activerecord 3.0.0

data/lib/active_record/base.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1867 @@
+require 'yaml'
+require 'set'
+require 'active_support/benchmarkable'
+require 'active_support/dependencies'
+require 'active_support/descendants_tracker'
+require 'active_support/time'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/class/inheritable_attributes'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/string/behavior'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/module/introspection'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+require 'arel'
+require 'active_record/errors'
+require 'active_record/log_subscriber'
+
+module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
+  # = Active Record
+  #
+  # Active Record objects don't specify their attributes directly, but rather infer them from
+  # the table definition with which they're linked. Adding, removing, and changing attributes
+  # and their type is done directly in the database. Any change is instantly reflected in the
+  # Active Record objects. The mapping that binds a given Active Record class to a certain
+  # database table will happen automatically in most common cases, but can be overwritten for the uncommon ones.
+  #
+  # See the mapping rules in table_name and the full example in link:files/activerecord/README_rdoc.html for more insight.
+  #
+  # == Creation
+  #
+  # Active Records accept constructor parameters either in a hash or as a block. The hash
+  # method is especially useful when you're receiving the data from somewhere else, like an
+  # HTTP request. It works like this:
+  #
+  #   user = User.new(:name => "David", :occupation => "Code Artist")
+  #   user.name # => "David"
+  #
+  # You can also use block initialization:
+  #
+  #   user = User.new do |u|
+  #     u.name = "David"
+  #     u.occupation = "Code Artist"
+  #   end
+  #
+  # And of course you can just create a bare object and specify the attributes after the fact:
+  #
+  #   user = User.new
+  #   user.name = "David"
+  #   user.occupation = "Code Artist"
+  #
+  # == Conditions
+  #
+  # Conditions can either be specified as a string, array, or hash representing the WHERE-part of an SQL statement.
+  # The array form is to be used when the condition input is tainted and requires sanitization. The string form can
+  # be used for statements that don't involve tainted data. The hash form works much like the array form, except
+  # only equality and range is possible. Examples:
+  #
+  #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     def self.authenticate_unsafely(user_name, password)
+  #       where("user_name = '#{user_name}' AND password = '#{password}'").first
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def self.authenticate_safely(user_name, password)
+  #       where("user_name = ? AND password = ?", user_name, password).first
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def self.authenticate_safely_simply(user_name, password)
+  #       where(:user_name => user_name, :password => password).first
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # The <tt>authenticate_unsafely</tt> method inserts the parameters directly into the query
+  # and is thus susceptible to SQL-injection attacks if the <tt>user_name</tt> and +password+
+  # parameters come directly from an HTTP request. The <tt>authenticate_safely</tt>  and
+  # <tt>authenticate_safely_simply</tt> both will sanitize the <tt>user_name</tt> and +password+
+  # before inserting them in the query, which will ensure that an attacker can't escape the
+  # query and fake the login (or worse).
+  #
+  # When using multiple parameters in the conditions, it can easily become hard to read exactly
+  # what the fourth or fifth question mark is supposed to represent. In those cases, you can
+  # resort to named bind variables instead. That's done by replacing the question marks with
+  # symbols and supplying a hash with values for the matching symbol keys:
+  #
+  #   Company.where(
+  #     "id = :id AND name = :name AND division = :division AND created_at > :accounting_date",
+  #     { :id => 3, :name => "37signals", :division => "First", :accounting_date => '2005-01-01' }
+  #   ).first
+  #
+  # Similarly, a simple hash without a statement will generate conditions based on equality with the SQL AND
+  # operator. For instance:
+  #
+  #   Student.where(:first_name => "Harvey", :status => 1)
+  #   Student.where(params[:student])
+  #
+  # A range may be used in the hash to use the SQL BETWEEN operator:
+  #
+  #   Student.where(:grade => 9..12)
+  #
+  # An array may be used in the hash to use the SQL IN operator:
+  #
+  #   Student.where(:grade => [9,11,12])
+  #
+  # When joining tables, nested hashes or keys written in the form 'table_name.column_name'
+  # can be used to qualify the table name of a particular condition. For instance:
+  #
+  #   Student.joins(:schools).where(:schools => { :type => 'public' })
+  #   Student.joins(:schools).where('schools.type' => 'public' )
+  #
+  # == Overwriting default accessors
+  #
+  # All column values are automatically available through basic accessors on the Active Record
+  # object, but sometimes you want to specialize this behavior. This can be done by overwriting
+  # the default accessors (using the same name as the attribute) and calling
+  # <tt>read_attribute(attr_name)</tt> and <tt>write_attribute(attr_name, value)</tt> to actually
+  # change things.
+  #
+  #   class Song < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     # Uses an integer of seconds to hold the length of the song
+  #
+  #     def length=(minutes)
+  #       write_attribute(:length, minutes.to_i * 60)
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def length
+  #       read_attribute(:length) / 60
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # You can alternatively use <tt>self[:attribute]=(value)</tt> and <tt>self[:attribute]</tt>
+  # instead of <tt>write_attribute(:attribute, value)</tt> and <tt>read_attribute(:attribute)</tt>.
+  #
+  # == Attribute query methods
+  #
+  # In addition to the basic accessors, query methods are also automatically available on the Active Record object.
+  # Query methods allow you to test whether an attribute value is present.
+  #
+  # For example, an Active Record User with the <tt>name</tt> attribute has a <tt>name?</tt> method that you can call
+  # to determine whether the user has a name:
+  #
+  #   user = User.new(:name => "David")
+  #   user.name? # => true
+  #
+  #   anonymous = User.new(:name => "")
+  #   anonymous.name? # => false
+  #
+  # == Accessing attributes before they have been typecasted
+  #
+  # Sometimes you want to be able to read the raw attribute data without having the column-determined
+  # typecast run its course first. That can be done by using the <tt><attribute>_before_type_cast</tt>
+  # accessors that all attributes have. For example, if your Account model has a <tt>balance</tt> attribute,
+  # you can call <tt>account.balance_before_type_cast</tt> or <tt>account.id_before_type_cast</tt>.
+  #
+  # This is especially useful in validation situations where the user might supply a string for an
+  # integer field and you want to display the original string back in an error message. Accessing the
+  # attribute normally would typecast the string to 0, which isn't what you want.
+  #
+  # == Dynamic attribute-based finders
+  #
+  # Dynamic attribute-based finders are a cleaner way of getting (and/or creating) objects
+  # by simple queries without turning to SQL. They work by appending the name of an attribute
+  # to <tt>find_by_</tt>, <tt>find_last_by_</tt>, or <tt>find_all_by_</tt> and thus produces finders
+  # like <tt>Person.find_by_user_name</tt>, <tt>Person.find_all_by_last_name</tt>, and
+  # <tt>Payment.find_by_transaction_id</tt>. Instead of writing
+  # <tt>Person.where(:user_name => user_name).first</tt>, you just do <tt>Person.find_by_user_name(user_name)</tt>.
+  # And instead of writing <tt>Person.where(:last_name => last_name).all</tt>, you just do
+  # <tt>Person.find_all_by_last_name(last_name)</tt>.
+  #
+  # It's also possible to use multiple attributes in the same find by separating them with "_and_".
+  #
+  #  Person.where(:user_name => user_name, :password => password).first
+  #  Person.find_by_user_name_and_password #with dynamic finder
+  #
+  #  Person.where(:user_name => user_name, :password => password, :gender => 'male').first
+  #  Payment.find_by_user_name_and_password_and_gender
+  #
+  # It's even possible to call these dynamic finder methods on relations and named scopes.
+  #
+  #   Payment.order("created_on").find_all_by_amount(50)
+  #   Payment.pending.find_last_by_amount(100)
+  #
+  # The same dynamic finder style can be used to create the object if it doesn't already exist.
+  # This dynamic finder is called with <tt>find_or_create_by_</tt> and will return the object if
+  # it already exists and otherwise creates it, then returns it. Protected attributes won't be set
+  # unless they are given in a block.
+  #
+  #   # No 'Summer' tag exists
+  #   Tag.find_or_create_by_name("Summer") # equal to Tag.create(:name => "Summer")
+  #
+  #   # Now the 'Summer' tag does exist
+  #   Tag.find_or_create_by_name("Summer") # equal to Tag.find_by_name("Summer")
+  #
+  #   # Now 'Bob' exist and is an 'admin'
+  #   User.find_or_create_by_name('Bob', :age => 40) { |u| u.admin = true }
+  #
+  # Use the <tt>find_or_initialize_by_</tt> finder if you want to return a new record without
+  # saving it first. Protected attributes won't be set unless they are given in a block.
+  #
+  #   # No 'Winter' tag exists
+  #   winter = Tag.find_or_initialize_by_name("Winter")
+  #   winter.new_record? # true
+  #
+  # To find by a subset of the attributes to be used for instantiating a new object, pass a hash instead of
+  # a list of parameters.
