qiskit 2.0.3__cp39-abi3-manylinux2014_aarch64.manylinux_2_17_aarch64.whl

qiskit/transpiler/target.py

@@ -0,0 +1,905 @@
+# This code is part of Qiskit.
+#
+# (C) Copyright IBM 2021, 2023.
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+
+# pylint: disable=too-many-return-statements
+
+"""
+A target object represents the minimum set of information the transpiler needs
+from a backend
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import itertools
+
+from typing import Optional, List, Any
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+import io
+import copy
+import logging
+import inspect
+
+import rustworkx as rx
+
+# import target class from the rust side
+from qiskit._accelerate.target import (
+    BaseTarget,
+    BaseInstructionProperties,
+)
+
+from qiskit.circuit.library.standard_gates import get_standard_gate_name_mapping
+from qiskit.circuit.duration import duration_in_dt
+from qiskit.transpiler.coupling import CouplingMap
+from qiskit.transpiler.exceptions import TranspilerError
+from qiskit.transpiler.instruction_durations import InstructionDurations
+from qiskit.transpiler.timing_constraints import TimingConstraints
+
+# import QubitProperties here to provide convenience alias for building a
+# full target
+from qiskit.providers.backend import QubitProperties  # pylint: disable=unused-import
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class InstructionProperties(BaseInstructionProperties):
+    """A representation of the properties of a gate implementation.
+
+    This class provides the optional properties that a backend can provide
+    about an instruction. These represent the set that the transpiler can
+    currently work with if present. However, if your backend provides additional
+    properties for instructions you should subclass this to add additional
+    custom attributes for those custom/additional properties by the backend.
+    """
+
+    def __new__(  # pylint: disable=keyword-arg-before-vararg
+        cls,
+        duration=None,  # pylint: disable=keyword-arg-before-vararg
+        error=None,  # pylint: disable=keyword-arg-before-vararg
+        *args,  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        **kwargs,  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+    ):
+        return super(InstructionProperties, cls).__new__(  # pylint: disable=too-many-function-args
+            cls, duration, error
+        )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        duration: float | None = None,  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        error: float | None = None,  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+    ):
+        """Create a new ``InstructionProperties`` object
+
+        Args:
+            duration: The duration, in seconds, of the instruction on the
+                specified set of qubits
+            error: The average error rate for the instruction on the specified
+                set of qubits.
+        """
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"InstructionProperties(duration={self.duration}, error={self.error})"
+
+
+class Target(BaseTarget):
+    """
+    The intent of the ``Target`` object is to inform Qiskit's compiler about
+    the constraints of a particular backend so the compiler can compile an
+    input circuit to something that works and is optimized for a device. It
+    currently contains a description of instructions on a backend and their
+    properties as well as some timing information. However, this exact
+    interface may evolve over time as the needs of the compiler change. These
+    changes will be done in a backwards compatible and controlled manner when
+    they are made (either through versioning, subclassing, or mixins) to add
+    on to the set of information exposed by a target.
