" do
+#     assert_equal "Ruby on Rails", @web_sites['rubyonrails']['name']
+#   end
+#
+#   test "find_alt_method_2" do
+#     assert_equal "Ruby on Rails", @rubyonrails.news
+#   end
+#
+# In order to use these methods to access fixtured data within your testcases, you must specify one of the
+# following in your <tt>ActiveSupport::TestCase</tt>-derived class:
+#
+# - to fully enable instantiated fixtures (enable alternate methods #1 and #2 above)
+#     self.use_instantiated_fixtures = true
+#
+# - create only the hash for the fixtures, do not 'find' each instance (enable alternate method #1 only)
+#     self.use_instantiated_fixtures = :no_instances
+#
+# Using either of these alternate methods incurs a performance hit, as the fixtured data must be fully
+# traversed in the database to create the fixture hash and/or instance variables. This is expensive for
+# large sets of fixtured data.
+#
+# = Dynamic fixtures with ERb
+#
+# Some times you don't care about the content of the fixtures as much as you care about the volume. In these cases, you can
+# mix ERb in with your YAML or CSV fixtures to create a bunch of fixtures for load testing, like:
+#
+#   <% for i in 1..1000 %>
+#   fix_<%= i %>:
+#     id: <%= i %>
+#     name: guy_<%= 1 %>
+#   <% end %>
+#
+# This will create 1000 very simple YAML fixtures.
+#
+# Using ERb, you can also inject dynamic values into your fixtures with inserts like <tt><%= Date.today.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") %></tt>.
+# This is however a feature to be used with some caution. The point of fixtures are that they're
+# stable units of predictable sample data. If you feel that you need to inject dynamic values, then
+# perhaps you should reexamine whether your application is properly testable. Hence, dynamic values
+# in fixtures are to be considered a code smell.
+#
+# = Transactional fixtures
+#
+# TestCases can use begin+rollback to isolate their changes to the database instead of having to
+# delete+insert for every test case.
+#
+#   class FooTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+#     self.use_transactional_fixtures = true
+#
+#     test "godzilla" do
+#       assert !Foo.find(:all).empty?
+#       Foo.destroy_all
+#       assert Foo.find(:all).empty?
+#     end
+#
+#     test "godzilla aftermath" do
+#       assert !Foo.find(:all).empty?
+#     end
+#   end
+#
+# If you preload your test database with all fixture data (probably in the Rakefile task) and use transactional fixtures,
+# then you may omit all fixtures declarations in your test cases since all the data's already there
+# and every case rolls back its changes.
+#
+# In order to use instantiated fixtures with preloaded data, set +self.pre_loaded_fixtures+ to true. This will provide
+# access to fixture data for every table that has been loaded through fixtures (depending on the
+# value of +use_instantiated_fixtures+)
+#
+# When *not* to use transactional fixtures:
+#
+# 1. You're testing whether a transaction works correctly. Nested transactions don't commit until
+#    all parent transactions commit, particularly, the fixtures transaction which is begun in setup
+#    and rolled back in teardown. Thus, you won't be able to verify
+#    the results of your transaction until Active Record supports nested transactions or savepoints (in progress).
+# 2. Your database does not support transactions. Every Active Record database supports transactions except MySQL MyISAM.
+#    Use InnoDB, MaxDB, or NDB instead.
+#
+# = Advanced YAML Fixtures
+#
+# YAML fixtures that don't specify an ID get some extra features:
+#
+# * Stable, autogenerated IDs
+# * Label references for associations (belongs_to, has_one, has_many)
+# * HABTM associations as inline lists
+# * Autofilled timestamp columns
+# * Fixture label interpolation
+# * Support for YAML defaults
+#
+# == Stable, autogenerated IDs
+#
+# Here, have a monkey fixture:
+#
+#   george:
+#     id: 1
+#     name: George the Monkey
+#
+#   reginald:
+#     id: 2
+#     name: Reginald the Pirate
+#
+# Each of these fixtures has two unique identifiers: one for the database
+# and one for the humans. Why don't we generate the primary key instead?
