qiskit 1.3.0b1__cp39-abi3-macosx_10_9_x86_64.whl

qiskit/quantum_info/operators/symplectic/pauli.py

@@ -0,0 +1,751 @@
+# This code is part of Qiskit.
+#
+# (C) Copyright IBM 2017, 2020
+#
+# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
+# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
+# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
+#
+# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
+# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
+# that they have been altered from the originals.
+"""
+N-qubit Pauli Operator Class
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from typing import Literal, TYPE_CHECKING
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from qiskit.circuit import Instruction, QuantumCircuit
+from qiskit.circuit.barrier import Barrier
+from qiskit.circuit.delay import Delay
+from qiskit.circuit.library.generalized_gates import PauliGate
+from qiskit.circuit.library.standard_gates import IGate, XGate, YGate, ZGate
+from qiskit.exceptions import QiskitError
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.mixins import generate_apidocs
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.scalar_op import ScalarOp
+from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.symplectic.base_pauli import BasePauli, _count_y
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.symplectic.clifford import Clifford
+    from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.symplectic.pauli_list import PauliList
+    from qiskit.transpiler.layout import TranspileLayout
+
+
+class Pauli(BasePauli):
+    r"""N-qubit Pauli operator.
+
+    This class represents an operator :math:`P` from the full :math:`n`-qubit
+    *Pauli* group
+
+    .. math::
+
+        P = (-i)^{q} P_{n-1} \otimes ... \otimes P_{0}
+
+    where :math:`q\in \mathbb{Z}_4` and :math:`P_i \in \{I, X, Y, Z\}`
+    are single-qubit Pauli matrices:
+
+    .. math::
+
+        I = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0  \\ 0 & 1  \end{pmatrix},
+        X = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1  \\ 1 & 0  \end{pmatrix},
+        Y = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & -i \\ i & 0  \end{pmatrix},
+        Z = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0  \\ 0 & -1 \end{pmatrix}.
+
+    **Initialization**
+
+    A Pauli object can be initialized in several ways:
+
+        ``Pauli(obj)``
+            where ``obj`` is a Pauli string, ``Pauli`` or
+            :class:`~qiskit.quantum_info.ScalarOp` operator, or a Pauli
+            gate or :class:`~qiskit.QuantumCircuit` containing only
+            Pauli gates.
+
+        ``Pauli((z, x, phase))``
+            where ``z`` and ``x`` are boolean ``numpy.ndarrays`` and ``phase`` is
+            an integer in ``[0, 1, 2, 3]``.
+
+        ``Pauli((z, x))``
+            equivalent to ``Pauli((z, x, 0))`` with trivial phase.
+
+    **String representation**
+
+    An :math:`n`-qubit Pauli may be represented by a string consisting of
+    :math:`n` characters from ``['I', 'X', 'Y', 'Z']``, and optionally phase
+    coefficient in ``['', '-i', '-', 'i']``. For example: ``'XYZ'`` or
+    ``'-iZIZ'``.
+
+    In the string representation qubit-0 corresponds to the right-most
+    Pauli character, and qubit-:math:`(n-1)` to the left-most Pauli
+    character. For example ``'XYZ'`` represents
+    :math:`X\otimes Y \otimes Z` with ``'Z'`` on qubit-0,
+    ``'Y'`` on qubit-1, and ``'X'`` on qubit-2.
+
+    The string representation can be converted to a ``Pauli`` using the
+    class initialization (``Pauli('-iXYZ')``). A ``Pauli`` object can be
+    converted back to the string representation using the
+    :meth:`to_label` method or ``str(pauli)``.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        Using ``str`` to convert a ``Pauli`` to a string will truncate the
+        returned string for large numbers of qubits while :meth:`to_label`
+        will return the full string with no truncation. The default
+        truncation length is 50 characters. The default value can be
+        changed by setting the class ``__truncate__`` attribute to an integer
+        value. If set to ``0`` no truncation will be performed.