+  #
+  #   Tag.find_or_create_by_name(:name => "rails", :creator => current_user)
+  #
+  # That will either find an existing tag named "rails", or create a new one while setting the
+  # user that created it.
+  #
+  # Just like <tt>find_by_*</tt>, you can also use <tt>scoped_by_*</tt> to retrieve data. The good thing about
+  # using this feature is that the very first time result is returned using <tt>method_missing</tt> technique
+  # but after that the method is declared on the class. Henceforth <tt>method_missing</tt> will not be hit.
+  #
+  #  User.scoped_by_user_name('David')
+  #
+  # == Saving arrays, hashes, and other non-mappable objects in text columns
+  #
+  # Active Record can serialize any object in text columns using YAML. To do so, you must
+  # specify this with a call to the class method +serialize+.
+  # This makes it possible to store arrays, hashes, and other non-mappable objects without doing
+  # any additional work.
+  #
+  #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     serialize :preferences
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   user = User.create(:preferences => { "background" => "black", "display" => large })
+  #   User.find(user.id).preferences # => { "background" => "black", "display" => large }
+  #
+  # You can also specify a class option as the second parameter that'll raise an exception
+  # if a serialized object is retrieved as a descendant of a class not in the hierarchy.
+  #
+  #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     serialize :preferences, Hash
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   user = User.create(:preferences => %w( one two three ))
+  #   User.find(user.id).preferences    # raises SerializationTypeMismatch
+  #
+  # == Single table inheritance
+  #
+  # Active Record allows inheritance by storing the name of the class in a column that by
+  # default is named "type" (can be changed by overwriting <tt>Base.inheritance_column</tt>).
+  # This means that an inheritance looking like this:
+  #
+  #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+  #   class Firm < Company; end
+  #   class Client < Company; end
+  #   class PriorityClient < Client; end
+  #
+  # When you do <tt>Firm.create(:name => "37signals")</tt>, this record will be saved in
+  # the companies table with type = "Firm". You can then fetch this row again using
+  # <tt>Company.where(:name => '37signals').first</tt> and it will return a Firm object.
+  #
+  # If you don't have a type column defined in your table, single-table inheritance won't
+  # be triggered. In that case, it'll work just like normal subclasses with no special magic
+  # for differentiating between them or reloading the right type with find.
+  #
+  # Note, all the attributes for all the cases are kept in the same table. Read more:
+  # http://www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/singleTableInheritance.html
+  #
+  # == Connection to multiple databases in different models
+  #
+  # Connections are usually created through ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection and retrieved
+  # by ActiveRecord::Base.connection. All classes inheriting from ActiveRecord::Base will use this
+  # connection. But you can also set a class-specific connection. For example, if Course is an
+  # ActiveRecord::Base, but resides in a different database, you can just say <tt>Course.establish_connection</tt>
+  # and Course and all of its subclasses will use this connection instead.
+  #
+  # This feature is implemented by keeping a connection pool in ActiveRecord::Base that is
+  # a Hash indexed by the class. If a connection is requested, the retrieve_connection method
+  # will go up the class-hierarchy until a connection is found in the connection pool.
+  #
+  # == Exceptions
+  #
+  # * ActiveRecordError - Generic error class and superclass of all other errors raised by Active Record.
+  # * AdapterNotSpecified - The configuration hash used in <tt>establish_connection</tt> didn't include an
+  #   <tt>:adapter</tt> key.
+  # * AdapterNotFound - The <tt>:adapter</tt> key used in <tt>establish_connection</tt> specified a
+  #   non-existent adapter
+  #   (or a bad spelling of an existing one).
+  # * AssociationTypeMismatch - The object assigned to the association wasn't of the type
+  #   specified in the association definition.
+  # * SerializationTypeMismatch - The serialized object wasn't of the class specified as the second parameter.
+  # * ConnectionNotEstablished+ - No connection has been established. Use <tt>establish_connection</tt>
+  #   before querying.
+  # * RecordNotFound - No record responded to the +find+ method. Either the row with the given ID doesn't exist
+  #   or the row didn't meet the additional restrictions. Some +find+ calls do not raise this exception to signal
+  #   nothing was found, please check its documentation for further details.
+  # * StatementInvalid - The database server rejected the SQL statement. The precise error is added in the message.
+  # * MultiparameterAssignmentErrors - Collection of errors that occurred during a mass assignment using the
+  #   <tt>attributes=</tt> method. The +errors+ property of this exception contains an array of
+  #   AttributeAssignmentError
+  #   objects that should be inspected to determine which attributes triggered the errors.
+  # * AttributeAssignmentError - An error occurred while doing a mass assignment through the
+  #   <tt>attributes=</tt> method.
+  #   You can inspect the +attribute+ property of the exception object to determine which attribute
+  #   triggered the error.
+  #
+  # *Note*: The attributes listed are class-level attributes (accessible from both the class and instance level).
+  # So it's possible to assign a logger to the class through <tt>Base.logger=</tt> which will then be used by all
+  # instances in the current object space.
+  class Base
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby 1.8+ Logger class,
+    # which is then passed on to any new database connections made and which can be retrieved on both
+    # a class and instance level by calling +logger+.
+    cattr_accessor :logger, :instance_writer => false
+
+    class << self
+      def reset_subclasses #:nodoc:
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn 'ActiveRecord::Base.reset_subclasses no longer does anything in Rails 3. It will be removed in the final release; please update your apps and plugins.', caller
+      end
+
+      def subclasses
+        descendants
+      end
+
+      deprecate :subclasses => :descendants
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Contains the database configuration - as is typically stored in config/database.yml -
+    # as a Hash.
+    #
+    # For example, the following database.yml...
+    #
+    #   development:
+    #     adapter: sqlite3
+    #     database: db/development.sqlite3
+    #
+    #   production:
+    #     adapter: sqlite3
+    #     database: db/production.sqlite3
+    #
+    # ...would result in ActiveRecord::Base.configurations to look like this:
+    #
+    #   {
+    #      'development' => {
+    #         'adapter'  => 'sqlite3',
+    #         'database' => 'db/development.sqlite3'
+    #      },
+    #      'production' => {
+    #         'adapter'  => 'sqlite3',
+    #         'database' => 'db/production.sqlite3'
+    #      }
+    #   }
+    cattr_accessor :configurations, :instance_writer => false
+    @@configurations = {}
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Accessor for the prefix type that will be prepended to every primary key column name.
+    # The options are :table_name and :table_name_with_underscore. If the first is specified,
+    # the Product class will look for "productid" instead of "id" as the primary column. If the
+    # latter is specified, the Product class will look for "product_id" instead of "id". Remember
+    # that this is a global setting for all Active Records.
+    cattr_accessor :primary_key_prefix_type, :instance_writer => false
+    @@primary_key_prefix_type = nil
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Accessor for the name of the prefix string to prepend to every table name. So if set
+    # to "basecamp_", all table names will be named like "basecamp_projects", "basecamp_people",
+    # etc. This is a convenient way of creating a namespace for tables in a shared database.
+    # By default, the prefix is the empty string.
+    #
+    # If you are organising your models within modules you can add a prefix to the models within
+    # a namespace by defining a singleton method in the parent module called table_name_prefix which
+    # returns your chosen prefix.
+    class_attribute :table_name_prefix, :instance_writer => false
+    self.table_name_prefix = ""
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Works like +table_name_prefix+, but appends instead of prepends (set to "_basecamp" gives "projects_basecamp",
+    # "people_basecamp"). By default, the suffix is the empty string.
+    class_attribute :table_name_suffix, :instance_writer => false
+    self.table_name_suffix = ""
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Indicates whether table names should be the pluralized versions of the corresponding class names.
+    # If true, the default table name for a Product class will be +products+. If false, it would just be +product+.
+    # See table_name for the full rules on table/class naming. This is true, by default.
+    cattr_accessor :pluralize_table_names, :instance_writer => false
+    @@pluralize_table_names = true
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Determines whether to use Time.local (using :local) or Time.utc (using :utc) when pulling
+    # dates and times from the database. This is set to :local by default.
+    cattr_accessor :default_timezone, :instance_writer => false
+    @@default_timezone = :local
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Specifies the format to use when dumping the database schema with Rails'
+    # Rakefile.  If :sql, the schema is dumped as (potentially database-
+    # specific) SQL statements.  If :ruby, the schema is dumped as an
+    # ActiveRecord::Schema file which can be loaded into any database that
+    # supports migrations.  Use :ruby if you want to have different database
+    # adapters for, e.g., your development and test environments.