+# Hashing each fixture's label yields a consistent ID:
+#
+#   george: # generated id: 503576764
+#     name: George the Monkey
+#
+#   reginald: # generated id: 324201669
+#     name: Reginald the Pirate
+#
+# Active Record looks at the fixture's model class, discovers the correct
+# primary key, and generates it right before inserting the fixture
+# into the database.
+#
+# The generated ID for a given label is constant, so we can discover
+# any fixture's ID without loading anything, as long as we know the label.
+#
+# == Label references for associations (belongs_to, has_one, has_many)
+#
+# Specifying foreign keys in fixtures can be very fragile, not to
+# mention difficult to read. Since Active Record can figure out the ID of
+# any fixture from its label, you can specify FK's by label instead of ID.
+#
+# === belongs_to
+#
+# Let's break out some more monkeys and pirates.
+#
+#   ### in pirates.yml
+#
+#   reginald:
+#     id: 1
+#     name: Reginald the Pirate
+#     monkey_id: 1
+#
+#   ### in monkeys.yml
+#
+#   george:
+#     id: 1
+#     name: George the Monkey
+#     pirate_id: 1
+#
+# Add a few more monkeys and pirates and break this into multiple files,
+# and it gets pretty hard to keep track of what's going on. Let's
+# use labels instead of IDs:
+#
+#   ### in pirates.yml
+#
+#   reginald:
+#     name: Reginald the Pirate
+#     monkey: george
+#
+#   ### in monkeys.yml
+#
+#   george:
+#     name: George the Monkey
+#     pirate: reginald
+#
+# Pow! All is made clear. Active Record reflects on the fixture's model class,
+# finds all the +belongs_to+ associations, and allows you to specify
+# a target *label* for the *association* (monkey: george) rather than
+# a target *id* for the *FK* (<tt>monkey_id: 1</tt>).
+#
+# ==== Polymorphic belongs_to
+#
+# Supporting polymorphic relationships is a little bit more complicated, since
+# Active Record needs to know what type your association is pointing at. Something
+# like this should look familiar:
+#
+#   ### in fruit.rb
+#
+#   belongs_to :eater, :polymorphic => true
+#
+#   ### in fruits.yml
+#
+#   apple:
+#     id: 1
+#     name: apple
+#     eater_id: 1
+#     eater_type: Monkey
+#
+# Can we do better? You bet!
+#
+#   apple:
+#     eater: george (Monkey)
+#
+# Just provide the polymorphic target type and Active Record will take care of the rest.
+#
+# === has_and_belongs_to_many
+#
+# Time to give our monkey some fruit.
+#
+#   ### in monkeys.yml
+#
+#   george:
+#     id: 1
+#     name: George the Monkey
+#
+#   ### in fruits.yml
+#
+#   apple:
+#     id: 1
+#     name: apple
+#
+#   orange:
+#     id: 2
+#     name: orange
+#
+#   grape:
+#     id: 3
+#     name: grape
+#
+#   ### in fruits_monkeys.yml
+#
+#   apple_george:
+#     fruit_id: 1
+#     monkey_id: 1
+#
+#   orange_george:
+#     fruit_id: 2
+#     monkey_id: 1
+#
+#   grape_george:
+#     fruit_id: 3
+#     monkey_id: 1
+#
+# Let's make the HABTM fixture go away.
+#
+#   ### in monkeys.yml
+#
+#   george:
+#     id: 1
+#     name: George the Monkey
+#     fruits: apple, orange, grape
+#
+#   ### in fruits.yml
+#
+#   apple:
+#     name: apple
+#
+#   orange:
+#     name: orange
+#
+#   grape:
+#     name: grape
+#
+# Zap! No more fruits_monkeys.yml file. We've specified the list of fruits
+# on George's fixture, but we could've just as easily specified a list
+# of monkeys on each fruit. As with +belongs_to+, Active Record reflects on
+# the fixture's model class and discovers the +has_and_belongs_to_many+
+# associations.
