vispy 0.14.0__cp311-cp311-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl

vispy/gloo/glir.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1816 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Copyright (c) Vispy Development Team. All Rights Reserved.
+# Distributed under the (new) BSD License. See LICENSE.txt for more info.
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+"""GL Intermediate Representation Desktop Implementation
+=====================================================
+
+The glir module holds the desktop implementation of the GL Intermediate
+Representation (GLIR). Parsing and handling of the GLIR for other platforms
+can be found in external libraries.
+
+We propose the specification of a simple intermediate representation for
+OpenGL. It provides a means to serialize a visualization, so that the
+high-level API and the part that does the GL commands can be separated,
+and even be in separate processes.
+
+GLIR is a high level representation that consists of commands without
+return values. In effect, the commands can be streamed from one node to
+another without having to wait for a reply. Only in the event of an
+error information needs to go in the other direction, but this can be
+done asynchronously.
+
+The purpose for GLIR has been to allow the usage gloo (our high level object
+oriented interface to OpenGL), while executing the visualization in the
+browser (via JS/WebGL). The fact that the stream of commands is
+one-directional is essential to realize reactive visualizations.
+
+The separation between API and implementation also provides a nice
+abstraction leading to cleaner code.
+
+GLIR commands are represented as tuples. As such the overhead for
+"parsing" the commands is minimal. The commands can, however, be
+serialized so they can be send to another process. Further, a series of
+GLIR commands can be stored in a file. This way we can store
+visualizations to disk that can be displayed with any application that
+can interpret GLIR.
+
+The GLIR specification is tied to the version of the vispy python library
+that supports it. The current specification described below was first
+created for::
+
+    VisPy 0.6
+
+The shape of a command
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+GLIR consists of a sequence of commands that are defined as tuples. Each
+command has the following shape:
+
+::
+
+   (<command>, <ID>, [arg1, [arg2, [arg3]]])
+
+-  ``<command>`` is one of 15 commands: CURRENT, CREATE, DELETE,
+   UNIFORM, ATTRIBUTE, DRAW, SIZE, DATA, WRAPPING,
+   INTERPOLATION, ATTACH, FRAMEBUFFER, FUNC, SWAP, LINK.
+-  In all commands except SET, ``<ID>`` is an integer unique within the
+   current GL context that is used as a reference to a GL object. It is
+   the responsibility of the code that generates the command to keep
+   track of id's and to ensure that they are unique.
+-  The number of arguments and their type differs per command and are
+   explained further below.
+-  Some commands accept GL enums in the form of a string. In these cases
+   the enum can also be given as an int, but a string is recommended for
+   better debugging. The string is case insensitive.
+
+CURRENT
+~~~~~~~
+
+::
+
+   ('CURRENT', 0)
+
+Will be called when the context is made current. The GLIR implementation
+can use this to reset some caches.
+
+CREATE
+~~~~~~
+
+::
+
+   ('CREATE', <id>, <class:str>)
+   # Example:
+   ('CREATE', 4, 'VertexBuffer')
+
+Applies to: All objects
+
+The create command is used to create a new GL object. It has one string
+argument that can be any of 10 classes: 'Program', 'VertexBuffer',
+'IndexBuffer', 'Texture2D', 'Texture3D', 'RenderBuffer', 'FrameBuffer',
+'VertexShader', 'FragmentShader', 'GeometryShader'
+
+DELETE
+~~~~~~
+
+::
+
+   ('DELETE', <id>)
+   # Example:
+   ('DELETE', 4)
+
+Applies to: All objects
+
+The delete command is used to delete the GL object corresponding to the
+given id. If the id does not exist, this command is ignored. This
+command does not have arguments. When used with Shader objects, the
+shader is freed from GPU memory.
+
+UNIFORM
+~~~~~~~
+
+::
+
+   ('UNIFORM', <program_id>, <name:str>, <type:str>, <value>)
+   # Examples:
+   ('UNIFORM', 4, 'u_scale', 'vec3', <array 3>)
+
+Applies to: Program
+
+This command is used to set the uniform of a program object. A uniform
+has a string name, a type, and a value.
+
+The type can be 'float', 'vec2', 'vec3', 'vec4', 'int', 'ivec2',
+'ivec3', 'ivec4', 'bool', 'bvec2', 'bvec3', 'bvec4', 'mat2', 'mat3',
+'mat4'. The value must be tuple or array with number of elements that
+matches with the type.
+
+It is an error to provide this command before the shaders are set. After
+resetting shaders, all uniforms and attributes have to be re-submitted.
+
+Discussion: for the uniform and attribute commands, the type argument
+should not strictly be necessary, but it makes the GLIR implementation
+simpler. Plus in gloo we *have* this information.
+
+TEXTURE
+~~~~~~~
+
+::
+
+   ('TEXTURE', <program_id>, <name:str>, <texture_id>)
+   # Examples:
+   ('TEXTURE', 4, 'u_texture1', 6)
+
+Applies to: Program
+
+This command is used to link a texture to a GLSL uniform sampler.
+
+ATTRIBUTE
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+::
+
+   ('ATTRIBUTE', <program_id>, <name:str>, <type:str>, <vbo_id>, <stride:int>, <offset:int>)
+   # Example: Buffer id 5, stride 4, offset 0
+   ('ATTRIBUTE', 4, 'a_position', 'vec3', 5, 4, 0)
+
+Applies to: Program
+
+This command is used to set the attribute of a program object. An
+attribute has a string name, a type, and a value.
+
+The type can be 'float', 'vec2', 'vec3', 'vec4'. If the first value
+element is zero, the remaining elements represent the data to pass to
+``glVertexAttribNf``.
+
+It is an error to provide this command before the shaders are set. After
+resetting shaders, all uniforms and attributes have to be re-submitted.
+
+DRAW
+~~~~
+
+::
+
+   ('DRAW', <program_id>, <mode:str>, <selection:tuple>, <instances:int>)
+   # Example: Draw 100 lines with non-instanced rendering
+   ('DRAW', 4, 'lines', (0, 100), 1)
+   # Example: Draw 100 lines using index buffer with id 5
+   ('DRAW', 4, 'points', (5, 'unsigned_int', 100), 1)
+   # Example: Draw a mesh with 10 vertices 20 times using instanced rendering
+   ('DRAW', 2, 'mesh', (0, 10), 20)
+
+Applies to: Program
+
+This command is used to draw the program. It has a ``mode`` argument
+which can be 'points', 'lines', 'line_strip', 'line_loop', 'lines_adjacency',
+'line_strip_adjacency', 'triangles', 'triangle_strip', or 'triangle_fan'
+(case insensitive).
+
+If the ``selection`` argument has two elements, it contains two integers
+``(start, count)``. If it has three elements, it contains
+``(<index-buffer-id>, gtype, count)``, where ``gtype`` is
+'unsigned_byte','unsigned_short', or 'unsigned_int'.
+
+SIZE
+~~~~
+
+::
+
+   ('SIZE', <id>, <size>, [<format>], [<internalformat>])
+   # Example: resize a buffer
+   ('SIZE', 4, 500)
+   # Example: resize a 2D texture
+   ('SIZE', 4, (500, 300, 3), 'rgb', None)
+   ('SIZE', 4, (500, 300, 3), 'rgb', 'rgb16f')
+
+Applies to: VertexBuffer, IndexBuffer, Texture2D, Texture3D,
+RenderBuffer
+
+This command is used to set the size of the buffer with the given id.
+The GLIR implementation should be such that if the size/format
+corresponds to the current size, it is ignored. The high level
+implementation can use the SIZE command to discard previous DATA
+commands.
+
+For buffers: the size argument is an integer and the format argument is
+not specified.
+
+For textures and render buffer: the size argument is a shape tuple
+(z,y,x). This tuple may contain the dimension for the color channels,
+but this information is ignored. The format *should* be set to
+'luminance', 'alpha', 'luminance_alpha', 'rgb' or 'rgba'. The
+internalformat is a hint for backends that can control the internal GL
+storage format; a value of None is a hint to use the default storage
+format. The internalformat, if specified, *should* be a base channel
+configuration of 'r', 'rg', 'rgb', or 'rgba' with a precision qualifying
+suffix of '8', '16', '16f', or '32f'.