+    cattr_accessor :schema_format , :instance_writer => false
+    @@schema_format = :ruby
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method:
+    # Specify whether or not to use timestamps for migration versions
+    cattr_accessor :timestamped_migrations , :instance_writer => false
+    @@timestamped_migrations = true
+
+    # Determine whether to store the full constant name including namespace when using STI
+    superclass_delegating_accessor :store_full_sti_class
+    self.store_full_sti_class = true
+
+    # Stores the default scope for the class
+    class_inheritable_accessor :default_scoping, :instance_writer => false
+    self.default_scoping = []
+
+    class << self # Class methods
+      def colorize_logging(*args)
+        ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn "ActiveRecord::Base.colorize_logging and " <<
+          "config.active_record.colorize_logging are deprecated. Please use " <<
+          "Rails::LogSubscriber.colorize_logging or config.colorize_logging instead", caller
+      end
+      alias :colorize_logging= :colorize_logging
+
+      delegate :find, :first, :last, :all, :destroy, :destroy_all, :exists?, :delete, :delete_all, :update, :update_all, :to => :scoped
+      delegate :find_each, :find_in_batches, :to => :scoped
+      delegate :select, :group, :order, :reorder, :limit, :joins, :where, :preload, :eager_load, :includes, :from, :lock, :readonly, :having, :create_with, :to => :scoped
+      delegate :count, :average, :minimum, :maximum, :sum, :calculate, :to => :scoped
+
+      # Executes a custom SQL query against your database and returns all the results.  The results will
+      # be returned as an array with columns requested encapsulated as attributes of the model you call
+      # this method from.  If you call <tt>Product.find_by_sql</tt> then the results will be returned in
+      # a Product object with the attributes you specified in the SQL query.
+      #
+      # If you call a complicated SQL query which spans multiple tables the columns specified by the
+      # SELECT will be attributes of the model, whether or not they are columns of the corresponding
+      # table.
+      #
+      # The +sql+ parameter is a full SQL query as a string.  It will be called as is, there will be
+      # no database agnostic conversions performed.  This should be a last resort because using, for example,
+      # MySQL specific terms will lock you to using that particular database engine or require you to
+      # change your call if you switch engines.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   # A simple SQL query spanning multiple tables
+      #   Post.find_by_sql "SELECT p.title, c.author FROM posts p, comments c WHERE p.id = c.post_id"
+      #   > [#<Post:0x36bff9c @attributes={"title"=>"Ruby Meetup", "first_name"=>"Quentin"}>, ...]
+      #
+      #   # You can use the same string replacement techniques as you can with ActiveRecord#find
+      #   Post.find_by_sql ["SELECT title FROM posts WHERE author = ? AND created > ?", author_id, start_date]
+      #   > [#<Post:0x36bff9c @attributes={"first_name"=>"The Cheap Man Buys Twice"}>, ...]
+      def find_by_sql(sql)
+        connection.select_all(sanitize_sql(sql), "#{name} Load").collect! { |record| instantiate(record) }
+      end
+
+      # Creates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass.
+      # The resulting object is returned whether the object was saved successfully to the database or not.
+      #
+      # The +attributes+ parameter can be either be a Hash or an Array of Hashes.  These Hashes describe the
+      # attributes on the objects that are to be created.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #   # Create a single new object
+      #   User.create(:first_name => 'Jamie')
+      #
+      #   # Create an Array of new objects
+      #   User.create([{ :first_name => 'Jamie' }, { :first_name => 'Jeremy' }])
+      #
+      #   # Create a single object and pass it into a block to set other attributes.
+      #   User.create(:first_name => 'Jamie') do |u|
+      #     u.is_admin = false
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   # Creating an Array of new objects using a block, where the block is executed for each object:
+      #   User.create([{ :first_name => 'Jamie' }, { :first_name => 'Jeremy' }]) do |u|
+      #     u.is_admin = false
+      #   end
+      def create(attributes = nil, &block)
+        if attributes.is_a?(Array)
+          attributes.collect { |attr| create(attr, &block) }
+        else
+          object = new(attributes)
+          yield(object) if block_given?
+          object.save
+          object
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the result of an SQL statement that should only include a COUNT(*) in the SELECT part.
+      # The use of this method should be restricted to complicated SQL queries that can't be executed
+      # using the ActiveRecord::Calculations class methods.  Look into those before using this.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      #
+      # * +sql+ - An SQL statement which should return a count query from the database, see the example below.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   Product.count_by_sql "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sales s, customers c WHERE s.customer_id = c.id"
+      def count_by_sql(sql)
+        sql = sanitize_conditions(sql)
+        connection.select_value(sql, "#{name} Count").to_i
+      end
+
+      # Attributes listed as readonly will be used to create a new record but update operations will
+      # ignore these fields.
+      def attr_readonly(*attributes)
+        write_inheritable_attribute(:attr_readonly, Set.new(attributes.map { |a| a.to_s }) + (readonly_attributes || []))
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of all the attributes that have been specified as readonly.
+      def readonly_attributes
+        read_inheritable_attribute(:attr_readonly) || []
+      end
+
+      # If you have an attribute that needs to be saved to the database as an object, and retrieved as the same object,
+      # then specify the name of that attribute using this method and it will be handled automatically.
+      # The serialization is done through YAML. If +class_name+ is specified, the serialized object must be of that
+      # class on retrieval or SerializationTypeMismatch will be raised.
+      #
+      # ==== Parameters
+      #
+      # * +attr_name+ - The field name that should be serialized.
+      # * +class_name+ - Optional, class name that the object type should be equal to.
+      #
+      # ==== Example
+      #   # Serialize a preferences attribute
+      #   class User
+      #     serialize :preferences
+      #   end
+      def serialize(attr_name, class_name = Object)
+        serialized_attributes[attr_name.to_s] = class_name
+      end
+
+      # Returns a hash of all the attributes that have been specified for serialization as
+      # keys and their class restriction as values.
+      def serialized_attributes
+        read_inheritable_attribute(:attr_serialized) or write_inheritable_attribute(:attr_serialized, {})
+      end
+
+      # Guesses the table name (in forced lower-case) based on the name of the class in the
+      # inheritance hierarchy descending directly from ActiveRecord::Base. So if the hierarchy
+      # looks like: Reply < Message < ActiveRecord::Base, then Message is used
+      # to guess the table name even when called on Reply. The rules used to do the guess
+      # are handled by the Inflector class in Active Support, which knows almost all common
+      # English inflections. You can add new inflections in config/initializers/inflections.rb.
+      #
+      # Nested classes are given table names prefixed by the singular form of
+      # the parent's table name. Enclosing modules are not considered.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base; end;
+      #   file                  class               table_name
+      #   invoice.rb            Invoice             invoices
+      #
+      #   class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base; class Lineitem < ActiveRecord::Base; end; end;
+      #   file                  class               table_name
+      #   invoice.rb            Invoice::Lineitem   invoice_lineitems
+      #
+      #   module Invoice; class Lineitem < ActiveRecord::Base; end; end;
+      #   file                  class               table_name
+      #   invoice/lineitem.rb   Invoice::Lineitem   lineitems
+      #
+      # Additionally, the class-level +table_name_prefix+ is prepended and the
+      # +table_name_suffix+ is appended.  So if you have "myapp_" as a prefix,
+      # the table name guess for an Invoice class becomes "myapp_invoices".
+      # Invoice::Lineitem becomes "myapp_invoice_lineitems".
+      #
+      # You can also overwrite this class method to allow for unguessable
+      # links, such as a Mouse class with a link to a "mice" table. Example:
+      #
+      #   class Mouse < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     set_table_name "mice"
+      #   end
+      def table_name
+        reset_table_name
+      end
+
+      # Returns a quoted version of the table name, used to construct SQL statements.
+      def quoted_table_name
+        @quoted_table_name ||= connection.quote_table_name(table_name)
+      end
+
+      # Computes the table name, (re)sets it internally, and returns it.
+      def reset_table_name #:nodoc:
+        self.table_name = compute_table_name
+      end
+
+      def full_table_name_prefix #:nodoc:
+        (parents.detect{ |p| p.respond_to?(:table_name_prefix) } || self).table_name_prefix
+      end
+
+      # Defines the column name for use with single table inheritance. Use
+      # <tt>set_inheritance_column</tt> to set a different value.
+      def inheritance_column
+        @inheritance_column ||= "type".freeze
+      end
+
+      # Lazy-set the sequence name to the connection's default.  This method
+      # is only ever called once since set_sequence_name overrides it.
+      def sequence_name #:nodoc:
+        reset_sequence_name
+      end
+
+      def reset_sequence_name #:nodoc:
+        default = connection.default_sequence_name(table_name, primary_key)
+        set_sequence_name(default)
+        default
+      end
+
+      # Sets the table name. If the value is nil or false  then the value returned by the given
+      # block is used.