+
+    As a basic example, let's assume backend has two qubits, supports
+    :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.UGate` on both qubits and
+    :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.CXGate` in both directions. To model this
+    you would create the target like::
+
+        from qiskit.transpiler import Target, InstructionProperties
+        from qiskit.circuit.library import UGate, CXGate
+        from qiskit.circuit import Parameter
+
+        gmap = Target()
+        theta = Parameter('theta')
+        phi = Parameter('phi')
+        lam = Parameter('lambda')
+        u_props = {
+            (0,): InstructionProperties(duration=5.23e-8, error=0.00038115),
+            (1,): InstructionProperties(duration=4.52e-8, error=0.00032115),
+        }
+        gmap.add_instruction(UGate(theta, phi, lam), u_props)
+        cx_props = {
+            (0,1): InstructionProperties(duration=5.23e-7, error=0.00098115),
+            (1,0): InstructionProperties(duration=4.52e-7, error=0.00132115),
+        }
+        gmap.add_instruction(CXGate(), cx_props)
+
+    Each instruction in the ``Target`` is indexed by a unique string name that uniquely
+    identifies that instance of an :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Instruction` object in
+    the Target. There is a 1:1 mapping between a name and an
+    :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Instruction` instance in the target and each name must
+    be unique. By default, the name is the :attr:`~qiskit.circuit.Instruction.name`
+    attribute of the instruction, but can be set to anything. This lets a single
+    target have multiple instances of the same instruction class with different
+    parameters. For example, if a backend target has two instances of an
+    :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.RXGate` one is parameterized over any theta
+    while the other is tuned up for a theta of pi/6 you can add these by doing something
+    like::
+
+        import math
+
+        from qiskit.transpiler import Target, InstructionProperties
+        from qiskit.circuit.library import RXGate
+        from qiskit.circuit import Parameter
+
+        target = Target()
+        theta = Parameter('theta')
+        rx_props = {
+            (0,): InstructionProperties(duration=5.23e-8, error=0.00038115),
+        }
+        target.add_instruction(RXGate(theta), rx_props)
+        rx_30_props = {
+            (0,): InstructionProperties(duration=1.74e-6, error=.00012)
+        }
+        target.add_instruction(RXGate(math.pi / 6), rx_30_props, name='rx_30')
+
+    Then in the ``target`` object accessing by ``rx_30`` will get the fixed
+    angle :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.RXGate` while ``rx`` will get the
+    parameterized :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.RXGate`.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        This class assumes that qubit indices start at 0 and are a contiguous
+        set if you want a submapping the bits will need to be reindexed in
+        a new``Target`` object.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        This class only supports additions of gates, qargs, and qubits.
+        If you need to remove one of these the best option is to iterate over
+        an existing object and create a new subset (or use one of the methods
+        to do this). The object internally caches different views and these
+        would potentially be invalidated by removals.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_gate_map",
+        "_coupling_graph",
+        "_instruction_durations",
+        "_instruction_schedule_map",
+    )
+
+    def __new__(  # pylint: disable=keyword-arg-before-vararg
+        cls,
+        description: str | None = None,
+        num_qubits: int = 0,
+        dt: float | None = None,
+        granularity: int = 1,
+        min_length: int = 1,
+        pulse_alignment: int = 1,
+        acquire_alignment: int = 1,
+        qubit_properties: list | None = None,
+        concurrent_measurements: list | None = None,
+        *args,  # pylint: disable=unused-argument disable=keyword-arg-before-vararg
+        **kwargs,  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+    ):
+        """
+        Create a new ``Target`` object
+
+        Args:
+            description (str): An optional string to describe the Target.
+            num_qubits (int): An optional int to specify the number of qubits
+                the backend target has. If not set it will be implicitly set
+                based on the qargs when :meth:`~qiskit.Target.add_instruction`
+                is called. Note this must be set if the backend target is for a
+                noiseless simulator that doesn't have constraints on the
+                instructions so the transpiler knows how many qubits are
+                available.
+            dt (float): The system time resolution of input signals in seconds
+            granularity (int): An integer value representing minimum pulse gate
+                resolution in units of ``dt``. A user-defined pulse gate should
+                have duration of a multiple of this granularity value.
+            min_length (int): An integer value representing minimum pulse gate
+                length in units of ``dt``. A user-defined pulse gate should be
+                longer than this length.
+            pulse_alignment (int): An integer value representing a time
+                resolution of gate instruction starting time. Gate instruction
+                should start at time which is a multiple of the alignment
+                value.
+            acquire_alignment (int): An integer value representing a time
+                resolution of measure instruction starting time. Measure
+                instruction should start at time which is a multiple of the
+                alignment value.
+            qubit_properties (list): A list of :class:`~.QubitProperties`
+                objects defining the characteristics of each qubit on the
+                target device. If specified the length of this list must match
+                the number of qubits in the target, where the index in the list
+                matches the qubit number the properties are defined for. If some
+                qubits don't have properties available you can set that entry to
+                ``None``
+            concurrent_measurements(list): A list of sets of qubits that must be
+                measured together. This must be provided
+                as a nested list like ``[[0, 1], [2, 3, 4]]``.
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If both ``num_qubits`` and ``qubit_properties`` are both
+                defined and the value of ``num_qubits`` differs from the length of
+                ``qubit_properties``.