+
+    **Array Representation**
+
+    The internal data structure of an :math:`n`-qubit Pauli is two
+    length-:math:`n` boolean vectors :math:`z \in \mathbb{Z}_2^N`,
+    :math:`x \in \mathbb{Z}_2^N`, and an integer :math:`q \in \mathbb{Z}_4`
+    defining the Pauli operator
+
+    .. math::
+
+        P = (-i)^{q + z\cdot x} Z^z \cdot X^x.
+
+    The :math:`k`-th qubit corresponds to the :math:`k`-th entry in the
+    :math:`z` and :math:`x` arrays
+
+    .. math::
+
+        \begin{aligned}
+        P &= P_{n-1} \otimes ... \otimes P_{0} \\
+        P_k &= (-i)^{z[k] * x[k]} Z^{z[k]}\cdot X^{x[k]}
+        \end{aligned}
+
+    where ``z[k] = P.z[k]``, ``x[k] = P.x[k]`` respectively.
+
+    The :math:`z` and :math:`x` arrays can be accessed and updated using
+    the :attr:`z` and :attr:`x` properties respectively. The phase integer
+    :math:`q` can be accessed and updated using the :attr:`phase` property.
+
+    **Matrix Operator Representation**
+
+    Pauli's can be converted to :math:`(2^n, 2^n)`
+    :class:`~qiskit.quantum_info.Operator` using the :meth:`to_operator` method,
+    or to a dense or sparse complex matrix using the :meth:`to_matrix` method.
+
+    **Data Access**
+
+    The individual qubit Paulis can be accessed and updated using the ``[]``
+    operator which accepts integer, lists, or slices for selecting subsets
+    of Paulis. Note that selecting subsets of Pauli's will discard the
+    phase of the current Pauli.
+
+    For example
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        P = Pauli('-iXYZ')
+
+        print('P[0] =', repr(P[0]))
+        print('P[1] =', repr(P[1]))
+        print('P[2] =', repr(P[2]))
+        print('P[:] =', repr(P[:]))
+        print('P[::-1] =', repr(P[::-1]))
+    """
+
+    # Set the max Pauli string size before truncation
+    __truncate__ = 50
+
+    _VALID_LABEL_PATTERN = re.compile(r"(?P<coeff>[+-]?1?[ij]?)(?P<pauli>[IXYZ]*)")
+    _CANONICAL_PHASE_LABEL = {"": 0, "-i": 1, "-": 2, "i": 3}
+
+    def __init__(self, data: str | tuple | Pauli | ScalarOp | QuantumCircuit | None = None):
+        r"""Initialize the Pauli.
+
+        When using the symplectic array input data both z and x arguments must
+        be provided, however the first (z) argument can be used alone for string
+        label, Pauli operator, or :class:`.ScalarOp` input data.
+
+        Args:
+            data (str or tuple or Pauli or ScalarOp): input data for Pauli. If input is
+                a tuple it must be of the form ``(z, x)`` or ``(z, x, phase)`` where
+                ``z`` and ``x`` are boolean Numpy arrays, and phase is an integer from
+                :math:`\mathbb{Z}_4`.
+                If input is a string, it must be a concatenation of a phase and a Pauli string
+                (e.g. ``'XYZ', '-iZIZ'``) where a phase string is a combination of at most three
+                characters from ``['+', '-', '']``, ``['1', '']``, and ``['i', 'j', '']`` in this order,
+                e.g. ``''``, ``'-1j'`` while a Pauli string is 1 or more
+                characters of ``'I'``, ``'X'``, ``'Y'``, or ``'Z'``,
+                e.g. ``'Z'``, ``'XIYY'``.
+
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: if input array is invalid shape.
