scipy 1.15.3__cp312-cp312-macosx_12_0_arm64.whl → 1.16.0rc2__cp312-cp312-macosx_12_0_arm64.whl

scipy/stats/tests/test_stats.py

@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ from numpy.testing import (assert_, assert_equal,
                            assert_array_less)
 import pytest
 from pytest import raises as assert_raises
-import numpy.ma.testutils as mat
 from numpy import array, arange, float32, power
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -40,11 +39,14 @@ from scipy.stats._axis_nan_policy import (_broadcast_concatenate, SmallSampleWar
 from scipy.stats._stats_py import (_permutation_distribution_t, _chk_asarray, _moment,
                                    LinregressResult, _xp_mean, _xp_var, _SimpleChi2)
 from scipy._lib._util import AxisError
-from scipy.conftest import array_api_compatible, skip_xp_invalid_arg
-from scipy._lib._array_api import (array_namespace, xp_copy, is_numpy,
-                                   is_torch, xp_size, SCIPY_ARRAY_API)
+from scipy.conftest import skip_xp_invalid_arg
+from scipy._lib._array_api import (array_namespace, eager_warns, is_lazy_array,
+                                   is_numpy, is_torch, xp_default_dtype, xp_size,
+                                   SCIPY_ARRAY_API, make_xp_test_case)
 from scipy._lib._array_api_no_0d import xp_assert_close, xp_assert_equal
+import scipy._lib.array_api_extra as xpx
 
+lazy_xp_modules = [stats]
 skip_xp_backends = pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends
 
 
@@ -73,19 +75,14 @@ TINY = array([1e-12,2e-12,3e-12,4e-12,5e-12,6e-12,7e-12,8e-12,9e-12], float)
 ROUND = array([0.5,1.5,2.5,3.5,4.5,5.5,6.5,7.5,8.5], float)
 
 
-@array_api_compatible
-@skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy', reason="JAX doesn't allow item assignment.")
-@skip_xp_backends('array_api_strict',
-                  reason=("`array_api_strict.where` `fillvalue` doesn't "
-                           "accept Python floats. See data-apis/array-api#807.")
-)
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
 class TestTrimmedStats:
     # TODO: write these tests to handle missing values properly
     dprec = np.finfo(np.float64).precision
 
+    @make_xp_test_case(stats.tmean)
     def test_tmean(self, xp):
-        x = xp.asarray(X.tolist())  # use default dtype of xp
+        default_dtype = xp_default_dtype(xp)
+        x = xp.asarray(X, dtype=default_dtype)
 
         y = stats.tmean(x, (2, 8), (True, True))
         xp_assert_close(y, xp.asarray(5.0))
@@ -115,8 +112,7 @@ class TestTrimmedStats:
         y_true = [10.5, 11.5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]
         xp_assert_close(y, xp.asarray(y_true))
 
-        x_2d_with_nan = xp_copy(x_2d)
-        x_2d_with_nan[-1, -3:] = xp.nan
+        x_2d_with_nan = xpx.at(x_2d)[-1, -3:].set(xp.nan, copy=True)
         y = stats.tmean(x_2d_with_nan, limits=(1, 13), axis=0)
         y_true = [7, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, xp.nan, xp.nan, xp.nan]
         xp_assert_close(y, xp.asarray(y_true))
@@ -130,21 +126,22 @@ class TestTrimmedStats:
         y_true = [4.5, 10, 17, 21, xp.nan, xp.nan, xp.nan, xp.nan, xp.nan]
         xp_assert_close(y, xp.asarray(y_true))
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('cupy',
-                      reason="cupy/cupy#8391")
+    @make_xp_test_case(stats.tvar)
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings(
+        "ignore:invalid value encountered in divide:RuntimeWarning:dask"
+    )
     def test_tvar(self, xp):
         x = xp.asarray(X.tolist())  # use default dtype of xp
-        xp_test = array_namespace(x)  # need array-api-compat var for `correction`
 
         y = stats.tvar(x, limits=(2, 8), inclusive=(True, True))
         xp_assert_close(y, xp.asarray(4.6666666666666661))
 
         y = stats.tvar(x, limits=None)
-        xp_assert_close(y, xp_test.var(x, correction=1))
+        xp_assert_close(y, xp.var(x, correction=1))
 
         x_2d = xp.reshape(xp.arange(63.), (9, 7))
         y = stats.tvar(x_2d, axis=None)
-        xp_assert_close(y, xp_test.var(x_2d, correction=1))
+        xp_assert_close(y, xp.var(x_2d, correction=1))
 
         y = stats.tvar(x_2d, axis=0)
         xp_assert_close(y, xp.full((7,), 367.5))
@@ -161,35 +158,35 @@ class TestTrimmedStats:
         xp_assert_close(y[0], xp.asarray(4.666666666666667))
         xp_assert_equal(y[1], xp.asarray(xp.nan))
 
+    @make_xp_test_case(stats.tstd)
     def test_tstd(self, xp):
         x = xp.asarray(X.tolist())  # use default dtype of xp
-        xp_test = array_namespace(x)  # need array-api-compat std for `correction`
 
         y = stats.tstd(x, (2, 8), (True, True))
         xp_assert_close(y, xp.asarray(2.1602468994692865))
 
         y = stats.tstd(x, limits=None)
-        xp_assert_close(y, xp_test.std(x, correction=1))
+        xp_assert_close(y, xp.std(x, correction=1))
 
+    @make_xp_test_case(stats.tmin)
     def test_tmin(self, xp):
-        x = xp.arange(10)
-        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmin(x), xp.asarray(0))
-        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmin(x, lowerlimit=0), xp.asarray(0))
-        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmin(x, lowerlimit=0, inclusive=False), xp.asarray(1))
+        x = xp.arange(10.)
+        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmin(x), xp.asarray(0.))
+        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmin(x, lowerlimit=0), xp.asarray(0.))
+        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmin(x, lowerlimit=0, inclusive=False), xp.asarray(1.))
 
         x = xp.reshape(x, (5, 2))
         xp_assert_equal(stats.tmin(x, lowerlimit=0, inclusive=False),
-                        xp.asarray([2, 1]))
-        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmin(x, axis=1), xp.asarray([0, 2, 4, 6, 8]))
-        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmin(x, axis=None), xp.asarray(0))
+                        xp.asarray([2., 1.]))
+        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmin(x, axis=1), xp.asarray([0., 2., 4., 6., 8.]))
+        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmin(x, axis=None), xp.asarray(0.))
 
-        x = xp.arange(10.)
-        x[9] = xp.nan
+        x = xpx.at(xp.arange(10.), 9).set(xp.nan)
         xp_assert_equal(stats.tmin(x), xp.asarray(xp.nan))
 
         # check that if a full slice is masked, the output returns a
         # nan instead of a garbage value.
-        x = xp.arange(16).reshape(4, 4)
+        x = xp.reshape(xp.arange(16), (4, 4))
         res = stats.tmin(x, lowerlimit=4, axis=1)
         xp_assert_equal(res, xp.asarray([np.nan, 4, 8, 12]))
 
@@ -210,20 +207,20 @@ class TestTrimmedStats:
             with assert_raises(ValueError, match=msg):
                 stats.tmin(x, nan_policy='foobar')
 
+    @make_xp_test_case(stats.tmax)
     def test_tmax(self, xp):
-        x = xp.arange(10)
-        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmax(x), xp.asarray(9))
-        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmax(x, upperlimit=9), xp.asarray(9))
-        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmax(x, upperlimit=9, inclusive=False), xp.asarray(8))
+        x = xp.arange(10.)
+        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmax(x), xp.asarray(9.))
+        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmax(x, upperlimit=9), xp.asarray(9.))
+        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmax(x, upperlimit=9, inclusive=False), xp.asarray(8.))
 
         x = xp.reshape(x, (5, 2))
         xp_assert_equal(stats.tmax(x, upperlimit=9, inclusive=False),
-                        xp.asarray([8, 7]))
-        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmax(x, axis=1), xp.asarray([1, 3, 5, 7, 9]))
-        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmax(x, axis=None), xp.asarray(9))
+                        xp.asarray([8., 7.]))
+        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmax(x, axis=1), xp.asarray([1., 3., 5., 7., 9.]))
+        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmax(x, axis=None), xp.asarray(9.))
 
-        x = xp.arange(10.)
-        x[9] = xp.nan
+        x = xpx.at(xp.arange(10.), 9).set(xp.nan)
         xp_assert_equal(stats.tmax(x), xp.asarray(xp.nan))
 
         # check that if a full slice is masked, the output returns a
@@ -236,7 +233,7 @@ class TestTrimmedStats:
 
     @skip_xp_backends(np_only=True,
                       reason="Only NumPy arrays support scalar input/`nan_policy`.")
-    def test_tax_scalar_and_nanpolicy(self, xp):
+    def test_tmax_scalar_and_nanpolicy(self, xp):
         assert_equal(stats.tmax(4), 4)
 
         x = np.arange(10.)
@@ -251,13 +248,36 @@ class TestTrimmedStats:
             with assert_raises(ValueError, match=msg):
                 stats.tmax(x, nan_policy='foobar')
 
+    @make_xp_test_case(stats.tmin, stats.tmax)
+    def test_tmin_tmax_int_dtype(self, xp):
+        x = xp.reshape(xp.arange(10, dtype=xp.int16), (2, 5)).T
+
+        # When tmin/tmax don't need to inject any NaNs,
+        # retain the input dtype. Dask/JAX can't inspect
+        # the data so they always return float.
+        expect_dtype = xp_default_dtype(xp) if is_lazy_array(x) else x.dtype
+        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmin(x), xp.asarray([0, 5], dtype=expect_dtype))
+        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmax(x), xp.asarray([4, 9], dtype=expect_dtype))
+
+        # When they do inject NaNs, all backends behave the same.
+        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmin(x, lowerlimit=6), xp.asarray([xp.nan, 6.]))
+        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmax(x, upperlimit=3), xp.asarray([3., xp.nan]))
+
+    @skip_xp_backends(eager_only=True, reason="Only with data-dependent output dtype")
+    @make_xp_test_case(stats.tmin, stats.tmax)
+    def test_gh_22626(self, xp):
+        # Test that `tmin`/`tmax` returns exact result with outrageously large integers
+        x = xp.arange(2**62, 2**62+10)
+        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmin(x[None, :]), x)
+        xp_assert_equal(stats.tmax(x[None, :]), x)
+
+    @make_xp_test_case(stats.tsem)
     def test_tsem(self, xp):
         x = xp.asarray(X.tolist())  # use default dtype of xp
-        xp_test = array_namespace(x)  # need array-api-compat std for `correction`
 
         y = stats.tsem(x, limits=(3, 8), inclusive=(False, True))
         y_ref = xp.asarray([4., 5., 6., 7., 8.])
-        xp_assert_close(y, xp_test.std(y_ref, correction=1) / xp_size(y_ref)**0.5)
+        xp_assert_close(y, xp.std(y_ref, correction=1) / xp_size(y_ref)**0.5)
         xp_assert_close(stats.tsem(x, limits=[-1, 10]), stats.tsem(x, limits=None))
 
 
@@ -376,19 +396,14 @@ class TestPearsonrWilkinson:
         assert_approx_equal(r,1.0)
 
 
-@array_api_compatible
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-@skip_xp_backends(cpu_only=True)
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.pearsonr)
 class TestPearsonr:
-    @skip_xp_backends(np_only=True)
     def test_pearsonr_result_attributes(self):
         res = stats.pearsonr(X, X)
         attributes = ('correlation', 'pvalue')
         check_named_results(res, attributes)
         assert_equal(res.correlation, res.statistic)
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy',
-                      reason='JAX arrays do not support item assignment')
     def test_r_almost_exactly_pos1(self, xp):
         a = xp.arange(3.0)
         r, prob = stats.pearsonr(a, a)
@@ -398,8 +413,6 @@ class TestPearsonr:
         # square root of the error in r.
         xp_assert_close(prob, xp.asarray(0.0), atol=np.sqrt(2*np.spacing(1.0)))
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy',
-                      reason='JAX arrays do not support item assignment')
     def test_r_almost_exactly_neg1(self, xp):
         a = xp.arange(3.0)
         r, prob = stats.pearsonr(a, -a)
@@ -409,8 +422,6 @@ class TestPearsonr:
         # square root of the error in r.
         xp_assert_close(prob, xp.asarray(0.0), atol=np.sqrt(2*np.spacing(1.0)))
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy',
-                      reason='JAX arrays do not support item assignment')
     def test_basic(self, xp):
         # A basic test, with a correlation coefficient
         # that is not 1 or -1.
@@ -420,9 +431,6 @@ class TestPearsonr:
         xp_assert_close(r, xp.asarray(3**0.5/2))
         xp_assert_close(prob, xp.asarray(1/3))
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy',
-                      reason='JAX arrays do not support item assignment',
-                      )
     def test_constant_input(self, xp):
         # Zero variance input
         # See https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues/3728
@@ -434,9 +442,6 @@ class TestPearsonr:
             xp_assert_close(r, xp.asarray(xp.nan))
             xp_assert_close(p, xp.asarray(xp.nan))
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy',
-                      reason='JAX arrays do not support item assignment',
-                      )
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', ['float32', 'float64'])
     def test_near_constant_input(self, xp, dtype):
         npdtype = getattr(np, dtype)
@@ -450,9 +455,6 @@ class TestPearsonr:
             # (The exact value of r would be 1.)
             stats.pearsonr(x, y)
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy',
-                      reason='JAX arrays do not support item assignment',
-                      )
     def test_very_small_input_values(self, xp):
         # Very small values in an input.  A naive implementation will
         # suffer from underflow.
@@ -468,9 +470,6 @@ class TestPearsonr:
         xp_assert_close(r, xp.asarray(0.7272930540750450, dtype=xp.float64))
         xp_assert_close(p, xp.asarray(0.1637805429533202, dtype=xp.float64))
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy',
-                      reason='JAX arrays do not support item assignment',
-                      )
     def test_very_large_input_values(self, xp):
         # Very large values in an input.  A naive implementation will
         # suffer from overflow.
@@ -485,8 +484,6 @@ class TestPearsonr:
         xp_assert_close(r, xp.asarray(0.8660254037844386, dtype=xp.float64))
         xp_assert_close(p, xp.asarray(0.011724811003954638, dtype=xp.float64))
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy',
-                      reason='JAX arrays do not support item assignment')
     def test_extremely_large_input_values(self, xp):
         # Extremely large values in x and y.  These values would cause the
         # product sigma_x * sigma_y to overflow if the two factors were
@@ -500,7 +497,6 @@ class TestPearsonr:
         xp_assert_close(r, xp.asarray(0.351312332103289, dtype=xp.float64))
         xp_assert_close(p, xp.asarray(0.648687667896711, dtype=xp.float64))
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy', reason="JAX doesn't allow item assignment.")
     def test_length_two_pos1(self, xp):
         # Inputs with length 2.
         # See https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues/7730
@@ -515,7 +511,6 @@ class TestPearsonr:
         xp_assert_equal(low, -one)
         xp_assert_equal(high, one)
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy', reason="JAX doesn't allow item assignment.")
     def test_length_two_neg1(self, xp):
         # Inputs with length 2.
         # See https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues/7730
@@ -530,7 +525,7 @@ class TestPearsonr:
         xp_assert_equal(low, -one)
         xp_assert_equal(high, one)
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy', reason="JAX doesn't allow item assignment.")
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:invalid value encountered in divide")
     def test_length_two_constant_input(self, xp):
         # Zero variance input
         # See https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues/3728
@@ -550,7 +545,7 @@ class TestPearsonr:
     # cor.test(x, y, method = "pearson", alternative = "g")
     # correlation coefficient and p-value for alternative='two-sided'
     # calculated with mpmath agree to 16 digits.
-    @pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(np_only=True)
+    @skip_xp_backends(np_only=True)
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('alternative, pval, rlow, rhigh, sign',
             [('two-sided', 0.325800137536, -0.814938968841, 0.99230697523, 1),
              ('less', 0.8370999312316, -1, 0.985600937290653, 1),
@@ -558,7 +553,7 @@ class TestPearsonr:
              ('two-sided', 0.325800137536, -0.992306975236, 0.81493896884, -1),
              ('less', 0.1629000687684, -1.0, 0.6785654158217636, -1),
              ('greater', 0.8370999312316, -0.985600937290653, 1.0, -1)])
-    def test_basic_example(self, alternative, pval, rlow, rhigh, sign):
+    def test_basic_example(self, alternative, pval, rlow, rhigh, sign, xp):
         x = [1, 2, 3, 4]
         y = np.array([0, 1, 0.5, 1]) * sign
         result = stats.pearsonr(x, y, alternative=alternative)
@@ -567,8 +562,6 @@ class TestPearsonr:
         ci = result.confidence_interval()
         assert_allclose(ci, (rlow, rhigh), rtol=1e-6)
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy',
-                      reason='JAX arrays do not support item assignment')
     def test_negative_correlation_pvalue_gh17795(self, xp):
         x = xp.arange(10.)
         y = -x
@@ -577,8 +570,6 @@ class TestPearsonr:
         xp_assert_close(test_greater.pvalue, xp.asarray(1.))
         xp_assert_close(test_less.pvalue, xp.asarray(0.), atol=1e-20)
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy',
-                      reason='JAX arrays do not support item assignment')
     def test_length3_r_exactly_negative_one(self, xp):
         x = xp.asarray([1., 2., 3.])
         y = xp.asarray([5., -4., -13.])
@@ -593,14 +584,20 @@ class TestPearsonr:
         xp_assert_equal(low, -one)
         xp_assert_equal(high, one)
 
-    @pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(np_only=True)
     def test_input_validation(self):
+        # Arraylike is np only
         x = [1, 2, 3]
-        y = [4, 5]
+        y = [4]
         message = '`x` and `y` must have the same length along `axis`.'
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
             stats.pearsonr(x, y)
 
+        x = [1, 2, 3]
+        y = [4, 5]
+        message = '`x` and `y` must be broadcastable.'
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            stats.pearsonr(x, y)
+
         x = [1]
         y = [2]
         message = '`x` and `y` must have length at least 2.'
@@ -622,7 +619,6 @@ class TestPearsonr:
             res.confidence_interval(method="exact")
 