+        """
+        if description is not None:
+            description = str(description)
+        return super(Target, cls).__new__(  # pylint: disable=too-many-function-args
+            cls,
+            description,
+            num_qubits,
+            dt,
+            granularity,
+            min_length,
+            pulse_alignment,
+            acquire_alignment,
+            qubit_properties,
+            concurrent_measurements,
+        )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        description=None,  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        num_qubits=0,  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        dt=None,  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        granularity=1,  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        min_length=1,  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        pulse_alignment=1,  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        acquire_alignment=1,  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        qubit_properties=None,  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        concurrent_measurements=None,  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+    ):
+        # A nested mapping of gate name -> qargs -> properties
+        self._gate_map = {}
+        self._coupling_graph = None
+        self._instruction_durations = None
+        self._instruction_schedule_map = None
+
+    @property
+    def dt(self):
+        """Return dt."""
+        return self._dt
+
+    @dt.setter
+    def dt(self, dt):
+        """Set dt and invalidate instruction duration cache"""
+        self._dt = dt
+        self._instruction_durations = None
+
+    def add_instruction(self, instruction, properties=None, name=None):
+        """Add a new instruction to the :class:`~qiskit.transpiler.Target`
+
+        As ``Target`` objects are strictly additive this is the primary method
+        for modifying a ``Target``. Typically, you will use this to fully populate
+        a ``Target`` before using it in :class:`~qiskit.providers.BackendV2`. For
+        example::
+
+            from qiskit.circuit.library import CXGate
+            from qiskit.transpiler import Target, InstructionProperties
+
+            target = Target()
+            cx_properties = {
+                (0, 1): None,
+                (1, 0): None,
+                (0, 2): None,
+                (2, 0): None,
+                (0, 3): None,
+                (2, 3): None,
+                (3, 0): None,
+                (3, 2): None
+            }
+            target.add_instruction(CXGate(), cx_properties)
+
+        Will add a :class:`~qiskit.circuit.library.CXGate` to the target with no
+        properties (duration, error, etc) with the coupling edge list:
+        ``(0, 1), (1, 0), (0, 2), (2, 0), (0, 3), (2, 3), (3, 0), (3, 2)``. If
+        there are properties available for the instruction you can replace the
+        ``None`` value in the properties dictionary with an
+        :class:`~qiskit.transpiler.InstructionProperties` object. This pattern
+        is repeated for each :class:`~qiskit.circuit.Instruction` the target
+        supports.
+
+        Args:
+            instruction (Union[qiskit.circuit.Instruction, Type[qiskit.circuit.Instruction]]):
+                The operation object to add to the map. If it's parameterized any value
+                of the parameter can be set. Optionally for variable width
+                instructions (such as control flow operations such as :class:`~.ForLoop` or
+                :class:`~MCXGate`) you can specify the class. If the class is specified than the
+                ``name`` argument must be specified. When a class is used the gate is treated as global
+                and not having any properties set.
+            properties (dict): A dictionary of qarg entries to an
+                :class:`~qiskit.transpiler.InstructionProperties` object for that
+                instruction implementation on the backend. Properties are optional
+                for any instruction implementation, if there are no
+                :class:`~qiskit.transpiler.InstructionProperties` available for the
+                backend the value can be None. If there are no constraints on the
+                instruction (as in a noiseless/ideal simulation) this can be set to
+                ``{None, None}`` which will indicate it runs on all qubits (or all
+                available permutations of qubits for multi-qubit gates). The first
+                ``None`` indicates it applies to all qubits and the second ``None``
+                indicates there are no
+                :class:`~qiskit.transpiler.InstructionProperties` for the
+                instruction. By default, if properties is not set it is equivalent to
+                passing ``{None: None}``.
+            name (str): An optional name to use for identifying the instruction. If not
+                specified the :attr:`~qiskit.circuit.Instruction.name` attribute
+                of ``gate`` will be used. All gates in the ``Target`` need unique
+                names. Backends can differentiate between different
+                parameterization of a single gate by providing a unique name for
+                each (e.g. `"rx30"`, `"rx60", ``"rx90"`` similar to the example in the
+                documentation for the :class:`~qiskit.transpiler.Target` class).