+
+For render buffers: the size argument is a shape tuple (z,y,x). This
+tuple may contain the dimension for the color channels, but this
+information is ignored. The format *should* be set to 'color', 'depth'
+or 'stencil'.
+
+DATA
+~~~~
+
+::
+
+   ('DATA', <id>, <offset>, <data:array>)
+   # Example:
+   ('DATA', 4, 100, <array 200x2>)
+
+Applies to: VertexBuffer, IndexBuffer, Texture2D, Texture3D, VertexShader,
+FragmentShader, GeometryShader
+
+The data command is used to set the data of the object with the given
+id. For VertexBuffer and IndexBuffer the offset is an integer. For
+textures it is a tuple that matches with the dimension of the texture.
+For shader objects it is always 0 and the data must be a ``str`` object.
+
+WRAPPING
+~~~~~~~~
+
+::
+
+   ('WRAPPING', <texture_id>, <wrapping:tuple>)
+   # Example:
+   ('WRAPPING', 4, ('CLAMP_TO_EDGE', 'CLAMP_TO_EDGE'))
+
+Applies to: Texture2D, Texture3D
+
+Set the wrapping mode for each dimension of the texture. Each element
+must be a string: 'repeat', 'clamp_to_edge' or 'mirrored_repeat'.
+
+INTERPOLATION
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+::
+
+   ('INTERPOLATION', <texture_id>, <min:str>, <mag:str>)
+   # Example:
+   ('INTERPOLATION', 4, True, True)
+
+Applies to: Texture2D, Texture3D
+
+Set the interpolation mode of the texture for minification and
+magnification. The min and mag argument can both be either 'nearest' or
+'linear'.
+
+ATTACH
+~~~~~~
+
+::
+
+   ('ATTACH', <framebuffer_id>, <attachment:str>, <object>)
+   ('ATTACH', <program_id>, <shader_id>)
+   # Example:
+   ('ATTACH', 4, 'color', 5)
+   ('ATTACH', 1, 3)
+
+Applies to: FrameBuffer, Program
+
+Attach color, depth, or stencil buffer to the framebuffer. The
+attachment argument can be 'color', 'depth' or 'stencil'. The object
+argument must be the id for a RenderBuffer or Texture2D.
+For Program this attaches an existing Shader object to the program.
+
+FRAMEBUFFER
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+::
+
+   ('FRAMEBUFFER', <framebuffer_id>, <use:bool>)
+   # Example:
+   ('FRAMEBUFFER', 4, True)
+
+Applies to: FrameBuffer
+
+Turn the framebuffer on or off. When deactivating a frame buffer, the
+GLIR implementation should activate any previously activated
+framebuffer.
+
+FUNC
+~~~~
+
+::
+
+   ('FUNC', <gl_function_name>, [arg1, [arg2, [arg3]]])
+
+The ``FUNC`` command is a special command that can be applied to call a
+variety of OpenGL calls. Use the documentation OpenGL for the required
+arguments. Any args that are strings are converted to GL enums.
+
+Supported functions are in principle all gl functions that do not have a
+return value or covered by the above commands: glEnable, glDisable,
+glClear, glClearColor, glClearDepth, glClearStencil, glViewport,
+glDepthRange, glFrontFace, glCullFace, glPolygonOffset,
+glBlendFuncSeparate, glBlendEquationSeparate, glBlendColor, glScissor,
+glStencilFuncSeparate, glStencilMaskSeparate, glStencilOpSeparate,
+glDepthFunc, glDepthMask, glColorMask, glSampleCoverage, glFlush,
+glFinish, glHint.
+
+SWAP
+~~~~
+
+::
+
+    ('SWAP',)
+
+The ``SWAP`` command is a special synchronization command for remote
+rendering. This command tells the renderer that it should swap drawing
+buffers. This is especially important when rendering with WebGL where
+drawing buffers are implicitly swapped.
+
+LINK
+~~~~
+
+::
+
+    ('LINK', <program_id>)
+
+Applies to: Program
+
+Link the current program together (shaders, etc). Additionally this should
+cause shaders to be detached and deleted. See the
+`OpenGL documentation <https://www.khronos.org/registry/OpenGL-Refpages/gl4/html/glLinkProgram.xhtml>`_
+for details on program linking.
+
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+import re
+import json
+import weakref
+from packaging.version import Version
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from . import gl
+from ..util import logger
+
+# TODO: expose these via an extension space in .gl?
+_internalformats = [
+    gl.Enum('GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT', 6402),
+    gl.Enum('GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT16', 33189),
+    gl.Enum('GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT32_OES', 33191),
+    gl.Enum('GL_RED', 6403),
+    gl.Enum('GL_R', 8194),
+    gl.Enum('GL_R8', 33321),
+    gl.Enum('GL_R16', 33322),
+    gl.Enum('GL_R16F', 33325),
+    gl.Enum('GL_R32F', 33326),
+    gl.Enum('GL_RG', 33319),
+    gl.Enum('GL_RG8', 333323),
+    gl.Enum('GL_RG16', 333324),
+    gl.Enum('GL_RG16F', 333327),
+    gl.Enum('GL_RG32F', 33328),
+    gl.Enum('GL_RGB', 6407),
+    gl.Enum('GL_RGB8', 32849),
+    gl.Enum('GL_RGB16', 32852),
+    gl.Enum('GL_RGB16F', 34843),
+    gl.Enum('GL_RGB32F', 34837),
+    gl.Enum('GL_RGBA', 6408),
+    gl.Enum('GL_RGBA8', 32856),
+    gl.Enum('GL_RGBA16', 32859),
+    gl.Enum('GL_RGBA16F', 34842),
+    gl.Enum('GL_RGBA32F', 34836),
+    # extended formats (not currently supported)
+    # gl.Enum('GL_R32I', 33333),
+    # gl.Enum('GL_RG32I', 33339),
+    # gl.Enum('GL_RGB32I', 36227),
+    # gl.Enum('GL_RGBA32I', 36226),
+    # gl.Enum('GL_R32UI', 33334),
+    # gl.Enum('GL_RG32UI', 33340),
+    # gl.Enum('GL_RGB32UI', 36209),
+    # gl.Enum('GL_RGBA32UI', 36208),
+]
+_internalformats = dict([(enum.name, enum) for enum in _internalformats])
+
+# Value to mark a glir object that was just deleted. So we can safely
+# ignore it (and not raise an error that the object could not be found).
+# This can happen e.g. if A is created, A is bound to B and then A gets
+# deleted. The commands may get executed in order: A gets created, A
+# gets deleted, A gets bound to B.
+JUST_DELETED = 'JUST_DELETED'
+
+
+def as_enum(enum):
+    """Turn a possibly string enum into an integer enum."""
+    if isinstance(enum, str):
+        try:
+            enum = getattr(gl, 'GL_' + enum.upper())
+        except AttributeError:
+            try:
+                enum = _internalformats['GL_' + enum.upper()]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise ValueError('Could not find int value for enum %r' % enum)
+    return enum
+
+
+class _GlirQueueShare(object):
+    """This class contains the actual queues of GLIR commands that are
+    collected until a context becomes available to execute the commands.
+
+    Instances of this class are further wrapped by GlirQueue to allow the
+    underlying queues to be transparently merged when GL objects become
+    associated.
+
+    The motivation for this design is that it allows most glir commands to be
+    added directly to their final queue (the same one used by the context),
+    which reduces the effort required at draw time to determine the complete
+    set of GL commands to be issued.
+
+    At the same time, all GLObjects begin with their own local queue to allow
+    commands to be queued at any time, even if the GLObject has
+    not been associated yet. This works as expected even for complex topologies
+    of GL objects, when some queues may only be joined at the last possible
+    moment.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, queue):
+        self._commands = []  # local commands
+        self._verbose = False
+        # queues that have been merged with this one
+        self._associations = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary({queue: None})
+
+    def command(self, *args):
+        """Send a command. See the command spec at:
+        https://github.com/vispy/vispy/wiki/Spec.-Gloo-IR
+        """
+        self._commands.append(args)
+
+    def set_verbose(self, verbose):
+        """Set verbose or not. If True, the GLIR commands are printed right before they get parsed.
