activerecord 3.0.0

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1030 @@
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/requires'
+require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Base
+    # Establishes a connection to the database that's used by all Active Record objects
+    def self.postgresql_connection(config) # :nodoc:
+      require 'pg'
+
+      config = config.symbolize_keys
+      host     = config[:host]
+      port     = config[:port] || 5432
+      username = config[:username].to_s if config[:username]
+      password = config[:password].to_s if config[:password]
+
+      if config.has_key?(:database)
+        database = config[:database]
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "No database specified. Missing argument: database."
+      end
+
+      # The postgres drivers don't allow the creation of an unconnected PGconn object,
+      # so just pass a nil connection object for the time being.
+      ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.new(nil, logger, [host, port, nil, nil, database, username, password], config)
+    end
+  end
+
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    class TableDefinition
+      def xml(*args)
+        options = args.extract_options!
+        column(args[0], 'xml', options)
+      end
+    end
+    # PostgreSQL-specific extensions to column definitions in a table.
+    class PostgreSQLColumn < Column #:nodoc:
+      # Instantiates a new PostgreSQL column definition in a table.
+      def initialize(name, default, sql_type = nil, null = true)
+        super(name, self.class.extract_value_from_default(default), sql_type, null)
+      end
+
+      # :stopdoc:
+      class << self
+        attr_accessor :money_precision
+      end
+      # :startdoc:
+
+      private
+        def extract_limit(sql_type)
+          case sql_type
+          when /^bigint/i;    8
+          when /^smallint/i;  2
+          else super
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Extracts the scale from PostgreSQL-specific data types.
+        def extract_scale(sql_type)
+          # Money type has a fixed scale of 2.
+          sql_type =~ /^money/ ? 2 : super
+        end
+
+        # Extracts the precision from PostgreSQL-specific data types.
+        def extract_precision(sql_type)
+          if sql_type == 'money'
+            self.class.money_precision
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Maps PostgreSQL-specific data types to logical Rails types.
+        def simplified_type(field_type)
+          case field_type
+            # Numeric and monetary types
+            when /^(?:real|double precision)$/
+              :float
+            # Monetary types
+            when 'money'
+              :decimal
+            # Character types
+            when /^(?:character varying|bpchar)(?:\(\d+\))?$/
+              :string
+            # Binary data types
+            when 'bytea'
+              :binary
+            # Date/time types
+            when /^timestamp with(?:out)? time zone$/
+              :datetime
+            when 'interval'
+              :string
+            # Geometric types
+            when /^(?:point|line|lseg|box|"?path"?|polygon|circle)$/
+              :string
+            # Network address types
+            when /^(?:cidr|inet|macaddr)$/
+              :string
+            # Bit strings
+            when /^bit(?: varying)?(?:\(\d+\))?$/
+              :string
+            # XML type
+            when 'xml'
+              :xml
+            # Arrays
+            when /^\D+\[\]$/
+              :string
+            # Object identifier types
+            when 'oid'
+              :integer
+            # UUID type
+            when 'uuid'
+              :string
+            # Small and big integer types
+            when /^(?:small|big)int$/
+              :integer
+            # Pass through all types that are not specific to PostgreSQL.
+            else
+              super
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Extracts the value from a PostgreSQL column default definition.
+        def self.extract_value_from_default(default)
+          case default
+            # Numeric types
+            when /\A\(?(-?\d+(\.\d*)?\)?)\z/
+              $1
+            # Character types
+            when /\A'(.*)'::(?:character varying|bpchar|text)\z/m
+              $1
+            # Character types (8.1 formatting)
+            when /\AE'(.*)'::(?:character varying|bpchar|text)\z/m
+              $1.gsub(/\\(\d\d\d)/) { $1.oct.chr }
+            # Binary data types
+            when /\A'(.*)'::bytea\z/m
+              $1
+            # Date/time types
+            when /\A'(.+)'::(?:time(?:stamp)? with(?:out)? time zone|date)\z/
+              $1
+            when /\A'(.*)'::interval\z/
+              $1
+            # Boolean type
+            when 'true'
+              true
+            when 'false'
+              false
+            # Geometric types
+            when /\A'(.*)'::(?:point|line|lseg|box|"?path"?|polygon|circle)\z/
+              $1
+            # Network address types
+            when /\A'(.*)'::(?:cidr|inet|macaddr)\z/
+              $1
+            # Bit string types
+            when /\AB'(.*)'::"?bit(?: varying)?"?\z/
+              $1
+            # XML type
+            when /\A'(.*)'::xml\z/m
+              $1
+            # Arrays
+            when /\A'(.*)'::"?\D+"?\[\]\z/
+              $1
+            # Object identifier types
+            when /\A-?\d+\z/
+              $1
+            else
+              # Anything else is blank, some user type, or some function
+              # and we can't know the value of that, so return nil.