+      #
+      #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     set_table_name "project"
+      #   end
+      def set_table_name(value = nil, &block)
+        @quoted_table_name = nil
+        define_attr_method :table_name, value, &block
+      end
+      alias :table_name= :set_table_name
+
+      # Sets the name of the inheritance column to use to the given value,
+      # or (if the value # is nil or false) to the value returned by the
+      # given block.
+      #
+      #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     set_inheritance_column do
+      #       original_inheritance_column + "_id"
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      def set_inheritance_column(value = nil, &block)
+        define_attr_method :inheritance_column, value, &block
+      end
+      alias :inheritance_column= :set_inheritance_column
+
+      # Sets the name of the sequence to use when generating ids to the given
+      # value, or (if the value is nil or false) to the value returned by the
+      # given block. This is required for Oracle and is useful for any
+      # database which relies on sequences for primary key generation.
+      #
+      # If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using Oracle or Firebird,
+      # it will default to the commonly used pattern of: #{table_name}_seq
+      #
+      # If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using PostgreSQL, it
+      # will discover the sequence corresponding to your primary key for you.
+      #
+      #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     set_sequence_name "projectseq"   # default would have been "project_seq"
+      #   end
+      def set_sequence_name(value = nil, &block)
+        define_attr_method :sequence_name, value, &block
+      end
+      alias :sequence_name= :set_sequence_name
+
+      # Indicates whether the table associated with this class exists
+      def table_exists?
+        connection.table_exists?(table_name)
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of column objects for the table associated with this class.
+      def columns
+        unless defined?(@columns) && @columns
+          @columns = connection.columns(table_name, "#{name} Columns")
+          @columns.each { |column| column.primary = column.name == primary_key }
+        end
+        @columns
+      end
+
+      # Returns a hash of column objects for the table associated with this class.
+      def columns_hash
+        @columns_hash ||= columns.inject({}) { |hash, column| hash[column.name] = column; hash }
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of column names as strings.
+      def column_names
+        @column_names ||= columns.map { |column| column.name }
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of column objects where the primary id, all columns ending in "_id" or "_count",
+      # and columns used for single table inheritance have been removed.
+      def content_columns
+        @content_columns ||= columns.reject { |c| c.primary || c.name =~ /(_id|_count)$/ || c.name == inheritance_column }
+      end
+
+      # Returns a hash of all the methods added to query each of the columns in the table with the name of the method as the key
+      # and true as the value. This makes it possible to do O(1) lookups in respond_to? to check if a given method for attribute
+      # is available.
+      def column_methods_hash #:nodoc:
+        @dynamic_methods_hash ||= column_names.inject(Hash.new(false)) do |methods, attr|
+          attr_name = attr.to_s
+          methods[attr.to_sym]       = attr_name
+          methods["#{attr}=".to_sym] = attr_name
+          methods["#{attr}?".to_sym] = attr_name
+          methods["#{attr}_before_type_cast".to_sym] = attr_name
+          methods
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Resets all the cached information about columns, which will cause them
+      # to be reloaded on the next request.
+      #
+      # The most common usage pattern for this method is probably in a migration,
+      # when just after creating a table you want to populate it with some default
+      # values, eg:
+      #
+      #  class CreateJobLevels < ActiveRecord::Migration
+      #    def self.up
+      #      create_table :job_levels do |t|
+      #        t.integer :id
+      #        t.string :name
+      #
+      #        t.timestamps
+      #      end
+      #
+      #      JobLevel.reset_column_information
+      #      %w{assistant executive manager director}.each do |type|
+      #        JobLevel.create(:name => type)
+      #      end
+      #    end
+      #
+      #    def self.down
+      #      drop_table :job_levels
+      #    end
+      #  end
+      def reset_column_information
+        undefine_attribute_methods
+        @column_names = @columns = @columns_hash = @content_columns = @dynamic_methods_hash = @inheritance_column = nil
+        @arel_engine = @relation = @arel_table = nil
+      end
+
+      def reset_column_information_and_inheritable_attributes_for_all_subclasses#:nodoc:
+        descendants.each { |klass| klass.reset_inheritable_attributes; klass.reset_column_information }
+      end
+
+      def attribute_method?(attribute)
+        super || (table_exists? && column_names.include?(attribute.to_s.sub(/=$/, '')))
+      end
+
+      # Set the lookup ancestors for ActiveModel.
+      def lookup_ancestors #:nodoc:
+        klass = self
+        classes = [klass]
+        while klass != klass.base_class
+          classes << klass = klass.superclass
+        end
+        classes
+      rescue
+        # OPTIMIZE this rescue is to fix this test: ./test/cases/reflection_test.rb:56:in `test_human_name_for_column'
+        # Apparently the method base_class causes some trouble.
+        # It now works for sure.
+        [self]
+      end
+
+      # Set the i18n scope to overwrite ActiveModel.
+      def i18n_scope #:nodoc:
+        :activerecord
+      end
+
+      # True if this isn't a concrete subclass needing a STI type condition.
+      def descends_from_active_record?
+        if superclass.abstract_class?
+          superclass.descends_from_active_record?
+        else
+          superclass == Base || !columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def finder_needs_type_condition? #:nodoc:
+        # This is like this because benchmarking justifies the strange :false stuff
+        :true == (@finder_needs_type_condition ||= descends_from_active_record? ? :false : :true)
+      end
+
+      # Returns a string like 'Post id:integer, title:string, body:text'
+      def inspect
+        if self == Base
+          super
+        elsif abstract_class?
+          "#{super}(abstract)"
+        elsif table_exists?
+          attr_list = columns.map { |c| "#{c.name}: #{c.type}" } * ', '
+          "#{super}(#{attr_list})"
+        else
+          "#{super}(Table doesn't exist)"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def quote_value(value, column = nil) #:nodoc:
+        connection.quote(value,column)
+      end
+
+      # Used to sanitize objects before they're used in an SQL SELECT statement. Delegates to <tt>connection.quote</tt>.
+      def sanitize(object) #:nodoc:
+        connection.quote(object)
+      end
+
+      # Overwrite the default class equality method to provide support for association proxies.
+      def ===(object)
+        object.is_a?(self)
+      end
+
+      # Returns the base AR subclass that this class descends from. If A
+      # extends AR::Base, A.base_class will return A. If B descends from A
+      # through some arbitrarily deep hierarchy, B.base_class will return A.
+      #
+      # If B < A and C < B and if A is an abstract_class then both B.base_class
+      # and C.base_class would return B as the answer since A is an abstract_class.
+      def base_class
+        class_of_active_record_descendant(self)
+      end
+
+      # Set this to true if this is an abstract class (see <tt>abstract_class?</tt>).
+      attr_accessor :abstract_class
+
+      # Returns whether this class is an abstract class or not.
+      def abstract_class?
+        defined?(@abstract_class) && @abstract_class == true
+      end
+
+      def respond_to?(method_id, include_private = false)
+        if match = DynamicFinderMatch.match(method_id)
+          return true if all_attributes_exists?(match.attribute_names)
+        elsif match = DynamicScopeMatch.match(method_id)
+          return true if all_attributes_exists?(match.attribute_names)
+        end
+
+        super
+      end
+
+      def sti_name
+        store_full_sti_class ? name : name.demodulize
+      end
+
+      def arel_table
+        @arel_table ||= Arel::Table.new(table_name, arel_engine)
+      end
+
+      def arel_engine
+        @arel_engine ||= begin
+          if self == ActiveRecord::Base
+            Arel::Table.engine
+          else
+            connection_handler.connection_pools[name] ? Arel::Sql::Engine.new(self) : superclass.arel_engine
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a scope for this class without taking into account the default_scope.
+      #
+      #   class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     default_scope :published => true
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   Post.all          # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts WHERE published = true"
+      #   Post.unscoped.all # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts"
+      #
+      # This method also accepts a block meaning that all queries inside the block will
+      # not use the default_scope:
+      #
+      #   Post.unscoped {
+      #     limit(10) # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts LIMIT 10"
+      #   }
+      #
+      # It is recommended to use block form of unscoped because chaining unscoped with <tt>named_scope</tt>
+      # does not work. Assuming that <tt>published</tt> is a <tt>named_scope</tt> following two statements are same.
+      #
+      # Post.unscoped.published 
+      # Post.published 
+      def unscoped #:nodoc:
+        block_given? ? relation.scoping { yield } : relation
+      end
+
+      def scoped_methods #:nodoc:
+        key = :"#{self}_scoped_methods"
+        Thread.current[key] = Thread.current[key].presence || self.default_scoping.dup
+      end
+
+      private
+
+        def relation #:nodoc:
+          @relation ||= Relation.new(self, arel_table)
+          finder_needs_type_condition? ? @relation.where(type_condition) : @relation
+        end
+
+        # Finder methods must instantiate through this method to work with the
+        # single-table inheritance model that makes it possible to create
+        # objects of different types from the same table.