+        """
+        if isinstance(data, BasePauli):
+            base_z, base_x, base_phase = data._z, data._x, data._phase
+        elif isinstance(data, tuple):
+            if len(data) not in [2, 3]:
+                raise QiskitError(
+                    "Invalid input tuple for Pauli, input tuple must be `(z, x, phase)` or `(z, x)`"
+                )
+            base_z, base_x, base_phase = self._from_array(*data)
+        elif isinstance(data, str):
+            base_z, base_x, base_phase = self._from_label(data)
+        elif isinstance(data, ScalarOp):
+            base_z, base_x, base_phase = self._from_scalar_op(data)
+        elif isinstance(data, (QuantumCircuit, Instruction)):
+            base_z, base_x, base_phase = self._from_circuit(data)
+        else:
+            raise QiskitError("Invalid input data for Pauli.")
+
+        # Initialize BasePauli
+        if base_z.shape[0] != 1:
+            raise QiskitError("Input is not a single Pauli")
+        super().__init__(base_z, base_x, base_phase)
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        """Unique string identifier for operation type."""
+        return "pauli"
+
+    @property
+    def num_clbits(self):
+        """Number of classical bits."""
+        return 0
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """Display representation."""
+        return f"Pauli('{self.__str__()}')"
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """Print representation."""
+        if self.__truncate__ and self.num_qubits > self.__truncate__:
+            front = self[-self.__truncate__ :].to_label()
+            return front + "..."
+        return self.to_label()
+
+    def __array__(self, dtype=None, copy=None):
+        if copy is False:
+            raise ValueError("unable to avoid copy while creating an array as requested")
+        arr = self.to_matrix()
+        return arr if dtype is None else arr.astype(dtype, copy=False)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def set_truncation(cls, val: int):
+        """Set the max number of Pauli characters to display before truncation/
+
+        Args:
+            val (int): the number of characters.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            Truncation will be disabled if the truncation value is set to 0.
+        """
+        cls.__truncate__ = int(val)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """Test if two Paulis are equal."""
+        if not isinstance(other, BasePauli):
+            return False
+        return self._eq(other)
+
+    def equiv(self, other: Pauli) -> bool:
+        """Return True if Pauli's are equivalent up to group phase.
+
+        Args:
+            other (Pauli): an operator object.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the Pauli's are equivalent up to group phase.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(other, Pauli):
+            try:
+                other = Pauli(other)
+            except QiskitError:
+                return False
+        return np.all(self._z == other._z) and np.all(self._x == other._x)
+
+    @property
+    def settings(self) -> dict:
+        """Return settings."""
+        return {"data": self.to_label()}
+
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Direct array access
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    @property
+    def phase(self):
+        """Return the group phase exponent for the Pauli."""
+        # Convert internal ZX-phase convention of BasePauli to group phase
+        return np.mod(self._phase - self._count_y(dtype=self._phase.dtype), 4)[0]
+
+    @phase.setter
+    def phase(self, value):
+        # Convert group phase convention to internal ZX-phase convention
+        self._phase[:] = np.mod(value + self._count_y(dtype=self._phase.dtype), 4)
+
+    @property
+    def x(self):
+        """The x vector for the Pauli."""
+        return self._x[0]
+
+    @x.setter
+    def x(self, val):
+        self._x[0, :] = val
+
+    @property
+    def z(self):
+        """The z vector for the Pauli."""
+        return self._z[0]
+
+    @z.setter
+    def z(self, val):
+        self._z[0, :] = val
+
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Pauli Array methods
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """Return the number of qubits in the Pauli."""
+        return self.num_qubits
+
+    def __getitem__(self, qubits):
+        """Return the unsigned Pauli group Pauli for subset of qubits."""
+        # Set group phase to 0 so returned Pauli is always +1 coeff
+        if isinstance(qubits, (int, np.integer)):
+            qubits = [qubits]
+        return Pauli((self.z[qubits], self.x[qubits]))
+
+    def __setitem__(self, qubits, value):
+        """Update the Pauli for a subset of qubits."""