+              nil
+          end
+        end
+    end
+  end
+
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    # The PostgreSQL adapter works both with the native C (http://ruby.scripting.ca/postgres/) and the pure
+    # Ruby (available both as gem and from http://rubyforge.org/frs/?group_id=234&release_id=1944) drivers.
+    #
+    # Options:
+    #
+    # * <tt>:host</tt> - Defaults to "localhost".
+    # * <tt>:port</tt> - Defaults to 5432.
+    # * <tt>:username</tt> - Defaults to nothing.
+    # * <tt>:password</tt> - Defaults to nothing.
+    # * <tt>:database</tt> - The name of the database. No default, must be provided.
+    # * <tt>:schema_search_path</tt> - An optional schema search path for the connection given
+    #   as a string of comma-separated schema names.  This is backward-compatible with the <tt>:schema_order</tt> option.
+    # * <tt>:encoding</tt> - An optional client encoding that is used in a <tt>SET client_encoding TO
+    #   <encoding></tt> call on the connection.
+    # * <tt>:min_messages</tt> - An optional client min messages that is used in a
+    #   <tt>SET client_min_messages TO <min_messages></tt> call on the connection.
+    # * <tt>:allow_concurrency</tt> - If true, use async query methods so Ruby threads don't deadlock;
+    #   otherwise, use blocking query methods.
+    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+      ADAPTER_NAME = 'PostgreSQL'.freeze
+
+      NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
+        :primary_key => "serial primary key".freeze,
+        :string      => { :name => "character varying", :limit => 255 },
+        :text        => { :name => "text" },
+        :integer     => { :name => "integer" },
+        :float       => { :name => "float" },
+        :decimal     => { :name => "decimal" },
+        :datetime    => { :name => "timestamp" },
+        :timestamp   => { :name => "timestamp" },
+        :time        => { :name => "time" },
+        :date        => { :name => "date" },
+        :binary      => { :name => "bytea" },
+        :boolean     => { :name => "boolean" },
+        :xml         => { :name => "xml" }
+      }
+
+      # Returns 'PostgreSQL' as adapter name for identification purposes.
+      def adapter_name
+        ADAPTER_NAME
+      end
+
+      # Initializes and connects a PostgreSQL adapter.
+      def initialize(connection, logger, connection_parameters, config)
+        super(connection, logger)
+        @connection_parameters, @config = connection_parameters, config
+
+        # @local_tz is initialized as nil to avoid warnings when connect tries to use it
+        @local_tz = nil
+        @table_alias_length = nil
+        @postgresql_version = nil
+
+        connect
+        @local_tz = execute('SHOW TIME ZONE').first["TimeZone"]
+      end
+
+      # Is this connection alive and ready for queries?
+      def active?
+        if @connection.respond_to?(:status)
+          @connection.status == PGconn::CONNECTION_OK
+        else
+          # We're asking the driver, not Active Record, so use @connection.query instead of #query
+          @connection.query 'SELECT 1'
+          true
+        end
+      # postgres-pr raises a NoMethodError when querying if no connection is available.
+      rescue PGError, NoMethodError
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Close then reopen the connection.
+      def reconnect!
+        if @connection.respond_to?(:reset)
+          @connection.reset
+          configure_connection
+        else
+          disconnect!
+          connect
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Close the connection.
+      def disconnect!
+        @connection.close rescue nil
+      end
+
+      def native_database_types #:nodoc:
+        NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES
+      end
+
+      # Does PostgreSQL support migrations?
+      def supports_migrations?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Does PostgreSQL support finding primary key on non-Active Record tables?
+      def supports_primary_key? #:nodoc:
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Enable standard-conforming strings if available.