+        If a string is given, use it as a filter.
+        """
+        self._verbose = verbose
+
+    def show(self, filter=None):
+        """Print the list of commands currently in the queue. If filter is
+        given, print only commands that match the filter.
+        """
+        for command in self._commands:
+            if command[0] is None:  # or command[1] in self._invalid_objects:
+                continue  # Skip nill commands
+            if filter and command[0] != filter:
+                continue
+            t = []
+            for e in command:
+                if isinstance(e, np.ndarray):
+                    t.append('array %s' % str(e.shape))
+                elif isinstance(e, str):
+                    s = e.strip()
+                    if len(s) > 20:
+                        s = s[:18] + '... %i lines' % (e.count('\n')+1)
+                    t.append(s)
+                else:
+                    t.append(e)
+            print(tuple(t))
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Pop the whole queue (and associated queues) and return a
+        list of commands.
+        """
+        commands = self._commands
+        self._commands = []
+        return commands
+
+    def flush(self, parser):
+        """Flush all current commands to the GLIR interpreter."""
+        if self._verbose:
+            show = self._verbose if isinstance(self._verbose, str) else None
+            self.show(show)
+        parser.parse(self._filter(self.clear(), parser))
+
+    def _filter(self, commands, parser):
+        """Filter DATA/SIZE commands that are overridden by a
+        SIZE command.
+        """
+        resized = set()
+        commands2 = []
+        for command in reversed(commands):
+            if command[1] in resized:
+                if command[0] in ('SIZE', 'DATA'):
+                    continue  # remove this command
+            elif command[0] == 'SIZE':
+                resized.add(command[1])
+            commands2.append(command)
+        return list(reversed(commands2))
+
+
+class GlirQueue(object):
+    """Representation of a queue of GLIR commands
+
+    One instance of this class is attached to each context object, and
+    to each gloo object. Internally, commands are stored in a shared queue
+    object that may be swapped out and merged with other queues when
+    ``associate()`` is called.
+
+    Upon drawing (i.e. `Program.draw()`) and framebuffer switching, the
+    commands in the queue are pushed to a parser, which is stored at
+    context.shared. The parser can interpret the commands in Python,
+    send them to a browser, etc.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        # We do not actually queue any commands here, but on a shared queue
+        # object that may be joined with others as queues are associated.
+        self._shared = _GlirQueueShare(self)
+
+    def command(self, *args):
+        """Send a command. See the command spec at:
+        https://github.com/vispy/vispy/wiki/Spec.-GLIR
+        """
+        self._shared.command(*args)
+
+    def set_verbose(self, verbose):
+        """Set verbose or not. If True, the GLIR commands are printed
+        right before they get parsed. If a string is given, use it as
+        a filter.
+        """
+        self._shared.set_verbose(verbose)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Pop the whole queue (and associated queues) and return a
+        list of commands.
+        """
+        return self._shared.clear()
+
+    def associate(self, queue):
+        """Merge this queue with another.
+
+        Both queues will use a shared command list and either one can be used
+        to fill or flush the shared queue.
+        """
+        assert isinstance(queue, GlirQueue)
+        if queue._shared is self._shared:
+            return
+
+        # merge commands
+        self._shared._commands.extend(queue.clear())
+        self._shared._verbose |= queue._shared._verbose
+        self._shared._associations[queue] = None
+        # update queue and all related queues to use the same _shared object
+        for ch in queue._shared._associations:
+            ch._shared = self._shared
+            self._shared._associations[ch] = None
+        queue._shared = self._shared
+
+    def flush(self, parser):
+        """Flush all current commands to the GLIR interpreter."""
+        self._shared.flush(parser)
+
+
+def _convert_es2_shader(shader):
+    has_version = False
+    has_prec_float = False
+    has_prec_int = False
+    lines = []
+    extensions = []
+    # Iterate over lines
+    for line in shader.lstrip().splitlines():
+        line_strip = line.lstrip()
+        if line_strip.startswith('#version'):
+            # has_version = True
+            continue
+        if line_strip.startswith('#extension'):
+            extensions.append(line_strip)
+            line = ''
+        if line_strip.startswith('precision '):
+            has_prec_float = has_prec_float or 'float' in line
+            has_prec_int = has_prec_int or 'int' in line
+        lines.append(line.rstrip())
+    # Write
+    # BUG: fails on WebGL (Chrome)
+    # if True:
+    #     lines.insert(has_version, '#line 0')
+    if not has_prec_float:
+        lines.insert(has_version, 'precision highp float;')
+    if not has_prec_int:
+        lines.insert(has_version, 'precision highp int;')
+    # Make sure extensions are at the top before precision
+    # but after version
+    if extensions:
+        for ext_line in extensions:
+            lines.insert(has_version, ext_line)
+    # BUG: fails on WebGL (Chrome)
+    # if not has_version:
+    #     lines.insert(has_version, '#version 100')
+    return '\n'.join(lines)
+
+
+def _convert_desktop_shader(shader):
+    has_version = False
+    lines = []
+    extensions = []
+    # Iterate over lines
+    for line in shader.lstrip().splitlines():
+        line_strip = line.lstrip()
+        has_version = has_version or line.startswith('#version')
+        if line_strip.startswith('precision '):
+            line = ''
+        if line_strip.startswith('#extension'):
+            extensions.append(line_strip)
+            line = ''
+        for prec in (' highp ', ' mediump ', ' lowp '):
+            line = line.replace(prec, ' ')
+        lines.append(line.rstrip())
+    # Write
+    # Make sure extensions are at the top, but after version
+    if extensions:
+        for ext_line in extensions:
+            lines.insert(has_version, ext_line)
+    if not has_version:
+        lines.insert(0, '#version 120\n')
+    return '\n'.join(lines)
+
+
+def convert_shader(backend_type, shader):
+    """Modify shader code to be compatible with `backend_type` backend."""
+    if backend_type == 'es2':
+        return _convert_es2_shader(shader)
+    elif backend_type == 'desktop':
+        return _convert_desktop_shader(shader)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError('Cannot backend_type shaders to %r.' % backend_type)
+
+
+def as_es2_command(command):
+    """Modify a desktop command so it works on es2."""
+    if command[0] == 'FUNC':
+        return (command[0], re.sub(r'^gl([A-Z])',
+                                   lambda m: m.group(1).lower(), command[1])) + command[2:]
+    elif command[0] == 'UNIFORM':
+        return command[:-1] + (command[-1].tolist(),)
+    return command
+
+
+class BaseGlirParser(object):
+    """Base class for GLIR parsers that can be attached to a GLIR queue."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.capabilities = dict(
+            gl_version='Unknown',
+            max_texture_size=None,
+        )
+
+    def is_remote(self):
+        """Whether the code is executed remotely. i.e. gloo.gl cannot
+        be used.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def shader_compatibility(self):
+        """Whether to convert shading code. Valid values are 'es2' and
+        'desktop'. If None, the shaders are not modified.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def parse(self, commands):
+        """Parse the GLIR commands. Or sent them away."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class GlirParser(BaseGlirParser):
+    """A class for interpreting GLIR commands using gloo.gl
+
+    We make use of relatively light GLIR objects that are instantiated
+    on CREATE commands. These objects are stored by their id in a
+    dictionary so that commands like ACTIVATE and DATA can easily
+    be executed on the corresponding objects.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super(GlirParser, self).__init__()
+        self._objects = {}
+        self._invalid_objects = set()
+
+        self._classmap = {'VertexShader': GlirVertexShader,
+                          'FragmentShader': GlirFragmentShader,
+                          'GeometryShader': GlirGeometryShader,
+                          'Program': GlirProgram,
+                          'VertexBuffer': GlirVertexBuffer,
+                          'IndexBuffer': GlirIndexBuffer,
+                          'Texture1D': GlirTexture1D,
+                          'Texture2D': GlirTexture2D,
+                          'Texture3D': GlirTexture3D,
+                          'TextureCube': GlirTextureCube,
+                          'RenderBuffer': GlirRenderBuffer,
+                          'FrameBuffer': GlirFrameBuffer,
+                          }
+
+        # We keep a dict that the GLIR objects use for storing
+        # per-context information. This dict is cleared each time
+        # that the context is made current. This seems necessary for
+        # when two Canvases share a context.