+        def instantiate(record)
+          object = find_sti_class(record[inheritance_column]).allocate
+
+          object.instance_variable_set(:@attributes, record)
+          object.instance_variable_set(:@attributes_cache, {})
+          object.instance_variable_set(:@new_record, false)
+          object.instance_variable_set(:@readonly, false)
+          object.instance_variable_set(:@destroyed, false)
+          object.instance_variable_set(:@marked_for_destruction, false)
+          object.instance_variable_set(:@previously_changed, {})
+          object.instance_variable_set(:@changed_attributes, {})
+
+          object.send(:_run_find_callbacks)
+          object.send(:_run_initialize_callbacks)
+
+          object
+        end
+
+        def find_sti_class(type_name)
+          if type_name.blank? || !columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column)
+            self
+          else
+            begin
+              if store_full_sti_class
+                ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize(type_name)
+              else
+                compute_type(type_name)
+              end
+            rescue NameError
+              raise SubclassNotFound,
+                "The single-table inheritance mechanism failed to locate the subclass: '#{type_name}'. " +
+                "This error is raised because the column '#{inheritance_column}' is reserved for storing the class in case of inheritance. " +
+                "Please rename this column if you didn't intend it to be used for storing the inheritance class " +
+                "or overwrite #{name}.inheritance_column to use another column for that information."
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def construct_finder_arel(options = {}, scope = nil)
+          relation = options.is_a?(Hash) ? unscoped.apply_finder_options(options) : unscoped.merge(options)
+          relation = scope.merge(relation) if scope
+          relation
+        end
+
+        def type_condition
+          sti_column = arel_table[inheritance_column]
+          condition = sti_column.eq(sti_name)
+          descendants.each { |subclass| condition = condition.or(sti_column.eq(subclass.sti_name)) }
+
+          condition
+        end
+
+        # Guesses the table name, but does not decorate it with prefix and suffix information.
+        def undecorated_table_name(class_name = base_class.name)
+          table_name = class_name.to_s.demodulize.underscore
+          table_name = table_name.pluralize if pluralize_table_names
+          table_name
+        end
+
+        # Computes and returns a table name according to default conventions.
+        def compute_table_name
+          base = base_class
+          if self == base
+            # Nested classes are prefixed with singular parent table name.
+            if parent < ActiveRecord::Base && !parent.abstract_class?
+              contained = parent.table_name
+              contained = contained.singularize if parent.pluralize_table_names
+              contained << '_'
+            end
+            "#{full_table_name_prefix}#{contained}#{undecorated_table_name(name)}#{table_name_suffix}"
+          else
+            # STI subclasses always use their superclass' table.
+            base.table_name
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Enables dynamic finders like <tt>User.find_by_user_name(user_name)</tt> and
+        # <tt>User.scoped_by_user_name(user_name). Refer to Dynamic attribute-based finders
+        # section at the top of this file for more detailed information.
+        #
+        # It's even possible to use all the additional parameters to +find+. For example, the
+        # full interface for +find_all_by_amount+ is actually <tt>find_all_by_amount(amount, options)</tt>.
+        #
+        # Each dynamic finder using <tt>scoped_by_*</tt> is also defined in the class after it
+        # is first invoked, so that future attempts to use it do not run through method_missing.
+        def method_missing(method_id, *arguments, &block)
+          if match = DynamicFinderMatch.match(method_id)
+            attribute_names = match.attribute_names
+            super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
+            if match.finder?
+              options = arguments.extract_options!
+              relation = options.any? ? construct_finder_arel(options, current_scoped_methods) : scoped
+              relation.send :find_by_attributes, match, attribute_names, *arguments
+            elsif match.instantiator?
+              scoped.send :find_or_instantiator_by_attributes, match, attribute_names, *arguments, &block
+            end
+          elsif match = DynamicScopeMatch.match(method_id)
+            attribute_names = match.attribute_names
+            super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
+            if match.scope?
+              self.class_eval <<-METHOD, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+                def self.#{method_id}(*args)                        # def self.scoped_by_user_name_and_password(*args)
+                  options = args.extract_options!                   #   options = args.extract_options!
+                  attributes = construct_attributes_from_arguments( #   attributes = construct_attributes_from_arguments(
+                    [:#{attribute_names.join(',:')}], args          #     [:user_name, :password], args
+                  )                                                 #   )
+                                                                    #
+                  scoped(:conditions => attributes)                 #   scoped(:conditions => attributes)
+                end                                                 # end
+              METHOD
+              send(method_id, *arguments)
+            end
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        def construct_attributes_from_arguments(attribute_names, arguments)
+          attributes = {}
+          attribute_names.each_with_index { |name, idx| attributes[name] = arguments[idx] }
+          attributes
+        end
+
+        # Similar in purpose to +expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates+.
+        def expand_attribute_names_for_aggregates(attribute_names)
+          expanded_attribute_names = []
+          attribute_names.each do |attribute_name|
+            unless (aggregation = reflect_on_aggregation(attribute_name.to_sym)).nil?
+              aggregate_mapping(aggregation).each do |field_attr, aggregate_attr|
+                expanded_attribute_names << field_attr
+              end
+            else
+              expanded_attribute_names << attribute_name
+            end
+          end
+          expanded_attribute_names
+        end
+
+        def all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
+          attribute_names = expand_attribute_names_for_aggregates(attribute_names)
+          attribute_names.all? { |name| column_methods_hash.include?(name.to_sym) }
+        end
+
+      protected
+        # with_scope lets you apply options to inner block incrementally. It takes a hash and the keys must be
+        # <tt>:find</tt> or <tt>:create</tt>. <tt>:find</tt> parameter is <tt>Relation</tt> while
+        # <tt>:create</tt> parameters are an attributes hash.
+        #
+        #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+        #     def self.create_with_scope
+        #       with_scope(:find => where(:blog_id => 1), :create => { :blog_id => 1 }) do
+        #         find(1) # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 AND id = 1
+        #         a = create(1)
+        #         a.blog_id # => 1
+        #       end
+        #     end
+        #   end
+        #
+        # In nested scopings, all previous parameters are overwritten by the innermost rule, with the exception of
+        # <tt>where</tt>, <tt>includes</tt>, and <tt>joins</tt> operations in <tt>Relation</tt>, which are merged.
+        #
+        # <tt>joins</tt> operations are uniqued so multiple scopes can join in the same table without table aliasing
+        # problems.  If you need to join multiple tables, but still want one of the tables to be uniqued, use the
+        # array of strings format for your joins.
+        #
+        #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+        #     def self.find_with_scope
+        #       with_scope(:find => where(:blog_id => 1).limit(1), :create => { :blog_id => 1 }) do
+        #         with_scope(:find => limit(10)) do
+        #           all # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 LIMIT 10
+        #         end
+        #         with_scope(:find => where(:author_id => 3)) do
+        #           all # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 AND author_id = 3 LIMIT 1
+        #         end
+        #       end
+        #     end
+        #   end
+        #
+        # You can ignore any previous scopings by using the <tt>with_exclusive_scope</tt> method.
+        #
+        #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+        #     def self.find_with_exclusive_scope
+        #       with_scope(:find => where(:blog_id => 1).limit(1)) do
+        #         with_exclusive_scope(:find => limit(10)) do
+        #           all # => SELECT * from articles LIMIT 10
+        #         end
+        #       end
+        #     end
+        #   end
+        #
+        # *Note*: the +:find+ scope also has effect on update and deletion methods, like +update_all+ and +delete_all+.
+        def with_scope(method_scoping = {}, action = :merge, &block)
+          method_scoping = method_scoping.method_scoping if method_scoping.respond_to?(:method_scoping)
+
+          if method_scoping.is_a?(Hash)
+            # Dup first and second level of hash (method and params).
+            method_scoping = method_scoping.inject({}) do |hash, (method, params)|
+              hash[method] = (params == true) ? params : params.dup
+              hash
+            end
+
+            method_scoping.assert_valid_keys([ :find, :create ])
+            relation = construct_finder_arel(method_scoping[:find] || {})
+
+            if current_scoped_methods && current_scoped_methods.create_with_value && method_scoping[:create]
+              scope_for_create = if action == :merge
+                current_scoped_methods.create_with_value.merge(method_scoping[:create])
+              else
+                method_scoping[:create]
+              end
+
+              relation = relation.create_with(scope_for_create)
+            else
+              scope_for_create = method_scoping[:create]
+              scope_for_create ||= current_scoped_methods.create_with_value if current_scoped_methods
+              relation = relation.create_with(scope_for_create) if scope_for_create
+            end
+
+            method_scoping = relation
+          end
+
+          method_scoping = current_scoped_methods.merge(method_scoping) if current_scoped_methods && action ==  :merge
+
+          self.scoped_methods << method_scoping
+          begin
+            yield
+          ensure
+            self.scoped_methods.pop
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Works like with_scope, but discards any nested properties.