+#
+# == Autofilled timestamp columns
+#
+# If your table/model specifies any of Active Record's
+# standard timestamp columns (+created_at+, +created_on+, +updated_at+, +updated_on+),
+# they will automatically be set to <tt>Time.now</tt>.
+#
+# If you've set specific values, they'll be left alone.
+#
+# == Fixture label interpolation
+#
+# The label of the current fixture is always available as a column value:
+#
+#   geeksomnia:
+#     name: Geeksomnia's Account
+#     subdomain: $LABEL
+#
+# Also, sometimes (like when porting older join table fixtures) you'll need
+# to be able to get a hold of the identifier for a given label. ERB
+# to the rescue:
+#
+#   george_reginald:
+#     monkey_id: <%= Fixtures.identify(:reginald) %>
+#     pirate_id: <%= Fixtures.identify(:george) %>
+#
+# == Support for YAML defaults
+#
+# You probably already know how to use YAML to set and reuse defaults in
+# your <tt>database.yml</tt> file. You can use the same technique in your fixtures:
+#
+#   DEFAULTS: &DEFAULTS
+#     created_on: <%= 3.weeks.ago.to_s(:db) %>
+#
+#   first:
+#     name: Smurf
+#     <<: *DEFAULTS
+#
+#   second:
+#     name: Fraggle
+#     <<: *DEFAULTS
+#
+# Any fixture labeled "DEFAULTS" is safely ignored.
+
+class Fixtures < (RUBY_VERSION < '1.9' ? YAML::Omap : Hash)
+  MAX_ID = 2 ** 30 - 1
+  DEFAULT_FILTER_RE = /\.ya?ml$/
+
+  @@all_cached_fixtures = {}
+
+  def self.reset_cache(connection = nil)
+    connection ||= ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+    @@all_cached_fixtures[connection.object_id] = {}
+  end
+
+  def self.cache_for_connection(connection)
+    @@all_cached_fixtures[connection.object_id] ||= {}
+    @@all_cached_fixtures[connection.object_id]
+  end
+
+  def self.fixture_is_cached?(connection, table_name)
+    cache_for_connection(connection)[table_name]
+  end
+
+  def self.cached_fixtures(connection, keys_to_fetch = nil)
+    if keys_to_fetch
+      fixtures = cache_for_connection(connection).values_at(*keys_to_fetch)
+    else
+      fixtures = cache_for_connection(connection).values
+    end
+    fixtures.size > 1 ? fixtures : fixtures.first
+  end
+
+  def self.cache_fixtures(connection, fixtures_map)
+    cache_for_connection(connection).update(fixtures_map)
+  end
+
+  def self.instantiate_fixtures(object, table_name, fixtures, load_instances = true)
+    object.instance_variable_set "@#{table_name.to_s.gsub('.','_')}", fixtures
+    if load_instances
+      ActiveRecord::Base.silence do
+        fixtures.each do |name, fixture|
+          begin
+            object.instance_variable_set "@#{name}", fixture.find
+          rescue FixtureClassNotFound
+            nil
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.instantiate_all_loaded_fixtures(object, load_instances = true)
+    all_loaded_fixtures.each do |table_name, fixtures|
+      Fixtures.instantiate_fixtures(object, table_name, fixtures, load_instances)
+    end
+  end
+
+  cattr_accessor :all_loaded_fixtures
+  self.all_loaded_fixtures = {}
+
+  def self.create_fixtures(fixtures_directory, table_names, class_names = {})
+    table_names = [table_names].flatten.map { |n| n.to_s }
+    table_names.each { |n| class_names[n.tr('/', '_').to_sym] = n.classify if n.include?('/') }
+    connection  = block_given? ? yield : ActiveRecord::Base.connection
+
+    table_names_to_fetch = table_names.reject { |table_name| fixture_is_cached?(connection, table_name) }
+
+    unless table_names_to_fetch.empty?