+      def set_standard_conforming_strings
+        old, self.client_min_messages = client_min_messages, 'panic'
+        execute('SET standard_conforming_strings = on') rescue nil
+      ensure
+        self.client_min_messages = old
+      end
+
+      def supports_insert_with_returning?
+        postgresql_version >= 80200
+      end
+
+      def supports_ddl_transactions?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_savepoints?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Returns the configured supported identifier length supported by PostgreSQL,
+      # or report the default of 63 on PostgreSQL 7.x.
+      def table_alias_length
+        @table_alias_length ||= (postgresql_version >= 80000 ? query('SHOW max_identifier_length')[0][0].to_i : 63)
+      end
+
+      # QUOTING ==================================================
+
+      # Escapes binary strings for bytea input to the database.
+      def escape_bytea(value)
+        @connection.escape_bytea(value) if value
+      end
+
+      # Unescapes bytea output from a database to the binary string it represents.
+      # NOTE: This is NOT an inverse of escape_bytea! This is only to be used
+      #       on escaped binary output from database drive.
+      def unescape_bytea(value)
+        @connection.unescape_bytea(value) if value
+      end
+
+      # Quotes PostgreSQL-specific data types for SQL input.
+      def quote(value, column = nil) #:nodoc:
+        return super unless column
+
+        if value.kind_of?(String) && column.type == :binary
+          "'#{escape_bytea(value)}'"
+        elsif value.kind_of?(String) && column.sql_type == 'xml'
+          "xml '#{quote_string(value)}'"
+        elsif value.kind_of?(Numeric) && column.sql_type == 'money'
+          # Not truly string input, so doesn't require (or allow) escape string syntax.
+          "'#{value}'"
+        elsif value.kind_of?(String) && column.sql_type =~ /^bit/
+          case value
+            when /^[01]*$/
+              "B'#{value}'" # Bit-string notation
+            when /^[0-9A-F]*$/i
+              "X'#{value}'" # Hexadecimal notation
+          end
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Quotes strings for use in SQL input.
+      def quote_string(s) #:nodoc:
+        @connection.escape(s)
+      end
+
+      # Checks the following cases:
+      #
+      # - table_name
+      # - "table.name"
+      # - schema_name.table_name
+      # - schema_name."table.name"
+      # - "schema.name".table_name
+      # - "schema.name"."table.name"
+      def quote_table_name(name)
+        schema, name_part = extract_pg_identifier_from_name(name.to_s)
+
+        unless name_part
+          quote_column_name(schema)
+        else
+          table_name, name_part = extract_pg_identifier_from_name(name_part)
+          "#{quote_column_name(schema)}.#{quote_column_name(table_name)}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Quotes column names for use in SQL queries.
+      def quote_column_name(name) #:nodoc:
+        PGconn.quote_ident(name.to_s)
+      end
+
+      # Quote date/time values for use in SQL input. Includes microseconds
+      # if the value is a Time responding to usec.
+      def quoted_date(value) #:nodoc:
+        if value.acts_like?(:time) && value.respond_to?(:usec)
+          "#{super}.#{sprintf("%06d", value.usec)}"
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      # REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY ====================================
+
+      def supports_disable_referential_integrity?() #:nodoc:
+        version = query("SHOW server_version")[0][0].split('.')
+        version[0].to_i >= 8 && version[1].to_i >= 1
+      rescue
+        return false
+      end
+
+      def disable_referential_integrity #:nodoc:
+        if supports_disable_referential_integrity?() then
+          execute(tables.collect { |name| "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} DISABLE TRIGGER ALL" }.join(";"))
+        end
+        yield
+      ensure
+        if supports_disable_referential_integrity?() then
+          execute(tables.collect { |name| "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} ENABLE TRIGGER ALL" }.join(";"))
+        end
+      end
+
+      # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
+
+      # Executes a SELECT query and returns an array of rows. Each row is an
+      # array of field values.
+      def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
+        select_raw(sql, name).last
+      end
+
+      # Executes an INSERT query and returns the new record's ID
+      def insert(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil)
+        # Extract the table from the insert sql. Yuck.
