passagemath-symbolics 10.6.40__cp314-cp314t-macosx_13_0_x86_64.whl

sage/manifolds/manifold_homset.py

@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-symbolics
+r"""
+Set of Morphisms between Topological Manifolds
+
+The class :class:`TopologicalManifoldHomset` implements sets of
+morphisms between two topological manifolds over the same topological
+field `K`, a morphism being a *continuous map* for the category of
+topological manifolds.
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Eric Gourgoulhon (2015): initial version
+- Travis Scrimshaw (2016): review tweaks
+
+REFERENCES:
+
+- [Lee2011]_
+- [KN1963]_
+"""
+# ******************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2015 Eric Gourgoulhon <eric.gourgoulhon@obspm.fr>
+#       Copyright (C) 2016 Travis Scrimshaw <tscrimsh@umn.edu>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# *****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.categories.homset import Homset
+from sage.manifolds.continuous_map import ContinuousMap
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.structure.parent import Parent
+from sage.structure.unique_representation import UniqueRepresentation
+
+
+class TopologicalManifoldHomset(UniqueRepresentation, Homset):
+    r"""
+    Set of continuous maps between two topological manifolds.
+
+    Given two topological manifolds `M` and `N` over a topological field `K`,
+    the class :class:`TopologicalManifoldHomset` implements the set
+    `\mathrm{Hom}(M, N)` of morphisms (i.e. continuous maps) `M \to N`.
+
+    This is a Sage *parent* class, whose *element* class is
+    :class:`~sage.manifolds.continuous_map.ContinuousMap`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``domain`` -- :class:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold`;
+      the domain topological manifold `M` of the morphisms
+    - ``codomain`` -- :class:`~sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold`;
+      the codomain topological manifold `N` of the morphisms
+    - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) string; the name of ``self``;
+      if ``None``, ``Hom(M,N)`` will be used
+    - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) string; LaTeX symbol to denote
+      ``self``; if ``None``, `\mathrm{Hom}(M,N)` will be used
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    Set of continuous maps between a 2-dimensional manifold and a
+    3-dimensional one::
+
+        sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+        sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+        sage: N = Manifold(3, 'N', structure='topological')
+        sage: Y.<u,v,w> = N.chart()
+        sage: H = Hom(M, N) ; H
+        Set of Morphisms from 2-dimensional topological manifold M to
+         3-dimensional topological manifold N in Category of manifolds over
+         Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+        sage: type(H)
+        <class 'sage.manifolds.manifold_homset.TopologicalManifoldHomset_with_category'>
+        sage: H.category()
+        Category of homsets of topological spaces
+        sage: latex(H)
+        \mathrm{Hom}\left(M,N\right)
+        sage: H.domain()
+        2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        sage: H.codomain()
+        3-dimensional topological manifold N
+
+    An element of ``H`` is a continuous map from ``M`` to ``N``::
+
+        sage: H.Element
+        <class 'sage.manifolds.continuous_map.ContinuousMap'>
+        sage: f = H.an_element() ; f
+        Continuous map from the 2-dimensional topological manifold M to the
+         3-dimensional topological manifold N
+        sage: f.display()
+        M → N
+           (x, y) ↦ (u, v, w) = (0, 0, 0)
+
+    The test suite is passed::
+
+        sage: TestSuite(H).run()
+
+    When the codomain coincides with the domain, the homset is a set of
+    *endomorphisms* in the category of topological manifolds::
+
+        sage: E = Hom(M, M) ; E
+        Set of Morphisms from 2-dimensional topological manifold M to
+         2-dimensional topological manifold M in Category of manifolds over
+         Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+        sage: E.category()
+        Category of endsets of topological spaces
+        sage: E.is_endomorphism_set()
+        True
+        sage: E is End(M)
+        True
+
+    In this case, the homset is a monoid for the law of morphism composition::
+
+        sage: E in Monoids()
+        True
+
+    This was of course not the case of ``H = Hom(M, N)``::
+
+        sage: H in Monoids()
+        False
+
+    The identity element of the monoid is of course the identity map of ``M``::
+
+        sage: E.one()
+        Identity map Id_M of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        sage: E.one() is M.identity_map()
+        True
+        sage: E.one().display()
+        Id_M: M → M
+           (x, y) ↦ (x, y)
+
+    The test suite is passed by ``E``::
+
+        sage: TestSuite(E).run()
+
+    This test suite includes more tests than in the case of ``H``, since ``E``
+    has some extra structure (monoid).