+        Raises:
+            AttributeError: If gate is already in map
+            TranspilerError: If an operation class is passed in for ``instruction`` and no name
+                is specified or ``properties`` is set.
+        """
+        is_class = inspect.isclass(instruction)
+        if not is_class:
+            instruction_name = name or instruction.name
+        else:
+            # Invalid to have class input without a name with characters set "" is not a valid name
+            if not name:
+                raise TranspilerError(
+                    "A name must be specified when defining a supported global operation by class"
+                )
+            if properties is not None:
+                raise TranspilerError(
+                    "An instruction added globally by class can't have properties set."
+                )
+            instruction_name = name
+        if properties is None or is_class:
+            properties = {None: None}
+        if instruction_name in self._gate_map:
+            raise AttributeError(f"Instruction {instruction_name} is already in the target")
+        super().add_instruction(instruction, instruction_name, properties)
+        self._gate_map[instruction_name] = properties
+        self._coupling_graph = None
+        self._instruction_durations = None
+        self._instruction_schedule_map = None
+
+    def update_instruction_properties(self, instruction, qargs, properties):
+        """Update the property object for an instruction qarg pair already in the Target
+
+        Args:
+            instruction (str): The instruction name to update
+            qargs (tuple): The qargs to update the properties of
+            properties (InstructionProperties): The properties to set for this instruction
+        Raises:
+            KeyError: If ``instruction`` or ``qarg`` are not in the target
+        """
+        super().update_instruction_properties(instruction, qargs, properties)
+        self._gate_map[instruction][qargs] = properties
+        self._instruction_durations = None
+        self._instruction_schedule_map = None
+
+    def qargs_for_operation_name(self, operation):
+        """Get the qargs for a given operation name
+
+        Args:
+           operation (str): The operation name to get qargs for
+        Returns:
+            set: The set of qargs the gate instance applies to.
+        """
+        if None in self._gate_map[operation]:
+            return None
+        return self._gate_map[operation].keys()
+
+    def durations(self):
+        """Get an InstructionDurations object from the target
+
+        Returns:
+            InstructionDurations: The instruction duration represented in the
+                target
+        """
+        if self._instruction_durations is not None:
+            return self._instruction_durations
+        out_durations = []
+        for instruction, props_map in self._gate_map.items():
+            for qarg, properties in props_map.items():
+                if properties is not None and properties.duration is not None:
+                    out_durations.append((instruction, list(qarg), properties.duration, "s"))
+        self._instruction_durations = InstructionDurations(out_durations, dt=self.dt)
+        return self._instruction_durations
+
+    def timing_constraints(self):
+        """Get an :class:`~qiskit.transpiler.TimingConstraints` object from the target
+
+        Returns:
+            TimingConstraints: The timing constraints represented in the ``Target``
+        """
+        return TimingConstraints(
+            self.granularity, self.min_length, self.pulse_alignment, self.acquire_alignment
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def operation_names(self):
+        """Get the operation names in the target."""
+        return self._gate_map.keys()
+
+    @property
+    def instructions(self):
+        """Get the list of tuples (:class:`~qiskit.circuit.Instruction`, (qargs))
+        for the target
+
+        For globally defined variable width operations the tuple will be of the form
+        ``(class, None)`` where class is the actual operation class that
+        is globally defined.
+        """
+        return [
+            (self._gate_name_map[op], qarg)
+            for op, qargs in self._gate_map.items()
+            for qarg in qargs
+        ]
+
+    def instruction_properties(self, index):
+        """Get the instruction properties for a specific instruction tuple
+
+        This method is to be used in conjunction with the
+        :attr:`~qiskit.transpiler.Target.instructions` attribute of a
+        :class:`~qiskit.transpiler.Target` object. You can use this method to quickly
+        get the instruction properties for an element of
+        :attr:`~qiskit.transpiler.Target.instructions` by using the index in that list.