     @pytest.mark.fail_slow(10)
-    @pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(np_only=True)
     @pytest.mark.xfail_on_32bit("Monte Carlo method needs > a few kB of memory")
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('alternative', ('less', 'greater', 'two-sided'))
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('method_name',
@@ -647,7 +643,7 @@ class TestPearsonr:
             assert_equal(res2.statistic, res.statistic)
             assert_equal(res2.pvalue, res.pvalue)
 
-    @pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(np_only=True)
+    @pytest.mark.slow
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('alternative', ('less', 'greater', 'two-sided'))
     def test_bootstrap_ci(self, alternative):
         rng = np.random.default_rng(2462935790378923)
@@ -668,9 +664,8 @@ class TestPearsonr:
         res_ci2 = res.confidence_interval(method=method)
         assert_allclose(res_ci2, res_ci)
 
-    @pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(np_only=True)
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('axis', [0, 1])
-    def test_axis01(self, axis, xp):
+    def test_axis01(self, axis):
         rng = np.random.default_rng(38572345825)
         shape = (9, 10)
         x, y = rng.normal(size=(2,) + shape)
@@ -686,8 +681,7 @@ class TestPearsonr:
             assert_allclose(ci.low[i], ci_i.low)
             assert_allclose(ci.high[i], ci_i.high)
 
-    @pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(np_only=True)
-    def test_axis_None(self, xp):
+    def test_axis_None(self):
         rng = np.random.default_rng(38572345825)
         shape = (9, 10)
         x, y = rng.normal(size=(2,) + shape)
@@ -723,33 +717,32 @@ class TestPearsonr:
             with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
                 stats.pearsonr(x, x, method=stats.PermutationMethod())
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy',
-                      reason='JAX arrays do not support item assignment')
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:invalid value encountered in divide")
     def test_nd_special_cases(self, xp):
         rng = np.random.default_rng(34989235492245)
-        x0 = xp.asarray(rng.random((3, 5)))
-        y0 = xp.asarray(rng.random((3, 5)))
+        x0, y0 = rng.random((4, 5)), rng.random((4, 5))
 
         message = 'An input array is constant'
         with pytest.warns(stats.ConstantInputWarning, match=message):
-            x = xp_copy(x0)
-            x[0, ...] = 1
-            res = stats.pearsonr(x, y0, axis=1)
+            x0[0, ...], y0[1, ...] = 1, 2
+            x, y = xp.asarray(x0), xp.asarray(y0)
+            res = stats.pearsonr(x, y, axis=1)
             ci = res.confidence_interval()
-            nan = xp.asarray(xp.nan, dtype=xp.float64)
-            xp_assert_equal(res.statistic[0], nan)
-            xp_assert_equal(res.pvalue[0], nan)
-            xp_assert_equal(ci.low[0], nan)
-            xp_assert_equal(ci.high[0], nan)
-            assert not xp.any(xp.isnan(res.statistic[1:]))
-            assert not xp.any(xp.isnan(res.pvalue[1:]))
-            assert not xp.any(xp.isnan(ci.low[1:]))
-            assert not xp.any(xp.isnan(ci.high[1:]))
+            nans = xp.asarray([xp.nan, xp.nan], dtype=xp.float64)
+            xp_assert_equal(res.statistic[0:2], nans)
+            xp_assert_equal(res.pvalue[0:2], nans)
+            xp_assert_equal(ci.low[0:2], nans)
+            xp_assert_equal(ci.high[0:2], nans)
+            assert xp.all(xp.isfinite(res.statistic[2:]))
+            assert xp.all(xp.isfinite(res.pvalue[2:]))
+            assert xp.all(xp.isfinite(ci.low[2:]))
+            assert xp.all(xp.isfinite(ci.high[2:]))
 
         message = 'An input array is nearly constant'
         with pytest.warns(stats.NearConstantInputWarning, match=message):
-            x[0, 0] = 1 + 1e-15
-            stats.pearsonr(x, y0, axis=1)
+            x0[0, 0], y0[1, 1] = 1 + 1e-15, 2 + 1e-15
+            x, y = xp.asarray(x0), xp.asarray(y0)
+            stats.pearsonr(x, y, axis=1)
 
         # length 2 along axis
         x = xp.asarray([[1, 2], [1, 2], [2, 1], [2, 1.]])
@@ -762,8 +755,24 @@ class TestPearsonr:
         xp_assert_close(ci.low, -ones)
         xp_assert_close(ci.high, ones)
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy',
-                      reason='JAX arrays do not support item assignment')
+    def test_different_dimensionality(self, xp):
+        # For better or for worse, there is one difference between the broadcasting
+        # behavior of most stats functions and NumPy gufuncs / NEP 5: gufuncs `axis`
+        # refers to the core dimension *before* prepending `1`s to the array shapes
+        # to match dimensionality; SciPy's prepends `1`s first. For instance, in
+        # SciPy, `vecdot` would work just like `xp.sum(x * y, axis=axis)`, but this
+        # is NOT true of NumPy. The discrepancy only arises when there are multiple
+        # arguments with different dimensionality and positive indices are used,
+        # which is probably why it hasn't been a problem. There are pros and cons of
+        # each convention, and we might want to consider changing our behavior in
+        # SciPy 2.0. For now, preserve consistency / backward compatibility.
+        rng = np.random.default_rng(45834598265019344)
+        x = rng.random((3, 10))
+        y = rng.random(10)
+        res = stats.pearsonr(x, y, axis=1)
+        ref = stats.pearsonr(x, y, axis=-1)
+        assert_equal(res.statistic, ref.statistic)
+
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('axis', [0, 1, None])
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('alternative', ['less', 'greater', 'two-sided'])
     def test_array_api(self, xp, axis, alternative):
@@ -1276,9 +1285,9 @@ class TestCorrSpearmanr:
     def test_gh_8111(self):
         # Regression test for gh-8111 (different result for float/int/bool).
         n = 100
-        np.random.seed(234568)
-        x = np.random.rand(n)
-        m = np.random.rand(n) > 0.7
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(234568)
+        x = rng.rand(n)
+        m = rng.rand(n) > 0.7
 
         # bool against float, no nans
         a = (x > .5)
@@ -1314,9 +1323,9 @@ class TestCorrSpearmanr2:
         assert_equal(stats.spearmanr([], []), (np.nan, np.nan))
 
     def test_normal_draws(self):
-        np.random.seed(7546)
-        x = np.array([np.random.normal(loc=1, scale=1, size=500),
-                      np.random.normal(loc=1, scale=1, size=500)])
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(7546)
+        x = np.array([rng.normal(loc=1, scale=1, size=500),
+                      rng.normal(loc=1, scale=1, size=500)])
         corr = [[1.0, 0.3],
                 [0.3, 1.0]]
         x = np.dot(np.linalg.cholesky(corr), x)
@@ -1666,12 +1675,13 @@ def test_kendalltau():
                      (np.nan, np.nan))
 
     # empty arrays provided as input
-    assert_equal(stats.kendalltau([], []), (np.nan, np.nan))
+    with pytest.warns(SmallSampleWarning, match="One or more sample..."):
+        assert_equal(stats.kendalltau([], []), (np.nan, np.nan))
 
     # check with larger arrays
-    np.random.seed(7546)
-    x = np.array([np.random.normal(loc=1, scale=1, size=500),
-                  np.random.normal(loc=1, scale=1, size=500)])
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(7546)
+    x = np.array([rng.normal(loc=1, scale=1, size=500),
+                  rng.normal(loc=1, scale=1, size=500)])
     corr = [[1.0, 0.3],
             [0.3, 1.0]]
     x = np.dot(np.linalg.cholesky(corr), x)
@@ -1703,10 +1713,8 @@ def test_kendalltau():
     assert_raises(ValueError, stats.kendalltau, x, y)
 
     # test all ties
-    tau, p_value = stats.kendalltau([], [])
-    assert_equal(np.nan, tau)
-    assert_equal(np.nan, p_value)
-    tau, p_value = stats.kendalltau([0], [0])
+    with pytest.warns(SmallSampleWarning, match="One or more sample..."):
+        tau, p_value = stats.kendalltau([0], [0])
     assert_equal(np.nan, tau)
     assert_equal(np.nan, p_value)
 
@@ -1715,19 +1723,19 @@ def test_kendalltau():
     x = np.ma.masked_greater(x, 1995)
     y = np.arange(2000, dtype=float)
     y = np.concatenate((y[1000:], y[:1000]))
-    assert_(np.isfinite(stats.kendalltau(x,y)[1]))
+    assert_(np.isfinite(stats.mstats.kendalltau(x,y)[1]))
 
 
 def test_kendalltau_vs_mstats_basic():
-    np.random.seed(42)
-    for s in range(2,10):
+    rng = np.random.RandomState(42)
+    for s in range(3, 10):
         a = []
         # Generate rankings with ties
         for i in range(s):
             a += [i]*i
         b = list(a)
-        np.random.shuffle(a)
-        np.random.shuffle(b)
+        rng.shuffle(a)
+        rng.shuffle(b)
         expected = mstats_basic.kendalltau(a, b)
         actual = stats.kendalltau(a, b)
         assert_approx_equal(actual[0], expected[0])
@@ -1744,6 +1752,7 @@ def test_kendalltau_nan_2nd_arg():
     assert_allclose(r1.statistic, r2.statistic, atol=1e-15)
 
 
+@pytest.mark.thread_unsafe
 def test_kendalltau_gh18139_overflow():
     # gh-18139 reported an overflow in `kendalltau` that appeared after
     # SciPy 0.15.1. Check that this particular overflow does not occur.
@@ -1841,7 +1850,8 @@ class TestKendallTauAlternative:
     def test_against_R_n1(self, alternative, p_expected, rev):
         x, y = [1], [2]
         stat_expected = np.nan
-        self.exact_test(x, y, alternative, rev, stat_expected, p_expected)
+        with pytest.warns(SmallSampleWarning, match="One or more sample..."):
+            self.exact_test(x, y, alternative, rev, stat_expected, p_expected)
 
     case_R_n2 = (list(zip(alternatives, p_n2, [False]*3))
                  + list(zip(alternatives, reversed(p_n2), [True]*3)))
@@ -1908,9 +1918,9 @@ class TestKendallTauAlternative:
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("alternative, p_expected, rev", case_R_lt_171b)
     def test_against_R_lt_171b(self, alternative, p_expected, rev):
-        np.random.seed(0)
-        x = np.random.rand(100)
-        y = np.random.rand(100)
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
+        x = rng.rand(100)
+        y = rng.rand(100)
         stat_expected = -0.04686868686868687
         self.exact_test(x, y, alternative, rev, stat_expected, p_expected)
 
@@ -1920,9 +1930,9 @@ class TestKendallTauAlternative:
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("alternative, p_expected, rev", case_R_lt_171c)
     def test_against_R_lt_171c(self, alternative, p_expected, rev):
-        np.random.seed(0)
-        x = np.random.rand(170)
-        y = np.random.rand(170)
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
+        x = rng.rand(170)
+        y = rng.rand(170)
         stat_expected = 0.1115906717716673
         self.exact_test(x, y, alternative, rev, stat_expected, p_expected)
 
@@ -1931,9 +1941,9 @@ class TestKendallTauAlternative:
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("alternative, rev", case_gt_171)
     def test_gt_171(self, alternative, rev):
-        np.random.seed(0)
-        x = np.random.rand(400)
-        y = np.random.rand(400)
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
+        x = rng.rand(400)
+        y = rng.rand(400)
         res0 = stats.kendalltau(x, y, method='exact',
                                 alternative=alternative)
         res1 = stats.kendalltau(x, y, method='asymptotic',
@@ -2028,15 +2038,17 @@ def test_weightedtau():
                                      np.asarray(y, dtype=np.float64))
     assert_approx_equal(tau, -0.56694968153682723)
     # All ties
-    tau, p_value = stats.weightedtau([], [])
+    with pytest.warns(SmallSampleWarning, match="One or more sample..."):
+        tau, p_value = stats.weightedtau([], [])
     assert_equal(np.nan, tau)
     assert_equal(np.nan, p_value)
-    tau, p_value = stats.weightedtau([0], [0])
+    with pytest.warns(SmallSampleWarning, match="One or more sample..."):
+        tau, p_value = stats.weightedtau([0], [0])
     assert_equal(np.nan, tau)
     assert_equal(np.nan, p_value)
     # Size mismatches
     assert_raises(ValueError, stats.weightedtau, [0, 1], [0, 1, 2])
-    assert_raises(ValueError, stats.weightedtau, [0, 1], [0, 1], [0])
+    assert_raises(ValueError, stats.weightedtau, [0, 1], [0, 1], [0, 1, 2])
     # NaNs
     x = [12, 2, 1, 12, 2]
     y = [1, 4, 7, 1, np.nan]
@@ -2070,10 +2082,12 @@ def test_segfault_issue_9710():
     # https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues/9710
     # This test was created to check segfault
     # In issue SEGFAULT only repros in optimized builds after calling the function twice
-    stats.weightedtau([1], [1.0])
-    stats.weightedtau([1], [1.0])
-    # The code below also caused SEGFAULT
-    stats.weightedtau([np.nan], [52])
+    message = "One or more sample arguments is too small"
+    with pytest.warns(SmallSampleWarning, match=message):
+        stats.weightedtau([1], [1.0])
+        stats.weightedtau([1], [1.0])
+        # The code below also caused SEGFAULT
+        stats.weightedtau([np.nan], [52])
 
 
 def test_kendall_tau_large():
@@ -2107,15 +2121,15 @@ def test_weightedtau_vs_quadratic():
     def weigher(x):
         return 1. / (x + 1)
 
-    np.random.seed(42)
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(42)
     for s in range(3,10):
         a = []
         # Generate rankings with ties
         for i in range(s):
             a += [i]*i
         b = list(a)
-        np.random.shuffle(a)
-        np.random.shuffle(b)
+        rng.shuffle(a)
+        rng.shuffle(b)
         # First pass: use element indices as ranks
         rank = np.arange(len(a), dtype=np.intp)
         for _ in range(2):
@@ -2124,7 +2138,7 @@ def test_weightedtau_vs_quadratic():
                 actual = stats.weightedtau(a, b, rank, weigher, add).statistic
                 assert_approx_equal(expected, actual)
             # Second pass: use a random rank
-            np.random.shuffle(rank)
+            rng.shuffle(rank)
 
 
 class TestFindRepeats:
@@ -2148,14 +2162,6 @@ class TestFindRepeats:
 
 
 class TestRegression:
-
-    def test_one_arg_deprecation(self):
-        x = np.arange(20).reshape((2, 10))
-        message = "Inference of the two sets..."
-        with pytest.deprecated_call(match=message):
-            stats.linregress(x)
-        stats.linregress(x[0], x[1])
-
     def test_linregressBIGX(self):
         # W.II.F.  Regress BIG on X.
         result = stats.linregress(X, BIG)
@@ -2194,7 +2200,9 @@ class TestRegression:
         # total sum of squares of exactly 0.
         result = stats.linregress(X, ZERO)
         assert_almost_equal(result.intercept, 0.0)
-        assert_almost_equal(result.rvalue, 0.0)
+        with pytest.warns(stats.ConstantInputWarning, match="An input array..."):
+            ref_rvalue = stats.pearsonr(X, ZERO).statistic
+        assert_almost_equal(result.rvalue, ref_rvalue)
 
     def test_regress_simple(self):
         # Regress a line with sinusoidal noise.
@@ -2247,42 +2255,6 @@ class TestRegression:
         assert_allclose(res.stderr, 0.0519051424731)
         assert_allclose(res.intercept_stderr, 8.0490133029927)
 
-    # TODO: remove this test once single-arg support is dropped;
-    # deprecation warning tested in `test_one_arg_deprecation`
-    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings('ignore::DeprecationWarning')
-    def test_regress_simple_onearg_rows(self):
-        # Regress a line w sinusoidal noise,
-        # with a single input of shape (2, N)
-        x = np.linspace(0, 100, 100)
-        y = 0.2 * np.linspace(0, 100, 100) + 10
-        y += np.sin(np.linspace(0, 20, 100))
-        rows = np.vstack((x, y))
-
-        result = stats.linregress(rows)
-        assert_almost_equal(result.stderr, 2.3957814497838803e-3)
-        assert_almost_equal(result.intercept_stderr, 1.3866936078570702e-1)
-
-    # TODO: remove this test once single-arg support is dropped;
-    # deprecation warning tested in `test_one_arg_deprecation`
-    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings('ignore::DeprecationWarning')
-    def test_regress_simple_onearg_cols(self):
-        x = np.linspace(0, 100, 100)
-        y = 0.2 * np.linspace(0, 100, 100) + 10
-        y += np.sin(np.linspace(0, 20, 100))
-        columns = np.hstack((np.expand_dims(x, 1), np.expand_dims(y, 1)))
-
-        result = stats.linregress(columns)
-        assert_almost_equal(result.stderr, 2.3957814497838803e-3)
-        assert_almost_equal(result.intercept_stderr, 1.3866936078570702e-1)
-
-    # TODO: remove this test once single-arg support is dropped;
-    # deprecation warning tested in `test_one_arg_deprecation`
-    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings('ignore::DeprecationWarning')
-    def test_regress_shape_error(self):
-        # Check that a single input argument to linregress with wrong shape
-        # results in a ValueError.
-        assert_raises(ValueError, stats.linregress, np.ones((3, 3)))
-
     def test_linregress(self):
         # compared with multivariate ols with pinv
         x = np.arange(11)
@@ -2368,7 +2340,7 @@ class TestRegression:
     def test_nist_norris(self):
         # If this causes a lint failure in the future, please note the history of
         # requests to allow extra whitespace in table formatting (e.g. gh-12367).
-        # Also see https://github.com/scipy/scipy/wiki/Why-do-we-not-use-an-auto%E2%80%90formatter%3F  # noqa: E501 
+        # Also see https://github.com/scipy/scipy/wiki/Why-do-we-not-use-an-auto%E2%80%90formatter%3F  # noqa: E501
         x = [  0.2, 337.4, 118.2, 884.6, 10.1,  226.5,
              666.3, 996.3, 448.6, 777.0, 558.2,   0.4,
                0.6, 775.5, 666.9, 338.0, 447.5,  11.6,
@@ -2405,7 +2377,9 @@ class TestRegression:
         assert_almost_equal(result.intercept, poly[1])
 
     def test_empty_input(self):
-        assert_raises(ValueError, stats.linregress, [], [])
+        with pytest.warns(SmallSampleWarning, match="One or more sample..."):
+            res = stats.linregress([], [])
+            assert np.all(np.isnan(res))
 
     def test_nan_input(self):
         x = np.arange(10.)
@@ -2782,7 +2756,7 @@ class TestMode:
         # was deprecated, so check for the appropriate error.
         my_dtype = np.dtype([('asdf', np.uint8), ('qwer', np.float64, (3,))])
         test = np.zeros(10, dtype=my_dtype)
-        message = "Argument `a` is not....|An argument has dtype..."
+        message = "Argument `a` is not....|An argument has dtype...|The DType..."
         with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=message):
             stats.mode(test, nan_policy=nan_policy)
 