+        def with_exclusive_scope(method_scoping = {}, &block)
+          if method_scoping.values.any? { |e| e.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Relation) }
+            raise ArgumentError, <<-MSG
+New finder API can not be used with_exclusive_scope. You can either call unscoped to get an anonymous scope not bound to the default_scope:
+
+  User.unscoped.where(:active => true)
+
+Or call unscoped with a block:
+
+  User.unscoped do
+    User.where(:active => true).all
+  end
+
+MSG
+          end
+          with_scope(method_scoping, :overwrite, &block)
+        end
+
+        # Sets the default options for the model. The format of the
+        # <tt>options</tt> argument is the same as in find.
+        #
+        #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+        #     default_scope order('last_name, first_name')
+        #   end
+        #
+        # <tt>default_scope</tt> is also applied while creating/building a record. It is not
+        # applied while updating a record.
+        #
+        #   class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
+        #     default_scope where(:published => true)
+        #   end
+        #
+        #   Article.new.published    # => true
+        #   Article.create.published # => true
+        def default_scope(options = {})
+          self.default_scoping << construct_finder_arel(options, default_scoping.pop)
+        end
+
+        def current_scoped_methods #:nodoc:
+          scoped_methods.last
+        end
+
+        # Returns the class type of the record using the current module as a prefix. So descendants of
+        # MyApp::Business::Account would appear as MyApp::Business::AccountSubclass.
+        def compute_type(type_name)
+          if type_name.match(/^::/)
+            # If the type is prefixed with a scope operator then we assume that
+            # the type_name is an absolute reference.
+            ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize(type_name)
+          else
+            # Build a list of candidates to search for
+            candidates = []
+            name.scan(/::|$/) { candidates.unshift "#{$`}::#{type_name}" }
+            candidates << type_name
+
+            candidates.each do |candidate|
+              begin
+                constant = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize(candidate)
+                return constant if candidate == constant.to_s
+              rescue NameError => e
+                # We don't want to swallow NoMethodError < NameError errors
+                raise e unless e.instance_of?(NameError)
+              rescue ArgumentError
+              end
+            end
+
+            raise NameError, "uninitialized constant #{candidates.first}"
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Returns the class descending directly from ActiveRecord::Base or an
+        # abstract class, if any, in the inheritance hierarchy.
+        def class_of_active_record_descendant(klass)
+          if klass.superclass == Base || klass.superclass.abstract_class?
+            klass
+          elsif klass.superclass.nil?
+            raise ActiveRecordError, "#{name} doesn't belong in a hierarchy descending from ActiveRecord"
+          else
+            class_of_active_record_descendant(klass.superclass)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Accepts an array, hash, or string of SQL conditions and sanitizes
+        # them into a valid SQL fragment for a WHERE clause.
+        #   ["name='%s' and group_id='%s'", "foo'bar", 4]  returns  "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
+        #   { :name => "foo'bar", :group_id => 4 }  returns "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
+        #   "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'" returns "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
+        def sanitize_sql_for_conditions(condition, table_name = self.table_name)
+          return nil if condition.blank?
+
+          case condition
+            when Array; sanitize_sql_array(condition)
+            when Hash;  sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions(condition, table_name)
+            else        condition
+          end
+        end
+        alias_method :sanitize_sql, :sanitize_sql_for_conditions
+
+        # Accepts an array, hash, or string of SQL conditions and sanitizes
+        # them into a valid SQL fragment for a SET clause.
+        #   { :name => nil, :group_id => 4 }  returns "name = NULL , group_id='4'"
+        def sanitize_sql_for_assignment(assignments)
+          case assignments
+            when Array; sanitize_sql_array(assignments)
+            when Hash;  sanitize_sql_hash_for_assignment(assignments)
+            else        assignments
+          end
+        end
+
+        def aggregate_mapping(reflection)
+          mapping = reflection.options[:mapping] || [reflection.name, reflection.name]
+          mapping.first.is_a?(Array) ? mapping : [mapping]
+        end
+
+        # Accepts a hash of SQL conditions and replaces those attributes
+        # that correspond to a +composed_of+ relationship with their expanded
+        # aggregate attribute values.
+        # Given:
+        #     class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+        #       composed_of :address, :class_name => "Address",
+        #         :mapping => [%w(address_street street), %w(address_city city)]
+        #     end
+        # Then:
+        #     { :address => Address.new("813 abc st.", "chicago") }
+        #       # => { :address_street => "813 abc st.", :address_city => "chicago" }
+        def expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates(attrs)
+          expanded_attrs = {}
+          attrs.each do |attr, value|
+            unless (aggregation = reflect_on_aggregation(attr.to_sym)).nil?
+              mapping = aggregate_mapping(aggregation)
+              mapping.each do |field_attr, aggregate_attr|
+                if mapping.size == 1 && !value.respond_to?(aggregate_attr)
+                  expanded_attrs[field_attr] = value
+                else
+                  expanded_attrs[field_attr] = value.send(aggregate_attr)
+                end
+              end
+            else
+              expanded_attrs[attr] = value
+            end
+          end
+          expanded_attrs
+        end
+
+        # Sanitizes a hash of attribute/value pairs into SQL conditions for a WHERE clause.
+        #   { :name => "foo'bar", :group_id => 4 }
+        #     # => "name='foo''bar' and group_id= 4"
+        #   { :status => nil, :group_id => [1,2,3] }
+        #     # => "status IS NULL and group_id IN (1,2,3)"
+        #   { :age => 13..18 }
+        #     # => "age BETWEEN 13 AND 18"
+        #   { 'other_records.id' => 7 }
+        #     # => "`other_records`.`id` = 7"
+        #   { :other_records => { :id => 7 } }
+        #     # => "`other_records`.`id` = 7"
+        # And for value objects on a composed_of relationship:
+        #   { :address => Address.new("123 abc st.", "chicago") }
+        #     # => "address_street='123 abc st.' and address_city='chicago'"
+        def sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions(attrs, default_table_name = self.table_name)
+          attrs = expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates(attrs)
+
+          table = Arel::Table.new(self.table_name, :engine => arel_engine, :as => default_table_name)
+          builder = PredicateBuilder.new(arel_engine)
+          builder.build_from_hash(attrs, table).map{ |b| b.to_sql }.join(' AND ')
+        end
+        alias_method :sanitize_sql_hash, :sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions
+
+        # Sanitizes a hash of attribute/value pairs into SQL conditions for a SET clause.
+        #   { :status => nil, :group_id => 1 }
+        #     # => "status = NULL , group_id = 1"
+        def sanitize_sql_hash_for_assignment(attrs)
+          attrs.map do |attr, value|
+            "#{connection.quote_column_name(attr)} = #{quote_bound_value(value)}"
+          end.join(', ')
+        end
+
+        # Accepts an array of conditions.  The array has each value
+        # sanitized and interpolated into the SQL statement.
+        #   ["name='%s' and group_id='%s'", "foo'bar", 4]  returns  "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
+        def sanitize_sql_array(ary)
+          statement, *values = ary
+          if values.first.is_a?(Hash) and statement =~ /:\w+/
+            replace_named_bind_variables(statement, values.first)
+          elsif statement.include?('?')
+            replace_bind_variables(statement, values)
+          elsif statement.blank?
+            statement
+          else
+            statement % values.collect { |value| connection.quote_string(value.to_s) }
+          end
+        end
+
+        alias_method :sanitize_conditions, :sanitize_sql
+
+        def replace_bind_variables(statement, values) #:nodoc:
+          raise_if_bind_arity_mismatch(statement, statement.count('?'), values.size)
+          bound = values.dup
+          c = connection
+          statement.gsub('?') { quote_bound_value(bound.shift, c) }
+        end
+
+        def replace_named_bind_variables(statement, bind_vars) #:nodoc:
+          statement.gsub(/(:?):([a-zA-Z]\w*)/) do
+            if $1 == ':' # skip postgresql casts
+              $& # return the whole match
+            elsif bind_vars.include?(match = $2.to_sym)
+              quote_bound_value(bind_vars[match])
+            else
+              raise PreparedStatementInvalid, "missing value for :#{match} in #{statement}"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def expand_range_bind_variables(bind_vars) #:nodoc:
+          expanded = []
+
+          bind_vars.each do |var|
+            next if var.is_a?(Hash)
+
+            if var.is_a?(Range)
+              expanded << var.first
+              expanded << var.last
+            else
+              expanded << var
+            end
+          end
+
+          expanded
+        end
+
+        def quote_bound_value(value, c = connection) #:nodoc:
+          if value.respond_to?(:map) && !value.acts_like?(:string)
+            if value.respond_to?(:empty?) && value.empty?