+        However, if you're not working with :attr:`~qiskit.transpiler.Target.instructions`
+        directly it is likely more efficient to access the target directly via the name
+        and qubits to get the instruction properties. For example, if
+        :attr:`~qiskit.transpiler.Target.instructions` returned::
+
+            [(XGate(), (0,)), (XGate(), (1,))]
+
+        you could get the properties of the ``XGate`` on qubit 1 with::
+
+            props = target.instruction_properties(1)
+
+        but just accessing it directly via the name would be more efficient::
+
+            props = target['x'][(1,)]
+
+        (assuming the ``XGate``'s canonical name in the target is ``'x'``)
+        This is especially true for larger targets as this will scale worse with the number
+        of instruction tuples in a target.
+
+        Args:
+            index (int): The index of the instruction tuple from the
+                :attr:`~qiskit.transpiler.Target.instructions` attribute. For, example
+                if you want the properties from the third element in
+                :attr:`~qiskit.transpiler.Target.instructions` you would set this to be ``2``.
+        Returns:
+            InstructionProperties: The instruction properties for the specified instruction tuple
+        """
+        instruction_properties = [
+            inst_props for qargs in self._gate_map.values() for inst_props in qargs.values()
+        ]
+        return instruction_properties[index]
+
+    def _build_coupling_graph(self):
+        self._coupling_graph = rx.PyDiGraph(multigraph=False)
+        if self.num_qubits is not None:
+            self._coupling_graph.add_nodes_from([{} for _ in range(self.num_qubits)])
+        for gate, qarg_map in self._gate_map.items():
+            if qarg_map is None:
+                if self._gate_name_map[gate].num_qubits == 2:
+                    self._coupling_graph = None  # pylint: disable=attribute-defined-outside-init
+                    return
+                continue
+            for qarg, properties in qarg_map.items():
+                if qarg is None:
+                    if self.operation_from_name(gate).num_qubits == 2:
+                        self._coupling_graph = None
+                        return
+                    continue
+                if len(qarg) == 1:
+                    self._coupling_graph[qarg[0]] = (
+                        properties  # pylint: disable=attribute-defined-outside-init
+                    )
+                elif len(qarg) == 2:
+                    try:
+                        edge_data = self._coupling_graph.get_edge_data(*qarg)
+                        edge_data[gate] = properties
+                    except rx.NoEdgeBetweenNodes:
+                        self._coupling_graph.add_edge(*qarg, {gate: properties})
+        qargs = self.qargs
+        if self._coupling_graph.num_edges() == 0 and (
+            qargs is None or any(x is None for x in qargs)
+        ):
+            self._coupling_graph = None  # pylint: disable=attribute-defined-outside-init
+
+    def build_coupling_map(self, two_q_gate=None, filter_idle_qubits=False):
+        """Get a :class:`~qiskit.transpiler.CouplingMap` from this target.
+
+        If there is a mix of two qubit operations that have a connectivity
+        constraint and those that are globally defined this will also return
+        ``None`` because the globally connectivity means there is no constraint
+        on the target. If you wish to see the constraints of the two qubit
+        operations that have constraints you should use the ``two_q_gate``
+        argument to limit the output to the gates which have a constraint.
+
+        Args:
+            two_q_gate (str): An optional gate name for a two qubit gate in
+                the ``Target`` to generate the coupling map for. If specified the
+                output coupling map will only have edges between qubits where
+                this gate is present.
+            filter_idle_qubits (bool): If set to ``True`` the output :class:`~.CouplingMap`
+                will remove any qubits that don't have any operations defined in the
+                target. Note that using this argument will result in an output
+                :class:`~.CouplingMap` object which has holes in its indices
+                which might differ from the assumptions of the class. The typical use
+                case of this argument is to be paired with
+                :meth:`.CouplingMap.connected_components` which will handle the holes
+                as expected.
+        Returns:
+            CouplingMap: The :class:`~qiskit.transpiler.CouplingMap` object
+                for this target. If there are no connectivity constraints in
+                the target this will return ``None``.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If a non-two qubit gate is passed in for ``two_q_gate``.
+            IndexError: If an Instruction not in the ``Target`` is passed in for
+                ``two_q_gate``.
+        """
+        if self.qargs is None:
+            return None
+        if None not in self.qargs and any(len(x) > 2 for x in self.qargs):
+            logger.warning(
+                "This Target object contains multiqubit gates that "
+                "operate on > 2 qubits. This will not be reflected in "
+                "the output coupling map."