+        self.env = {}
+
+    @property
+    def shader_compatibility(self):
+        """Type of shader compatibility"""
+        if '.es' in gl.current_backend.__name__:
+            return 'es2'
+        else:
+            return 'desktop'
+
+    def is_remote(self):
+        return False
+
+    def _parse(self, command):
+        """Parse a single command."""
+        cmd, id_, args = command[0], command[1], command[2:]
+
+        if cmd == 'CURRENT':
+            # This context is made current
+            self.env.clear()
+            self._gl_initialize()
+            self.env['fbo'] = args[0]
+            gl.glBindFramebuffer(gl.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, args[0])
+        elif cmd == 'FUNC':
+            # GL function call
+            args = [as_enum(a) for a in args]
+            try:
+                getattr(gl, id_)(*args)
+            except AttributeError:
+                logger.warning('Invalid gl command: %r' % id_)
+        elif cmd == 'CREATE':
+            # Creating an object
+            if args[0] is not None:
+                klass = self._classmap[args[0]]
+                self._objects[id_] = klass(self, id_)
+            else:
+                self._invalid_objects.add(id_)
+        elif cmd == 'DELETE':
+            # Deleting an object
+            ob = self._objects.get(id_, None)
+            if ob is not None:
+                self._objects[id_] = JUST_DELETED
+                ob.delete()
+        else:
+            # Doing somthing to an object
+            ob = self._objects.get(id_, None)
+            if ob == JUST_DELETED:
+                return
+            if ob is None:
+                if id_ not in self._invalid_objects:
+                    raise RuntimeError('Cannot %s object %i because it '
+                                       'does not exist' % (cmd, id_))
+                return
+            # Triage over command. Order of commands is set so most
+            # common ones occur first.
+            if cmd == 'DRAW':  # Program
+                ob.draw(*args)
+            elif cmd == 'TEXTURE':  # Program
+                ob.set_texture(*args)
+            elif cmd == 'UNIFORM':  # Program
+                ob.set_uniform(*args)
+            elif cmd == 'ATTRIBUTE':  # Program
+                ob.set_attribute(*args)
+            elif cmd == 'DATA':  # VertexBuffer, IndexBuffer, Texture, Shader
+                ob.set_data(*args)
+            elif cmd == 'SIZE':  # VertexBuffer, IndexBuffer,
+                ob.set_size(*args)  # Texture[1D, 2D, 3D], RenderBuffer
+            elif cmd == 'ATTACH':  # FrameBuffer, Program
+                ob.attach(*args)
+            elif cmd == 'FRAMEBUFFER':  # FrameBuffer
+                ob.set_framebuffer(*args)
+            # elif cmd == 'SHADERS':  # Program
+            #     ob.set_shaders(*args)
+            elif cmd == 'LINK':  # Program
+                ob.link_program(*args)
+            elif cmd == 'WRAPPING':  # Texture1D, Texture2D, Texture3D
+                ob.set_wrapping(*args)
+            elif cmd == 'INTERPOLATION':  # Texture1D, Texture2D, Texture3D
+                ob.set_interpolation(*args)
+            else:
+                logger.warning('Invalid GLIR command %r' % cmd)
+
+    def parse(self, commands):
+        """Parse a list of commands."""
+        # Get rid of dummy objects that represented deleted objects in
+        # the last parsing round.
+        to_delete = []
+        for id_, val in self._objects.items():
+            if val == JUST_DELETED:
+                to_delete.append(id_)
+        for id_ in to_delete:
+            self._objects.pop(id_)
+
+        for command in commands:
+            self._parse(command)
+
+    def get_object(self, id_):
+        """Get the object with the given id or None if it does not exist."""
+        return self._objects.get(id_, None)
+
+    def _gl_initialize(self):
+        """Deal with compatibility; desktop does not have sprites enabled by default. ES has."""
+        if '.es' in gl.current_backend.__name__:
+            pass  # ES2: no action required
+        else:
+            # Desktop, enable sprites
+            GL_VERTEX_PROGRAM_POINT_SIZE = 34370
+            GL_POINT_SPRITE = 34913
+            gl.glEnable(GL_VERTEX_PROGRAM_POINT_SIZE)
+            gl.glEnable(GL_POINT_SPRITE)
+        if self.capabilities['max_texture_size'] is None:  # only do once
+            self.capabilities['gl_version'] = gl.glGetParameter(gl.GL_VERSION)
+            self.capabilities['max_texture_size'] = \
+                gl.glGetParameter(gl.GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE)
+            this_version = self.capabilities['gl_version'].split(' ')
+            if this_version[0] == "OpenGL":
+                # For OpenGL ES, the version string has the format:
+                # "OpenGL ES <version number> <vendor-specific information>"
+                this_version = this_version[2]
+            else:
+                this_version = this_version[0]
+
+            if not this_version:
+                logger.warning("OpenGL version could not be determined, which "
+                               "might be a sign that OpenGL is not loaded correctly.")
+            elif Version(this_version) < Version('2.1'):
+                if os.getenv('VISPY_IGNORE_OLD_VERSION', '').lower() != 'true':
+                    logger.warning('OpenGL version 2.1 or higher recommended, '
+                                   'got %s. Some functionality may fail.'
+                                   % self.capabilities['gl_version'])
+
+
+def glir_logger(parser_cls, file_or_filename):
+    from ..util.logs import NumPyJSONEncoder
+
+    class cls(parser_cls):
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            parser_cls.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+            if isinstance(file_or_filename, str):
+                self._file = open(file_or_filename, 'w')
+            else:
+                self._file = file_or_filename
+
+            self._file.write('[]')
+            self._empty = True
+
+        def _parse(self, command):
+            parser_cls._parse(self, command)
+
+            self._file.seek(self._file.tell() - 1)
+            if self._empty:
+                self._empty = False
+            else:
+                self._file.write(',\n')
+            json.dump(as_es2_command(command),
+                      self._file, cls=NumPyJSONEncoder)
+            self._file.write(']')
+
+    return cls
+
+
+# GLIR objects
+
+class GlirObject(object):
+    def __init__(self, parser, id_):
+        self._parser = parser
+        self._id = id_
+        self._handle = -1  # Must be set by subclass in create()
+        self.create()
+
+    @property
+    def handle(self):
+        return self._handle
+
+    @property
+    def id(self):
+        return self._id
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %i at 0x%x>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.id, id(self))
+
+
+class GlirShader(GlirObject):
+    _target = None
+
+    def create(self):
+        self._handle = gl.glCreateShader(self._target)
+
+    def set_data(self, offset, code):
+        # NOTE: offset will always be 0 to match other DATA commands
+
+        # convert shader to be compatible with backend
+        convert = self._parser.shader_compatibility
+        if convert:
+            code = convert_shader(convert, code)
+
+        gl.glShaderSource(self._handle, code)
+        gl.glCompileShader(self._handle)
+        status = gl.glGetShaderParameter(self._handle, gl.GL_COMPILE_STATUS)
+        if not status:
+            errors = gl.glGetShaderInfoLog(self._handle)
+            errormsg = self._get_error(code, errors, 4)
+            raise RuntimeError("Shader compilation error in %s:\n%s" %
+                               (self._target, errormsg))
+
+    def delete(self):
+        gl.glDeleteShader(self._handle)
+
+    def _get_error(self, code, errors, indentation=0):
+        """Get error and show the faulty line + some context
+        Other GLIR implementations may omit this.
+        """
+        # Init
+        results = []
+        lines = None
+        if code is not None:
+            lines = [line.strip() for line in code.split('\n')]
+
+        for error in errors.split('\n'):
+            # Strip; skip empy lines
+            error = error.strip()
+            if not error:
+                continue
+            # Separate line number from description (if we can)
+            linenr, error = self._parse_error(error)
+            if None in (linenr, lines):
+                results.append('%s' % error)
+            else:
+                results.append('on line %i: %s' % (linenr, error))
+                if linenr > 0 and linenr < len(lines):
+                    results.append('  %s' % lines[linenr - 1])
+
+        # Add indentation and return
+        results = [' ' * indentation + r for r in results]
+        return '\n'.join(results)
+
+    def _parse_error(self, error):
+        """Parses a single GLSL error and extracts the linenr and description
+        Other GLIR implementations may omit this.