+        table = sql.split(" ", 4)[2].gsub('"', '')
+
+        # Try an insert with 'returning id' if available (PG >= 8.2)
+        if supports_insert_with_returning?
+          pk, sequence_name = *pk_and_sequence_for(table) unless pk
+          if pk
+            id = select_value("#{sql} RETURNING #{quote_column_name(pk)}")
+            clear_query_cache
+            return id
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Otherwise, insert then grab last_insert_id.
+        if insert_id = super
+          insert_id
+        else
+          # If neither pk nor sequence name is given, look them up.
+          unless pk || sequence_name
+            pk, sequence_name = *pk_and_sequence_for(table)
+          end
+
+          # If a pk is given, fallback to default sequence name.
+          # Don't fetch last insert id for a table without a pk.
+          if pk && sequence_name ||= default_sequence_name(table, pk)
+            last_insert_id(table, sequence_name)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      alias :create :insert
+
+      # create a 2D array representing the result set
+      def result_as_array(res) #:nodoc:
+        # check if we have any binary column and if they need escaping
+        unescape_col = []
+        res.nfields.times do |j|
+          unescape_col << res.ftype(j)
+        end
+
+        ary = []
+        res.ntuples.times do |i|
+          ary << []
+          res.nfields.times do |j|
+            data = res.getvalue(i,j)
+            case unescape_col[j]
+
+            # unescape string passed BYTEA field (OID == 17)
+            when BYTEA_COLUMN_TYPE_OID
+              data = unescape_bytea(data) if String === data
+
+            # If this is a money type column and there are any currency symbols,
+            # then strip them off. Indeed it would be prettier to do this in
+            # PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_decimal but would break form input
+            # fields that call value_before_type_cast.
+            when MONEY_COLUMN_TYPE_OID
+              # Because money output is formatted according to the locale, there are two
+              # cases to consider (note the decimal separators):
+              #  (1) $12,345,678.12
+              #  (2) $12.345.678,12
+              case data
+              when /^-?\D+[\d,]+\.\d{2}$/  # (1)
+                data.gsub!(/[^-\d\.]/, '')
+              when /^-?\D+[\d\.]+,\d{2}$/  # (2)
+                data.gsub!(/[^-\d,]/, '').sub!(/,/, '.')
+              end
+            end
+            ary[i] << data
+          end
+        end
+        return ary
+      end
+
+
+      # Queries the database and returns the results in an Array-like object
+      def query(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
+        log(sql, name) do
+          if @async
+            res = @connection.async_exec(sql)
+          else
+            res = @connection.exec(sql)
+          end
+          return result_as_array(res)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Executes an SQL statement, returning a PGresult object on success
+      # or raising a PGError exception otherwise.
+      def execute(sql, name = nil)
+        log(sql, name) do
+          if @async
+            @connection.async_exec(sql)
+          else
+            @connection.exec(sql)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Executes an UPDATE query and returns the number of affected tuples.
+      def update_sql(sql, name = nil)
+        super.cmd_tuples
+      end
+
+      # Begins a transaction.
+      def begin_db_transaction
+        execute "BEGIN"
+      end
+
+      # Commits a transaction.
+      def commit_db_transaction
+        execute "COMMIT"
+      end
+
+      # Aborts a transaction.
+      def rollback_db_transaction
+        execute "ROLLBACK"
+      end
+
+      def outside_transaction?
+        @connection.transaction_status == PGconn::PQTRANS_IDLE
+      end
+
+      def create_savepoint
+        execute("SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
+      end
+
+      def rollback_to_savepoint
+        execute("ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
+      end
+
+      def release_savepoint
+        execute("RELEASE SAVEPOINT #{current_savepoint_name}")
+      end
+
+      # SCHEMA STATEMENTS ========================================
+
+      def recreate_database(name) #:nodoc:
+        drop_database(name)
+        create_database(name)
+      end
+
+      # Create a new PostgreSQL database.  Options include <tt>:owner</tt>, <tt>:template</tt>,
+      # <tt>:encoding</tt>, <tt>:tablespace</tt>, and <tt>:connection_limit</tt> (note that MySQL uses
+      # <tt>:charset</tt> while PostgreSQL uses <tt>:encoding</tt>).