+            )
+
+        if two_q_gate is not None:
+            coupling_graph = rx.PyDiGraph(multigraph=False)
+            coupling_graph.add_nodes_from([None] * self.num_qubits)
+            for qargs, properties in self[two_q_gate].items():
+                if len(qargs) != 2:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Specified two_q_gate: {two_q_gate} is not a 2 qubit instruction"
+                    )
+                coupling_graph.add_edge(*qargs, {two_q_gate: properties})
+            cmap = CouplingMap()
+            cmap.graph = coupling_graph
+            return cmap
+        if self._coupling_graph is None:
+            self._build_coupling_graph()
+        # if there is no connectivity constraints in the coupling graph treat it as not
+        # existing and return
+        if self._coupling_graph is not None:
+            cmap = CouplingMap()
+            if filter_idle_qubits:
+                cmap.graph = self._filter_coupling_graph()
+            else:
+                cmap.graph = self._coupling_graph.copy()
+            return cmap
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _filter_coupling_graph(self):
+        has_operations = set(itertools.chain.from_iterable(x for x in self.qargs if x is not None))
+        graph = self._coupling_graph.copy()
+        to_remove = set(graph.node_indices()).difference(has_operations)
+        if to_remove:
+            graph.remove_nodes_from(list(to_remove))
+        return graph
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._gate_map)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._gate_map[key]
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        """Gets an item from the Target. If not found return a provided default or `None`."""
+        try:
+            return self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._gate_map)
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return item in self._gate_map
+
+    def keys(self):
+        """Return the keys (operation_names) of the Target"""
+        return self._gate_map.keys()
+
+    def values(self):
+        """Return the Property Map (qargs -> InstructionProperties) of every instruction in the Target"""
+        return self._gate_map.values()
+
+    def items(self):
+        """Returns pairs of Gate names and its property map (str, dict[tuple, InstructionProperties])"""
+        return self._gate_map.items()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        output = io.StringIO()
+        if self.description is not None:
+            output.write(f"Target: {self.description}\n")
+        else:
+            output.write("Target\n")
+        output.write(f"Number of qubits: {self.num_qubits}\n")
+        output.write("Instructions:\n")
+        for inst, qarg_props in self._gate_map.items():
+            output.write(f"\t{inst}\n")
+            for qarg, props in qarg_props.items():
+                if qarg is None:
+                    continue
+                if props is None:
+                    output.write(f"\t\t{qarg}\n")
+                    continue
+                prop_str_pieces = [f"\t\t{qarg}:\n"]
+                duration = getattr(props, "duration", None)
+                if duration is not None:
+                    prop_str_pieces.append(f"\t\t\tDuration: {duration:g} sec.\n")
+                error = getattr(props, "error", None)
+                if error is not None:
+                    prop_str_pieces.append(f"\t\t\tError Rate: {error:g}\n")
+                extra_props = getattr(props, "properties", None)
+                if extra_props is not None:
+                    extra_props_pieces = [
+                        f"\t\t\t\t{key}: {value}\n" for key, value in extra_props.items()
+                    ]
+                    extra_props_str = "".join(extra_props_pieces)
+                    prop_str_pieces.append(f"\t\t\tExtra properties:\n{extra_props_str}\n")
+                output.write("".join(prop_str_pieces))
+        return output.getvalue()
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> dict:
+        return {
+            "_gate_map": self._gate_map,
+            "coupling_graph": self._coupling_graph,
+            "instruction_durations": self._instruction_durations,
+            "instruction_schedule_map": self._instruction_schedule_map,
+            "base": super().__getstate__(),
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: tuple):
+        self._gate_map = state["_gate_map"]
+        self._coupling_graph = state["coupling_graph"]
+        self._instruction_durations = state["instruction_durations"]
+        self._instruction_schedule_map = state["instruction_schedule_map"]
+        super().__setstate__(state["base"])
+
+    def seconds_to_dt(self, duration: float) -> int:
+        """Convert a given duration in seconds to units of dt
+
+        Args:
+            duration: The duration in seconds, such as in an :class:`.InstructionProperties`
+                field for an instruction in the target.