+        """
+        error = str(error)
+        # Nvidia
+        # 0(7): error C1008: undefined variable "MV"
+        m = re.match(r'(\d+)\((\d+)\)\s*:\s(.*)', error)
+        if m:
+            return int(m.group(2)), m.group(3)
+        # ATI / Intel
+        # ERROR: 0:131: '{' : syntax error parse error
+        m = re.match(r'ERROR:\s(\d+):(\d+):\s(.*)', error)
+        if m:
+            return int(m.group(2)), m.group(3)
+        # Nouveau
+        # 0:28(16): error: syntax error, unexpected ')', expecting '('
+        m = re.match(r'(\d+):(\d+)\((\d+)\):\s(.*)', error)
+        if m:
+            return int(m.group(2)), m.group(4)
+        # Other ...
+        return None, error
+
+
+class GlirVertexShader(GlirShader):
+    _target = gl.GL_VERTEX_SHADER
+
+
+class GlirFragmentShader(GlirShader):
+    _target = gl.GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER
+
+
+class GlirGeometryShader(GlirShader):
+    # _target assignment must be delayed because GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER does not
+    # exist until the user calls use_gl('gl+')
+    _target = None
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if not hasattr(gl, 'GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER'):
+            raise RuntimeError(gl.current_backend.__name__ +
+                               " backend does not support geometry shaders."
+                               " Try gloo.gl.use_gl('gl+').")
+        GlirGeometryShader._target = gl.GL_GEOMETRY_SHADER
+        GlirShader.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class GlirProgram(GlirObject):
+
+    UTYPEMAP = {
+        'float': 'glUniform1fv',
+        'vec2': 'glUniform2fv',
+        'vec3': 'glUniform3fv',
+        'vec4': 'glUniform4fv',
+        'int': 'glUniform1iv',
+        'ivec2': 'glUniform2iv',
+        'ivec3': 'glUniform3iv',
+        'ivec4': 'glUniform4iv',
+        'bool': 'glUniform1iv',
+        'bvec2': 'glUniform2iv',
+        'bvec3': 'glUniform3iv',
+        'bvec4': 'glUniform4iv',
+        'mat2': 'glUniformMatrix2fv',
+        'mat3': 'glUniformMatrix3fv',
+        'mat4': 'glUniformMatrix4fv',
+        'sampler1D': 'glUniform1i',
+        'sampler2D': 'glUniform1i',
+        'sampler3D': 'glUniform1i',
+    }
+
+    ATYPEMAP = {
+        'float': 'glVertexAttrib1f',
+        'vec2': 'glVertexAttrib2f',
+        'vec3': 'glVertexAttrib3f',
+        'vec4': 'glVertexAttrib4f',
+    }
+
+    ATYPEINFO = {
+        'float': (1, gl.GL_FLOAT, np.float32),
+        'vec2': (2, gl.GL_FLOAT, np.float32),
+        'vec3': (3, gl.GL_FLOAT, np.float32),
+        'vec4': (4, gl.GL_FLOAT, np.float32),
+        'int': (1, gl.GL_INT, np.int32),
+        'bool': (1, gl.GL_BOOL, np.int32)
+    }
+
+    def create(self):
+        self._handle = gl.glCreateProgram()
+        self._attached_shaders = []
+        self._validated = False
+        self._linked = False
+        # Keeping track of uniforms/attributes
+        self._handles = {}  # cache with handles to attributes/uniforms
+        self._unset_variables = set()
+        # Store samplers in buffers that are bount to uniforms/attributes
+        self._samplers = {}  # name -> (tex-target, tex-handle, unit)
+        self._attributes = {}  # name -> (vbo-handle, attr-handle, func, args)
+        self._known_invalid = set()  # variables that we know are invalid
+
+    def delete(self):
+        gl.glDeleteProgram(self._handle)
+
+    def activate(self):
+        """Avoid overhead in calling glUseProgram with same arg.
+        Warning: this will break if glUseProgram is used somewhere else.
+        Per context we keep track of one current program.
+        """
+        if self._handle != self._parser.env.get('current_program', False):
+            self._parser.env['current_program'] = self._handle
+            gl.glUseProgram(self._handle)
+
+    def deactivate(self):
+        """Avoid overhead in calling glUseProgram with same arg.
+        Warning: this will break if glUseProgram is used somewhere else.
+        Per context we keep track of one current program.
+        """
+        if self._parser.env.get('current_program', 0) != 0:
+            self._parser.env['current_program'] = 0
+            gl.glUseProgram(0)
+
+    def set_shaders(self, vert, frag):
+        """This function takes care of setting the shading code and
+        compiling+linking it into a working program object that is ready
+        to use.
+        """
+        self._linked = False
+
+        # For both vertex and fragment shader: set source, compile, check
+        for code, type_ in [(vert, 'vertex'),
+                            (frag, 'fragment')]:
+            self.attach_shader(code, type_)
+
+        self.link_program()
+
+    def attach(self, id_):
+        """Attach a shader to this program."""
+        shader = self._parser.get_object(id_)
+        gl.glAttachShader(self._handle, shader.handle)
+        self._attached_shaders.append(shader)
+
+    def link_program(self):
+        """Link the complete program and check.
+
+        All shaders are detached and deleted if the program was successfully
+        linked.
+        """
+        gl.glLinkProgram(self._handle)
+        if not gl.glGetProgramParameter(self._handle, gl.GL_LINK_STATUS):
+            raise RuntimeError('Program linking error:\n%s'
+                               % gl.glGetProgramInfoLog(self._handle))
+
+        # Detach all shaders to prepare them for deletion (they are no longer
+        # needed after linking is complete)
+        for shader in self._attached_shaders:
+            gl.glDetachShader(self._handle, shader.handle)
+        self._attached_shaders = []
+
+        # Now we know what variables will be used by the program
+        self._unset_variables = self._get_active_attributes_and_uniforms()
+        self._handles = {}
+        self._known_invalid = set()
+        self._linked = True
+
+    def _get_active_attributes_and_uniforms(self):
+        """Retrieve active attributes and uniforms to be able to check that
+        all uniforms/attributes are set by the user.
+        Other GLIR implementations may omit this.
+        """
+        # This match a name of the form "name[size]" (= array)
+        regex = re.compile(r"""(?P<name>\w+)\s*(\[(?P<size>\d+)\])\s*""")
+        # Get how many active attributes and uniforms there are
+        cu = gl.glGetProgramParameter(self._handle, gl.GL_ACTIVE_UNIFORMS)
+        ca = gl.glGetProgramParameter(self.handle, gl.GL_ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTES)
+        # Get info on each one
+        attributes = []
+        uniforms = []
+        for container, count, func in [(attributes, ca, gl.glGetActiveAttrib),
+                                       (uniforms, cu, gl.glGetActiveUniform)]:
+            for i in range(count):
+                name, size, gtype = func(self._handle, i)
+                m = regex.match(name)  # Check if xxx[0] instead of xx
+                if m:
+                    name = m.group('name')
+                    for i in range(size):
+                        container.append(('%s[%d]' % (name, i), gtype))
+                else:
+                    container.append((name, gtype))
+        # return attributes, uniforms
+        return set([v[0] for v in attributes] + [v[0] for v in uniforms])
+
+    def set_texture(self, name, value):
+        """Set a texture sampler. Value is the id of the texture to link."""