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   create_database config[:database], config
+      #   create_database 'foo_development', :encoding => 'unicode'
+      def create_database(name, options = {})
+        options = options.reverse_merge(:encoding => "utf8")
+
+        option_string = options.symbolize_keys.sum do |key, value|
+          case key
+          when :owner
+            " OWNER = \"#{value}\""
+          when :template
+            " TEMPLATE = \"#{value}\""
+          when :encoding
+            " ENCODING = '#{value}'"
+          when :tablespace
+            " TABLESPACE = \"#{value}\""
+          when :connection_limit
+            " CONNECTION LIMIT = #{value}"
+          else
+            ""
+          end
+        end
+
+        execute "CREATE DATABASE #{quote_table_name(name)}#{option_string}"
+      end
+
+      # Drops a PostgreSQL database
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #   drop_database 'matt_development'
+      def drop_database(name) #:nodoc:
+        if postgresql_version >= 80200
+          execute "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS #{quote_table_name(name)}"
+        else
+          begin
+            execute "DROP DATABASE #{quote_table_name(name)}"
+          rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
+            @logger.warn "#{name} database doesn't exist." if @logger
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the list of all tables in the schema search path or a specified schema.
+      def tables(name = nil)
+        query(<<-SQL, name).map { |row| row[0] }
+          SELECT tablename
+          FROM pg_tables
+          WHERE schemaname = ANY (current_schemas(false))
+        SQL
+      end
+
+      def table_exists?(name)
+        name          = name.to_s
+        schema, table = name.split('.', 2)
+
+        unless table # A table was provided without a schema
+          table  = schema
+          schema = nil
+        end
+
+        if name =~ /^"/ # Handle quoted table names
+          table  = name
+          schema = nil
+        end
+
+        query(<<-SQL).first[0].to_i > 0
+            SELECT COUNT(*)
+            FROM pg_tables
+            WHERE tablename = '#{table.gsub(/(^"|"$)/,'')}'
+            #{schema ? "AND schemaname = '#{schema}'" : ''}
+        SQL
+      end
+
+      # Returns the list of all indexes for a table.
+      def indexes(table_name, name = nil)
+         schemas = schema_search_path.split(/,/).map { |p| quote(p) }.join(',')
+         result = query(<<-SQL, name)
+           SELECT distinct i.relname, d.indisunique, d.indkey, t.oid
+             FROM pg_class t, pg_class i, pg_index d
+           WHERE i.relkind = 'i'
+             AND d.indexrelid = i.oid
+             AND d.indisprimary = 'f'
+             AND t.oid = d.indrelid
+             AND t.relname = '#{table_name}'
+             AND i.relnamespace IN (SELECT oid FROM pg_namespace WHERE nspname IN (#{schemas}) )
+          ORDER BY i.relname
+        SQL
+
+
+        result.map do |row|
+          index_name = row[0]
+          unique = row[1] == 't'
+          indkey = row[2].split(" ")
+          oid = row[3]
+
+          columns = Hash[query(<<-SQL, "Columns for index #{row[0]} on #{table_name}")]
+          SELECT a.attnum, a.attname
+          FROM pg_attribute a
+          WHERE a.attrelid = #{oid}
+          AND a.attnum IN (#{indkey.join(",")})
+          SQL
+
+          column_names = columns.values_at(*indkey).compact
+          column_names.empty? ? nil : IndexDefinition.new(table_name, index_name, unique, column_names)
+        end.compact
+      end
+
+      # Returns the list of all column definitions for a table.
+      def columns(table_name, name = nil)
+        # Limit, precision, and scale are all handled by the superclass.
+        column_definitions(table_name).collect do |name, type, default, notnull|
+          PostgreSQLColumn.new(name, default, type, notnull == 'f')
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the current database name.
+      def current_database
+        query('select current_database()')[0][0]
+      end
+
+      # Returns the current database encoding format.
+      def encoding
+        query(<<-end_sql)[0][0]
+          SELECT pg_encoding_to_char(pg_database.encoding) FROM pg_database
+          WHERE pg_database.datname LIKE '#{current_database}'
+        end_sql
+      end
+
+      # Sets the schema search path to a string of comma-separated schema names.
+      # Names beginning with $ have to be quoted (e.g. $user => '$user').
+      # See: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-schemas.html
+      #
+      # This should be not be called manually but set in database.yml.