+              c.quote(nil)
+            else
+              value.map { |v| c.quote(v) }.join(',')
+            end
+          else
+            c.quote(value)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def raise_if_bind_arity_mismatch(statement, expected, provided) #:nodoc:
+          unless expected == provided
+            raise PreparedStatementInvalid, "wrong number of bind variables (#{provided} for #{expected}) in: #{statement}"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def encode_quoted_value(value) #:nodoc:
+          quoted_value = connection.quote(value)
+          quoted_value = "'#{quoted_value[1..-2].gsub(/\'/, "\\\\'")}'" if quoted_value.include?("\\\'") # (for ruby mode) "
+          quoted_value
+        end
+    end
+
+    public
+      # New objects can be instantiated as either empty (pass no construction parameter) or pre-set with
+      # attributes but not yet saved (pass a hash with key names matching the associated table column names).
+      # In both instances, valid attribute keys are determined by the column names of the associated table --
+      # hence you can't have attributes that aren't part of the table columns.
+      def initialize(attributes = nil)
+        @attributes = attributes_from_column_definition
+        @attributes_cache = {}
+        @new_record = true
+        @readonly = false
+        @destroyed = false
+        @marked_for_destruction = false
+        @previously_changed = {}
+        @changed_attributes = {}
+
+        ensure_proper_type
+
+        if scope = self.class.send(:current_scoped_methods)
+          create_with = scope.scope_for_create
+          create_with.each { |att,value| self.send("#{att}=", value) } if create_with
+        end
+        self.attributes = attributes unless attributes.nil?
+
+        result = yield self if block_given?
+        _run_initialize_callbacks
+        result
+      end
+
+      # Cloned objects have no id assigned and are treated as new records. Note that this is a "shallow" clone
+      # as it copies the object's attributes only, not its associations. The extent of a "deep" clone is
+      # application specific and is therefore left to the application to implement according to its need.
+      def initialize_copy(other)
+        _run_after_initialize_callbacks if respond_to?(:_run_after_initialize_callbacks)
+        cloned_attributes = other.clone_attributes(:read_attribute_before_type_cast)
+        cloned_attributes.delete(self.class.primary_key)
+
+        @attributes = cloned_attributes
+
+        @changed_attributes = {}
+        attributes_from_column_definition.each do |attr, orig_value|
+          @changed_attributes[attr] = orig_value if field_changed?(attr, orig_value, @attributes[attr])
+        end
+
+        clear_aggregation_cache
+        clear_association_cache
+        @attributes_cache = {}
+        @new_record = true
+        ensure_proper_type
+
+        if scope = self.class.send(:current_scoped_methods)
+          create_with = scope.scope_for_create
+          create_with.each { |att,value| self.send("#{att}=", value) } if create_with
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a String, which Action Pack uses for constructing an URL to this
+      # object. The default implementation returns this record's id as a String,
+      # or nil if this record's unsaved.
+      #
+      # For example, suppose that you have a User model, and that you have a
+      # <tt>resources :users</tt> route. Normally, +user_path+ will
+      # construct a path with the user object's 'id' in it:
+      #
+      #   user = User.find_by_name('Phusion')
+      #   user_path(user)  # => "/users/1"
+      #
+      # You can override +to_param+ in your model to make +user_path+ construct
+      # a path using the user's name instead of the user's id:
+      #
+      #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     def to_param  # overridden
+      #       name
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   user = User.find_by_name('Phusion')
+      #   user_path(user)  # => "/users/Phusion"
+      def to_param
+        # We can't use alias_method here, because method 'id' optimizes itself on the fly.
+        id && id.to_s # Be sure to stringify the id for routes
+      end
+
+      # Returns a cache key that can be used to identify this record.
+      #
+      # ==== Examples
+      #
+      #   Product.new.cache_key     # => "products/new"
+      #   Product.find(5).cache_key # => "products/5" (updated_at not available)
+      #   Person.find(5).cache_key  # => "people/5-20071224150000" (updated_at available)
+      def cache_key
+        case
+        when new_record?
+          "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/new"
+        when timestamp = self[:updated_at]
+          "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}-#{timestamp.to_s(:number)}"
+        else
+          "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def quoted_id #:nodoc:
+        quote_value(id, column_for_attribute(self.class.primary_key))
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if the given attribute is in the attributes hash
+      def has_attribute?(attr_name)
+        @attributes.has_key?(attr_name.to_s)
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of names for the attributes available on this object sorted alphabetically.
+      def attribute_names
+        @attributes.keys.sort
+      end
+
+      # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
+      # "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
+      # (Alias for the protected read_attribute method).
+      def [](attr_name)
+        read_attribute(attr_name)
+      end
+
+      # Updates the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> with the specified +value+.
+      # (Alias for the protected write_attribute method).
+      def []=(attr_name, value)
+        write_attribute(attr_name, value)
+      end
+
+      # Allows you to set all the attributes at once by passing in a hash with keys
+      # matching the attribute names (which again matches the column names).
+      #
+      # If +guard_protected_attributes+ is true (the default), then sensitive
+      # attributes can be protected from this form of mass-assignment by using
+      # the +attr_protected+ macro. Or you can alternatively specify which
+      # attributes *can* be accessed with the +attr_accessible+ macro. Then all the
+      # attributes not included in that won't be allowed to be mass-assigned.
+      #
+      #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     attr_protected :is_admin
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   user = User.new
+      #   user.attributes = { :username => 'Phusion', :is_admin => true }
+      #   user.username   # => "Phusion"
+      #   user.is_admin?  # => false
+      #
+      #   user.send(:attributes=, { :username => 'Phusion', :is_admin => true }, false)
+      #   user.is_admin?  # => true
+      def attributes=(new_attributes, guard_protected_attributes = true)
+        return unless new_attributes.is_a?(Hash)
+        attributes = new_attributes.stringify_keys
+
+        multi_parameter_attributes = []
+        attributes = sanitize_for_mass_assignment(attributes) if guard_protected_attributes
+
+        attributes.each do |k, v|
+          if k.include?("(")
+            multi_parameter_attributes << [ k, v ]
+          else
+            respond_to?(:"#{k}=") ? send(:"#{k}=", v) : raise(UnknownAttributeError, "unknown attribute: #{k}")
+          end
+        end
+
+        assign_multiparameter_attributes(multi_parameter_attributes)
+      end
+
+      # Returns a hash of all the attributes with their names as keys and the values of the attributes as values.
+      def attributes
+        attrs = {}
+        attribute_names.each { |name| attrs[name] = read_attribute(name) }
+        attrs
+      end
+
+      # Returns an <tt>#inspect</tt>-like string for the value of the
+      # attribute +attr_name+. String attributes are elided after 50
+      # characters, and Date and Time attributes are returned in the
+      # <tt>:db</tt> format. Other attributes return the value of
+      # <tt>#inspect</tt> without modification.
+      #
+      #   person = Person.create!(:name => "David Heinemeier Hansson " * 3)
+      #
+      #   person.attribute_for_inspect(:name)
+      #   # => '"David Heinemeier Hansson David Heinemeier Hansson D..."'
+      #
+      #   person.attribute_for_inspect(:created_at)
+      #   # => '"2009-01-12 04:48:57"'
+      def attribute_for_inspect(attr_name)
+        value = read_attribute(attr_name)
+
+        if value.is_a?(String) && value.length > 50
+          "#{value[0..50]}...".inspect
+        elsif value.is_a?(Date) || value.is_a?(Time)
+          %("#{value.to_s(:db)}")
+        else
+          value.inspect
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if the specified +attribute+ has been set by the user or by a database load and is neither
+      # nil nor empty? (the latter only applies to objects that respond to empty?, most notably Strings).
+      def attribute_present?(attribute)
+        value = read_attribute(attribute)
+        !value.blank?
+      end
+
+      # Returns the column object for the named attribute.
+      def column_for_attribute(name)
+        self.class.columns_hash[name.to_s]
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if the +comparison_object+ is the same object, or is of the same type and has the same id.
+      def ==(comparison_object)
+        comparison_object.equal?(self) ||
+          (comparison_object.instance_of?(self.class) &&
+            comparison_object.id == id && !comparison_object.new_record?)
+      end
+
+      # Delegates to ==
+      def eql?(comparison_object)
+        self == (comparison_object)
+      end
+
+      # Delegates to id in order to allow two records of the same type and id to work with something like:
+      #   [ Person.find(1), Person.find(2), Person.find(3) ] & [ Person.find(1), Person.find(4) ] # => [ Person.find(1) ]
+      def hash
+        id.hash
+      end
+
+      # Freeze the attributes hash such that associations are still accessible, even on destroyed records.