+        if not isinstance(value, Pauli):
+            value = Pauli(value)
+        self._z[0, qubits] = value.z
+        self._x[0, qubits] = value.x
+        # Add extra phase from new Pauli to current
+        self._phase = self._phase + value._phase
+
+    def delete(self, qubits: int | list) -> Pauli:
+        """Return a Pauli with qubits deleted.
+
+        Args:
+            qubits (int or list): qubits to delete from Pauli.
+
+        Returns:
+            Pauli: the resulting Pauli with the specified qubits removed.
+
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: if ind is out of bounds for the array size or
+                         number of qubits.
+        """
+        if isinstance(qubits, (int, np.integer)):
+            qubits = [qubits]
+        if len(qubits) == 0:
+            return Pauli((self._z, self._x, self.phase))
+        if max(qubits) > self.num_qubits - 1:
+            raise QiskitError(
+                "Qubit index is larger than the number of qubits "
+                f"({max(qubits)}>{self.num_qubits - 1})."
+            )
+        if len(qubits) == self.num_qubits:
+            raise QiskitError("Cannot delete all qubits of Pauli")
+        z = np.delete(self._z, qubits, axis=1)
+        x = np.delete(self._x, qubits, axis=1)
+        return Pauli((z, x, self.phase))
+
+    def insert(self, qubits: int | list, value: Pauli) -> Pauli:
+        """Insert a Pauli at specific qubit value.
+
+        Args:
+            qubits (int or list): qubits index to insert at.
+            value (Pauli): value to insert.
+
+        Returns:
+            Pauli: the resulting Pauli with the entries inserted.
+
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: if the insertion qubits are invalid.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(value, Pauli):
+            value = Pauli(value)
+
+        # Initialize empty operator
+        ret_qubits = self.num_qubits + value.num_qubits
+        ret = Pauli((np.zeros(ret_qubits, dtype=bool), np.zeros(ret_qubits, dtype=bool)))
+        if isinstance(qubits, (int, np.integer)):
+            if value.num_qubits == 1:
+                qubits = [qubits]
+            else:
+                qubits = list(range(qubits, qubits + value.num_qubits))
+        if len(qubits) != value.num_qubits:
+            raise QiskitError(
+                "Number of indices does not match number of qubits for "
+                f"the inserted Pauli ({len(qubits)}!={value.num_qubits})"
+            )
+        if max(qubits) > ret.num_qubits - 1:
+            raise QiskitError(
+                "Index is too larger for combined Pauli number of qubits "
+                f"({max(qubits)}>{ret.num_qubits - 1})."
+            )
+        # Qubit positions for original op
+        self_qubits = [i for i in range(ret.num_qubits) if i not in qubits]
+        ret[self_qubits] = self
+        ret[qubits] = value
+        return ret
+
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Representation conversions
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """Make hashable based on string representation."""
+        return hash(self.to_label())
+
+    def to_label(self) -> str:
+        """Convert a Pauli to a string label.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The difference between `to_label` and :meth:`__str__` is that
+            the later will truncate the output for large numbers of qubits.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: the Pauli string label.
+        """
+        return self._to_label(self.z, self.x, self._phase[0])
+
+    def to_matrix(self, sparse: bool = False) -> np.ndarray:
+        r"""Convert to a Numpy array or sparse CSR matrix.
+
+        Args:
+            sparse (bool): if True return sparse CSR matrices, otherwise
+                           return dense Numpy arrays (default: False).
+
+        Returns:
+            array: The Pauli matrix.
+        """
+        return self._to_matrix(self.z, self.x, self._phase[0], sparse=sparse)
+
+    def to_instruction(self):
+        """Convert to Pauli circuit instruction."""