+      def schema_search_path=(schema_csv)
+        if schema_csv
+          execute "SET search_path TO #{schema_csv}"
+          @schema_search_path = schema_csv
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the active schema search path.
+      def schema_search_path
+        @schema_search_path ||= query('SHOW search_path')[0][0]
+      end
+
+      # Returns the current client message level.
+      def client_min_messages
+        query('SHOW client_min_messages')[0][0]
+      end
+
+      # Set the client message level.
+      def client_min_messages=(level)
+        execute("SET client_min_messages TO '#{level}'")
+      end
+
+      # Returns the sequence name for a table's primary key or some other specified key.
+      def default_sequence_name(table_name, pk = nil) #:nodoc:
+        default_pk, default_seq = pk_and_sequence_for(table_name)
+        default_seq || "#{table_name}_#{pk || default_pk || 'id'}_seq"
+      end
+
+      # Resets the sequence of a table's primary key to the maximum value.
+      def reset_pk_sequence!(table, pk = nil, sequence = nil) #:nodoc:
+        unless pk and sequence
+          default_pk, default_sequence = pk_and_sequence_for(table)
+          pk ||= default_pk
+          sequence ||= default_sequence
+        end
+        if pk
+          if sequence
+            quoted_sequence = quote_column_name(sequence)
+
+            select_value <<-end_sql, 'Reset sequence'
+              SELECT setval('#{quoted_sequence}', (SELECT COALESCE(MAX(#{quote_column_name pk})+(SELECT increment_by FROM #{quoted_sequence}), (SELECT min_value FROM #{quoted_sequence})) FROM #{quote_table_name(table)}), false)
+            end_sql
+          else
+            @logger.warn "#{table} has primary key #{pk} with no default sequence" if @logger
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a table's primary key and belonging sequence.
+      def pk_and_sequence_for(table) #:nodoc:
+        # First try looking for a sequence with a dependency on the
+        # given table's primary key.
+        result = query(<<-end_sql, 'PK and serial sequence')[0]
+          SELECT attr.attname, seq.relname
+          FROM pg_class      seq,
+               pg_attribute  attr,
+               pg_depend     dep,
+               pg_namespace  name,
+               pg_constraint cons
+          WHERE seq.oid           = dep.objid
+            AND seq.relkind       = 'S'
+            AND attr.attrelid     = dep.refobjid
+            AND attr.attnum       = dep.refobjsubid
+            AND attr.attrelid     = cons.conrelid
+            AND attr.attnum       = cons.conkey[1]
+            AND cons.contype      = 'p'
+            AND dep.refobjid      = '#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass
+        end_sql
+
+        if result.nil? or result.empty?
+          # If that fails, try parsing the primary key's default value.
+          # Support the 7.x and 8.0 nextval('foo'::text) as well as
+          # the 8.1+ nextval('foo'::regclass).
+          result = query(<<-end_sql, 'PK and custom sequence')[0]
+            SELECT attr.attname,
+              CASE
+                WHEN split_part(def.adsrc, '''', 2) ~ '.' THEN
+                  substr(split_part(def.adsrc, '''', 2),
+                         strpos(split_part(def.adsrc, '''', 2), '.')+1)
+                ELSE split_part(def.adsrc, '''', 2)
+              END
+            FROM pg_class       t
+            JOIN pg_attribute   attr ON (t.oid = attrelid)
+            JOIN pg_attrdef     def  ON (adrelid = attrelid AND adnum = attnum)
+            JOIN pg_constraint  cons ON (conrelid = adrelid AND adnum = conkey[1])
+            WHERE t.oid = '#{quote_table_name(table)}'::regclass
+              AND cons.contype = 'p'
+              AND def.adsrc ~* 'nextval'
+          end_sql
+        end
+
+        # [primary_key, sequence]
+        [result.first, result.last]
+      rescue
+        nil
+      end
+
+      # Returns just a table's primary key
+      def primary_key(table)
+        pk_and_sequence = pk_and_sequence_for(table)
+        pk_and_sequence && pk_and_sequence.first
+      end
+
+      # Renames a table.
+      def rename_table(name, new_name)
+        execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} RENAME TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
+      end
+
+      # Adds a new column to the named table.
+      # See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.