+      ActiveRecord::Base.silence do
+        connection.disable_referential_integrity do
+          fixtures_map = {}
+
+          fixtures = table_names_to_fetch.map do |table_name|
+            fixtures_map[table_name] = Fixtures.new(connection, table_name.tr('/', '_'), class_names[table_name.tr('/', '_').to_sym], File.join(fixtures_directory, table_name))
+          end
+
+          all_loaded_fixtures.update(fixtures_map)
+
+          connection.transaction(:requires_new => true) do
+            fixtures.reverse.each { |fixture| fixture.delete_existing_fixtures }
+            fixtures.each { |fixture| fixture.insert_fixtures }
+
+            # Cap primary key sequences to max(pk).
+            if connection.respond_to?(:reset_pk_sequence!)
+              table_names.each do |table_name|
+                connection.reset_pk_sequence!(table_name.tr('/', '_'))
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          cache_fixtures(connection, fixtures_map)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    cached_fixtures(connection, table_names)
+  end
+
+  # Returns a consistent, platform-independent identifier for +label+.
+  # Identifiers are positive integers less than 2^32.
+  def self.identify(label)
+    Zlib.crc32(label.to_s) % MAX_ID
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :table_name, :name
+
+  def initialize(connection, table_name, class_name, fixture_path, file_filter = DEFAULT_FILTER_RE)
+    @connection, @table_name, @fixture_path, @file_filter = connection, table_name, fixture_path, file_filter
+    @name = table_name # preserve fixture base name
+    @class_name = class_name ||
+                  (ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names ? @table_name.singularize.camelize : @table_name.camelize)
+    @table_name = "#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_prefix}#{@table_name}#{ActiveRecord::Base.table_name_suffix}"
+    @table_name = class_name.table_name if class_name.respond_to?(:table_name)
+    @connection = class_name.connection if class_name.respond_to?(:connection)
+    read_fixture_files
+  end
+
+  def delete_existing_fixtures
+    @connection.delete "DELETE FROM #{@connection.quote_table_name(table_name)}", 'Fixture Delete'
+  end
+
+  def insert_fixtures
+    now = ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc ? Time.now.utc : Time.now
+    now = now.to_s(:db)
+
+    # allow a standard key to be used for doing defaults in YAML
+    if is_a?(Hash)
+      delete('DEFAULTS')
+    else
+      delete(assoc('DEFAULTS'))
+    end
+
+    # track any join tables we need to insert later
+    habtm_fixtures = Hash.new do |h, habtm|
+      h[habtm] = HabtmFixtures.new(@connection, habtm.options[:join_table], nil, nil)
+    end
+
+    each do |label, fixture|
+      row = fixture.to_hash
+
+      if model_class && model_class < ActiveRecord::Base
+        # fill in timestamp columns if they aren't specified and the model is set to record_timestamps
+        if model_class.record_timestamps
+          timestamp_column_names.each do |name|
+            row[name] = now unless row.key?(name)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # interpolate the fixture label
+        row.each do |key, value|
+          row[key] = label if value == "$LABEL"
+        end
+
+        # generate a primary key if necessary
+        if has_primary_key_column? && !row.include?(primary_key_name)
+          row[primary_key_name] = Fixtures.identify(label)
+        end
+
+        # If STI is used, find the correct subclass for association reflection
+        reflection_class =
+          if row.include?(inheritance_column_name)
+            row[inheritance_column_name].constantize rescue model_class
+          else
+            model_class
+          end
+
+        reflection_class.reflect_on_all_associations.each do |association|
+          case association.macro
+          when :belongs_to
+            # Do not replace association name with association foreign key if they are named the same
+            fk_name = (association.options[:foreign_key] || "#{association.name}_id").to_s
+
+            if association.name.to_s != fk_name && value = row.delete(association.name.to_s)
+              if association.options[:polymorphic]
+                if value.sub!(/\s*\(([^\)]*)\)\s*$/, "")
+                  target_type = $1
+                  target_type_name = (association.options[:foreign_type] || "#{association.name}_type").to_s
+
+                  # support polymorphic belongs_to as "label (Type)"
+                  row[target_type_name] = target_type
+                end
+              end
+
+              row[fk_name] = Fixtures.identify(value)