+
+        Returns
+            duration: The duration in units of dt
+        """
+        return duration_in_dt(duration, self.dt)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_configuration(
+        cls,
+        basis_gates: list[str],
+        num_qubits: int | None = None,
+        coupling_map: CouplingMap | None = None,
+        instruction_durations: InstructionDurations | None = None,
+        concurrent_measurements: Optional[List[List[int]]] = None,
+        dt: float | None = None,
+        timing_constraints: TimingConstraints | None = None,
+        custom_name_mapping: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> Target:
+        """Create a target object from the individual global configuration
+
+        Prior to the creation of the :class:`~.Target` class, the constraints
+        of a backend were represented by a collection of different objects
+        which combined represent a subset of the information contained in
+        the :class:`~.Target`. This function provides a simple interface
+        to convert those separate objects to a :class:`~.Target`.
+
+        This constructor will use the input from ``basis_gates``, ``num_qubits``,
+        and ``coupling_map`` to build a base model of the backend and the
+        ``instruction_durations``, ``backend_properties``, and ``inst_map`` inputs
+        are then queried (in that order) based on that model to look up the properties
+        of each instruction and qubit. If there is an inconsistency between the inputs
+        any extra or conflicting information present in ``instruction_durations``,
+        ``backend_properties``, or ``inst_map`` will be ignored.
+
+        Args:
+            basis_gates: The list of basis gate names for the backend. For the
+                target to be created these names must either be in the output
+                from :func:`~.get_standard_gate_name_mapping` or present in the
+                specified ``custom_name_mapping`` argument.
+            num_qubits: The number of qubits supported on the backend.
+            coupling_map: The coupling map representing connectivity constraints
+                on the backend. If specified all gates from ``basis_gates`` will
+                be supported on all qubits (or pairs of qubits).
+            instruction_durations: Optional instruction durations for instructions. If specified
+                it will take priority for setting the ``duration`` field in the
+                :class:`~InstructionProperties` objects for the instructions in the target.
+            concurrent_measurements(list): A list of sets of qubits that must be
+                measured together. This must be provided
+                as a nested list like ``[[0, 1], [2, 3, 4]]``.
+            dt: The system time resolution of input signals in seconds
+            timing_constraints: Optional timing constraints to include in the
+                :class:`~.Target`
+            custom_name_mapping: An optional dictionary that maps custom gate/operation names in
+                ``basis_gates`` to an :class:`~.Operation` object representing that
+                gate/operation. By default, most standard gates names are mapped to the
+                standard gate object from :mod:`qiskit.circuit.library` this only needs
+                to be specified if the input ``basis_gates`` defines gates in names outside
+                that set.
+
+        Returns:
+            Target: the target built from the input configuration
+
+        Raises:
+            TranspilerError: If the input basis gates contain > 2 qubits and ``coupling_map`` is
+            specified.
+            KeyError: If no mapping is available for a specified ``basis_gate``.
+        """
+        granularity = 1
+        min_length = 1
+        pulse_alignment = 1
+        acquire_alignment = 1
+        if timing_constraints is not None:
+            granularity = timing_constraints.granularity
+            min_length = timing_constraints.min_length
+            pulse_alignment = timing_constraints.pulse_alignment
+            acquire_alignment = timing_constraints.acquire_alignment
+
+        qubit_properties = None
+
+        target = cls(
+            num_qubits=num_qubits,
+            dt=dt,
+            granularity=granularity,
+            min_length=min_length,
+            pulse_alignment=pulse_alignment,
+            acquire_alignment=acquire_alignment,
+            qubit_properties=qubit_properties,
+            concurrent_measurements=concurrent_measurements,
+        )
+        name_mapping = get_standard_gate_name_mapping()
+        if custom_name_mapping is not None:
+            name_mapping.update(custom_name_mapping)
+
+        # While BackendProperties can also contain coupling information we
+        # rely solely on CouplingMap to determine connectivity. This is because
+        # in legacy transpiler usage
+        # the coupling map is used to define connectivity constraints and
+        # the properties is only used for error rate and duration population.