@@ -2843,12 +2817,13 @@ class TestMode:
             stats.mode(np.arange(3, dtype=object))
 
 
-@array_api_compatible
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.sem)
 class TestSEM:
 
     testcase = [1., 2., 3., 4.]
     scalar_testcase = 4.
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:invalid value encountered in divide")
     def test_sem_scalar(self, xp):
         # This is not in R, so used:
         #     sqrt(var(testcase)*3/4)/sqrt(3)
@@ -2876,7 +2851,7 @@ class TestSEM:
                         stats.sem(testcase, ddof=2))
 
         x = xp.arange(10.)
-        x = xp.where(x == 9, xp.asarray(xp.nan), x)
+        x = xp.where(x == 9, xp.nan, x)
         xp_assert_equal(stats.sem(x), xp.asarray(xp.nan))
 
     @skip_xp_backends(np_only=True,
@@ -2889,10 +2864,8 @@ class TestSEM:
         assert_raises(ValueError, stats.sem, x, nan_policy='foobar')
 
 
-@array_api_compatible
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-@skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy', reason="JAX can't do item assignment")
-class TestZmapZscore:
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.zmap)
+class TestZmap:
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize(
         'x, y',
@@ -2903,16 +2876,15 @@ class TestZmapZscore:
         # For these simple cases, calculate the expected result directly
         # by using the formula for the z-score.
         x, y = xp.asarray(x), xp.asarray(y)
-        xp_test = array_namespace(x, y)  # std needs correction
-        expected = (x - xp.mean(y)) / xp_test.std(y, correction=0)
+        expected = (x - xp.mean(y)) / xp.std(y, correction=0)
         z = stats.zmap(x, y)
         xp_assert_close(z, expected)
 
     def test_zmap_axis(self, xp):
         # Test use of 'axis' keyword in zmap.
-        x = np.array([[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0],
-                      [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 2.0],
-                      [2.0, 0.0, 2.0, 0.0]])
+        x = xp.asarray([[0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0],
+                        [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 2.0],
+                        [2.0, 0.0, 2.0, 0.0]])
 
         t1 = 1.0/(2.0/3)**0.5
         t2 = 3.**0.5/3
@@ -2927,6 +2899,8 @@ class TestZmapZscore:
         z1_expected = [[-1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0],
                        [-t2, -t2, -t2, 3.**0.5],
                        [1.0, -1.0, 1.0, -1.0]]
+        z0_expected = xp.asarray(z0_expected)
+        z1_expected = xp.asarray(z1_expected)
 
         xp_assert_close(z0, z0_expected)
         xp_assert_close(z1, z1_expected)
@@ -2950,30 +2924,58 @@ class TestZmapZscore:
         scores = xp.asarray([-3, -1, 2, np.nan])
         compare = xp.asarray([-8, -3, 2, 7, 12, np.nan])
         z = stats.zmap(scores, compare, ddof=ddof, nan_policy='omit')
-        ref = stats.zmap(scores, compare[~xp.isnan(compare)], ddof=ddof)
+        # exclude nans from compare, don't use isnan + mask since that messes up
+        # dask
+        ref = stats.zmap(scores, compare[:5], ddof=ddof)
         xp_assert_close(z, ref)
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('ddof', [0, 2])
     def test_zmap_nan_policy_omit_with_axis(self, ddof, xp):
         scores = xp.reshape(xp.arange(-5.0, 9.0), (2, -1))
-        compare = xp.reshape(xp.linspace(-8, 6, 24), (2, -1))
-        compare[0, 4] = xp.nan
-        compare[0, 6] = xp.nan
-        compare[1, 1] = xp.nan
+        compare = np.reshape(np.linspace(-8, 6, 24), (2, -1))
+        compare[0, 4] = np.nan
+        compare[0, 6] = np.nan
+        compare[1, 1] = np.nan
+        # convert from numpy since some libraries like dask
+        # can't handle the data-dependent shapes from the isnan masking
+        compare_0_notna = xp.asarray(compare[0, :][~np.isnan(compare[0, :])])
+        compare_1_notna = xp.asarray(compare[1, :][~np.isnan(compare[1, :])])
+        compare = xp.asarray(compare)
+
         z = stats.zmap(scores, compare, nan_policy='omit', axis=1, ddof=ddof)
-        res0 = stats.zmap(scores[0, :], compare[0, :][~xp.isnan(compare[0, :])],
+        res0 = stats.zmap(scores[0, :], compare_0_notna,
                           ddof=ddof)
-        res1 = stats.zmap(scores[1, :], compare[1, :][~xp.isnan(compare[1, :])],
+        res1 = stats.zmap(scores[1, :], compare_1_notna,
                           ddof=ddof)
         expected = xp.stack((res0, res1))
         xp_assert_close(z, expected)
 
+    @skip_xp_backends(eager_only=True, reason="lazy arrays don't do 'raise'.")
     def test_zmap_nan_policy_raise(self, xp):
         scores = xp.asarray([1, 2, 3])
         compare = xp.asarray([-8, -3, 2, 7, 12, xp.nan])
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='input contains nan'):
             stats.zmap(scores, compare, nan_policy='raise')
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:divide by zero encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:invalid value encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
+    def test_degenerate_input(self, xp):
+        scores = xp.arange(3)
+        compare = xp.ones(3)
+        ref = xp.asarray([-xp.inf, xp.nan, xp.inf])
+        with eager_warns(scores, RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred..."):
+            res = stats.zmap(scores, compare)
+        xp_assert_equal(res, ref)
+
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:divide by zero encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
+    def test_complex_gh22404(self, xp):
+        res = stats.zmap(xp.asarray([1, 2, 3, 4]), xp.asarray([1, 1j, -1, -1j]))
+        ref = xp.asarray([1.+0.j, 2.+0.j, 3.+0.j, 4.+0.j])
+        xp_assert_close(res, ref)
+
+
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.zscore)
+class TestZscore:
     def test_zscore(self, xp):
         # not in R, so tested by using:
         #    (testcase[i] - mean(testcase, axis=0)) / sqrt(var(testcase) * 3/4)
@@ -3017,7 +3019,6 @@ class TestZmapZscore:
         xp_assert_close(z[0, :], z0_expected)
         xp_assert_close(z[1, :], z1_expected)
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('cupy', reason="cupy/cupy#8391")
     def test_zscore_nan_propagate(self, xp):
         x = xp.asarray([1, 2, np.nan, 4, 5])
         z = stats.zscore(x, nan_policy='propagate')
@@ -3038,32 +3039,32 @@ class TestZmapZscore:
 
     def test_zscore_nan_omit_with_ddof(self, xp):
         x = xp.asarray([xp.nan, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0])
-        xp_test = array_namespace(x)  # numpy needs concat
         z = stats.zscore(x, ddof=1, nan_policy='omit')
-        expected = xp_test.concat([xp.asarray([xp.nan]), stats.zscore(x[1:], ddof=1)])
+        expected = xp.concat([xp.asarray([xp.nan]), stats.zscore(x[1:], ddof=1)])
         xp_assert_close(z, expected)
 
+    @skip_xp_backends(eager_only=True, reason="lazy arrays don't do 'raise'.")
     def test_zscore_nan_raise(self, xp):
         x = xp.asarray([1, 2, xp.nan, 4, 5])
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="The input contains nan..."):
             stats.zscore(x, nan_policy='raise')
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('cupy', reason="cupy/cupy#8391")
     def test_zscore_constant_input_1d(self, xp):
         x = xp.asarray([-0.087] * 3)
-        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred..."):
+        with eager_warns(x, RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred..."):
             z = stats.zscore(x)
         xp_assert_equal(z, xp.full(x.shape, xp.nan))
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:invalid value encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
     def test_zscore_constant_input_2d(self, xp):
         x = xp.asarray([[10.0, 10.0, 10.0, 10.0],
                         [10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0]])
-        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred..."):
+        with eager_warns(x, RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred..."):
             z0 = stats.zscore(x, axis=0)
         xp_assert_close(z0, xp.asarray([[xp.nan, -1.0, -1.0, -1.0],
                                         [xp.nan, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]]))
 
-        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred..."):
+        with eager_warns(x, RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred..."):
             z1 = stats.zscore(x, axis=1)
         xp_assert_equal(z1, xp.stack([xp.asarray([xp.nan, xp.nan, xp.nan, xp.nan]),
                                       stats.zscore(x[1, :])]))
@@ -3072,10 +3073,11 @@ class TestZmapZscore:
         xp_assert_equal(z, xp.reshape(stats.zscore(xp.reshape(x, (-1,))), x.shape))
 
         y = xp.ones((3, 6))
-        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred..."):
+        with eager_warns(y, RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred..."):
             z = stats.zscore(y, axis=None)
-        xp_assert_equal(z, xp.full(y.shape, xp.asarray(xp.nan)))
+        xp_assert_equal(z, xp.full(y.shape, xp.nan))
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:invalid value encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
     def test_zscore_constant_input_2d_nan_policy_omit(self, xp):
         x = xp.asarray([[10.0, 10.0, 10.0, 10.0],
                         [10.0, 11.0, 12.0, xp.nan],
@@ -3083,18 +3085,19 @@ class TestZmapZscore:
         s = (3/2)**0.5
         s2 = 2**0.5
 
-        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred..."):
+        with eager_warns(x, RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred..."):
             z0 = stats.zscore(x, nan_policy='omit', axis=0)
         xp_assert_close(z0, xp.asarray([[xp.nan, -s, -1.0, xp.nan],
                                         [xp.nan, 0, 1.0, xp.nan],
                                         [xp.nan, s, xp.nan, xp.nan]]))
 
-        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred..."):
+        with eager_warns(x, RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred..."):
             z1 = stats.zscore(x, nan_policy='omit', axis=1)
         xp_assert_close(z1, xp.asarray([[xp.nan, xp.nan, xp.nan, xp.nan],
                                         [-s, 0, s, xp.nan],
                                         [-s2/2, s2, xp.nan, -s2/2]]))
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:invalid value encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
     def test_zscore_2d_all_nan_row(self, xp):
         # A row is all nan, and we use axis=1.
         x = xp.asarray([[np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan],
@@ -3103,7 +3106,7 @@ class TestZmapZscore:
         xp_assert_close(z, xp.asarray([[np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan],
                                        [-1.0, -1.0, 1.0, 1.0]]))
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('cupy', reason="cupy/cupy#8391")
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:invalid value encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
     def test_zscore_2d_all_nan(self, xp):
         # The entire 2d array is nan, and we use axis=None.
         y = xp.full((2, 3), xp.nan)
@@ -3116,25 +3119,6 @@ class TestZmapZscore:
         z = stats.zscore(x)
         xp_assert_equal(z, x)
 
-    def test_gzscore_normal_array(self, xp):
-        x = np.asarray([1, 2, 3, 4])
-        z = stats.gzscore(xp.asarray(x))
-        desired = np.log(x / stats.gmean(x)) / np.log(stats.gstd(x, ddof=0))
-        xp_assert_close(z, xp.asarray(desired, dtype=xp.asarray(1.).dtype))
-
-    @skip_xp_invalid_arg
-    def test_gzscore_masked_array(self, xp):
-        x = np.array([1, 2, -1, 3, 4])
-        mask = [0, 0, 1, 0, 0]
-        mx = np.ma.masked_array(x, mask=mask)
-        z = stats.gzscore(mx)
-        desired = ([-1.526072095151, -0.194700599824, np.inf, 0.584101799472,
-                    1.136670895503])
-        desired = np.ma.masked_array(desired, mask=mask)
-        assert_allclose(z.compressed(), desired.compressed())
-        assert_allclose(z.mask, desired.mask)
-        assert isinstance(z, np.ma.MaskedArray)
-
     @skip_xp_invalid_arg
     def test_zscore_masked_element_0_gh19039(self, xp):
         # zscore returned all NaNs when 0th element was masked. See gh-19039.
@@ -3159,19 +3143,27 @@ class TestZmapZscore:
             res = stats.zscore(y, axis=None)
         assert_equal(res[1:], np.nan)
 
-    def test_degenerate_input(self, xp):
-        scores = xp.arange(3)
-        compare = xp.ones(3)
-        ref = xp.asarray([-xp.inf, xp.nan, xp.inf])
-        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred..."):
-            res = stats.zmap(scores, compare)
-        xp_assert_equal(res, ref)
 
-    @pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends('array_api_strict', reason='needs array-api#850')
-    def test_complex_gh22404(self, xp):
-        res = stats.zmap(xp.asarray([1, 2, 3, 4]), xp.asarray([1, 1j, -1, -1j]))
-        ref = xp.asarray([1.+0.j, 2.+0.j, 3.+0.j, 4.+0.j])
-        xp_assert_close(res, ref)
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.gzscore)
+class TestGZscore:
+    def test_gzscore_normal_array(self, xp):
+        x = np.asarray([1, 2, 3, 4])
+        z = stats.gzscore(xp.asarray(x))
+        desired = np.log(x / stats.gmean(x)) / np.log(stats.gstd(x, ddof=0))
+        xp_assert_close(z, xp.asarray(desired, dtype=xp.asarray(1.).dtype))
+
+    @skip_xp_invalid_arg
+    def test_gzscore_masked_array(self):
+        x = np.array([1, 2, -1, 3, 4])
+        mask = [0, 0, 1, 0, 0]
+        mx = np.ma.masked_array(x, mask=mask)
+        z = stats.gzscore(mx)
+        desired = ([-1.526072095151, -0.194700599824, np.inf, 0.584101799472,
+                    1.136670895503])
+        desired = np.ma.masked_array(desired, mask=mask)
+        assert_allclose(z.compressed(), desired.compressed())
+        assert_allclose(z.mask, desired.mask)
+        assert isinstance(z, np.ma.MaskedArray)
 
 
 class TestMedianAbsDeviation:
@@ -3481,6 +3473,7 @@ class TestIQR:
         assert_raises(ValueError, stats.iqr, x, scale='foobar')
 
 
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.moment)
 class TestMoments:
     """
         Comparison numbers are found using R v.1.5.1
@@ -3496,18 +3489,11 @@ class TestMoments:
     np.random.seed(1234)
     testcase_moment_accuracy = np.random.rand(42)
 
-    def _assert_equal(self, actual, expect, *, shape=None, dtype=None):
-        expect = np.asarray(expect)
-        if shape is not None:
-            expect = np.broadcast_to(expect, shape)
-        assert_array_equal(actual, expect)
-        if dtype is None:
-            dtype = expect.dtype
-        assert actual.dtype == dtype
-
-    @array_api_compatible
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('size', [10, (10, 2)])
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('m, c', product((0, 1, 2, 3), (None, 0, 1)))
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings(
+        "ignore:divide by zero encountered in divide:RuntimeWarning:dask"
+    )
     def test_moment_center_scalar_moment(self, size, m, c, xp):
         rng = np.random.default_rng(6581432544381372042)
         x = xp.asarray(rng.random(size=size))
@@ -3516,20 +3502,19 @@ class TestMoments:
         ref = xp.sum((x - c)**m, axis=0)/x.shape[0]
         xp_assert_close(res, ref, atol=1e-16)
 
-    @array_api_compatible
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('size', [10, (10, 2)])
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('c', (None, 0, 1))
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings(
+        "ignore:divide by zero encountered in divide:RuntimeWarning:dask"
+    )
     def test_moment_center_array_moment(self, size, c, xp):
         rng = np.random.default_rng(1706828300224046506)
         x = xp.asarray(rng.random(size=size))
         m = [0, 1, 2, 3]
         res = stats.moment(x, m, center=c)
-        xp_test = array_namespace(x)  # no `concat` in np < 2.0; no `newaxis` in torch
-        ref = xp_test.concat([stats.moment(x, i, center=c)[xp_test.newaxis, ...]
-                              for i in m])
+        ref = xp.concat([stats.moment(x, i, center=c)[xp.newaxis, ...] for i in m])
         xp_assert_equal(res, ref)
 
-    @array_api_compatible
     def test_moment(self, xp):
         # mean((testcase-mean(testcase))**power,axis=0),axis=0))**power))
         testcase = xp.asarray(self.testcase)
@@ -3591,9 +3576,6 @@ class TestMoments:
         assert_raises(ValueError, stats.moment, x, nan_policy='raise')
         assert_raises(ValueError, stats.moment, x, nan_policy='foobar')
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('cupy', reason='cupy/cupy#8391')
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-    @array_api_compatible
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('dtype', ['float32', 'float64', 'complex128'])
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('expect, order', [(0, 1), (1, 0)])
     def test_constant_moments(self, dtype, expect, order, xp):
@@ -3615,26 +3597,21 @@ class TestMoments:
                          order=order)
         xp_assert_equal(y, xp.full((), expect, dtype=dtype))
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy',
-                      reason="JAX arrays do not support item assignment")
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-    @array_api_compatible
     def test_moment_propagate_nan(self, xp):
         # Check that the shape of the result is the same for inputs
         # with and without nans, cf gh-5817
         a = xp.reshape(xp.arange(8.), (2, -1))
-        a[1, 0] = np.nan
-        mm = stats.moment(a, 2, axis=1)
-        xp_assert_close(mm, xp.asarray([1.25, np.nan]), atol=1e-15)
+        a = xpx.at(a)[1, 0].set(xp.nan)
+
+        mm = stats.moment(xp.asarray(a), 2, axis=1)
+        xp_assert_close(mm, xp.asarray([1.25, xp.nan]), atol=1e-15)
 
-    @array_api_compatible
     def test_moment_empty_order(self, xp):
         # tests moment with empty `order` list
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=r"`order` must be a scalar or a"
                                              r" non-empty 1D array."):
             stats.moment(xp.asarray([1, 2, 3, 4]), order=[])
 