+            end
+          when :has_and_belongs_to_many
+            if (targets = row.delete(association.name.to_s))
+              targets = targets.is_a?(Array) ? targets : targets.split(/\s*,\s*/)
+              join_fixtures = habtm_fixtures[association]
+
+              targets.each do |target|
+                join_fixtures["#{label}_#{target}"] = Fixture.new(
+                  { association.primary_key_name => row[primary_key_name],
+                    association.association_foreign_key => Fixtures.identify(target) },
+                  nil, @connection)
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      @connection.insert_fixture(fixture, @table_name)
+    end
+
+    # insert any HABTM join tables we discovered
+    habtm_fixtures.values.each do |fixture|
+      fixture.delete_existing_fixtures
+      fixture.insert_fixtures
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+    class HabtmFixtures < ::Fixtures #:nodoc:
+      def read_fixture_files; end
+    end
+
+    def model_class
+      unless defined?(@model_class)
+        @model_class =
+          if @class_name.nil? || @class_name.is_a?(Class)
+            @class_name
+          else
+            @class_name.constantize rescue nil
+          end
+      end
+
+      @model_class
+    end
+
+    def primary_key_name
+      @primary_key_name ||= model_class && model_class.primary_key
+    end
+
+    def has_primary_key_column?
+      @has_primary_key_column ||= primary_key_name &&
+        model_class.columns.any? { |c| c.name == primary_key_name }
+    end
+
+    def timestamp_column_names
+      @timestamp_column_names ||=
+        %w(created_at created_on updated_at updated_on) & column_names
+    end
+
+    def inheritance_column_name
+      @inheritance_column_name ||= model_class && model_class.inheritance_column
+    end
+
+    def column_names
+      @column_names ||= @connection.columns(@table_name).collect { |c| c.name }
+    end
+
+    def read_fixture_files
+      if File.file?(yaml_file_path)
+        read_yaml_fixture_files
+      elsif File.file?(csv_file_path)
+        read_csv_fixture_files
+      else
+        raise FixturesFileNotFound, "Could not find #{yaml_file_path} or #{csv_file_path}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def read_yaml_fixture_files
+      yaml_string = ""
+      Dir["#{@fixture_path}/**/*.yml"].select { |f| test(?f, f) }.each do |subfixture_path|
+        yaml_string << IO.read(subfixture_path)
+      end
+      yaml_string << IO.read(yaml_file_path)
+
+      if yaml = parse_yaml_string(yaml_string)
+        # If the file is an ordered map, extract its children.
+        yaml_value =
+          if yaml.respond_to?(:type_id) && yaml.respond_to?(:value)
+            yaml.value
+          else
+            [yaml]
+          end
+
+        yaml_value.each do |fixture|
+          raise Fixture::FormatError, "Bad data for #{@class_name} fixture named #{fixture}" unless fixture.respond_to?(:each)
+          fixture.each do |name, data|
+            unless data
+              raise Fixture::FormatError, "Bad data for #{@class_name} fixture named #{name} (nil)"
+            end
+
+            self[name] = Fixture.new(data, model_class, @connection)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def read_csv_fixture_files
+      reader = CSV.parse(erb_render(IO.read(csv_file_path)))
+      header = reader.shift
+      i = 0
+      reader.each do |row|
+        data = {}
+        row.each_with_index { |cell, j| data[header[j].to_s.strip] = cell.to_s.strip }
+        self["#{@class_name.to_s.underscore}_#{i+=1}"] = Fixture.new(data, model_class, @connection)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def yaml_file_path
+      "#{@fixture_path}.yml"
+    end
+
+    def csv_file_path
+      @fixture_path + ".csv"
+    end
+
+    def yaml_fixtures_key(path)
+      File.basename(@fixture_path).split(".").first
+    end
+
+    def parse_yaml_string(fixture_content)
+      YAML::load(erb_render(fixture_content))
+    rescue => error
+      raise Fixture::FormatError, "a YAML error occurred parsing #{yaml_file_path}. Please note that YAML must be consistently indented using spaces. Tabs are not allowed. Please have a look at http://www.yaml.org/faq.html\nThe exact error was:\n  #{error.class}: #{error}"
+    end
+
+    def erb_render(fixture_content)
+      ERB.new(fixture_content).result
+    end
+end
+
+class Fixture #:nodoc:
+  include Enumerable
+
+  class FixtureError < StandardError #:nodoc:
+  end
+
+  class FormatError < FixtureError #:nodoc:
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :model_class
+
+  def initialize(fixture, model_class, connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection)