+        if not self._linked:
+            raise RuntimeError('Cannot set uniform when program has no code')
+        # Get handle for the uniform, first try cache
+        handle = self._handles.get(name, -1)
+        if handle < 0:
+            if name in self._known_invalid:
+                return
+            handle = gl.glGetUniformLocation(self._handle, name)
+            self._unset_variables.discard(name)  # Mark as set
+            self._handles[name] = handle  # Store in cache
+            if handle < 0:
+                self._known_invalid.add(name)
+                logger.info('Not setting texture data for variable %s; '
+                            'uniform is not active.' % name)
+                return
+        # Program needs to be active in order to set uniforms
+        self.activate()
+        if True:
+            # Sampler: the value is the id of the texture
+            tex = self._parser.get_object(value)
+            if tex == JUST_DELETED:
+                return
+            if tex is None:
+                raise RuntimeError('Could not find texture with id %i' % value)
+            unit = len(self._samplers)
+            if name in self._samplers:
+                unit = self._samplers[name][-1]  # Use existing unit
+            self._samplers[name] = tex._target, tex.handle, unit
+            gl.glUniform1i(handle, unit)
+
+    def set_uniform(self, name, type_, value):
+        """Set a uniform value. Value is assumed to have been checked."""
+        if not self._linked:
+            raise RuntimeError('Cannot set uniform when program has no code')
+        # Get handle for the uniform, first try cache
+        handle = self._handles.get(name, -1)
+        count = 1
+        if handle < 0:
+            if name in self._known_invalid:
+                return
+            handle = gl.glGetUniformLocation(self._handle, name)
+            self._unset_variables.discard(name)  # Mark as set
+            # if we set a uniform_array, mark all as set
+            if not type_.startswith('mat'):
+                count = value.nbytes // (4 * self.ATYPEINFO[type_][0])
+            if count > 1:
+                for ii in range(count):
+                    if '%s[%s]' % (name, ii) in self._unset_variables:
+                        self._unset_variables.discard('%s[%s]' % (name, ii))
+
+            self._handles[name] = handle  # Store in cache
+            if handle < 0:
+                self._known_invalid.add(name)
+                logger.info('Not setting value for variable %s %s; '
+                            'uniform is not active.' % (type_, name))
+                return
+        # Look up function to call
+        funcname = self.UTYPEMAP[type_]
+        func = getattr(gl, funcname)
+        # Program needs to be active in order to set uniforms
+        self.activate()
+        # Triage depending on type
+        if type_.startswith('mat'):
+            # Value is matrix, these gl funcs have alternative signature
+            transpose = False  # OpenGL ES 2.0 does not support transpose
+            func(handle, 1, transpose, value)
+        else:
+            # Regular uniform
+            func(handle, count, value)
+
+    def set_attribute(self, name, type_, value, divisor=None):
+        """Set an attribute value. Value is assumed to have been checked."""
+        if not self._linked:
+            raise RuntimeError('Cannot set attribute when program has no code')
+        # Get handle for the attribute, first try cache
+        handle = self._handles.get(name, -1)
+        if handle < 0:
+            if name in self._known_invalid:
+                return
+            handle = gl.glGetAttribLocation(self._handle, name)
+            self._unset_variables.discard(name)  # Mark as set
+            self._handles[name] = handle  # Store in cache
+            if handle < 0:
+                self._known_invalid.add(name)
+                if value[0] != 0 and value[2] > 0:  # VBO with offset
+                    return  # Probably an unused element in a structured VBO
+                logger.info('Not setting data for variable %s %s; '
+                            'attribute is not active.' % (type_, name))
+                return
+        # Program needs to be active in order to set uniforms
+        self.activate()
+        # Triage depending on VBO or tuple data
+        if value[0] == 0:
+            # Look up function call
+            funcname = self.ATYPEMAP[type_]
+            func = getattr(gl, funcname)
+            # Set data
+            self._attributes[name] = 0, handle, func, value[1:], divisor
+        else:
+            # Get meta data
+            vbo_id, stride, offset = value
+            size, gtype, dtype = self.ATYPEINFO[type_]
+            # Get associated VBO
+            vbo = self._parser.get_object(vbo_id)
+            if vbo == JUST_DELETED:
+                return
+            if vbo is None:
+                raise RuntimeError('Could not find VBO with id %i' % vbo_id)
+            # Set data
+            func = gl.glVertexAttribPointer
+            args = size, gtype, gl.GL_FALSE, stride, offset
+            self._attributes[name] = vbo.handle, handle, func, args, divisor
+
+    def _pre_draw(self):
+        self.activate()
+        # Activate textures
+        for tex_target, tex_handle, unit in self._samplers.values():
+            gl.glActiveTexture(gl.GL_TEXTURE0 + unit)
+            gl.glBindTexture(tex_target, tex_handle)
+        # Activate attributes
+        for vbo_handle, attr_handle, func, args, divisor in self._attributes.values():
+            if vbo_handle:
+                gl.glBindBuffer(gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo_handle)
+                gl.glEnableVertexAttribArray(attr_handle)
+                func(attr_handle, *args)
+                if divisor is not None:
+                    gl.glVertexAttribDivisor(attr_handle, divisor)
+            else:
+                gl.glBindBuffer(gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0)
+                gl.glDisableVertexAttribArray(attr_handle)
+                func(attr_handle, *args)
+        # Validate. We need to validate after textures units get assigned
+        if not self._validated:
+            self._validated = True
+            self._validate()
+
+    def _validate(self):
+        # Validate ourselves
+        if self._unset_variables:
+            logger.warning('Program has unset variables: %r' %
+                           self._unset_variables)
+        # Validate via OpenGL
+        gl.glValidateProgram(self._handle)
+        if not gl.glGetProgramParameter(self._handle,
+                                        gl.GL_VALIDATE_STATUS):
+            raise RuntimeError('Program validation error:\n%s'
+                               % gl.glGetProgramInfoLog(self._handle))
+
+    def _post_draw(self):
+        # No need to deactivate each texture/buffer, just set to 0
+        gl.glBindBuffer(gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0)
+        gl.glBindTexture(gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0)
+        if USE_TEX_3D:
+            gl.glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_3D, 0)
+            gl.glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_1D, 0)
+
+        # Deactivate program - should not be necessary. In single-program
+        # apps it would not even make sense.
+        # self.deactivate()
+
+    def draw(self, mode, selection, instances=1):
+        """Draw program in given mode, with given selection (IndexBuffer or
+        first, count).
+        """
+        if not self._linked:
+            raise RuntimeError('Cannot draw program if code has not been set')
+        # Init
+        gl.check_error('Check before draw')
+        try:
+            mode = as_enum(mode)
+        except ValueError:
+            if mode == 'lines_adjacency' or mode == 'line_strip_adjacency':
+                raise RuntimeError(gl.current_backend.__name__ +
+                                   " backend does not support lines_adjacency"
+                                   " and line_strip_adjacency primitives."
+                                   " Try gloo.gl.use_gl('gl+').")
+            raise
+
+        # Draw
+        if len(selection) == 3:
+            # Selection based on indices
+            id_, gtype, count = selection
+            if count:
+                self._pre_draw()
+                ibuf = self._parser.get_object(id_)
+                ibuf.activate()
+                if instances > 1:
+                    gl.glDrawElementsInstanced(mode, count, as_enum(gtype), None, instances)
+                else:
+                    gl.glDrawElements(mode, count, as_enum(gtype), None)
+                ibuf.deactivate()
+        else:
+            # Selection based on start and count
+            first, count = selection
+            if count:
+                self._pre_draw()
+                if instances > 1:
+                    gl.glDrawArraysInstanced(mode, first, count, instances)
+                else:
+                    gl.glDrawArrays(mode, first, count)
+        # Wrap up
+        gl.check_error('Check after draw')
+        self._post_draw()
+
+
+class GlirBuffer(GlirObject):
+    _target = None
+    _usage = gl.GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW  # STATIC_DRAW, STREAM_DRAW or DYNAMIC_DRAW
+
+    def create(self):
+        self._handle = gl.glCreateBuffer()
+        self._buffer_size = 0
+        self._bufferSubDataOk = False
+
+    def delete(self):
+        gl.glDeleteBuffer(self._handle)
+
+    def activate(self):
+        gl.glBindBuffer(self._target, self._handle)
+
+    def deactivate(self):
+        gl.glBindBuffer(self._target, 0)
+
+    def set_size(self, nbytes):  # in bytes
+        if nbytes != self._buffer_size:
+            self.activate()
+            gl.glBufferData(self._target, nbytes, self._usage)
+            self._buffer_size = nbytes
+
+    def set_data(self, offset, data):
+        self.activate()
+        nbytes = data.nbytes
+
+        # Determine whether to check errors to try handling the ATI bug
+        check_ati_bug = ((not self._bufferSubDataOk) and
+                         (gl.current_backend.__name__.split(".")[-1] == "gl2") and
+                         sys.platform.startswith('win'))
+
+        # flush any pending errors
+        if check_ati_bug:
+            gl.check_error('periodic check')
+
+        try:
+            gl.glBufferSubData(self._target, offset, data)
+            if check_ati_bug:
+                gl.check_error('glBufferSubData')
+            self._bufferSubDataOk = True  # glBufferSubData seems to work
+        except Exception:
+            # This might be due to a driver error (seen on ATI), issue #64.