-    @array_api_compatible
     def test_rename_moment_order(self, xp):
         # Parameter 'order' was formerly known as 'moment'. The old name
         # has not been deprecated, so it must continue to work.
@@ -3651,10 +3628,12 @@ class TestMoments:
         assert_allclose(np.power(tc_no_mean, 42).mean(),
                         stats.moment(self.testcase_moment_accuracy, 42))
 
-    @array_api_compatible
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('order', [0, 1, 2, 3])
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('axis', [-1, 0, 1])
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('center', [None, 0])
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings(
+        "ignore:divide by zero encountered in divide:RuntimeWarning:dask"
+    )
     def test_moment_array_api(self, xp, order, axis, center):
         rng = np.random.default_rng(34823589259425)
         x = rng.random(size=(5, 6, 7))
@@ -3668,27 +3647,28 @@ class SkewKurtosisTest:
     testcase = [1., 2., 3., 4.]
     testmathworks = [1.165, 0.6268, 0.0751, 0.3516, -0.6965]
 
-
-class TestSkew(SkewKurtosisTest):
-    @array_api_compatible
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('stat_fun', [stats.skew, stats.kurtosis])
-    def test_empty_1d(self, stat_fun, xp):
+    def test_empty_1d(self, xp):
         x = xp.asarray([])
         if is_numpy(xp):
             with pytest.warns(SmallSampleWarning, match=too_small_1d_not_omit):
-                res = stat_fun(x)
+                res = self.stat_fun(x)
         else:
             with np.testing.suppress_warnings() as sup:
                 # array_api_strict produces these
                 sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "Mean of empty slice")
                 sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "invalid value encountered")
-                res = stat_fun(x)
+                res = self.stat_fun(x)
         xp_assert_equal(res, xp.asarray(xp.nan))
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy',
-                      reason="JAX arrays do not support item assignment")
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-    @array_api_compatible
+
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.skew)
+class TestSkew(SkewKurtosisTest):
+    def stat_fun(self, x):
+        return stats.skew(x)
+
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings(
+        "ignore:invalid value encountered in scalar divide:RuntimeWarning:dask"
+    )
     def test_skewness(self, xp):
         # Scalar test case
         y = stats.skew(xp.asarray(self.scalar_testcase))
@@ -3716,25 +3696,21 @@ class TestSkew(SkewKurtosisTest):
         # `skew` must return a scalar for 1-dim input (only for NumPy arrays)
         assert_equal(stats.skew(arange(10)), 0.0)
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy',
-                      reason="JAX arrays do not support item assignment")
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-    @array_api_compatible
     def test_skew_propagate_nan(self, xp):
         # Check that the shape of the result is the same for inputs
         # with and without nans, cf gh-5817
         a = xp.arange(8.)
         a = xp.reshape(a, (2, -1))
-        a[1, 0] = xp.nan
+        a = xpx.at(a)[1, 0].set(xp.nan)
         with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
-            s = stats.skew(a, axis=1)
+            s = stats.skew(xp.asarray(a), axis=1)
         xp_assert_equal(s, xp.asarray([0, xp.nan]))
 
-    @array_api_compatible
     def test_skew_constant_value(self, xp):
         # Skewness of a constant input should be NaN (gh-16061)
-        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred"):
-            a = xp.asarray([-0.27829495]*10)  # xp.repeat not currently available
+        a = xp.repeat(xp.asarray([-0.27829495]), 10)
+
+        with eager_warns(a, RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred"):
             xp_assert_equal(stats.skew(a), xp.asarray(xp.nan))
             xp_assert_equal(stats.skew(a*2.**50), xp.asarray(xp.nan))
             xp_assert_equal(stats.skew(a/2.**50), xp.asarray(xp.nan))
@@ -3746,24 +3722,17 @@ class TestSkew(SkewKurtosisTest):
             a = 1. + xp.arange(-3., 4)*1e-16
             xp_assert_equal(stats.skew(a), xp.asarray(xp.nan))
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy',
-                      reason="JAX arrays do not support item assignment")
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-    @array_api_compatible
+    @skip_xp_backends(eager_only=True)
     def test_precision_loss_gh15554(self, xp):
         # gh-15554 was one of several issues that have reported problems with
         # constant or near-constant input. We can't always fix these, but
         # make sure there's a warning.
         with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred"):
             rng = np.random.default_rng(34095309370)
-            a = xp.asarray(rng.random(size=(100, 10)))
+            a = rng.random(size=(100, 10))
             a[:, 0] = 1.01
-            stats.skew(a)
+            stats.skew(xp.asarray(a))
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy',
-                      reason="JAX arrays do not support item assignment")
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-    @array_api_compatible
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('axis', [-1, 0, 2, None])
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('bias', [False, True])
     def test_vectorization(self, xp, axis, bias):
@@ -3777,10 +3746,9 @@ class TestSkew(SkewKurtosisTest):
             if axis is None:
                 a = xp.reshape(a, (-1,))
                 axis = 0
-            xp_test = array_namespace(a)  # plain torch ddof=1 by default
-            mean = xp_test.mean(a, axis=axis, keepdims=True)
-            mu3 = xp_test.mean((a - mean)**3, axis=axis)
-            std = xp_test.std(a, axis=axis)
+            mean = xp.mean(a, axis=axis, keepdims=True)
+            mu3 = xp.mean((a - mean)**3, axis=axis)
+            std = xp.std(a, axis=axis)
             res = mu3 / std ** 3
             if not bias:
                 n = a.shape[axis]
@@ -3792,12 +3760,12 @@ class TestSkew(SkewKurtosisTest):
         xp_assert_close(res, ref)
 
 
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.kurtosis)
 class TestKurtosis(SkewKurtosisTest):
+    def stat_fun(self, x):
+        return stats.kurtosis(x)
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy',
-                      reason='JAX arrays do not support item assignment')
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-    @array_api_compatible
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:invalid value encountered in scalar divide")
     def test_kurtosis(self, xp):
         # Scalar test case
         y = stats.kurtosis(xp.asarray(self.scalar_testcase))
@@ -3826,7 +3794,7 @@ class TestKurtosis(SkewKurtosisTest):
         xp_assert_close(y, xp.asarray(1.64))
 
         x = xp.arange(10.)
-        x = xp.where(x == 8, xp.asarray(xp.nan), x)
+        x = xp.where(x == 8, xp.nan, x)
         xp_assert_equal(stats.kurtosis(x), xp.asarray(xp.nan))
 
     def test_kurtosis_nan_policy(self):
@@ -3850,20 +3818,15 @@ class TestKurtosis(SkewKurtosisTest):
         k = stats.kurtosis(a, axis=1, nan_policy="propagate")
         np.testing.assert_allclose(k, [-1.36, np.nan], atol=1e-15)
 
-    @array_api_compatible
     def test_kurtosis_constant_value(self, xp):
         # Kurtosis of a constant input should be NaN (gh-16061)
         a = xp.asarray([-0.27829495]*10)
-        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred"):
+        with eager_warns(a, RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred"):
             assert xp.isnan(stats.kurtosis(a, fisher=False))
             assert xp.isnan(stats.kurtosis(a * float(2**50), fisher=False))
             assert xp.isnan(stats.kurtosis(a / float(2**50), fisher=False))
             assert xp.isnan(stats.kurtosis(a, fisher=False, bias=False))
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy',
-                      reason='JAX arrays do not support item assignment')
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-    @array_api_compatible
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('axis', [-1, 0, 2, None])
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('bias', [False, True])
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('fisher', [False, True])
@@ -3878,10 +3841,9 @@ class TestKurtosis(SkewKurtosisTest):
             if axis is None:
                 a = xp.reshape(a, (-1,))
                 axis = 0
-            xp_test = array_namespace(a)  # plain torch ddof=1 by default
-            mean = xp_test.mean(a, axis=axis, keepdims=True)
-            mu4 = xp_test.mean((a - mean)**4, axis=axis)
-            mu2 = xp_test.var(a, axis=axis, correction=0)
+            mean = xp.mean(a, axis=axis, keepdims=True)
+            mu4 = xp.mean((a - mean)**4, axis=axis)
+            mu2 = xp.var(a, axis=axis, correction=0)
             if bias:
                 res = mu4 / mu2**2 - 3
             else:
@@ -3929,10 +3891,7 @@ def ttest_data_axis_strategy(draw):
     return data, axis
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(cpu_only=True,
-                              reason='Uses NumPy for pvalue, CI')
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-@array_api_compatible
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.ttest_1samp)
 class TestStudentTest:
     # Preserving original test cases.
     # Recomputed statistics and p-values with R t.test, e.g.
@@ -3951,6 +3910,8 @@ class TestStudentTest:
     P1_1_l = P1_1 / 2
     P1_1_g = 1 - (P1_1 / 2)
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:divide by zero encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:invalid value encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
     def test_onesample(self, xp):
         with suppress_warnings() as sup, \
                 np.errstate(invalid="ignore", divide="ignore"):
@@ -4003,6 +3964,7 @@ class TestStudentTest:
             assert_raises(ValueError, stats.ttest_1samp, x, 5.0,
                           nan_policy='foobar')
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:divide by zero encountered in divide")
     def test_1samp_alternative(self, xp):
         message = "`alternative` must be 'less', 'greater', or 'two-sided'."
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
@@ -4016,6 +3978,7 @@ class TestStudentTest:
         xp_assert_close(p, xp.asarray(self.P1_1_g))
         xp_assert_close(t, xp.asarray(self.T1_1))
 
+    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy', reason='Generic stdtrit mutates array.')
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("alternative", ['two-sided', 'less', 'greater'])
     def test_1samp_ci_1d(self, xp, alternative):
         # test confidence interval method against reference values
@@ -4028,7 +3991,7 @@ class TestStudentTest:
         # x = c(2.75532884,  0.93892217,  0.94835861,  1.49489446, -0.62396595,
         #      -1.88019867, -1.55684465,  4.88777104,  5.15310979,  4.34656348)
         # t.test(x, conf.level=0.85, alternative='l')
-        dtype = xp.float32 if is_torch(xp) else xp.float64  # use default dtype
+        dtype = xp.asarray(1.0).dtype
         x = xp.asarray(x, dtype=dtype)
         popmean = xp.asarray(popmean, dtype=dtype)
 
@@ -4048,6 +4011,7 @@ class TestStudentTest:
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
             res.confidence_interval(confidence_level=10)
 
+    @skip_xp_backends(np_only=True, reason='Too slow.')
     @pytest.mark.xslow
     @hypothesis.given(alpha=hypothesis.strategies.floats(1e-15, 1-1e-15),
                       data_axis=ttest_data_axis_strategy())
@@ -4060,8 +4024,7 @@ class TestStudentTest:
                                 alternative=alternative, axis=axis)
         l, u = res.confidence_interval(confidence_level=alpha)
         popmean = l if alternative == 'greater' else u
-        xp_test = array_namespace(l)  # torch needs `expand_dims`
-        popmean = xp_test.expand_dims(popmean, axis=axis)
+        popmean = xp.expand_dims(popmean, axis=axis)
         res = stats.ttest_1samp(data, popmean, alternative=alternative, axis=axis)
         shape = list(data.shape)
         shape.pop(axis)
@@ -4248,7 +4211,7 @@ power_div_empty_cases = [
 ]
 
 
-@array_api_compatible
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.power_divergence)
 class TestPowerDivergence:
 
     def check_power_divergence(self, f_obs, f_exp, ddof, axis, lambda_,
@@ -4261,21 +4224,20 @@ class TestPowerDivergence:
         if axis is None:
             num_obs = xp_size(f_obs)
         else:
-            xp_test = array_namespace(f_obs)  # torch needs broadcast_arrays
-            arrays = (xp_test.broadcast_arrays(f_obs, f_exp) if f_exp is not None
+            arrays = (xp.broadcast_arrays(f_obs, f_exp) if f_exp is not None
                       else (f_obs,))
             num_obs = arrays[0].shape[axis]
 
         with suppress_warnings() as sup:
             sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "Mean of empty slice")
             stat, p = stats.power_divergence(
-                                f_obs=f_obs, f_exp=f_exp, ddof=ddof,
+                                f_obs, f_exp=f_exp, ddof=ddof,
                                 axis=axis, lambda_=lambda_)
             xp_assert_close(stat, xp.asarray(expected_stat, dtype=dtype))
 
             if lambda_ == 1 or lambda_ == "pearson":
                 # Also test stats.chisquare.
-                stat, p = stats.chisquare(f_obs=f_obs, f_exp=f_exp, ddof=ddof,
+                stat, p = stats.chisquare(f_obs, f_exp=f_exp, ddof=ddof,
                                           axis=axis)
                 xp_assert_close(stat, xp.asarray(expected_stat, dtype=dtype))
 
@@ -4352,13 +4314,10 @@ class TestPowerDivergence:
         xp_assert_close(stat, expected_chi2)
 
         # Compute the p values separately, passing in scalars for ddof.
-        stat0, p0 = stats.power_divergence(f_obs, f_exp, ddof=ddof[0, 0])
-        stat1, p1 = stats.power_divergence(f_obs, f_exp, ddof=ddof[1, 0])
+        _, p0 = stats.power_divergence(f_obs, f_exp, ddof=ddof[0, 0])
+        _, p1 = stats.power_divergence(f_obs, f_exp, ddof=ddof[1, 0])
 
-        xp_test = array_namespace(f_obs)  # needs `concat`, `newaxis`
-        expected_p = xp_test.concat((p0[xp_test.newaxis, :],
-                                     p1[xp_test.newaxis, :]),
-                                    axis=0)
+        expected_p = xp.concat((p0[xp.newaxis, :], p1[xp.newaxis, :]), axis=0)
         xp_assert_close(p, expected_p)
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('case', power_div_empty_cases)
@@ -4383,7 +4342,7 @@ class TestPowerDivergence:
         f_obs = xp.asarray(f_obs, dtype=dtype)
         # f_exp is None
 
-        res = stats.power_divergence(f_obs=f_obs, f_exp=f_exp, ddof=ddof,
+        res = stats.power_divergence(f_obs, f_exp=f_exp, ddof=ddof,
                                      axis=axis, lambda_="pearson")
         attributes = ('statistic', 'pvalue')
         check_named_results(res, attributes, xp=xp)
@@ -4394,10 +4353,10 @@ class TestPowerDivergence:
         f_exp = xp.asarray([[5., 15.], [35., 25.]])
         message = 'For each axis slice...'
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
-            stats.power_divergence(f_obs=f_obs, f_exp=xp.asarray([30., 60.]))
+            stats.power_divergence(f_obs, f_exp=xp.asarray([30., 60.]))
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
-            stats.power_divergence(f_obs=f_obs, f_exp=f_exp, axis=1)
-        stat, pval = stats.power_divergence(f_obs=f_obs, f_exp=f_exp)
+            stats.power_divergence(f_obs, f_exp=f_exp, axis=1)
+        stat, pval = stats.power_divergence(f_obs, f_exp=f_exp)
         xp_assert_close(stat, xp.asarray([5.71428571, 2.66666667]))
         xp_assert_close(pval, xp.asarray([0.01682741, 0.10247043]))
 
@@ -4418,9 +4377,8 @@ class TestPowerDivergence:
         expected_counts = xp.exp(alpha + beta*i)
 
         # `table4` holds just the second and third columns from Table 4.
-        xp_test = array_namespace(obs)  # NumPy needs concat, torch needs newaxis
-        table4 = xp_test.concat((obs[xp_test.newaxis, :],
-                                 expected_counts[xp_test.newaxis, :])).T
+        table4 = xp.concat((obs[xp.newaxis, :],
+                            expected_counts[xp.newaxis, :])).T
 
         table5 = xp.asarray([
             # lambda, statistic
@@ -4450,7 +4408,7 @@ class TestPowerDivergence:
             xp_assert_close(stat, expected_stat, rtol=5e-3)
 
 
-@array_api_compatible
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.chisquare)
 class TestChisquare:
     def test_chisquare_12282a(self, xp):
         # Currently `chisquare` is implemented via power_divergence
@@ -4459,7 +4417,7 @@ class TestChisquare:
         with assert_raises(ValueError, match='For each axis slice...'):
             f_obs = xp.asarray([10., 20.])
             f_exp = xp.asarray([30., 60.])
-            stats.chisquare(f_obs=f_obs, f_exp=f_exp)
+            stats.chisquare(f_obs, f_exp=f_exp)
 
     def test_chisquare_12282b(self, xp):
         # Check that users can now disable the sum check tested in
@@ -4471,7 +4429,7 @@ class TestChisquare:
         x = rng.poisson(lam)
         lam = xp.asarray(lam)
         x = xp.asarray(x, dtype=lam.dtype)
-        res = stats.chisquare(f_obs=x, f_exp=lam, ddof=-1, sum_check=False)
+        res = stats.chisquare(x, f_exp=lam, ddof=-1, sum_check=False)
         # Poisson is approximately normal with mean and variance lam
         z = (x - lam) / xp.sqrt(lam)
         statistic = xp.sum(z**2)
@@ -4494,93 +4452,6 @@ class TestChisquare:
         xp_assert_equal(res.pvalue, p)
 