+      def freeze
+        @attributes.freeze; self
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if the attributes hash has been frozen.
+      def frozen?
+        @attributes.frozen?
+      end
+
+      # Returns duplicated record with unfreezed attributes.
+      def dup
+        obj = super
+        obj.instance_variable_set('@attributes', @attributes.dup)
+        obj
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if the record is read only. Records loaded through joins with piggy-back
+      # attributes will be marked as read only since they cannot be saved.
+      def readonly?
+        @readonly
+      end
+
+      # Marks this record as read only.
+      def readonly!
+        @readonly = true
+      end
+
+      # Returns the contents of the record as a nicely formatted string.
+      def inspect
+        attributes_as_nice_string = self.class.column_names.collect { |name|
+          if has_attribute?(name) || new_record?
+            "#{name}: #{attribute_for_inspect(name)}"
+          end
+        }.compact.join(", ")
+        "#<#{self.class} #{attributes_as_nice_string}>"
+      end
+
+    protected
+      def clone_attributes(reader_method = :read_attribute, attributes = {})
+        attribute_names.each do |name|
+          attributes[name] = clone_attribute_value(reader_method, name)
+        end
+        attributes
+      end
+
+      def clone_attribute_value(reader_method, attribute_name)
+        value = send(reader_method, attribute_name)
+        value.duplicable? ? value.clone : value
+      rescue TypeError, NoMethodError
+        value
+      end
+
+    private
+
+      # Sets the attribute used for single table inheritance to this class name if this is not the
+      # ActiveRecord::Base descendant.
+      # Considering the hierarchy Reply < Message < ActiveRecord::Base, this makes it possible to
+      # do Reply.new without having to set <tt>Reply[Reply.inheritance_column] = "Reply"</tt> yourself.
+      # No such attribute would be set for objects of the Message class in that example.
+      def ensure_proper_type
+        unless self.class.descends_from_active_record?
+          write_attribute(self.class.inheritance_column, self.class.sti_name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # The primary key and inheritance column can never be set by mass-assignment for security reasons.
+      def self.attributes_protected_by_default
+        default = [ primary_key, inheritance_column ]
+        default << 'id' unless primary_key.eql? 'id'
+        default
+      end
+
+      # Returns a copy of the attributes hash where all the values have been safely quoted for use in
+      # an Arel insert/update method.
+      def arel_attributes_values(include_primary_key = true, include_readonly_attributes = true, attribute_names = @attributes.keys)
+        attrs = {}
+        attribute_names.each do |name|
+          if (column = column_for_attribute(name)) && (include_primary_key || !column.primary)
+
+            if include_readonly_attributes || (!include_readonly_attributes && !self.class.readonly_attributes.include?(name))
+              value = read_attribute(name)
+
+              if value && ((self.class.serialized_attributes.has_key?(name) && (value.acts_like?(:date) || value.acts_like?(:time))) || value.is_a?(Hash) || value.is_a?(Array))
+                value = value.to_yaml
+              end
+              attrs[self.class.arel_table[name]] = value
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        attrs
+      end
+
+      # Quote strings appropriately for SQL statements.
+      def quote_value(value, column = nil)
+        self.class.connection.quote(value, column)
+      end
+
+      # Interpolate custom SQL string in instance context.
+      # Optional record argument is meant for custom insert_sql.
+      def interpolate_sql(sql, record = nil)
+        instance_eval("%@#{sql.gsub('@', '\@')}@", __FILE__, __LINE__)
+      end
+
+      # Instantiates objects for all attribute classes that needs more than one constructor parameter. This is done
+      # by calling new on the column type or aggregation type (through composed_of) object with these parameters.
+      # So having the pairs written_on(1) = "2004", written_on(2) = "6", written_on(3) = "24", will instantiate
+      # written_on (a date type) with Date.new("2004", "6", "24"). You can also specify a typecast character in the
+      # parentheses to have the parameters typecasted before they're used in the constructor. Use i for Fixnum,
+      # f for Float, s for String, and a for Array. If all the values for a given attribute are empty, the
+      # attribute will be set to nil.
+      def assign_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
+        execute_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(
+          extract_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
+        )
+      end
+
+      def instantiate_time_object(name, values)
+        if self.class.send(:create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?, name, column_for_attribute(name))
+          Time.zone.local(*values)
+        else
+          Time.time_with_datetime_fallback(@@default_timezone, *values)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def execute_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(callstack)
+        errors = []
+        callstack.each do |name, values_with_empty_parameters|
+          begin
+            klass = (self.class.reflect_on_aggregation(name.to_sym) || column_for_attribute(name)).klass
+            # in order to allow a date to be set without a year, we must keep the empty values.
+            # Otherwise, we wouldn't be able to distinguish it from a date with an empty day.
+            values = values_with_empty_parameters.reject { |v| v.nil? }
+
+            if values.empty?
+              send(name + "=", nil)
+            else
+
+              value = if Time == klass
+                instantiate_time_object(name, values)
+              elsif Date == klass
+                begin
+                  values = values_with_empty_parameters.collect do |v| v.nil? ? 1 : v end
+                  Date.new(*values)
+                rescue ArgumentError => ex # if Date.new raises an exception on an invalid date
+                  instantiate_time_object(name, values).to_date # we instantiate Time object and convert it back to a date thus using Time's logic in handling invalid dates
+                end
+              else
+                klass.new(*values)
+              end
+
+              send(name + "=", value)
+            end
+          rescue => ex
+            errors << AttributeAssignmentError.new("error on assignment #{values.inspect} to #{name}", ex, name)
+          end
+        end
+        unless errors.empty?
+          raise MultiparameterAssignmentErrors.new(errors), "#{errors.size} error(s) on assignment of multiparameter attributes"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def extract_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
+        attributes = { }
+
+        for pair in pairs
+          multiparameter_name, value = pair
+          attribute_name = multiparameter_name.split("(").first
+          attributes[attribute_name] = [] unless attributes.include?(attribute_name)
+
+          parameter_value = value.empty? ? nil : type_cast_attribute_value(multiparameter_name, value)
+          attributes[attribute_name] << [ find_parameter_position(multiparameter_name), parameter_value ]
+        end
+
+        attributes.each { |name, values| attributes[name] = values.sort_by{ |v| v.first }.collect { |v| v.last } }
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_attribute_value(multiparameter_name, value)
+        multiparameter_name =~ /\([0-9]*([if])\)/ ? value.send("to_" + $1) : value
+      end
+
+      def find_parameter_position(multiparameter_name)
+        multiparameter_name.scan(/\(([0-9]*).*\)/).first.first
+      end
+
+      # Returns a comma-separated pair list, like "key1 = val1, key2 = val2".
+      def comma_pair_list(hash)
+        hash.map { |k,v| "#{k} = #{v}" }.join(", ")
+      end
+
+      def quote_columns(quoter, hash)
+        hash.inject({}) do |quoted, (name, value)|
+          quoted[quoter.quote_column_name(name)] = value
+          quoted
+        end
+      end
+
+      def quoted_comma_pair_list(quoter, hash)
+        comma_pair_list(quote_columns(quoter, hash))
+      end
+
+      def convert_number_column_value(value)
+        if value == false
+          0
+        elsif value == true
+          1
+        elsif value.is_a?(String) && value.blank?
+          nil
+        else
+          value
+        end
+      end
+
+      def object_from_yaml(string)
+        return string unless string.is_a?(String) && string =~ /^---/
+        YAML::load(string) rescue string
+      end
+  end
+
+  Base.class_eval do
+    include ActiveRecord::Persistence
+    extend ActiveModel::Naming
+    extend QueryCache::ClassMethods
+    extend ActiveSupport::Benchmarkable
+    extend ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker
+
+    include ActiveModel::Conversion
+    include Validations
+    extend CounterCache
+    include Locking::Optimistic, Locking::Pessimistic
+    include AttributeMethods
+    include AttributeMethods::Read, AttributeMethods::Write, AttributeMethods::BeforeTypeCast, AttributeMethods::Query
+    include AttributeMethods::PrimaryKey
+    include AttributeMethods::TimeZoneConversion
+    include AttributeMethods::Dirty
+    include ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity
+    include Callbacks, ActiveModel::Observing, Timestamp
+    include Associations, AssociationPreload, NamedScope
+
+    # AutosaveAssociation needs to be included before Transactions, because we want
+    # #save_with_autosave_associations to be wrapped inside a transaction.
+    include AutosaveAssociation, NestedAttributes
+    include Aggregations, Transactions, Reflection, Serialization
+
+    NilClass.add_whiner(self) if NilClass.respond_to?(:add_whiner)
+  end
+end
+
+# TODO: Remove this and make it work with LAZY flag
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
+ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_record, ActiveRecord::Base)