+      def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
+        default = options[:default]
+        notnull = options[:null] == false
+
+        # Add the column.
+        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ADD COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])}")
+
+        change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default) if options_include_default?(options)
+        change_column_null(table_name, column_name, false, default) if notnull
+      end
+
+      # Changes the column of a table.
+      def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
+        quoted_table_name = quote_table_name(table_name)
+
+        begin
+          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quoted_table_name} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} TYPE #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])}"
+        rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => e
+          raise e if postgresql_version > 80000
+          # This is PostgreSQL 7.x, so we have to use a more arcane way of doing it.
+          begin
+            begin_db_transaction
+            tmp_column_name = "#{column_name}_ar_tmp"
+            add_column(table_name, tmp_column_name, type, options)
+            execute "UPDATE #{quoted_table_name} SET #{quote_column_name(tmp_column_name)} = CAST(#{quote_column_name(column_name)} AS #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])})"
+            remove_column(table_name, column_name)
+            rename_column(table_name, tmp_column_name, column_name)
+            commit_db_transaction
+          rescue
+            rollback_db_transaction
+          end
+        end
+
+        change_column_default(table_name, column_name, options[:default]) if options_include_default?(options)
+        change_column_null(table_name, column_name, options[:null], options[:default]) if options.key?(:null)
+      end
+
+      # Changes the default value of a table column.
+      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
+        execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} SET DEFAULT #{quote(default)}"
+      end
+
+      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
+        unless null || default.nil?
+          execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
+        end
+        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{null ? 'DROP' : 'SET'} NOT NULL")
+      end
+
+      # Renames a column in a table.
+      def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+        execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} TO #{quote_column_name(new_column_name)}"
+      end
+
+      def remove_index!(table_name, index_name) #:nodoc:
+        execute "DROP INDEX #{quote_table_name(index_name)}"
+      end
+
+      def index_name_length
+        63
+      end
+
+      # Maps logical Rails types to PostgreSQL-specific data types.
+      def type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil)
+        return super unless type.to_s == 'integer'
+        return 'integer' unless limit
+
+        case limit
+          when 1, 2; 'smallint'
+          when 3, 4; 'integer'
+          when 5..8; 'bigint'
+          else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}. Use a numeric with precision 0 instead.")
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a SELECT DISTINCT clause for a given set of columns and a given ORDER BY clause.
+      #
+      # PostgreSQL requires the ORDER BY columns in the select list for distinct queries, and
+      # requires that the ORDER BY include the distinct column.
+      #
+      #   distinct("posts.id", "posts.created_at desc")
+      def distinct(columns, order_by) #:nodoc:
+        return "DISTINCT #{columns}" if order_by.blank?
+
+        # Construct a clean list of column names from the ORDER BY clause, removing
+        # any ASC/DESC modifiers
+        order_columns = order_by.split(',').collect { |s| s.split.first }
+        order_columns.delete_if { |c| c.blank? }
+        order_columns = order_columns.zip((0...order_columns.size).to_a).map { |s,i| "#{s} AS alias_#{i}" }
+
+        # Return a DISTINCT ON() clause that's distinct on the columns we want but includes
+        # all the required columns for the ORDER BY to work properly.
+        sql = "DISTINCT ON (#{columns}) #{columns}, "
+        sql << order_columns * ', '
+      end
+
+      protected
+        # Returns the version of the connected PostgreSQL version.
+        def postgresql_version
+          @postgresql_version ||=
+            if @connection.respond_to?(:server_version)
+              @connection.server_version
+            else
+              # Mimic PGconn.server_version behavior
+              begin
+                query('SELECT version()')[0][0] =~ /PostgreSQL (\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/
+                ($1.to_i * 10000) + ($2.to_i * 100) + $3.to_i
+              rescue
+                0
+              end
+            end
+        end
+
+        def translate_exception(exception, message)
+          case exception.message
+          when /duplicate key value violates unique constraint/
+            RecordNotUnique.new(message, exception)
+          when /violates foreign key constraint/
+            InvalidForeignKey.new(message, exception)
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+      private
+        # The internal PostgreSQL identifier of the money data type.
+        MONEY_COLUMN_TYPE_OID = 790 #:nodoc:
+        # The internal PostgreSQL identifier of the BYTEA data type.