+        from math import pi
+
+        pauli, phase = self._to_label(
+            self.z, self.x, self._phase[0], full_group=False, return_phase=True
+        )
+        if len(pauli) == 1:
+            gate = {"I": IGate(), "X": XGate(), "Y": YGate(), "Z": ZGate()}[pauli]
+        else:
+            gate = PauliGate(pauli)
+        if not phase:
+            return gate
+        # Add global phase
+        circuit = QuantumCircuit(self.num_qubits, name=str(self))
+        circuit.global_phase = -phase * pi / 2
+        circuit.append(gate, range(self.num_qubits))
+        return circuit.to_instruction()
+
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # BaseOperator methods
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def compose(
+        self, other: Pauli, qargs: list | None = None, front: bool = False, inplace: bool = False
+    ) -> Pauli:
+        """Return the operator composition with another Pauli.
+
+        Args:
+            other (Pauli): a Pauli object.
+            qargs (list or None): Optional, qubits to apply dot product
+                                  on (default: None).
+            front (bool): If True compose using right operator multiplication,
+                          instead of left multiplication [default: False].
+            inplace (bool): If True update in-place (default: False).
+
+        Returns:
+            Pauli: The composed Pauli.
+
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: if other cannot be converted to an operator, or has
+                         incompatible dimensions for specified subsystems.
+
+        .. note::
+            Composition (``&``) by default is defined as `left` matrix multiplication for
+            matrix operators, while :meth:`dot` is defined as `right` matrix
+            multiplication. That is that ``A & B == A.compose(B)`` is equivalent to
+            ``B.dot(A)`` when ``A`` and ``B`` are of the same type.
+
+            Setting the ``front=True`` kwarg changes this to `right` matrix
+            multiplication and is equivalent to the :meth:`dot` method
+            ``A.dot(B) == A.compose(B, front=True)``.
+        """
+        if qargs is None:
+            qargs = getattr(other, "qargs", None)
+        if not isinstance(other, Pauli):
+            other = Pauli(other)
+        return Pauli(super().compose(other, qargs=qargs, front=front, inplace=inplace))
+
+    def dot(self, other: Pauli, qargs: list | None = None, inplace: bool = False) -> Pauli:
+        """Return the right multiplied operator self * other.
+
+        Args:
+            other (Pauli): an operator object.
+            qargs (list or None): Optional, qubits to apply dot product
+                                  on (default: None).
+            inplace (bool): If True update in-place (default: False).
+
+        Returns:
+            Pauli: The operator self * other.
+        """
+        return self.compose(other, qargs=qargs, front=True, inplace=inplace)
+
+    def tensor(self, other: Pauli) -> Pauli:
+        if not isinstance(other, Pauli):
+            other = Pauli(other)
+        return Pauli(super().tensor(other))
+
+    def expand(self, other: Pauli) -> Pauli:
+        if not isinstance(other, Pauli):
+            other = Pauli(other)
+        return Pauli(super().expand(other))
+
+    def _multiply(self, other):
+        return Pauli(super()._multiply(other))
+
+    def conjugate(self):
+        return Pauli(super().conjugate())
+
+    def transpose(self):
+        return Pauli(super().transpose())
+
+    def adjoint(self):
+        return Pauli(super().adjoint())
+
+    def inverse(self):
+        """Return the inverse of the Pauli."""
+        return Pauli(super().adjoint())
+
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Utility methods
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def commutes(self, other: Pauli | PauliList, qargs: list | None = None) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the Pauli commutes with other.
+
+        Args:
+            other (Pauli or PauliList): another Pauli operator.
+            qargs (list): qubits to apply dot product on (default: None).
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if Pauli's commute, False if they anti-commute.
+        """
+        if qargs is None:
+            qargs = getattr(other, "qargs", None)
+        if not isinstance(other, BasePauli):
+            other = Pauli(other)
+        ret = super().commutes(other, qargs=qargs)
+        if len(ret) == 1:
+            return ret[0]
+        return ret
+
+    def anticommutes(self, other: Pauli, qargs: list | None = None) -> bool:
+        """Return True if other Pauli anticommutes with self.
+
+        Args:
+            other (Pauli): another Pauli operator.
+            qargs (list): qubits to apply dot product on (default: None).