 
-@skip_xp_invalid_arg
-class TestChisquareMA:
-    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings('ignore::DeprecationWarning')
-    def test_chisquare_masked_arrays(self):
-        # Test masked arrays.
-        obs = np.array([[8, 8, 16, 32, -1], [-1, -1, 3, 4, 5]]).T
-        mask = np.array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 1], [1, 1, 0, 0, 0]]).T
-        mobs = np.ma.masked_array(obs, mask)
-        expected_chisq = np.array([24.0, 0.5])
-        expected_g = np.array([2*(2*8*np.log(0.5) + 32*np.log(2.0)),
-                               2*(3*np.log(0.75) + 5*np.log(1.25))])
-
-        chi2 = stats.distributions.chi2
-
-        chisq, p = stats.chisquare(mobs)
-        mat.assert_array_equal(chisq, expected_chisq)
-        mat.assert_array_almost_equal(p, chi2.sf(expected_chisq,
-                                                 mobs.count(axis=0) - 1))
-
-        g, p = stats.power_divergence(mobs, lambda_='log-likelihood')
-        mat.assert_array_almost_equal(g, expected_g, decimal=15)
-        mat.assert_array_almost_equal(p, chi2.sf(expected_g,
-                                                 mobs.count(axis=0) - 1))
-
-        chisq, p = stats.chisquare(mobs.T, axis=1)
-        mat.assert_array_equal(chisq, expected_chisq)
-        mat.assert_array_almost_equal(p, chi2.sf(expected_chisq,
-                                                 mobs.T.count(axis=1) - 1))
-        g, p = stats.power_divergence(mobs.T, axis=1, lambda_="log-likelihood")
-        mat.assert_array_almost_equal(g, expected_g, decimal=15)
-        mat.assert_array_almost_equal(p, chi2.sf(expected_g,
-                                                 mobs.count(axis=0) - 1))
-
-        obs1 = np.ma.array([3, 5, 6, 99, 10], mask=[0, 0, 0, 1, 0])
-        exp1 = np.ma.array([2, 4, 8, 10, 99], mask=[0, 0, 0, 0, 1])
-        chi2, p = stats.chisquare(obs1, f_exp=exp1)
-        # Because of the mask at index 3 of obs1 and at index 4 of exp1,
-        # only the first three elements are included in the calculation
-        # of the statistic.
-        mat.assert_array_equal(chi2, 1/2 + 1/4 + 4/8)
-
-        # When axis=None, the two values should have type np.float64.
-        chisq, p = stats.chisquare(np.ma.array([1,2,3]), axis=None)
-        assert_(isinstance(chisq, np.float64))
-        assert_(isinstance(p, np.float64))
-        assert_equal(chisq, 1.0)
-        assert_almost_equal(p, stats.distributions.chi2.sf(1.0, 2))
-
-        # Empty arrays:
-        # A data set with length 0 returns a masked scalar.
-        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
-            with suppress_warnings() as sup:
-                sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "Mean of empty slice")
-                chisq, p = stats.chisquare(np.ma.array([]))
-        assert_(isinstance(chisq, np.ma.MaskedArray))
-        assert_equal(chisq.shape, ())
-        assert_(chisq.mask)
-
-        empty3 = np.ma.array([[],[],[]])
-
-        # empty3 is a collection of 0 data sets (whose lengths would be 3, if
-        # there were any), so the return value is an array with length 0.
-        chisq, p = stats.chisquare(empty3)
-        assert_(isinstance(chisq, np.ma.MaskedArray))
-        mat.assert_array_equal(chisq, [])
-
-        # empty3.T is an array containing 3 data sets, each with length 0,
-        # so an array of size (3,) is returned, with all values masked.
-        with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
-            with suppress_warnings() as sup:
-                sup.filter(RuntimeWarning, "Mean of empty slice")
-                chisq, p = stats.chisquare(empty3.T)
-
-        assert_(isinstance(chisq, np.ma.MaskedArray))
-        assert_equal(chisq.shape, (3,))
-        assert_(np.all(chisq.mask))
-
-    def test_deprecation_warning(self):
-        a = np.asarray([1., 2., 3.])
-        ma = np.ma.masked_array(a)
-        message = "`power_divergence` and `chisquare` support for masked..."
-        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match=message):
-            stats.chisquare(ma)
-        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match=message):
-            stats.chisquare(a, ma)
-
-
 def test_friedmanchisquare():
     # see ticket:113
     # verified with matlab and R
@@ -4939,9 +4810,9 @@ class TestKSTwoSamples:
 
     def test_gh11184(self):
         # 3000, 3001, exact two-sided
-        np.random.seed(123456)
-        x = np.random.normal(size=3000)
-        y = np.random.normal(size=3001) * 1.5
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(123456)
+        x = rng.normal(size=3000)
+        y = rng.normal(size=3001) * 1.5
         self._testOne(x, y, 'two-sided', 0.11292880151060758, 2.7755575615628914e-15,
                       mode='asymp')
         self._testOne(x, y, 'two-sided', 0.11292880151060758, 2.7755575615628914e-15,
@@ -4950,9 +4821,9 @@ class TestKSTwoSamples:
     @pytest.mark.xslow
     def test_gh11184_bigger(self):
         # 10000, 10001, exact two-sided
-        np.random.seed(123456)
-        x = np.random.normal(size=10000)
-        y = np.random.normal(size=10001) * 1.5
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(123456)
+        x = rng.normal(size=10000)
+        y = rng.normal(size=10001) * 1.5
         self._testOne(x, y, 'two-sided', 0.10597913208679133, 3.3149311398483503e-49,
                       mode='asymp')
         self._testOne(x, y, 'two-sided', 0.10597913208679133, 2.7755575615628914e-15,
@@ -4964,10 +4835,10 @@ class TestKSTwoSamples:
 
     @pytest.mark.xslow
     def test_gh12999(self):
-        np.random.seed(123456)
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(123456)
         for x in range(1000, 12000, 1000):
-            vals1 = np.random.normal(size=(x))
-            vals2 = np.random.normal(size=(x + 10), loc=0.5)
+            vals1 = rng.normal(size=(x))
+            vals2 = rng.normal(size=(x + 10), loc=0.5)
             exact = stats.ks_2samp(vals1, vals2, mode='exact').pvalue
             asymp = stats.ks_2samp(vals1, vals2, mode='asymp').pvalue
             # these two p-values should be in line with each other
@@ -5299,16 +5170,13 @@ def _desc_stats(x1, x2, axis=0, *, xp=None):
     return _stats(x1, axis) + _stats(x2, axis)
 
 
-@array_api_compatible
-@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(cpu_only=True,
-                              reason='Uses NumPy for pvalue, CI')
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.ttest_ind, stats.ttest_ind_from_stats)
 def test_ttest_ind(xp):
     # regression test
     tr = xp.asarray(1.0912746897927283)
     pr = xp.asarray(0.27647818616351882)
-    tr_2D = xp.asarray([tr, -tr])
-    pr_2D = xp.asarray([pr, pr])
+    tr_2D = xp.stack([tr, -tr])
+    pr_2D = xp.stack([pr, pr])
 
     rvs1 = xp.linspace(5, 105, 100)
     rvs2 = xp.linspace(1, 100, 100)
@@ -5496,6 +5364,7 @@ class Test_ttest_ind_permutations:
         (a, b, {'random_state': np.random.default_rng(0), "axis": 1}, p_d_gen),
         ]
 
+    @pytest.mark.thread_unsafe
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("a,b,update,p_d", params)
     def test_ttest_ind_permutations(self, a, b, update, p_d):
         options_a = {'axis': None, 'equal_var': False}
@@ -5510,10 +5379,10 @@ class Test_ttest_ind_permutations:
         assert_array_almost_equal(pvalue, p_d)
 
     def test_ttest_ind_exact_alternative(self):
-        np.random.seed(0)
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
         N = 3
-        a = np.random.rand(2, N, 2)
-        b = np.random.rand(2, N, 2)
+        a = rng.rand(2, N, 2)
+        b = rng.rand(2, N, 2)
 
         options_p = {'axis': 1, 'permutations': 1000}
 
@@ -5553,10 +5422,10 @@ class Test_ttest_ind_permutations:
 
     def test_ttest_ind_exact_selection(self):
         # test the various ways of activating the exact test
-        np.random.seed(0)
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
         N = 3
-        a = np.random.rand(N)
-        b = np.random.rand(N)
+        a = rng.rand(N)
+        b = rng.rand(N)
         res0 = stats.ttest_ind(a, b)
         res1 = stats.ttest_ind(a, b, permutations=1000)
         res2 = stats.ttest_ind(a, b, permutations=0)
@@ -5569,9 +5438,9 @@ class Test_ttest_ind_permutations:
         # the exact distribution of the test statistic should have
         # binom(na + nb, na) elements, all unique. This was not always true
         # in gh-4824; fixed by gh-13661.
-        np.random.seed(0)
-        a = np.random.rand(3)
-        b = np.random.rand(4)
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
+        a = rng.rand(3)
+        b = rng.rand(4)
 
         data = np.concatenate((a, b))
         na, nb = len(a), len(b)
@@ -5585,10 +5454,10 @@ class Test_ttest_ind_permutations:
         assert len(t_stat) == n_unique
 
     def test_ttest_ind_randperm_alternative(self):
-        np.random.seed(0)
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
         N = 50
-        a = np.random.rand(2, 3, N)
-        b = np.random.rand(3, N)
+        a = rng.rand(2, 3, N)
+        b = rng.rand(3, N)
         options_p = {'axis': -1, 'permutations': 1000, "random_state": 0}
 
         options_p.update(alternative="greater")
@@ -5615,10 +5484,10 @@ class Test_ttest_ind_permutations:
 
     @pytest.mark.slow()
     def test_ttest_ind_randperm_alternative2(self):
-        np.random.seed(0)
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
         N = 50
-        a = np.random.rand(N, 4)
-        b = np.random.rand(N, 4)
+        a = rng.rand(N, 4)
+        b = rng.rand(N, 4)
         options_p = {'permutations': 20000, "random_state": 0}
 
         options_p.update(alternative="greater")
@@ -5648,10 +5517,10 @@ class Test_ttest_ind_permutations:
                         res_2_ab.pvalue[mask], atol=2e-2)
 
     def test_ttest_ind_permutation_nanpolicy(self):
-        np.random.seed(0)
+        rng = np.random.RandomState(0)
         N = 50
-        a = np.random.rand(N, 5)
-        b = np.random.rand(N, 5)
+        a = rng.rand(N, 5)
+        b = rng.rand(N, 5)
         a[5, 1] = np.nan
         b[8, 2] = np.nan
         a[9, 3] = np.nan
@@ -5769,10 +5638,7 @@ class Test_ttest_ind_permutations:
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
             stats.ttest_ind([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], method='migratory')
 
-    @array_api_compatible
-    @pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(cpu_only=True,
-                                  reason='Uses NumPy for pvalue, CI')
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
+    @skip_xp_backends(cpu_only=True, reason='Uses NumPy for pvalue, CI')
     def test_permutation_not_implement_for_xp(self, xp):
         a2, b2 = xp.asarray(self.a2), xp.asarray(self.b2)
 
@@ -5845,8 +5711,9 @@ class Test_ttest_ind_common:
     def test_nans_on_axis(self, kwds, axis):
         # confirm that with `nan_policy='propagate'`, NaN results are returned
         # on the correct location
-        a = np.random.randint(10, size=(5, 3, 10)).astype('float')
-        b = np.random.randint(10, size=(5, 3, 10)).astype('float')
+        rng = np.random.default_rng(363836384995579937222)
+        a = rng.integers(10, size=(5, 3, 10)).astype('float')
+        b = rng.integers(10, size=(5, 3, 10)).astype('float')
         # set some indices in `a` and `b` to be `np.nan`.
         a[0][2][3] = np.nan
         b[2][0][6] = np.nan
@@ -5998,10 +5865,7 @@ class Test_ttest_trim:
                 stats.ttest_ind([1, 2], [2, 3], trim=.2, permutations=2,
                                 random_state=2)
 
-    @array_api_compatible
-    @pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(cpu_only=True,
-                                  reason='Uses NumPy for pvalue, CI')
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
+    @skip_xp_backends(cpu_only=True, reason='Uses NumPy for pvalue, CI')
     def test_permutation_not_implement_for_xp(self, xp):
         message = "Use of `trim` is compatible only with NumPy arrays."
         a, b = xp.arange(10), xp.arange(10)+1
@@ -6018,10 +5882,7 @@ class Test_ttest_trim:
             stats.ttest_ind([1, 2], [2, 1], trim=trim)
 
 
-@array_api_compatible
-@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(cpu_only=True,
-                              reason='Uses NumPy for pvalue, CI')
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.ttest_ind)
 class Test_ttest_CI:
     # indices in order [alternative={two-sided, less, greater},
     #                   equal_var={False, True}, trim={0, 0.2}]
@@ -6068,6 +5929,7 @@ class Test_ttest_CI:
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('alternative', ['two-sided', 'less', 'greater'])
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('equal_var', [False, True])
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('trim', [0, 0.2])
+    @skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy', reason='Generic stdtrit mutates array.')
     def test_confidence_interval(self, alternative, equal_var, trim, xp):
         if equal_var and trim:
             pytest.xfail('Discrepancy in `main`; needs further investigation.')
@@ -6115,234 +5977,220 @@ def test__broadcast_concatenate():
             assert b[i, j, k, l - a.shape[-3], m, n] == c[i, j, k, l, m, n]
 
 
-@array_api_compatible
-@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(cpu_only=True,
-                              reason='Uses NumPy for pvalue, CI')
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-def test_ttest_ind_with_uneq_var(xp):
-    # check vs. R `t.test`, e.g.
-    # options(digits=20)
-    # a = c(1., 2., 3.)
-    # b = c(1.1, 2.9, 4.2)
-    # t.test(a, b, equal.var=FALSE)
-
-    a = xp.asarray([1., 2., 3.])
-    b = xp.asarray([1.1, 2.9, 4.2])
-    pr = xp.asarray(0.53619490753126686)
-    tr = xp.asarray(-0.686495127355726265)
-
-    t, p = stats.ttest_ind(a, b, equal_var=False)
-    xp_assert_close(t, tr)
-    xp_assert_close(p, pr)
-
-    t, p = stats.ttest_ind_from_stats(*_desc_stats(a, b), equal_var=False)
-    xp_assert_close(t, tr)
-    xp_assert_close(p, pr)
-
-    a = xp.asarray([1., 2., 3., 4.])
-    pr = xp.asarray(0.84354139131608252)
-    tr = xp.asarray(-0.210866331595072315)
-
-    t, p = stats.ttest_ind(a, b, equal_var=False)
-    xp_assert_close(t, tr)
-    xp_assert_close(p, pr)
-
-    t, p = stats.ttest_ind_from_stats(*_desc_stats(a, b), equal_var=False)
-    xp_assert_close(t, tr)
-    xp_assert_close(p, pr)
-
-    # regression test
-    tr = xp.asarray(1.0912746897927283)
-    tr_uneq_n = xp.asarray(0.66745638708050492)
-    pr = xp.asarray(0.27647831993021388)
-    pr_uneq_n = xp.asarray(0.50873585065616544)
-    tr_2D = xp.asarray([tr, -tr])
-    pr_2D = xp.asarray([pr, pr])
-
-    rvs3 = xp.linspace(1, 100, 25)
-    rvs2 = xp.linspace(1, 100, 100)
-    rvs1 = xp.linspace(5, 105, 100)
-    rvs1_2D = xp.stack([rvs1, rvs2])
-    rvs2_2D = xp.stack([rvs2, rvs1])
-
-    t, p = stats.ttest_ind(rvs1, rvs2, axis=0, equal_var=False)
-    xp_assert_close(t, tr)
-    xp_assert_close(p, pr)
-
-    t, p = stats.ttest_ind_from_stats(*_desc_stats(rvs1, rvs2), equal_var=False)
-    xp_assert_close(t, tr)
-    xp_assert_close(p, pr)
-
-    t, p = stats.ttest_ind(rvs1, rvs3, axis=0, equal_var=False)
-    xp_assert_close(t, tr_uneq_n)
-    xp_assert_close(p, pr_uneq_n)
-
-    t, p = stats.ttest_ind_from_stats(*_desc_stats(rvs1, rvs3), equal_var=False)
-    xp_assert_close(t, tr_uneq_n)
-    xp_assert_close(p, pr_uneq_n)
-
-    res = stats.ttest_ind(rvs1_2D.T, rvs2_2D.T, axis=0, equal_var=False)
-    xp_assert_close(res.statistic, tr_2D)
-    xp_assert_close(res.pvalue, pr_2D)
-
-    args = _desc_stats(rvs1_2D.T, rvs2_2D.T)
-    res = stats.ttest_ind_from_stats(*args, equal_var=False)
-    xp_assert_close(res.statistic, tr_2D)
-    xp_assert_close(res.pvalue, pr_2D)
-
-    res = stats.ttest_ind(rvs1_2D, rvs2_2D, axis=1, equal_var=False)
-    xp_assert_close(res.statistic, tr_2D)
-    xp_assert_close(res.pvalue, pr_2D)
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.ttest_ind)
+class TestTTestInd:
+    @make_xp_test_case(stats.ttest_ind_from_stats)
+    def test_ttest_ind_with_uneq_var(self, xp):
+        # check vs. R `t.test`, e.g.
+        # options(digits=20)
+        # a = c(1., 2., 3.)
+        # b = c(1.1, 2.9, 4.2)
+        # t.test(a, b, equal.var=FALSE)
+
+        a = xp.asarray([1., 2., 3.])
+        b = xp.asarray([1.1, 2.9, 4.2])
+        pr = xp.asarray(0.53619490753126686)
+        tr = xp.asarray(-0.686495127355726265)
+
+        t, p = stats.ttest_ind(a, b, equal_var=False)
+        xp_assert_close(t, tr)
+        xp_assert_close(p, pr)
+
+        t, p = stats.ttest_ind_from_stats(*_desc_stats(a, b), equal_var=False)
+        xp_assert_close(t, tr)
+        xp_assert_close(p, pr)
+
+        a = xp.asarray([1., 2., 3., 4.])
+        pr = xp.asarray(0.84354139131608252)
+        tr = xp.asarray(-0.210866331595072315)
+
+        t, p = stats.ttest_ind(a, b, equal_var=False)
+        xp_assert_close(t, tr)
+        xp_assert_close(p, pr)
+
+        t, p = stats.ttest_ind_from_stats(*_desc_stats(a, b), equal_var=False)
+        xp_assert_close(t, tr)
+        xp_assert_close(p, pr)
+
+        # regression test
+        tr = xp.asarray(1.0912746897927283)
+        tr_uneq_n = xp.asarray(0.66745638708050492)
+        pr = xp.asarray(0.27647831993021388)
+        pr_uneq_n = xp.asarray(0.50873585065616544)
+        tr_2D = xp.stack([tr, -tr])
+        pr_2D = xp.stack([pr, pr])
+
+        rvs3 = xp.linspace(1, 100, 25)
+        rvs2 = xp.linspace(1, 100, 100)
+        rvs1 = xp.linspace(5, 105, 100)
+        rvs1_2D = xp.stack([rvs1, rvs2])
+        rvs2_2D = xp.stack([rvs2, rvs1])
+
+        t, p = stats.ttest_ind(rvs1, rvs2, axis=0, equal_var=False)
+        xp_assert_close(t, tr)
+        xp_assert_close(p, pr)
+
+        t, p = stats.ttest_ind_from_stats(*_desc_stats(rvs1, rvs2), equal_var=False)
+        xp_assert_close(t, tr)
+        xp_assert_close(p, pr)
+
+        t, p = stats.ttest_ind(rvs1, rvs3, axis=0, equal_var=False)
+        xp_assert_close(t, tr_uneq_n)
+        xp_assert_close(p, pr_uneq_n)
+
+        t, p = stats.ttest_ind_from_stats(*_desc_stats(rvs1, rvs3), equal_var=False)
+        xp_assert_close(t, tr_uneq_n)
+        xp_assert_close(p, pr_uneq_n)
+
+        res = stats.ttest_ind(rvs1_2D.T, rvs2_2D.T, axis=0, equal_var=False)
+        xp_assert_close(res.statistic, tr_2D)
+        xp_assert_close(res.pvalue, pr_2D)
+
+        args = _desc_stats(rvs1_2D.T, rvs2_2D.T)
+        res = stats.ttest_ind_from_stats(*args, equal_var=False)
+        xp_assert_close(res.statistic, tr_2D)
+        xp_assert_close(res.pvalue, pr_2D)
+
+        res = stats.ttest_ind(rvs1_2D, rvs2_2D, axis=1, equal_var=False)
+        xp_assert_close(res.statistic, tr_2D)
+        xp_assert_close(res.pvalue, pr_2D)
+
+        args = _desc_stats(rvs1_2D, rvs2_2D, axis=1)
+        res = stats.ttest_ind_from_stats(*args, equal_var=False)
+        xp_assert_close(res.statistic, tr_2D)
+        xp_assert_close(res.pvalue, pr_2D)
+
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings(
+        "ignore:divide by zero encountered:RuntimeWarning"
+    ) # for dask
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings(
+        "ignore:invalid value encountered:RuntimeWarning"
+    ) # for dask
+    def test_ttest_ind_zero_division(self, xp):
+        # test zero division problem
+        x = xp.zeros(3)
+        y = xp.ones(3)
+
+        with eager_warns(x, RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred"):
+            t, p = stats.ttest_ind(x, y, equal_var=False)
+
+        xp_assert_equal(t, xp.asarray(-xp.inf))
+        xp_assert_equal(p, xp.asarray(0.))
 