+        # If coupling map is not specified we ignore the backend_properties
+        if coupling_map is None:
+            for gate in basis_gates:
+                if gate not in name_mapping:
+                    raise KeyError(
+                        f"The specified basis gate: {gate} is not present in the standard gate "
+                        "names or a provided custom_name_mapping"
+                    )
+                target.add_instruction(name_mapping[gate], name=gate)
+        else:
+            one_qubit_gates = []
+            two_qubit_gates = []
+            global_ideal_variable_width_gates = []  # pylint: disable=invalid-name
+            if num_qubits is None:
+                num_qubits = len(coupling_map.graph)
+            for gate in basis_gates:
+                if gate not in name_mapping:
+                    raise KeyError(
+                        f"The specified basis gate: {gate} is not present in the standard gate "
+                        "names or a provided custom_name_mapping"
+                    )
+                gate_obj = name_mapping[gate]
+                if gate_obj.num_qubits == 1:
+                    one_qubit_gates.append(gate)
+                elif gate_obj.num_qubits == 2:
+                    two_qubit_gates.append(gate)
+                elif inspect.isclass(gate_obj):
+                    global_ideal_variable_width_gates.append(gate)
+                else:
+                    raise TranspilerError(
+                        f"The specified basis gate: {gate} has {gate_obj.num_qubits} "
+                        "qubits. This constructor method only supports fixed width operations "
+                        "with <= 2 qubits (because connectivity is defined on a CouplingMap)."
+                    )
+            for gate in one_qubit_gates:
+                gate_properties: dict[tuple, InstructionProperties] = {}
+                for qubit in range(num_qubits):
+                    error = None
+                    duration = None
+                    # Durations if specified manually should override model objects
+                    if instruction_durations is not None:
+                        try:
+                            duration = instruction_durations.get(gate, qubit, unit="s")
+                        except TranspilerError:
+                            duration = None
+
+                    if error is None and duration is None:
+                        gate_properties[(qubit,)] = None
+                    else:
+                        gate_properties[(qubit,)] = InstructionProperties(
+                            duration=duration, error=error
+                        )
+                target.add_instruction(name_mapping[gate], properties=gate_properties, name=gate)
+            edges = list(coupling_map.get_edges())
+            for gate in two_qubit_gates:
+                gate_properties = {}
+                for edge in edges:
+                    error = None
+                    duration = None
+                    # Durations if specified manually should override model objects
+                    if instruction_durations is not None:
+                        try:
+                            duration = instruction_durations.get(gate, edge, unit="s")
+                        except TranspilerError:
+                            duration = None
+
+                    if error is None and duration is None:
+                        gate_properties[edge] = None
+                    else:
+                        gate_properties[edge] = InstructionProperties(
+                            duration=duration, error=error
+                        )
+                target.add_instruction(name_mapping[gate], properties=gate_properties, name=gate)
+            for gate in global_ideal_variable_width_gates:
+                target.add_instruction(name_mapping[gate], name=gate)
+        return target
+
+
+Mapping.register(Target)
+
+
+class _FakeTarget(Target):
+    """
+    Pseudo-target class for INTERNAL use in the transpilation pipeline.
+    It's essentially an empty :class:`.Target` instance with a `coupling_map`
+    argument that allows to store connectivity constraints without basis gates.
+    This is intended to replace the use of loose constraints in the pipeline.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, coupling_map=None, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        if coupling_map is None or isinstance(coupling_map, CouplingMap):
+            self._coupling_map = coupling_map
+        else:
+            self._coupling_map = CouplingMap(coupling_map)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._gate_map)
+
+    def build_coupling_map(self, *args, **kwargs):  # pylint: disable=unused-argument
+        return copy.deepcopy(self._coupling_map)
+
+    def instruction_supported(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Checks whether an instruction is supported by the
+        Target based on instruction name and qargs. Note that if there are no
+        basis gates in the Target, this method will always return ``True``.
+        """
+        if len(self.operation_names) == 0:
+            return True
+        else:
+            return super().instruction_supported(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_configuration(
+        cls,
+        *args,
+        num_qubits: int | None = None,
+        coupling_map: CouplingMap | list | None = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> _FakeTarget:
+
+        if num_qubits is None and coupling_map is not None:
+            num_qubits = len(coupling_map.graph)
+
+        return cls(num_qubits=num_qubits, coupling_map=coupling_map, *args, **kwargs)