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if Pauli's anticommute, False if they commute.
+        """
+        return np.logical_not(self.commutes(other, qargs=qargs))
+
+    def evolve(
+        self,
+        other: Pauli | Clifford | QuantumCircuit,
+        qargs: list | None = None,
+        frame: Literal["h", "s"] = "h",
+    ) -> Pauli:
+        r"""Performs either Heisenberg (default) or Schrödinger picture
+        evolution of the Pauli by a Clifford and returns the evolved Pauli.
+
+        Schrödinger picture evolution can be chosen by passing parameter ``frame='s'``.
+        This option yields a faster calculation.
+
+        Heisenberg picture evolves the Pauli as :math:`P^\prime = C^\dagger.P.C`.
+
+        Schrödinger picture evolves the Pauli as :math:`P^\prime = C.P.C^\dagger`.
+
+        Args:
+            other (Pauli or Clifford or QuantumCircuit): The Clifford operator to evolve by.
+            qargs (list): a list of qubits to apply the Clifford to.
+            frame (string): ``'h'`` for Heisenberg (default) or ``'s'`` for
+            Schrödinger framework.
+
+        Returns:
+            Pauli: the Pauli :math:`C^\dagger.P.C` (Heisenberg picture)
+            or the Pauli :math:`C.P.C^\dagger` (Schrödinger picture).
+
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: if the Clifford number of qubits and qargs don't match.
+        """
+        if qargs is None:
+            qargs = getattr(other, "qargs", None)
+
+        # pylint: disable=cyclic-import
+        from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.symplectic.clifford import Clifford
+
+        if not isinstance(other, (Pauli, Instruction, QuantumCircuit, Clifford)):
+            # Convert to a Pauli
+            other = Pauli(other)
+
+        return Pauli(super().evolve(other, qargs=qargs, frame=frame))
+
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Initialization helper functions
+    # ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _from_label(label):
+        """Return the symplectic representation of Pauli string.
+
+        Args:
+            label (str): the Pauli string label.
+
+        Returns:
+            BasePauli: the BasePauli corresponding to the label.
+
+        Raises:
+            QiskitError: if Pauli string is not valid.
+        """
+        match_ = Pauli._VALID_LABEL_PATTERN.fullmatch(label)
+        if match_ is None:
+            raise QiskitError(f'Pauli string label "{label}" is not valid.')
+        phase = Pauli._CANONICAL_PHASE_LABEL[
+            (match_["coeff"] or "").replace("1", "").replace("+", "").replace("j", "i")
+        ]
+
+        # Convert to Symplectic representation
+        pauli_bytes = np.frombuffer(match_["pauli"].encode("ascii"), dtype=np.uint8)[::-1]
+        ys = pauli_bytes == ord("Y")
+        base_x = np.logical_or(pauli_bytes == ord("X"), ys).reshape(1, -1)
+        base_z = np.logical_or(pauli_bytes == ord("Z"), ys).reshape(1, -1)
+        base_phase = np.array([(phase + np.count_nonzero(ys)) % 4], dtype=int)
+        return base_z, base_x, base_phase
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_scalar_op(cls, op):
+        """Convert a ScalarOp to BasePauli data."""
+        if op.num_qubits is None:
+            raise QiskitError(f"{op} is not an N-qubit identity")
+        base_z = np.zeros((1, op.num_qubits), dtype=bool)
+        base_x = np.zeros((1, op.num_qubits), dtype=bool)
+        base_phase = np.mod(
+            cls._phase_from_complex(op.coeff) + _count_y(base_x, base_z), 4, dtype=int
+        )
+        return base_z, base_x, base_phase
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_pauli_instruction(cls, instr):
+        """Convert a Pauli instruction to BasePauli data."""