+    @connection = connection
+    @fixture = fixture
+    @model_class = model_class.is_a?(Class) ? model_class : model_class.constantize rescue nil
+  end
+
+  def class_name
+    @model_class.name if @model_class
+  end
+
+  def each
+    @fixture.each { |item| yield item }
+  end
+
+  def [](key)
+    @fixture[key]
+  end
+
+  def to_hash
+    @fixture
+  end
+
+  def key_list
+    @fixture.keys.map { |column_name| @connection.quote_column_name(column_name) }.join(', ')
+  end
+
+  def value_list
+    cols = (model_class && model_class < ActiveRecord::Base) ? model_class.columns_hash : {}
+    @fixture.map do |key, value|
+      @connection.quote(value, cols[key]).gsub('[^\]\\n', "\n").gsub('[^\]\\r', "\r")
+    end.join(', ')
+  end
+
+  def find
+    if model_class
+      model_class.find(self[model_class.primary_key])
+    else
+      raise FixtureClassNotFound, "No class attached to find."
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module TestFixtures
+    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
+
+    included do
+      setup :setup_fixtures
+      teardown :teardown_fixtures
+
+      superclass_delegating_accessor :fixture_path
+      superclass_delegating_accessor :fixture_table_names
+      superclass_delegating_accessor :fixture_class_names
+      superclass_delegating_accessor :use_transactional_fixtures
+      superclass_delegating_accessor :use_instantiated_fixtures   # true, false, or :no_instances
+      superclass_delegating_accessor :pre_loaded_fixtures
+
+      self.fixture_table_names = []
+      self.use_transactional_fixtures = true
+      self.use_instantiated_fixtures = false
+      self.pre_loaded_fixtures = false
+
+      self.fixture_class_names = {}
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      def set_fixture_class(class_names = {})
+        self.fixture_class_names = self.fixture_class_names.merge(class_names)
+      end
+
+      def fixtures(*table_names)
+        if table_names.first == :all
+          table_names = Dir["#{fixture_path}/**/*.{yml,csv}"]
+          table_names.map! { |f| f[(fixture_path.size + 1)..-5] }
+        else
+          table_names = table_names.flatten.map { |n| n.to_s }
+        end
+
+        self.fixture_table_names |= table_names
+        require_fixture_classes(table_names)
+        setup_fixture_accessors(table_names)
+      end
+
+      def try_to_load_dependency(file_name)
+        require_dependency file_name
+      rescue LoadError => e
+        # Let's hope the developer has included it himself
+
+        # Let's warn in case this is a subdependency, otherwise
+        # subdependency error messages are totally cryptic
+        if ActiveRecord::Base.logger
+          ActiveRecord::Base.logger.warn("Unable to load #{file_name}, underlying cause #{e.message} \n\n #{e.backtrace.join("\n")}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def require_fixture_classes(table_names = nil)
+        (table_names || fixture_table_names).each do |table_name|
+          file_name = table_name.to_s
+          file_name = file_name.singularize if ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names
+          try_to_load_dependency(file_name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def setup_fixture_accessors(table_names = nil)
+        table_names = Array.wrap(table_names || fixture_table_names)
+        table_names.each do |table_name|
+          table_name = table_name.to_s.tr('./', '_')
+
+          redefine_method(table_name) do |*fixtures|
+            force_reload = fixtures.pop if fixtures.last == true || fixtures.last == :reload
+
+            @fixture_cache[table_name] ||= {}
+
+            instances = fixtures.map do |fixture|
+              @fixture_cache[table_name].delete(fixture) if force_reload
+
+              if @loaded_fixtures[table_name][fixture.to_s]
+                @fixture_cache[table_name][fixture] ||= @loaded_fixtures[table_name][fixture.to_s].find
+              else
+                raise StandardError, "No fixture with name '#{fixture}' found for table '#{table_name}'"
+              end
+            end
+
+            instances.size == 1 ? instances.first : instances
+          end
+          private table_name
+        end
+      end
+
+      def uses_transaction(*methods)
+        @uses_transaction = [] unless defined?(@uses_transaction)
+        @uses_transaction.concat methods.map { |m| m.to_s }
+      end
+
+      def uses_transaction?(method)
+        @uses_transaction = [] unless defined?(@uses_transaction)
+        @uses_transaction.include?(method.to_s)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def run_in_transaction?