-    args = _desc_stats(rvs1_2D, rvs2_2D, axis=1)
-    res = stats.ttest_ind_from_stats(*args, equal_var=False)
-    xp_assert_close(res.statistic, tr_2D)
-    xp_assert_close(res.pvalue, pr_2D)
-
-
-@array_api_compatible
-@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(cpu_only=True,
-                              reason='Uses NumPy for pvalue, CI')
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-def test_ttest_ind_zero_division(xp):
-    # test zero division problem
-    x = xp.zeros(3)
-    y = xp.ones(3)
-    with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="Precision loss occurred"):
-        t, p = stats.ttest_ind(x, y, equal_var=False)
-    xp_assert_equal(t, xp.asarray(-xp.inf))
-    xp_assert_equal(p, xp.asarray(0.))
-
-    with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
-        t, p = stats.ttest_ind(x, x, equal_var=False)
-        xp_assert_equal(t, xp.asarray(xp.nan))
-        xp_assert_equal(p, xp.asarray(xp.nan))
-
-        # check that nan in input array result in nan output
-        anan = xp.asarray([[1, xp.nan], [-1, 1]])
-        t, p = stats.ttest_ind(anan, xp.zeros((2, 2)), equal_var=False)
-        xp_assert_equal(t, xp.asarray([0., np.nan]))
-        xp_assert_equal(p, xp.asarray([1., np.nan]))
-
-
-def test_ttest_ind_nan_2nd_arg():
-    # regression test for gh-6134: nans in the second arg were not handled
-    x = [np.nan, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]
-    y = [1.0, 2.0, 1.0, 2.0]
-
-    r1 = stats.ttest_ind(x, y, nan_policy='omit')
-    r2 = stats.ttest_ind(y, x, nan_policy='omit')
-    assert_allclose(r2.statistic, -r1.statistic, atol=1e-15)
-    assert_allclose(r2.pvalue, r1.pvalue, atol=1e-15)
-
-    # NB: arguments are not paired when NaNs are dropped
-    r3 = stats.ttest_ind(y, x[1:])
-    assert_allclose(r2, r3, atol=1e-15)
-
-    # .. and this is consistent with R. R code:
-    # x = c(NA, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0)
-    # y = c(1.0, 2.0, 1.0, 2.0)
-    # t.test(x, y, var.equal=TRUE)
-    assert_allclose(r2, (-2.5354627641855498, 0.052181400457057901),
-                    atol=1e-15)
-
-
-@array_api_compatible
-def test_ttest_ind_empty_1d_returns_nan(xp):
-    # Two empty inputs should return a TtestResult containing nan
-    # for both values.
-    if is_numpy(xp):
-        with pytest.warns(SmallSampleWarning, match=too_small_1d_not_omit):
+        with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
+            t, p = stats.ttest_ind(x, x, equal_var=False)
+            xp_assert_equal(t, xp.asarray(xp.nan))
+            xp_assert_equal(p, xp.asarray(xp.nan))
+
+            # check that nan in input array result in nan output
+            anan = xp.asarray([[1, xp.nan], [-1, 1]])
+            t, p = stats.ttest_ind(anan, xp.zeros((2, 2)), equal_var=False)
+            xp_assert_equal(t, xp.asarray([0., np.nan]))
+            xp_assert_equal(p, xp.asarray([1., np.nan]))
+
+    def test_ttest_ind_nan_2nd_arg(self):
+        # regression test for gh-6134: nans in the second arg were not handled
+        x = [np.nan, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]
+        y = [1.0, 2.0, 1.0, 2.0]
+
+        r1 = stats.ttest_ind(x, y, nan_policy='omit')
+        r2 = stats.ttest_ind(y, x, nan_policy='omit')
+        assert_allclose(r2.statistic, -r1.statistic, atol=1e-15)
+        assert_allclose(r2.pvalue, r1.pvalue, atol=1e-15)
+
+        # NB: arguments are not paired when NaNs are dropped
+        r3 = stats.ttest_ind(y, x[1:])
+        assert_allclose(r2, r3, atol=1e-15)
+
+        # .. and this is consistent with R. R code:
+        # x = c(NA, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0)
+        # y = c(1.0, 2.0, 1.0, 2.0)
+        # t.test(x, y, var.equal=TRUE)
+        assert_allclose(r2, (-2.5354627641855498, 0.052181400457057901),
+                        atol=1e-15)
+
+    def test_ttest_ind_empty_1d_returns_nan(self, xp):
+        # Two empty inputs should return a TtestResult containing nan
+        # for both values.
+        if is_numpy(xp):
+            with pytest.warns(SmallSampleWarning, match=too_small_1d_not_omit):
+                res = stats.ttest_ind(xp.asarray([]), xp.asarray([]))
+        else:
             res = stats.ttest_ind(xp.asarray([]), xp.asarray([]))
-    else:
-        res = stats.ttest_ind(xp.asarray([]), xp.asarray([]))
-    assert isinstance(res, stats._stats_py.TtestResult)
-    NaN = xp.asarray(xp.nan)[()]
-    xp_assert_equal(res.statistic, NaN)
-    xp_assert_equal(res.pvalue, NaN)
-
-
-@skip_xp_backends('cupy', reason='cupy/cupy#8391')
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-@array_api_compatible
-@pytest.mark.parametrize('b, expected_shape',
-                         [(np.empty((1, 5, 0)), (3, 5)),
-                          (np.empty((1, 0, 0)), (3, 0))])
-def test_ttest_ind_axis_size_zero(b, expected_shape, xp):
-    # In this test, the length of the axis dimension is zero.
-    # The results should be arrays containing nan with shape
-    # given by the broadcast nonaxis dimensions.
-    a = xp.empty((3, 1, 0))
-    b = xp.asarray(b)
-    with np.testing.suppress_warnings() as sup:
-        # first case should warn, second shouldn't?
-        sup.filter(SmallSampleWarning, too_small_nd_not_omit)
-        res = stats.ttest_ind(a, b, axis=-1)
-    assert isinstance(res, stats._stats_py.TtestResult)
-    expected_value = xp.full(expected_shape, fill_value=xp.nan)
-    xp_assert_equal(res.statistic, expected_value)
-    xp_assert_equal(res.pvalue, expected_value)
-
-
-@array_api_compatible
-def test_ttest_ind_nonaxis_size_zero(xp):
-    # In this test, the length of the axis dimension is nonzero,
-    # but one of the nonaxis dimensions has length 0.  Check that
-    # we still get the correctly broadcast shape, which is (5, 0)
-    # in this case.
-    a = xp.empty((1, 8, 0))
-    b = xp.empty((5, 8, 1))
-    res = stats.ttest_ind(a, b, axis=1)
-    assert isinstance(res, stats._stats_py.TtestResult)
-    assert res.statistic.shape ==(5, 0)
-    assert res.pvalue.shape == (5, 0)
-
-
-@array_api_compatible
-def test_ttest_ind_nonaxis_size_zero_different_lengths(xp):
-    # In this test, the length of the axis dimension is nonzero,
-    # and that size is different in the two inputs,
-    # and one of the nonaxis dimensions has length 0.  Check that
-    # we still get the correctly broadcast shape, which is (5, 0)
-    # in this case.
-    a = xp.empty((1, 7, 0))
-    b = xp.empty((5, 8, 1))
-    res = stats.ttest_ind(a, b, axis=1)
-    assert isinstance(res, stats._stats_py.TtestResult)
-    assert res.statistic.shape ==(5, 0)
-    assert res.pvalue.shape == (5, 0)
-
-
-@array_api_compatible
-@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(np_only=True,
-                              reason="Other backends don't like integers")
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-def test_gh5686(xp):
-    mean1, mean2 = xp.asarray([1, 2]), xp.asarray([3, 4])
-    std1, std2 = xp.asarray([5, 3]), xp.asarray([4, 5])
-    nobs1, nobs2 = xp.asarray([130, 140]), xp.asarray([100, 150])
-    # This will raise a TypeError unless gh-5686 is fixed.
-    stats.ttest_ind_from_stats(mean1, std1, nobs1, mean2, std2, nobs2)
-
-
-@array_api_compatible
-@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(cpu_only=True,
-                              reason='Uses NumPy for pvalue, CI')
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-def test_ttest_ind_from_stats_inputs_zero(xp):
-    # Regression test for gh-6409.
-    zero = xp.asarray(0.)
-    six = xp.asarray(6.)
-    NaN = xp.asarray(xp.nan)
-    res = stats.ttest_ind_from_stats(zero, zero, six, zero, zero, six, equal_var=False)
-    xp_assert_equal(res.statistic, NaN)
-    xp_assert_equal(res.pvalue, NaN)
-
-
-@array_api_compatible
-@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(cpu_only=True,
-                              reason='Uses NumPy for pvalue, CI')
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
+        assert isinstance(res, stats._stats_py.TtestResult)
+        NaN = xp.asarray(xp.nan)[()]
+        xp_assert_equal(res.statistic, NaN)
+        xp_assert_equal(res.pvalue, NaN)
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('b, expected_shape',
+                            [(np.empty((1, 5, 0)), (3, 5)),
+                            (np.empty((1, 0, 0)), (3, 0))])
+    def test_ttest_ind_axis_size_zero(self, b, expected_shape, xp):
+        # In this test, the length of the axis dimension is zero.
+        # The results should be arrays containing nan with shape
+        # given by the broadcast nonaxis dimensions.
+        a = xp.empty((3, 1, 0))
+        b = xp.asarray(b, dtype=a.dtype)
+        with np.testing.suppress_warnings() as sup:
+            # first case should warn, second shouldn't?
+            sup.filter(SmallSampleWarning, too_small_nd_not_omit)
+            res = stats.ttest_ind(a, b, axis=-1)
+        assert isinstance(res, stats._stats_py.TtestResult)
+        expected_value = xp.full(expected_shape, fill_value=xp.nan)
+        xp_assert_equal(res.statistic, expected_value)
+        xp_assert_equal(res.pvalue, expected_value)
+
+    def test_ttest_ind_nonaxis_size_zero(self, xp):
+        # In this test, the length of the axis dimension is nonzero,
+        # but one of the nonaxis dimensions has length 0.  Check that
+        # we still get the correctly broadcast shape, which is (5, 0)
+        # in this case.
+        a = xp.empty((1, 8, 0))
+        b = xp.empty((5, 8, 1))
+        res = stats.ttest_ind(a, b, axis=1)
+        assert isinstance(res, stats._stats_py.TtestResult)
+        assert res.statistic.shape ==(5, 0)
+        assert res.pvalue.shape == (5, 0)
+
+    def test_ttest_ind_nonaxis_size_zero_different_lengths(self, xp):
+        # In this test, the length of the axis dimension is nonzero,
+        # and that size is different in the two inputs,
+        # and one of the nonaxis dimensions has length 0.  Check that
+        # we still get the correctly broadcast shape, which is (5, 0)
+        # in this case.
+        a = xp.empty((1, 7, 0))
+        b = xp.empty((5, 8, 1))
+        res = stats.ttest_ind(a, b, axis=1)
+        assert isinstance(res, stats._stats_py.TtestResult)
+        assert res.statistic.shape ==(5, 0)
+        assert res.pvalue.shape == (5, 0)
+
+
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.ttest_ind_from_stats)
+class TestTTestIndFromStats:
+    @pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(np_only=True,
+                                reason="Other backends don't like integers")
+    def test_gh5686(self, xp):
+        mean1, mean2 = xp.asarray([1, 2]), xp.asarray([3, 4])
+        std1, std2 = xp.asarray([5, 3]), xp.asarray([4, 5])
+        nobs1, nobs2 = xp.asarray([130, 140]), xp.asarray([100, 150])
+        # This will raise a TypeError unless gh-5686 is fixed.
+        stats.ttest_ind_from_stats(mean1, std1, nobs1, mean2, std2, nobs2)
+
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:invalid value encountered:RuntimeWarning")
+    def test_ttest_ind_from_stats_inputs_zero(self, xp):
+        # Regression test for gh-6409.
+        zero = xp.asarray(0.)
+        six = xp.asarray(6.)
+        NaN = xp.asarray(xp.nan)
+        res = stats.ttest_ind_from_stats(zero, zero, six, zero, zero, six,
+                                         equal_var=False)
+        xp_assert_equal(res.statistic, NaN)
+        xp_assert_equal(res.pvalue, NaN)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(cpu_only=True, reason='Test uses ks_1samp')
+@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:invalid value encountered:RuntimeWarning")
 def test_ttest_uniform_pvalues(xp):
     # test that p-values are uniformly distributed under the null hypothesis
     rng = np.random.default_rng(246834602926842)
@@ -6366,7 +6214,7 @@ def test_ttest_uniform_pvalues(xp):
     x, y = xp.asarray([2, 3, 5]), xp.asarray([1.5])
 
     res = stats.ttest_ind(x, y, equal_var=True)
-    rtol = 1e-6 if is_torch(xp) else 1e-10
+    rtol = 1e-6 if xp_default_dtype(xp) == xp.float32 else 1e-10
     xp_assert_close(res.statistic, xp.asarray(1.0394023007754), rtol=rtol)
     xp_assert_close(res.pvalue, xp.asarray(0.407779907736), rtol=rtol)
 
@@ -6381,10 +6229,9 @@ def _convert_pvalue_alternative(t, p, alt, xp):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.slow
-@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(cpu_only=True,
-                              reason='Uses NumPy for pvalue, CI')
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-@array_api_compatible
+@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:divide by zero encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
+@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:invalid value encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.ttest_1samp)
 def test_ttest_1samp_new(xp):
     n1, n2, n3 = (10, 15, 20)
     rvn1 = stats.norm.rvs(loc=5, scale=10, size=(n1, n2, n3))
@@ -6445,10 +6292,7 @@ def test_ttest_1samp_new(xp):
         xp_assert_equal(res.pvalue, xp.asarray([1., xp.nan]))
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(np_only=True,
-                              reason="Only NumPy has nan_policy='omit' for now")
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-@array_api_compatible
+@skip_xp_backends(np_only=True, reason="Only NumPy has nan_policy='omit' for now")
 def test_ttest_1samp_new_omit(xp):
     n1, n2, n3 = (5, 10, 15)
     rvn1 = stats.norm.rvs(loc=5, scale=10, size=(n1, n2, n3))
@@ -6471,10 +6315,8 @@ def test_ttest_1samp_new_omit(xp):
     xp_assert_close(t, tr)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(cpu_only=True,
-                              reason='Uses NumPy for pvalue, CI')
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-@array_api_compatible
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.ttest_1samp)
+@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy', reason='Generic stdtrit mutates array.')
 def test_ttest_1samp_popmean_array(xp):
     # when popmean.shape[axis] != 1, raise an error
     # if the user wants to test multiple null hypotheses simultaneously,
@@ -6492,10 +6334,9 @@ def test_ttest_1samp_popmean_array(xp):
     res = stats.ttest_1samp(x, popmean=popmean, axis=-2)
     assert res.statistic.shape == (5, 20)
 
-    xp_test = array_namespace(x)  # torch needs expand_dims
     l, u = res.confidence_interval()
-    l = xp_test.expand_dims(l, axis=-2)
-    u = xp_test.expand_dims(u, axis=-2)
+    l = xp.expand_dims(l, axis=-2)
+    u = xp.expand_dims(u, axis=-2)
 
     res = stats.ttest_1samp(x, popmean=l, axis=-2)
     ref = xp.broadcast_to(xp.asarray(0.05, dtype=xp.float64), res.pvalue.shape)
@@ -6505,8 +6346,9 @@ def test_ttest_1samp_popmean_array(xp):
     xp_assert_close(res.pvalue, ref)
 