+        if isinstance(instr, PauliGate):
+            return cls._from_label(instr.params[0])
+        if isinstance(instr, IGate):
+            return np.array([[False]]), np.array([[False]]), np.array([0])
+        if isinstance(instr, XGate):
+            return np.array([[False]]), np.array([[True]]), np.array([0])
+        if isinstance(instr, YGate):
+            return np.array([[True]]), np.array([[True]]), np.array([1])
+        if isinstance(instr, ZGate):
+            return np.array([[True]]), np.array([[False]]), np.array([0])
+        raise QiskitError("Invalid Pauli instruction.")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_circuit(cls, instr):
+        """Convert a Pauli circuit to BasePauli data."""
+        # Try and convert single instruction
+        if isinstance(instr, (PauliGate, IGate, XGate, YGate, ZGate)):
+            return cls._from_pauli_instruction(instr)
+
+        if isinstance(instr, Instruction):
+            # Convert other instructions to circuit definition
+            if instr.definition is None:
+                raise QiskitError(f"Cannot apply Instruction: {instr.name}")
+            # Convert to circuit
+            instr = instr.definition
+
+        # Initialize identity Pauli
+        ret = Pauli(
+            BasePauli(
+                np.zeros((1, instr.num_qubits), dtype=bool),
+                np.zeros((1, instr.num_qubits), dtype=bool),
+                np.zeros(1, dtype=int),
+            )
+        )
+
+        # Add circuit global phase if specified
+        if instr.global_phase:
+            ret.phase = cls._phase_from_complex(np.exp(1j * float(instr.global_phase)))
+
+        # Recursively apply instructions
+        for inner in instr.data:
+            if inner.clbits:
+                raise QiskitError(
+                    f"Cannot apply instruction with classical bits: {inner.operation.name}"
+                )
+            if not isinstance(inner.operation, (Barrier, Delay)):
+                next_instr = BasePauli(*cls._from_circuit(inner.operation))
+                if next_instr is not None:
+                    qargs = [instr.find_bit(tup).index for tup in inner.qubits]
+                    ret = ret.compose(next_instr, qargs=qargs)
+        return ret._z, ret._x, ret._phase
+
+    def apply_layout(
+        self, layout: TranspileLayout | list[int] | None, num_qubits: int | None = None
+    ) -> Pauli:
+        """Apply a transpiler layout to this :class:`~.Pauli`
+
+        Args:
+            layout: Either a :class:`~.TranspileLayout`, a list of integers or None.
+                    If both layout and num_qubits are none, a copy of the operator is
+                    returned.
+            num_qubits: The number of qubits to expand the operator to. If not
+                provided then if ``layout`` is a :class:`~.TranspileLayout` the
+                number of the transpiler output circuit qubits will be used by
+                default. If ``layout`` is a list of integers the permutation
+                specified will be applied without any expansion. If layout is
+                None, the operator will be expanded to the given number of qubits.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new :class:`.Pauli` with the provided layout applied
+        """
+        from qiskit.transpiler.layout import TranspileLayout
+
+        if layout is None and num_qubits is None:
+            return self.copy()
+
+        n_qubits = self.num_qubits
+        if isinstance(layout, TranspileLayout):
+            n_qubits = len(layout._output_qubit_list)
+            layout = layout.final_index_layout()
+        if num_qubits is not None:
+            if num_qubits < n_qubits:
+                raise QiskitError(
+                    f"The input num_qubits is too small, a {num_qubits} qubit layout cannot be "
+                    f"applied to a {n_qubits} qubit operator"
+                )
+            n_qubits = num_qubits
+        if layout is None:
+            layout = list(range(self.num_qubits))
+        else:
+            if any(x < 0 or x >= n_qubits for x in layout):
+                raise QiskitError("Provided layout contains indices outside the number of qubits.")
+            if len(set(layout)) != len(layout):
+                raise QiskitError("Provided layout contains duplicate indices.")
+        new_op = type(self)("I" * n_qubits)
+        return new_op.compose(self, qargs=layout)
+
+
+# Update docstrings for API docs
+generate_apidocs(Pauli)