+      use_transactional_fixtures &&
+        !self.class.uses_transaction?(method_name)
+    end
+
+    def setup_fixtures
+      return unless defined?(ActiveRecord) && !ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.blank?
+
+      if pre_loaded_fixtures && !use_transactional_fixtures
+        raise RuntimeError, 'pre_loaded_fixtures requires use_transactional_fixtures'
+      end
+
+      @fixture_cache = {}
+      @@already_loaded_fixtures ||= {}
+
+      # Load fixtures once and begin transaction.
+      if run_in_transaction?
+        if @@already_loaded_fixtures[self.class]
+          @loaded_fixtures = @@already_loaded_fixtures[self.class]
+        else
+          load_fixtures
+          @@already_loaded_fixtures[self.class] = @loaded_fixtures
+        end
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.increment_open_transactions
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.transaction_joinable = false
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.begin_db_transaction
+      # Load fixtures for every test.
+      else
+        Fixtures.reset_cache
+        @@already_loaded_fixtures[self.class] = nil
+        load_fixtures
+      end
+
+      # Instantiate fixtures for every test if requested.
+      instantiate_fixtures if use_instantiated_fixtures
+    end
+
+    def teardown_fixtures
+      return unless defined?(ActiveRecord) && !ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.blank?
+
+      unless run_in_transaction?
+        Fixtures.reset_cache
+      end
+
+      # Rollback changes if a transaction is active.
+      if run_in_transaction? && ActiveRecord::Base.connection.open_transactions != 0
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.rollback_db_transaction
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection.decrement_open_transactions
+      end
+      ActiveRecord::Base.clear_active_connections!
+    end
+
+    private
+      def load_fixtures
+        @loaded_fixtures = {}
+        fixtures = Fixtures.create_fixtures(fixture_path, fixture_table_names, fixture_class_names)
+        unless fixtures.nil?
+          if fixtures.instance_of?(Fixtures)
+            @loaded_fixtures[fixtures.name] = fixtures
+          else
+            fixtures.each { |f| @loaded_fixtures[f.name] = f }
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # for pre_loaded_fixtures, only require the classes once. huge speed improvement
+      @@required_fixture_classes = false
+
+      def instantiate_fixtures
+        if pre_loaded_fixtures
+          raise RuntimeError, 'Load fixtures before instantiating them.' if Fixtures.all_loaded_fixtures.empty?
+          unless @@required_fixture_classes
+            self.class.require_fixture_classes Fixtures.all_loaded_fixtures.keys
+            @@required_fixture_classes = true
+          end
+          Fixtures.instantiate_all_loaded_fixtures(self, load_instances?)
+        else
+          raise RuntimeError, 'Load fixtures before instantiating them.' if @loaded_fixtures.nil?
+          @loaded_fixtures.each do |table_name, fixtures|
+            Fixtures.instantiate_fixtures(self, table_name, fixtures, load_instances?)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def load_instances?
+        use_instantiated_fixtures != :no_instances
+      end
+  end
+end