 
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.describe)
 class TestDescribe:
-    @array_api_compatible
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:invalid value encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
     def test_describe_scalar(self, xp):
         with suppress_warnings() as sup, \
               np.errstate(invalid="ignore", divide="ignore"):
@@ -6520,12 +6362,8 @@ class TestDescribe:
         xp_assert_equal(sk, xp.asarray(xp.nan))
         xp_assert_equal(kurt, xp.asarray(xp.nan))
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('cupy', reason='cupy/cupy#8391')
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-    @array_api_compatible
     def test_describe_numbers(self, xp):
-        xp_test = array_namespace(xp.asarray(1.))  # numpy needs `concat`
-        x = xp_test.concat((xp.ones((3, 4)), xp.full((2, 4), 2.)))
+        x = xp.concat((xp.ones((3, 4)), xp.full((2, 4), 2.)))
         nc = 5
         mmc = (xp.asarray([1., 1., 1., 1.]), xp.asarray([2., 2., 2., 2.]))
         mc = xp.asarray([1.4, 1.4, 1.4, 1.4])
@@ -6567,14 +6405,16 @@ class TestDescribe:
         assert_array_almost_equal(sk, skc)
         assert_array_almost_equal(kurt, kurtc, decimal=13)
 
-    @array_api_compatible
     def test_describe_nan_policy_other(self, xp):
         x = xp.arange(10.)
-        x = xp.where(x==9, xp.asarray(xp.nan), x)
+        x = xp.where(x==9, xp.nan, x)
 
-        message = 'The input contains nan values'
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
-            stats.describe(x, nan_policy='raise')
+        if is_lazy_array(x):
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='not supported for lazy arrays'):
+                stats.describe(x, nan_policy='raise')
+        else:
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='The input contains nan values'):
+                stats.describe(x, nan_policy='raise')
 
         n, mm, m, v, sk, kurt = stats.describe(x, nan_policy='propagate')
         ref = xp.asarray(xp.nan)[()]
@@ -6588,8 +6428,11 @@ class TestDescribe:
 
         if is_numpy(xp):
             self.describe_nan_policy_omit_test()
+        elif is_lazy_array(x):
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='not supported for lazy arrays'):
+                stats.describe(x, nan_policy='omit')
         else:
-            message = "`nan_policy='omit' is incompatible with non-NumPy arrays."
+            message = "nan_policy='omit' is incompatible with non-NumPy arrays."
             with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
                 stats.describe(x, nan_policy='omit')
 
@@ -6604,12 +6447,8 @@ class TestDescribe:
         attributes = ('nobs', 'minmax', 'mean', 'variance', 'skewness', 'kurtosis')
         check_named_results(actual, attributes)
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('cupy', reason='cupy/cupy#8391')
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-    @array_api_compatible
     def test_describe_ddof(self, xp):
-        xp_test = array_namespace(xp.asarray(1.))  # numpy needs `concat`
-        x = xp_test.concat((xp.ones((3, 4)), xp.full((2, 4), 2.)))
+        x = xp.concat((xp.ones((3, 4)), xp.full((2, 4), 2.)))
         nc = 5
         mmc = (xp.asarray([1., 1., 1., 1.]), xp.asarray([2., 2., 2., 2.]))
         mc = xp.asarray([1.4, 1.4, 1.4, 1.4])
@@ -6625,12 +6464,8 @@ class TestDescribe:
         xp_assert_close(sk, skc)
         xp_assert_close(kurt, kurtc)
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('cupy', reason='cupy/cupy#8391')
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-    @array_api_compatible
     def test_describe_axis_none(self, xp):
-        xp_test = array_namespace(xp.asarray(1.))  # numpy needs `concat`
-        x = xp_test.concat((xp.ones((3, 4)), xp.full((2, 4), 2.)))
+        x = xp.concat((xp.ones((3, 4)), xp.full((2, 4), 2.)))
 
         # expected values
         nc = 20
@@ -6651,32 +6486,14 @@ class TestDescribe:
         xp_assert_close(sk, skc)
         xp_assert_close(kurt, kurtc)
 
-    @array_api_compatible
     def test_describe_empty(self, xp):
         message = "The input must not be empty."
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
             stats.describe(xp.asarray([]))
 
 
-@array_api_compatible
 class NormalityTests:
-    def test_too_small(self, xp):
-        # 1D sample has too few observations -> warning/error
-        test_fun = getattr(stats, self.test_name)
-        x = xp.asarray(4.)
-        if is_numpy(xp):
-            with pytest.warns(SmallSampleWarning, match=too_small_1d_not_omit):
-                res = test_fun(x)
-                NaN = xp.asarray(xp.nan)
-                xp_assert_equal(res.statistic, NaN)
-                xp_assert_equal(res.pvalue, NaN)
-        else:
-            message = "...requires at least..."
-            with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
-                test_fun(x)
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('cupy', reason='cupy/cupy#8391')
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("alternative", ['two-sided', 'less', 'greater'])
     def test_against_R(self, alternative, xp):
         # testa against R `dagoTest` from package `fBasics`
@@ -6708,8 +6525,6 @@ class NormalityTests:
         xp_assert_close(res_pvalue, ref_pvalue)
         check_named_results(res, ('statistic', 'pvalue'), xp=xp)
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('cupy', reason='cupy/cupy#8391')
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
     def test_nan(self, xp):
         # nan in input -> nan output (default nan_policy='propagate')
         test_fun = getattr(stats, self.test_name)
@@ -6721,6 +6536,8 @@ class NormalityTests:
             xp_assert_equal(res.statistic, NaN)
             xp_assert_equal(res.pvalue, NaN)
 
+
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.skewtest)
 class TestSkewTest(NormalityTests):
     test_name = 'skewtest'
     case_ref = (1.98078826090875881, 0.04761502382843208)  # statistic, pvalue
@@ -6734,28 +6551,25 @@ class TestSkewTest(NormalityTests):
 
     def test_skewtest_too_few_observations(self, xp):
         # Regression test for ticket #1492.
-        # skewtest requires at least 8 observations; 7 should raise a ValueError.
+        # skewtest requires at least 8 observations; 7 should warn and return NaN.
         stats.skewtest(xp.arange(8.0))
 
         x = xp.arange(7.0)
-        if is_numpy(xp):
-            with pytest.warns(SmallSampleWarning, match=too_small_1d_not_omit):
-                res = stats.skewtest(x)
-                NaN = xp.asarray(xp.nan)
-                xp_assert_equal(res.statistic, NaN)
-                xp_assert_equal(res.pvalue, NaN)
-        else:
-            message = "`skewtest` requires at least 8 observations"
-            with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
-                stats.skewtest(x)
 
+        message = (too_small_1d_not_omit if is_numpy(xp)
+                   else "`skewtest` requires at least 8 valid observations")
+        with pytest.warns(SmallSampleWarning, match=message):
+            res = stats.skewtest(x)
+            NaN = xp.asarray(xp.nan)
+            xp_assert_equal(res.statistic, NaN)
+            xp_assert_equal(res.pvalue, NaN)
 
+
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.kurtosistest)
 class TestKurtosisTest(NormalityTests):
     test_name = 'kurtosistest'
     case_ref = (-0.01403734404759738, 0.98880018772590561)  # statistic, pvalue
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('cupy', reason='cupy/cupy#8391')
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
     def test_intuitive(self, xp):
         # intuitive tests; see gh-13549. excess kurtosis of laplace is 3 > 0
         a2 = stats.laplace.rvs(size=10000, random_state=123)
@@ -6763,8 +6577,6 @@ class TestKurtosisTest(NormalityTests):
         pval = stats.kurtosistest(a2_xp, alternative='greater').pvalue
         xp_assert_close(pval, xp.asarray(0.0, dtype=a2_xp.dtype), atol=1e-15)
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('cupy', reason='cupy/cupy#8391')
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
     def test_gh9033_regression(self, xp):
         # regression test for issue gh-9033: x clearly non-normal but power of
         # negative denom needs to be handled correctly to reject normality
@@ -6773,37 +6585,36 @@ class TestKurtosisTest(NormalityTests):
         x = xp.asarray(x, dtype=xp.float64)
         assert stats.kurtosistest(x)[1] < 0.01
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('cupy', reason='cupy/cupy#8391')
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
     def test_kurtosistest_too_few_observations(self, xp):
-        # kurtosistest requires at least 5 observations; 4 should raise a ValueError.
-        # At least 20 are needed to avoid warning
+        # kurtosistest requires at least 5 observations; 4 should warn and return NaN.
         # Regression test for ticket #1425.
-        stats.kurtosistest(xp.arange(20.0))
-
-        message = "`kurtosistest` p-value may be inaccurate..."
-        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match=message):
-            stats.kurtosistest(xp.arange(5.0))
-        with pytest.warns(UserWarning, match=message):
-            stats.kurtosistest(xp.arange(19.0))
+        stats.kurtosistest(xp.arange(5.0))
 
-        x = xp.arange(4.0)
-        if is_numpy(xp):
-            with pytest.warns(SmallSampleWarning, match=too_small_1d_not_omit):
-                res = stats.skewtest(x)
-                NaN = xp.asarray(xp.nan)
-                xp_assert_equal(res.statistic, NaN)
-                xp_assert_equal(res.pvalue, NaN)
-        else:
-            message = "`kurtosistest` requires at least 5 observations"
-            with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
-                stats.kurtosistest(x)
+        message = (too_small_1d_not_omit if is_numpy(xp)
+                   else "`kurtosistest` requires at least 5 valid")
+        with pytest.warns(SmallSampleWarning, match=message):
+            res = stats.kurtosistest(xp.arange(4.))
+            NaN = xp.asarray(xp.nan)
+            xp_assert_equal(res.statistic, NaN)
+            xp_assert_equal(res.pvalue, NaN)
 
 
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.normaltest)
 class TestNormalTest(NormalityTests):
     test_name = 'normaltest'
     case_ref = (3.92371918158185551, 0.14059672529747502)  # statistic, pvalue
 
+    def test_too_few_observations(self, xp):
+        stats.normaltest(xp.arange(8.))
+
+        # 1D sample has too few observations -> warning / NaN output
+        # specific warning messages tested for `skewtest`/`kurtosistest`
+        with pytest.warns(SmallSampleWarning):
+            res = stats.normaltest(xp.arange(7.))
+            NaN = xp.asarray(xp.nan)
+            xp_assert_equal(res.statistic, NaN)
+            xp_assert_equal(res.pvalue, NaN)
+
 
 class TestRankSums:
 
@@ -6828,7 +6639,7 @@ class TestRankSums:
             stats.ranksums(self.x, self.y, alternative='foobar')
 
 
-@array_api_compatible
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.jarque_bera)
 class TestJarqueBera:
     def test_jarque_bera_against_R(self, xp):
         # library(tseries)
@@ -6844,8 +6655,7 @@ class TestJarqueBera:
         xp_assert_close(res.pvalue, ref[1])
 
     @skip_xp_backends(np_only=True)
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-    def test_jarque_bera_array_like(self):
+    def test_jarque_bera_array_like(self, xp):
         # array-like only relevant for NumPy
         np.random.seed(987654321)
         x = np.random.normal(0, 1, 100000)
@@ -6857,18 +6667,15 @@ class TestJarqueBera:
         assert JB1 == JB2 == JB3 == jb_test1.statistic == jb_test2.statistic == jb_test3.statistic  # noqa: E501
         assert p1 == p2 == p3 == jb_test1.pvalue == jb_test2.pvalue == jb_test3.pvalue
 
-    def test_jarque_bera_size(self, xp):
+    @skip_xp_backends('array_api_strict', reason='Noisy; see TestSkew')
+    def test_jarque_bera_too_few_observations(self, xp):
         x = xp.asarray([])
-        if is_numpy(xp):
-            with pytest.warns(SmallSampleWarning, match=too_small_1d_not_omit):
-                res = stats.jarque_bera(x)
+
+        with pytest.warns(SmallSampleWarning, match=too_small_1d_not_omit):
+            res = stats.jarque_bera(x)
             NaN = xp.asarray(xp.nan)
             xp_assert_equal(res.statistic, NaN)
             xp_assert_equal(res.pvalue, NaN)
-        else:
-            message = "At least one observation is required."
-            with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
-                res = stats.jarque_bera(x)
 
     def test_axis(self, xp):
         rng = np.random.RandomState(seed=122398129)
@@ -6882,8 +6689,8 @@ class TestJarqueBera:
         res = stats.jarque_bera(x, axis=1)
         s0, p0 = stats.jarque_bera(x[0, :])
         s1, p1 = stats.jarque_bera(x[1, :])
-        xp_assert_close(res.statistic, xp.asarray([s0, s1]))
-        xp_assert_close(res.pvalue, xp.asarray([p0, p1]))
+        xp_assert_close(res.statistic, xp.stack([s0, s1]))
+        xp_assert_close(res.pvalue, xp.stack([p0, p1]))
 
         resT = stats.jarque_bera(x.T, axis=0)
         xp_assert_close(res.statistic, resT.statistic)
@@ -7104,8 +6911,9 @@ def check_equal_pmean(*args, **kwargs):
     return check_equal_xmean(*args, mean_fun=stats.pmean, **kwargs)
 
 
-@array_api_compatible
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.hmean)
 class TestHMean:
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:divide by zero encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
     def test_0(self, xp):
         a = [1, 0, 2]
         desired = 0
@@ -7121,17 +6929,17 @@ class TestHMean:
         desired = 4. / (1. / 1 + 1. / 2 + 1. / 3 + 1. / 4)
         check_equal_hmean(a, desired, xp=xp)
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:divide by zero encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:invalid value encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
     def test_1d_with_zero(self, xp):
         a = np.array([1, 0])
         desired = 0.0
         check_equal_hmean(a, desired, xp=xp, rtol=0.0)
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('array_api_strict',
-                      reason=("`array_api_strict.where` `fillvalue` doesn't "
-                               "accept Python scalars. See data-apis/array-api#807."))
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings(
+        "ignore:divide by zero encountered:RuntimeWarning"
+    ) # for dask
     def test_1d_with_negative_value(self, xp):
-        # Won't work for array_api_strict for now, but see data-apis/array-api#807
         a = np.array([1, 0, -1])
         message = "The harmonic mean is only defined..."
         with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match=message):
@@ -7150,6 +6958,7 @@ class TestHMean:
         desired = np.array([22.88135593, 39.13043478, 52.90076336, 65.45454545])
         check_equal_hmean(a, desired, axis=0, xp=xp)
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:divide by zero encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
     def test_2d_axis0_with_zero(self, xp):
         a = [[10, 0, 30, 40], [50, 60, 70, 80], [90, 100, 110, 120]]
         desired = np.array([22.88135593, 0.0, 52.90076336, 65.45454545])
@@ -7161,16 +6970,16 @@ class TestHMean:
         desired = np.array([19.2, 63.03939962, 103.80078637])
         check_equal_hmean(a, desired, axis=1, xp=xp)
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:divide by zero encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
     def test_2d_axis1_with_zero(self, xp):
         a = [[10, 0, 30, 40], [50, 60, 70, 80], [90, 100, 110, 120]]
         desired = np.array([0.0, 63.03939962, 103.80078637])
         check_equal_hmean(a, desired, axis=1, xp=xp)
 
-    @pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(
+    @skip_xp_backends(
         np_only=True,
         reason='array-likes only supported for NumPy backend',
     )
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
     def test_weights_1d_list(self, xp):
         # Desired result from:
         # https://www.hackmath.net/en/math-problem/35871
@@ -7219,8 +7028,11 @@ class TestHMean:
                           dtype=np.float64, xp=xp)
 
 
-@array_api_compatible
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.gmean)
 class TestGMean:
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings(
+        "ignore:divide by zero encountered in log:RuntimeWarning:dask"
+    )
     def test_0(self, xp):
         a = [1, 0, 2]
         desired = 0
@@ -7273,6 +7085,9 @@ class TestGMean:
         desired = 1e200
         check_equal_gmean(a, desired, rtol=1e-13, xp=xp)
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings(
+        "ignore:divide by zero encountered in log:RuntimeWarning:dask"
+    )
     def test_1d_with_0(self, xp):
         #  Test a 1d case with zero element
         a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 0]
@@ -7280,6 +7095,9 @@ class TestGMean:
         with np.errstate(all='ignore'):
             check_equal_gmean(a, desired, xp=xp)
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings(
+        "ignore:invalid value encountered in log:RuntimeWarning:dask"
+    )
     def test_1d_neg(self, xp):
         #  Test a 1d case with negative element
         a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, -1]
@@ -7287,11 +7105,10 @@ class TestGMean:
         with np.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
             check_equal_gmean(a, desired, xp=xp)
 
-    @pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(
+    @skip_xp_backends(
         np_only=True,
         reason='array-likes only supported for NumPy backend',
     )
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
     def test_weights_1d_list(self, xp):
         # Desired result from:
         # https://www.dummies.com/education/math/business-statistics/how-to-find-the-weighted-geometric-mean-of-a-data-set/
@@ -7325,7 +7142,7 @@ class TestGMean:
                           dtype=np.float64, xp=xp)
 
 
-@array_api_compatible
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.pmean)
 class TestPMean:
 
     def pmean_reference(a, p):
@@ -7353,15 +7170,13 @@ class TestPMean:
         desired = np.sqrt((1**2 + 2**2 + 3**2 + 4**2) / 4)
         check_equal_pmean(a, p, desired, xp=xp)
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:invalid value encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:divide by zero encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
     def test_1d_with_zero(self, xp):
         a, p = np.array([1, 0]), -1
         desired = 0.0
         check_equal_pmean(a, p, desired, rtol=0.0, xp=xp)
 
-    @skip_xp_backends('array_api_strict',
-                      reason=("`array_api_strict.where` `fillvalue` doesn't "
-                              "accept Python scalars. See data-apis/array-api#807."))
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
     def test_1d_with_negative_value(self, xp):
         a, p = np.array([1, 0, -1]), 1.23
         message = "The power mean is only defined..."
@@ -7406,11 +7221,10 @@ class TestPMean:
         desired = TestPMean.wpmean_reference(np.array(a), p, weights)
         check_equal_pmean(a, p, desired, weights=weights, rtol=1e-5, xp=xp)
 
-    @pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends(
+    @skip_xp_backends(
         np_only=True,
         reason='array-likes only supported for NumPy backend',
     )
-    @pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
     def test_weights_1d_list(self, xp):
         a, p = [2, 10, 6], -1.23456789
         weights = [10, 5, 3]
@@ -7448,87 +7262,90 @@ class TestPMean:
         check_equal_pmean(a, p, desired, axis=axis, weights=weights, rtol=1e-5, xp=xp)
 
 
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.gstd)
 class TestGSTD:
     # must add 1 as `gstd` is only defined for positive values
-    array_1d = np.arange(2 * 3 * 4) + 1
+    array_1d = (np.arange(2 * 3 * 4) + 1).tolist()
     gstd_array_1d = 2.294407613602
-    array_3d = array_1d.reshape(2, 3, 4)
+    array_3d = np.reshape(array_1d, (2, 3, 4)).tolist()
 