+        BYTEA_COLUMN_TYPE_OID = 17 #:nodoc:
+
+        # Connects to a PostgreSQL server and sets up the adapter depending on the
+        # connected server's characteristics.
+        def connect
+          @connection = PGconn.connect(*@connection_parameters)
+          PGconn.translate_results = false if PGconn.respond_to?(:translate_results=)
+
+          # Ignore async_exec and async_query when using postgres-pr.
+          @async = @config[:allow_concurrency] && @connection.respond_to?(:async_exec)
+
+          # Money type has a fixed precision of 10 in PostgreSQL 8.2 and below, and as of
+          # PostgreSQL 8.3 it has a fixed precision of 19. PostgreSQLColumn.extract_precision
+          # should know about this but can't detect it there, so deal with it here.
+          PostgreSQLColumn.money_precision = (postgresql_version >= 80300) ? 19 : 10
+
+          configure_connection
+        end
+
+        # Configures the encoding, verbosity, schema search path, and time zone of the connection.
+        # This is called by #connect and should not be called manually.
+        def configure_connection
+          if @config[:encoding]
+            if @connection.respond_to?(:set_client_encoding)
+              @connection.set_client_encoding(@config[:encoding])
+            else
+              execute("SET client_encoding TO '#{@config[:encoding]}'")
+            end
+          end
+          self.client_min_messages = @config[:min_messages] if @config[:min_messages]
+          self.schema_search_path = @config[:schema_search_path] || @config[:schema_order]
+
+          # Use standard-conforming strings if available so we don't have to do the E'...' dance.
+          set_standard_conforming_strings
+
+          # If using Active Record's time zone support configure the connection to return
+          # TIMESTAMP WITH ZONE types in UTC.
+          if ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc
+            execute("SET time zone 'UTC'")
+          elsif @local_tz
+            execute("SET time zone '#{@local_tz}'")
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Returns the current ID of a table's sequence.
+        def last_insert_id(table, sequence_name) #:nodoc:
+          Integer(select_value("SELECT currval('#{sequence_name}')"))
+        end
+
+        # Executes a SELECT query and returns the results, performing any data type
+        # conversions that are required to be performed here instead of in PostgreSQLColumn.
+        def select(sql, name = nil)
+          fields, rows = select_raw(sql, name)
+          rows.map do |row|
+            Hash[*fields.zip(row).flatten]
+          end
+        end
+
+        def select_raw(sql, name = nil)
+          res = execute(sql, name)
+          results = result_as_array(res)
+          fields = res.fields
+          res.clear
+          return fields, results
+        end
+
+        # Returns the list of a table's column names, data types, and default values.
+        #
+        # The underlying query is roughly:
+        #  SELECT column.name, column.type, default.value
+        #    FROM column LEFT JOIN default
+        #      ON column.table_id = default.table_id
+        #     AND column.num = default.column_num
+        #   WHERE column.table_id = get_table_id('table_name')
+        #     AND column.num > 0
+        #     AND NOT column.is_dropped
+        #   ORDER BY column.num
+        #
+        # If the table name is not prefixed with a schema, the database will
+        # take the first match from the schema search path.
+        #
+        # Query implementation notes:
+        #  - format_type includes the column size constraint, e.g. varchar(50)
+        #  - ::regclass is a function that gives the id for a table name
+        def column_definitions(table_name) #:nodoc:
+          query <<-end_sql
+            SELECT a.attname, format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod), d.adsrc, a.attnotnull
+              FROM pg_attribute a LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef d
+                ON a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND a.attnum = d.adnum
+             WHERE a.attrelid = '#{quote_table_name(table_name)}'::regclass
+               AND a.attnum > 0 AND NOT a.attisdropped
+             ORDER BY a.attnum
+          end_sql
+        end
+
+        def extract_pg_identifier_from_name(name)
+          match_data = name[0,1] == '"' ? name.match(/\"([^\"]+)\"/) : name.match(/([^\.]+)/)
+
+          if match_data
+            rest = name[match_data[0].length..-1]
+            rest = rest[1..-1] if rest[0,1] == "."
+            [match_data[1], (rest.length > 0 ? rest : nil)]
+          end
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end
+