+            # We try to detect this, and if we can use glBufferData instead
+            if offset == 0 and nbytes == self._buffer_size:
+                gl.glBufferData(self._target, data, self._usage)
+                logger.debug("Using glBufferData instead of " +
+                             "glBufferSubData (known ATI bug).")
+            else:
+                raise
+
+
+class GlirVertexBuffer(GlirBuffer):
+    _target = gl.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER
+
+
+class GlirIndexBuffer(GlirBuffer):
+    _target = gl.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER
+
+
+class GlirTexture(GlirObject):
+    _target = None
+
+    _types = {
+        np.dtype(np.int8): gl.GL_BYTE,
+        np.dtype(np.uint8): gl.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,
+        np.dtype(np.int16): gl.GL_SHORT,
+        np.dtype(np.uint16): gl.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT,
+        np.dtype(np.int32): gl.GL_INT,
+        np.dtype(np.uint32): gl.GL_UNSIGNED_INT,
+        # np.dtype(np.float16) : gl.GL_HALF_FLOAT,
+        np.dtype(np.float32): gl.GL_FLOAT,
+        # np.dtype(np.float64) : gl.GL_DOUBLE
+    }
+
+    def create(self):
+        self._handle = gl.glCreateTexture()
+        self._shape_formats = 0  # To make setting size cheap
+
+    def delete(self):
+        gl.glDeleteTexture(self._handle)
+
+    def activate(self):
+        gl.glBindTexture(self._target, self._handle)
+
+    def deactivate(self):
+        gl.glBindTexture(self._target, 0)
+
+    # Taken from pygly
+    def _get_alignment(self, width):
+        """Determines a textures byte alignment.
+
+        If the width isn't a power of 2
+        we need to adjust the byte alignment of the image.
+        The image height is unimportant
+
+        www.opengl.org/wiki/Common_Mistakes#Texture_upload_and_pixel_reads
+        """
+        # we know the alignment is appropriate
+        # if we can divide the width by the
+        # alignment cleanly
+        # valid alignments are 1,2,4 and 8
+        # 4 is the default
+        alignments = [8, 4, 2, 1]
+        for alignment in alignments:
+            if width % alignment == 0:
+                return alignment
+
+    def set_wrapping(self, wrapping):
+        self.activate()
+        wrapping = [as_enum(w) for w in wrapping]
+        if len(wrapping) == 3:
+            GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R = 32882
+            gl.glTexParameterf(self._target, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, wrapping[0])
+        if len(wrapping) >= 2:
+            gl.glTexParameterf(self._target,
+                               gl.GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, wrapping[-2])
+        gl.glTexParameterf(self._target, gl.GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, wrapping[-1])
+
+    def set_interpolation(self, min, mag):
+        self.activate()
+        min, mag = as_enum(min), as_enum(mag)
+        gl.glTexParameterf(self._target, gl.GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, min)
+        gl.glTexParameterf(self._target, gl.GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, mag)
+
+# these should be auto generated in _constants.py. But that doesn't seem
+# to be happening. TODO - figure out why the C parser in (createglapi.py)
+# is not extracting these constanst out.
+# found the constant value at:
+# http://docs.factorcode.org/content/word-GL_TEXTURE_1D,opengl.gl.html
+# http://docs.factorcode.org/content/word-GL_SAMPLER_1D%2Copengl.gl.html
+GL_SAMPLER_1D = gl.Enum('GL_SAMPLER_1D', 35677)
+GL_TEXTURE_1D = gl.Enum('GL_TEXTURE_1D', 3552)
+
+
+class GlirTexture1D(GlirTexture):
+    _target = GL_TEXTURE_1D
+
+    def set_size(self, shape, format, internalformat):
+        format = as_enum(format)
+        if internalformat is not None:
+            internalformat = as_enum(internalformat)
+        else:
+            internalformat = format
+        # Shape is width
+        if (shape, format, internalformat) != self._shape_formats:
+            self.activate()
+            self._shape_formats = shape, format, internalformat
+            glTexImage1D(self._target, 0, internalformat, format,
+                         gl.GL_BYTE, shape[:1])
+
+    def set_data(self, offset, data):
+        self.activate()
+        shape, format, internalformat = self._shape_formats
+        x = offset[0]
+        # Get gtype
+        gtype = self._types.get(np.dtype(data.dtype), None)
+        if gtype is None:
+            raise ValueError("Type %r not allowed for texture" % data.dtype)
+        # Set alignment (width is nbytes_per_pixel * npixels_per_line)
+        alignment = self._get_alignment(data.shape[-1] * data.itemsize)
+        if alignment != 4:
+            gl.glPixelStorei(gl.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, alignment)
+        # Upload
+        glTexSubImage1D(self._target, 0, x, format, gtype, data)
+        # Set alignment back
+        if alignment != 4:
+            gl.glPixelStorei(gl.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 4)
+
+
+class GlirTexture2D(GlirTexture):
+    _target = gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D
+
+    def set_size(self, shape, format, internalformat):
+        # Shape is height, width
+        format = as_enum(format)
+        internalformat = format if internalformat is None \
+            else as_enum(internalformat)
+        if (shape, format, internalformat) != self._shape_formats:
+            self._shape_formats = shape, format, internalformat
+            self.activate()
+            gl.glTexImage2D(self._target, 0, internalformat, format,
+                            gl.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, shape[:2])
+
+    def set_data(self, offset, data):
+        self.activate()
+        shape, format, internalformat = self._shape_formats
+        y, x = offset
+        # Get gtype
+        gtype = self._types.get(np.dtype(data.dtype), None)
+        if gtype is None:
+            raise ValueError("Type %r not allowed for texture" % data.dtype)
+        # Set alignment (width is nbytes_per_pixel * npixels_per_line)
+        alignment = self._get_alignment(data.shape[-2] * data.shape[-1] * data.itemsize)
+        if alignment != 4:
+            gl.glPixelStorei(gl.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, alignment)
+        # Upload
+        gl.glTexSubImage2D(self._target, 0, x, y, format, gtype, data)
+        # Set alignment back
+        if alignment != 4:
+            gl.glPixelStorei(gl.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 4)
+
+
+GL_SAMPLER_3D = gl.Enum('GL_SAMPLER_3D', 35679)
+GL_TEXTURE_3D = gl.Enum('GL_TEXTURE_3D', 32879)
+
+USE_TEX_3D = False
+
+
+def _check_pyopengl_3D():
+    """Helper to ensure users have OpenGL for 3D texture support (for now)"""
+    global USE_TEX_3D
+    USE_TEX_3D = True
+    try:
+        import OpenGL.GL as _gl
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError('PyOpenGL is required for 3D texture support')
+    return _gl
+
+
+def glTexImage3D(target, level, internalformat, format, type, pixels):
+    # Import from PyOpenGL
+    _gl = _check_pyopengl_3D()
+    border = 0
+    assert isinstance(pixels, (tuple, list))  # the only way we use this now
+    depth, height, width = pixels
+    _gl.glTexImage3D(target, level, internalformat,
+                     width, height, depth, border, format, type, None)
+
+
+def glTexImage1D(target, level, internalformat, format, type, pixels):
+    # Import from PyOpenGL
+    _gl = _check_pyopengl_3D()
+    border = 0
+    assert isinstance(pixels, (tuple, list))  # the only way we use this now
+    # pixels will be a tuple of the form (width, )
+    # we only need the first argument
+    width = pixels[0]
+
+    _gl.glTexImage1D(target, level, internalformat,
+                     width, border, format, type, None)
+
+
+def glTexSubImage1D(target, level, xoffset,
+                    format, type, pixels):
+    # Import from PyOpenGL
+    _gl = _check_pyopengl_3D()
+    width = pixels.shape[:1]
+
+    # width will be a tuple of the form (w, )
+    # we need to take the first element (integer)
+    _gl.glTexSubImage1D(target, level, xoffset,
+                        width[0], format, type, pixels)
+
+
+def glTexSubImage3D(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, zoffset,
+                    format, type, pixels):
+    # Import from PyOpenGL
+    _gl = _check_pyopengl_3D()
+    depth, height, width = pixels.shape[:3]
+    _gl.glTexSubImage3D(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, zoffset,