-    def test_1d_array(self):
-        gstd_actual = stats.gstd(self.array_1d)
-        assert_allclose(gstd_actual, self.gstd_array_1d)
+    def test_1d_array(self, xp):
+        gstd_actual = stats.gstd(xp.asarray(self.array_1d))
+        xp_assert_close(gstd_actual, xp.asarray(self.gstd_array_1d))
 
-    def test_1d_numeric_array_like_input(self):
+    @skip_xp_backends(np_only=True, reason="Only NumPy supports array-like input")
+    def test_1d_numeric_array_like_input(self, xp):
         gstd_actual = stats.gstd(tuple(self.array_1d))
         assert_allclose(gstd_actual, self.gstd_array_1d)
 
-    def test_raises_value_error_non_numeric_input(self):
-        # this is raised by NumPy, but it's quite interpretable
-        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="ufunc 'log' not supported"):
+    @skip_xp_invalid_arg
+    def test_raises_error_non_numeric_input(self, xp):
+        message = "could not convert string to float|The DType..."
+        with pytest.raises((ValueError, TypeError), match=message):
             stats.gstd('You cannot take the logarithm of a string.')
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:divide by zero encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:invalid value encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('bad_value', (0, -1, np.inf, np.nan))
-    def test_returns_nan_invalid_value(self, bad_value):
-        x = np.append(self.array_1d, [bad_value])
-        if np.isfinite(bad_value):
+    def test_returns_nan_invalid_value(self, bad_value, xp):
+        x = xp.asarray(self.array_1d + [bad_value])
+        if np.isfinite(bad_value) and not is_lazy_array(x):
             message = "The geometric standard deviation is only defined..."
             with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match=message):
                 res = stats.gstd(x)
         else:
             res = stats.gstd(x)
-        assert_equal(res, np.nan)
+        xp_assert_equal(res, xp.asarray(np.nan))
 
-    def test_propagates_nan_values(self):
-        a = array([[1, 1, 1, 16], [np.nan, 1, 2, 3]])
+    def test_propagates_nan_values(self, xp):
+        a = xp.asarray([[1, 1, 1, 16], [xp.nan, 1, 2, 3]])
         gstd_actual = stats.gstd(a, axis=1)
-        assert_allclose(gstd_actual, np.array([4, np.nan]))
+        xp_assert_close(gstd_actual, xp.asarray([4, np.nan]))
 
-    def test_ddof_equal_to_number_of_observations(self):
-        with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match='Degrees of freedom <= 0'):
-            assert_equal(stats.gstd(self.array_1d, ddof=self.array_1d.size), np.inf)
-
-    def test_3d_array(self):
-        gstd_actual = stats.gstd(self.array_3d, axis=None)
-        assert_allclose(gstd_actual, self.gstd_array_1d)
-
-    def test_3d_array_axis_type_tuple(self):
-        gstd_actual = stats.gstd(self.array_3d, axis=(1,2))
-        assert_allclose(gstd_actual, [2.12939215, 1.22120169])
+    def test_ddof_equal_to_number_of_observations(self, xp):
+        x = xp.asarray(self.array_1d)
+        res = stats.gstd(x, ddof=x.shape[0])
+        xp_assert_equal(res, xp.asarray(xp.nan))
 
-    def test_3d_array_axis_0(self):
-        gstd_actual = stats.gstd(self.array_3d, axis=0)
-        gstd_desired = np.array([
+    def test_3d_array(self, xp):
+        x = xp.asarray(self.array_3d)
+        gstd_actual = stats.gstd(x, axis=None)
+        ref = xp.asarray(self.gstd_array_1d)
+        xp_assert_close(gstd_actual, ref)
+
+    def test_3d_array_axis_type_tuple(self, xp):
+        x = xp.asarray(self.array_3d)
+        gstd_actual = stats.gstd(x, axis=(1, 2))
+        ref = xp.asarray([2.12939215, 1.22120169])
+        xp_assert_close(gstd_actual, ref)
+
+    def test_3d_array_axis_0(self, xp):
+        x = xp.asarray(self.array_3d)
+        gstd_actual = stats.gstd(x, axis=0)
+        gstd_desired = xp.asarray([
             [6.1330555493918, 3.958900210120, 3.1206598248344, 2.6651441426902],
             [2.3758135028411, 2.174581428192, 2.0260062829505, 1.9115518327308],
             [1.8205343606803, 1.746342404566, 1.6846557065742, 1.6325269194382]
         ])
-        assert_allclose(gstd_actual, gstd_desired)
+        xp_assert_close(gstd_actual, gstd_desired)
 
-    def test_3d_array_axis_1(self):
-        gstd_actual = stats.gstd(self.array_3d, axis=1)
-        gstd_desired = np.array([
+    def test_3d_array_axis_1(self, xp):
+        x = xp.asarray(self.array_3d)
+        gstd_actual = stats.gstd(x, axis=1)
+        gstd_desired = xp.asarray([
             [3.118993630946, 2.275985934063, 1.933995977619, 1.742896469724],
             [1.271693593916, 1.254158641801, 1.238774141609, 1.225164057869]
         ])
-        assert_allclose(gstd_actual, gstd_desired)
+        xp_assert_close(gstd_actual, gstd_desired)
 
-    def test_3d_array_axis_2(self):
-        gstd_actual = stats.gstd(self.array_3d, axis=2)
-        gstd_desired = np.array([
+    def test_3d_array_axis_2(self, xp):
+        x = xp.asarray(self.array_3d)
+        gstd_actual = stats.gstd(x, axis=2)
+        gstd_desired = xp.asarray([
             [1.8242475707664, 1.2243686572447, 1.1318311657788],
             [1.0934830582351, 1.0724479791887, 1.0591498540749]
         ])
-        assert_allclose(gstd_actual, gstd_desired)
-
-    def test_masked_3d_array(self):
-        ma = np.ma.masked_where(self.array_3d > 16, self.array_3d)
-        message = "`gstd` support for masked array input was deprecated in..."
-        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match=message):
-            gstd_actual = stats.gstd(ma, axis=2)
-        gstd_desired = stats.gstd(self.array_3d, axis=2)
-        mask = [[0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 1]]
-        assert_allclose(gstd_actual, gstd_desired)
-        assert_equal(gstd_actual.mask, mask)
+        xp_assert_close(gstd_actual, gstd_desired)
 
 
 def test_binomtest():
@@ -8057,15 +7874,49 @@ class TestFOneWay:
         assert_equal(F, 2.0)
         assert_allclose(p, 1 - np.sqrt(0.5), rtol=1e-14)
 
+    def test_unequal_var(self):
+        # toy samples with unequal variances and different observations
+        samples = [[-50.42, 40.31, -18.09, 35.58, -6.8, 0.22],
+                   [23.44, 4.5, 15.1, 9.66],
+                   [11.94, 11.1 , 9.87, 9.09, 3.33]]
+
+        F, p = stats.f_oneway(*samples, equal_var=False)
+
+        # R language as benchmark
+        # group1 <- c(-50.42, 40.31, -18.09, 35.58, -6.8, 0.22)
+        # group2 <- c(23.44, 4.5, 15.1, 9.66)
+        # group3 <- c(11.94, 11.1 , 9.87, 9.09, 3.33)
+        #
+        # data <- data.frame(
+        #     value = c(group1, group2, group3),
+        #     group = factor(c(rep("G1", length(group1)),
+        #                      rep("G2", length(group2)),
+        #                      rep("G3", length(group3))))
+        # )
+        # welch_anova <- oneway.test(value ~ group, data = data, var.equal = FALSE)
+        # welch_anova$statistic
+        ## F: 0.609740409019517
+        # welch_anova$p.value
+        ## 0.574838941286302
+
+        assert_allclose(F, 0.609740409019517, rtol=1e-14)
+        assert_allclose(p, 0.574838941286302, rtol=1e-14)
+
+    def test_equal_var_input_validation(self):
+        samples = [[-50.42, 40.31, -18.09, 35.58, -6.8, 0.22],
+                   [23.44, 4.5, 15.1, 9.66],
+                   [11.94, 11.1 , 9.87, 9.09, 3.33]]
+
+        message = "Expected a boolean value for 'equal_var'"
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=message):
+            stats.f_oneway(*samples, equal_var="False")
+
     def test_known_exact(self):
         # Another trivial dataset for which the exact F and p can be
-        # calculated.
+        # calculated on most platforms
         F, p = stats.f_oneway([2], [2], [2, 3, 4])
-        # The use of assert_equal might be too optimistic, but the calculation
-        # in this case is trivial enough that it is likely to go through with
-        # no loss of precision.
-        assert_equal(F, 3/5)
-        assert_equal(p, 5/8)
+        assert_allclose(F, 3/5, rtol=1e-15)  # assert_equal fails on some CI platforms
+        assert_allclose(p, 5/8, rtol=1e-15)
 
     def test_large_integer_array(self):
         a = np.array([655, 788], dtype=np.uint16)
@@ -8322,12 +8173,8 @@ class TestKruskal:
             stats.kruskal()
 
 
-@skip_xp_backends(cpu_only=True,
-                  exceptions=['cupy', 'jax.numpy'],
-                  reason=('Delegation for `special.stdtr` only implemented '
-                          'for CuPy and JAX.'))
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-@array_api_compatible
+
+@make_xp_test_case(stats.combine_pvalues)
 class TestCombinePvalues:
     # Reference values computed using the following R code:
     # options(digits=16)
@@ -8372,7 +8219,6 @@ class TestCombinePvalues:
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("variant", ["single", "all", "random"])
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("method", methods)
     def test_monotonicity(self, variant, method, xp):
-        xp_test = array_namespace(xp.asarray(1))
         # Test that result increases monotonically with respect to input.
         m, n = 10, 7
         rng = np.random.default_rng(278448169958891062669391462690811630763)
@@ -8383,15 +8229,15 @@ class TestCombinePvalues:
         # column (all), or independently down each column (random).
         if variant == "single":
             pvaluess = xp.broadcast_to(xp.asarray(rng.random(n)), (m, n))
-            pvaluess = xp_test.concat([xp.reshape(xp.linspace(0.1, 0.9, m), (-1, 1)),
-                                       pvaluess[:, 1:]], axis=1)
+            pvaluess = xp.concat([xp.reshape(xp.linspace(0.1, 0.9, m), (-1, 1)),
+                                  pvaluess[:, 1:]], axis=1)
         elif variant == "all":
             pvaluess = xp.broadcast_to(xp.linspace(0.1, 0.9, m), (n, m)).T
         elif variant == "random":
-            pvaluess = xp_test.sort(xp.asarray(rng.uniform(0, 1, size=(m, n))), axis=0)
+            pvaluess = xp.sort(xp.asarray(rng.uniform(0, 1, size=(m, n))), axis=0)
 
         combined_pvalues = xp.asarray([
-            stats.combine_pvalues(pvaluess[i, :], method=method)[1]
+            float(stats.combine_pvalues(pvaluess[i, :], method=method)[1])
             for i in range(pvaluess.shape[0])
         ])
         assert xp.all(combined_pvalues[1:] - combined_pvalues[:-1] >= 0)
@@ -9569,7 +9415,6 @@ class TestLMoment:
         assert_allclose(res, ref, rtol=1e-15)
 
 
-@array_api_compatible
 class TestXP_Mean:
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('axis', [None, 1, -1, (-2, 2)])
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('weights', [None, True])
@@ -9597,6 +9442,8 @@ class TestXP_Mean:
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
             _xp_mean(x, weights=w)
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:divide by zero encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore:invalid value encountered:RuntimeWarning:dask")
     def test_special_cases(self, xp):
         # weights sum to zero
         weights = xp.asarray([-1., 0., 1.])
@@ -9610,15 +9457,21 @@ class TestXP_Mean:
         res = _xp_mean(xp.asarray([1., 1., 2.]), weights=weights)
         xp_assert_close(res, xp.asarray(np.inf))
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings(
+        "ignore:invalid value encountered:RuntimeWarning"
+    ) # for dask
     def test_nan_policy(self, xp):
         x = xp.arange(10.)
         mask = (x == 3)
-        x = xp.where(mask, xp.asarray(xp.nan), x)
+        x = xp.where(mask, xp.nan, x)
 
         # nan_policy='raise' raises an error
-        message = 'The input contains nan values'
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
-            _xp_mean(x, nan_policy='raise')
+        if is_lazy_array(x):
+            with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='not supported for lazy arrays'):
+                _xp_mean(x, nan_policy='raise')
+        else:
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError, match='The input contains nan values'):
+                _xp_mean(x, nan_policy='raise')
 
         # `nan_policy='propagate'` is the default, and the result is NaN
         res1 = _xp_mean(x)
@@ -9634,11 +9487,16 @@ class TestXP_Mean:
 
         # `nan_policy='omit'` omits NaNs in `weights`, too
         weights = xp.ones(10)
-        weights = xp.where(mask, xp.asarray(xp.nan), weights)
+        weights = xp.where(mask, xp.nan, weights)
         res = _xp_mean(xp.arange(10.), weights=weights, nan_policy='omit')
         ref = xp.mean(x[~mask])
         xp_assert_close(res, ref)
 
+    @skip_xp_backends(eager_only=True)
+    def test_nan_policy_warns(self, xp):
+        x = xp.arange(10.)
+        x = xp.where(x == 3, xp.nan, x)
+
         # Check for warning if omitting NaNs causes empty slice
         message = 'After omitting NaNs...'
         with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match=message):
@@ -9663,6 +9521,9 @@ class TestXP_Mean:
         ref = xp.asarray([])
         xp_assert_equal(res, ref)
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings(
+        "ignore:overflow encountered in reduce:RuntimeWarning"
+    ) # for dask
     def test_dtype(self, xp):
         max = xp.finfo(xp.float32).max
         x_np = np.asarray([max, max], dtype=np.float32)
@@ -9695,9 +9556,6 @@ class TestXP_Mean:
         xp_assert_close(res, xp.asarray(ref))
 
 
-@array_api_compatible
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-@skip_xp_backends('jax.numpy', reason='JAX arrays do not support item assignment')
 class TestXP_Var:
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('axis', [None, 1, -1, (-2, 2)])
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('keepdims', [False, True])
@@ -9732,12 +9590,7 @@ class TestXP_Var:
     def test_nan_policy(self, xp):
         x = xp.arange(10.)
         mask = (x == 3)
-        x = xp.where(mask, xp.asarray(xp.nan), x)
-
-        # nan_policy='raise' raises an error
-        message = 'The input contains nan values'
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
-            _xp_var(x, nan_policy='raise')
+        x = xp.where(mask, xp.nan, x)
 
         # `nan_policy='propagate'` is the default, and the result is NaN
         res1 = _xp_var(x)
@@ -9748,10 +9601,14 @@ class TestXP_Var:
 
         # `nan_policy='omit'` omits NaNs in `x`
         res = _xp_var(x, nan_policy='omit')
-        xp_test = array_namespace(x)  # torch has different default correction
-        ref = xp_test.var(x[~mask])
+        ref = xp.var(x[~mask])
         xp_assert_close(res, ref)
 
+    @skip_xp_backends(eager_only=True)
+    def test_nan_policy_warns(self, xp):
+        x = xp.arange(10.)
+        x = xp.where(x == 3, xp.nan, x)
+
         # Check for warning if omitting NaNs causes empty slice
         message = 'After omitting NaNs...'
         with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match=message):
@@ -9759,6 +9616,13 @@ class TestXP_Var:
             ref = xp.asarray(xp.nan)
             xp_assert_equal(res, ref)
 
+    @skip_xp_backends(eager_only=True)
+    def test_nan_policy_raise(self, xp):
+        # nan_policy='raise' raises an error when NaNs are present
+        message = 'The input contains nan values'
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+            _xp_var(xp.asarray([1, 2, xp.nan]), nan_policy='raise')
+
     def test_empty(self, xp):
         message = 'One or more sample arguments is too small...'
         with pytest.warns(SmallSampleWarning, match=message):
@@ -9776,17 +9640,18 @@ class TestXP_Var:
         ref = xp.asarray([])
         xp_assert_equal(res, ref)
 
+    @pytest.mark.filterwarnings(
+        "ignore:overflow encountered in reduce:RuntimeWarning"
+    ) # Overflow occurs for float32 input
     def test_dtype(self, xp):
         max = xp.finfo(xp.float32).max
         x_np = np.asarray([max, max/2], dtype=np.float32)
         x_xp = xp.asarray(x_np)
 
-        # Overflow occurs for float32 input
-        with np.errstate(over='ignore'):
-            res = _xp_var(x_xp)
-            ref = np.var(x_np)
-            np.testing.assert_equal(ref, np.inf)
-            xp_assert_close(res, xp.asarray(ref))
+        res = _xp_var(x_xp)
+        ref = np.var(x_np)
+        np.testing.assert_equal(ref, np.inf)
+        xp_assert_close(res, xp.asarray(ref))
 
         # correct result is returned if `float64` is used
         res = _xp_var(x_xp, dtype=xp.float64)
@@ -9799,7 +9664,6 @@ class TestXP_Var:
         y = xp.arange(10.)
         xp_assert_equal(_xp_var(x), _xp_var(y))
 
-    @pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends('array_api_strict', reason='needs array-api#850')
     def test_complex_gh22404(self, xp):
         rng = np.random.default_rng(90359458245906)
         x, y = rng.random((2, 20))
@@ -9808,7 +9672,6 @@ class TestXP_Var:
         xp_assert_close(res, xp.asarray(ref), check_dtype=False)
 
 
-@array_api_compatible
 def test_chk_asarray(xp):
     rng = np.random.default_rng(2348923425434)
     x0 = rng.random(size=(2, 3, 4))
@@ -9830,10 +9693,7 @@ def test_chk_asarray(xp):
     assert_equal(axis_out, axis)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skip_xp_backends('numpy',
-                              reason='These parameters *are* compatible with NumPy')
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures("skip_xp_backends")
-@array_api_compatible
+@skip_xp_backends('numpy', reason='These parameters *are* compatible with NumPy')
 def test_axis_nan_policy_keepdims_nanpolicy(xp):
     # this test does not need to be repeated for every function
     # using the _axis_nan_policy decorator. The test is here