+                        width, height, depth, format, type, pixels)
+
+
+class GlirTexture3D(GlirTexture):
+    _target = GL_TEXTURE_3D
+
+    def set_size(self, shape, format, internalformat):
+        format = as_enum(format)
+        if internalformat is not None:
+            internalformat = as_enum(internalformat)
+        else:
+            internalformat = format
+        # Shape is depth, height, width
+        if (shape, format, internalformat) != self._shape_formats:
+            self.activate()
+            self._shape_formats = shape, format, internalformat
+            glTexImage3D(self._target, 0, internalformat, format,
+                         gl.GL_BYTE, shape[:3])
+
+    def set_data(self, offset, data):
+        self.activate()
+        shape, format, internalformat = self._shape_formats
+        z, y, x = offset
+        # Get gtype
+        gtype = self._types.get(np.dtype(data.dtype), None)
+        if gtype is None:
+            raise ValueError("Type not allowed for texture")
+        # Set alignment (width is nbytes_per_pixel * npixels_per_line)
+        alignment = self._get_alignment(data.shape[-2] * data.shape[-1] * data.itemsize)
+        if alignment != 4:
+            gl.glPixelStorei(gl.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, alignment)
+        # Upload
+        glTexSubImage3D(self._target, 0, x, y, z, format, gtype, data)
+        # Set alignment back
+        if alignment != 4:
+            gl.glPixelStorei(gl.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 4)
+
+
+class GlirTextureCube(GlirTexture):
+    _target = gl.GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP
+    _cube_targets = [
+        gl.GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X,
+        gl.GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_X,
+        gl.GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Y,
+        gl.GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Y,
+        gl.GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_Z,
+        gl.GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_NEGATIVE_Z,
+    ]
+
+    def set_size(self, shape, format, internalformat):
+        format = as_enum(format)
+        internalformat = format if internalformat is None \
+            else as_enum(internalformat)
+        if (shape, format, internalformat) != self._shape_formats:
+            self._shape_formats = shape, format, internalformat
+            self.activate()
+            for target in self._cube_targets:
+                gl.glTexImage2D(target, 0, internalformat, format,
+                                gl.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, shape[1:3])
+
+    def set_data(self, offset, data):
+        shape, format, internalformat = self._shape_formats
+        y, x = offset[:2]
+        # Get gtype
+        gtype = self._types.get(np.dtype(data.dtype), None)
+        if gtype is None:
+            raise ValueError("Type %r not allowed for texture" % data.dtype)
+        self.activate()
+        # Set alignment (width is nbytes_per_pixel * npixels_per_line)
+        alignment = self._get_alignment(data.shape[-2] * data.shape[-1] * data.itemsize)
+        if alignment != 4:
+            gl.glPixelStorei(gl.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, alignment)
+        # Upload
+        for i, target in enumerate(self._cube_targets):
+            gl.glTexSubImage2D(target, 0, x, y, format, gtype, data[i])
+        # Set alignment back
+        if alignment != 4:
+            gl.glPixelStorei(gl.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 4)
+
+
+class GlirRenderBuffer(GlirObject):
+
+    def create(self):
+        self._handle = gl.glCreateRenderbuffer()
+        self._shape_format = 0  # To make setting size cheap
+
+    def delete(self):
+        gl.glDeleteRenderbuffer(self._handle)
+
+    def activate(self):
+        gl.glBindRenderbuffer(gl.GL_RENDERBUFFER, self._handle)
+
+    def deactivate(self):
+        gl.glBindRenderbuffer(gl.GL_RENDERBUFFER, 0)
+
+    def set_size(self, shape, format):
+        if isinstance(format, str):
+            format = GlirFrameBuffer._formats[format][1]
+        if (shape, format) != self._shape_format:
+            self._shape_format = shape, format
+            self.activate()
+            gl.glRenderbufferStorage(gl.GL_RENDERBUFFER, format,
+                                     shape[1], shape[0])
+
+
+class GlirFrameBuffer(GlirObject):
+
+    # todo: on ES 2.0 -> gl.gl_RGBA4
+    _formats = {'color': (gl.GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, gl.GL_RGBA),
+                'depth': (gl.GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, gl.GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT16),
+                'stencil': (gl.GL_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT, gl.GL_STENCIL_INDEX8)}
+
+    def create(self):
+        # self._parser._fb_stack = [0]  # To keep track of active FB
+        self._handle = gl.glCreateFramebuffer()
+        self._validated = False
+
+    def delete(self):
+        gl.glDeleteFramebuffer(self._handle)
+
+    def set_framebuffer(self, yes):
+        if yes:
+            self.activate()
+            if not self._validated:
+                self._validated = True
+                self._validate()
+        else:
+            self.deactivate()
+
+    def activate(self):
+        stack = self._parser.env.setdefault('fb_stack',
+                                            [self._parser.env['fbo']])
+        if stack[-1] != self._handle:
+            stack.append(self._handle)
+            gl.glBindFramebuffer(gl.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, self._handle)
+
+    def deactivate(self):
+        stack = self._parser.env.setdefault('fb_stack',
+                                            [self._parser.env['fbo']])
+        while self._handle in stack:
+            stack.remove(self._handle)
+        gl.glBindFramebuffer(gl.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, stack[-1])
+
+    def attach(self, attachment, buffer_id):
+        attachment = GlirFrameBuffer._formats[attachment][0]
+        self.activate()
+        if buffer_id == 0:
+            gl.glFramebufferRenderbuffer(gl.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, attachment,
+                                         gl.GL_RENDERBUFFER, 0)
+        else:
+            buffer = self._parser.get_object(buffer_id)
+            if buffer == JUST_DELETED:
+                return
+            if buffer is None:
+                raise ValueError("Unknown buffer with id %i for attachement" %
+                                 buffer_id)
+            elif isinstance(buffer, GlirRenderBuffer):
+                buffer.activate()
+                gl.glFramebufferRenderbuffer(gl.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, attachment,
+                                             gl.GL_RENDERBUFFER, buffer.handle)
+                buffer.deactivate()
+            elif isinstance(buffer, GlirTexture2D):
+                buffer.activate()
+                # INFO: 0 is for mipmap level 0 (default) of the texture
+                gl.glFramebufferTexture2D(gl.GL_FRAMEBUFFER, attachment,
+                                          gl.GL_TEXTURE_2D, buffer.handle, 0)
+                buffer.deactivate()
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Invalid attachment: %s" % type(buffer))
+        self._validated = False
+        self.deactivate()
+
+    def _validate(self):
+        res = gl.glCheckFramebufferStatus(gl.GL_FRAMEBUFFER)
+        if res == gl.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE:
+            return
+        _bad_map = {
+            0: 'Target not equal to GL_FRAMEBUFFER',
+            gl.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_ATTACHMENT:
+                'FrameBuffer attachments are incomplete.',
+            gl.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_MISSING_ATTACHMENT:
+                'No valid attachments in the FrameBuffer.',
+            gl.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DIMENSIONS:
+                'attachments do not have the same width and height.',
+            # gl.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_FORMATS: \  # not in es 2.0
+            #     'Internal format of attachment is not renderable.'
+            gl.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_UNSUPPORTED:
+                'Combination of internal formats used by attachments is '
+                'not supported.',
+        }
+        raise RuntimeError(_bad_map.get(res, 'Unknown framebuffer error: %r.'
+                                        % res))