+    """
+
+    Element = ContinuousMap
+
+    def __init__(self, domain, codomain, name=None, latex_name=None):
+        r"""
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: N = Manifold(3, 'N', structure='topological')
+            sage: Y.<u,v,w> = N.chart()
+            sage: H = Hom(M, N) ; H
+            Set of Morphisms from 2-dimensional topological manifold M to
+             3-dimensional topological manifold N in Category of manifolds
+             over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+            sage: TestSuite(H).run()
+
+        Test for an endomorphism set::
+
+            sage: E = Hom(M, M) ; E
+            Set of Morphisms from 2-dimensional topological manifold M to
+             2-dimensional topological manifold M in Category of manifolds over
+             Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+            sage: TestSuite(E).run()
+
+        Check whether :issue:`31233` is solved::
+
+            sage: S1 = manifolds.Sphere(1)
+            sage: iota = S1.embedding()
+            sage: phi = S1.identity_map()
+            sage: iota * phi
+            Differentiable map iota from the 1-sphere S^1 of radius 1 smoothly
+             embedded in the Euclidean plane E^2 to the Euclidean plane E^2
+        """
+        from sage.manifolds.manifold import TopologicalManifold
+
+        if not isinstance(domain, TopologicalManifold):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "domain = {} is not an ".format(domain)
+                + "instance of TopologicalManifold"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(codomain, TopologicalManifold):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "codomain = {} is not an ".format(codomain)
+                + "instance of TopologicalManifold"
+            )
+        common_cat = domain.category()._meet_(codomain.category())
+        Homset.__init__(self, domain, codomain, category=common_cat)
+        if name is None:
+            self._name = "Hom({},{})".format(domain._name, codomain._name)
+        else:
+            self._name = name
+        if latex_name is None:
+            self._latex_name = r"\mathrm{{Hom}}\left({},{}\right)".format(
+                domain._latex_name, codomain._latex_name
+            )
+        else:
+            self._latex_name = latex_name
+
+    def _latex_(self):
+        r"""
+        LaTeX representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: N = Manifold(3, 'N', structure='topological')
+            sage: H = Hom(M, N)
+            sage: latex(H)
+            \mathrm{Hom}\left(M,N\right)
+        """
+        if self._latex_name is None:
+            return r'\text{' + str(self) + r'}'
+        else:
+            return self._latex_name
+
+    #### Parent methods ####
+
+    def _element_constructor_(
+        self,
+        coord_functions,
+        name=None,
+        latex_name=None,
+        is_isomorphism=False,
+        is_identity=False,
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Construct an element of the homset, i.e. a continuous map `M \to N`,
+        where `M` is the domain of the homset and `N` its codomain.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``coord_functions`` -- dictionary of the coordinate expressions
+          (as lists or tuples of the coordinates of the image expressed in
+          terms of the coordinates of the considered point) with the pairs
+          of charts ``(chart1, chart2)`` as keys (``chart1`` being a chart
+          on `M` and ``chart2`` a chart on `N`); if the dimension of the
+          arrival manifold is 1, a single coordinate expression can be
+          passed instead of a tuple with a single element
+        - ``name`` -- (default: ``None``) name given to the continuous map
+        - ``latex_name`` -- (default: ``None``) LaTeX symbol to denote the
+          continuous map; if ``None``, the LaTeX symbol is set to ``name``
+        - ``is_isomorphism`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); determines whether the
+          constructed object is a isomorphism (i.e. a homeomorphism); if set to
+          ``True``, then the manifolds `M` and `N` must have the same dimension
+        - ``is_identity`` -- boolean (default: ``False``); determines whether the
+          constructed object is the identity map; if set to ``True``,
+          then `N` must be `M` and the entry ``coord_functions`` is not used
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            If the information passed by means of the argument
+            ``coord_functions`` is not sufficient to fully specify the
+            continuous map, further coordinate expressions, in other charts,
+            can be subsequently added by means of the method :meth:`add_expr`
+
+        OUTPUT: a :class:`~sage.manifolds.continuous_map.ContinuousMap`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: N = Manifold(3, 'N', structure='topological')
+            sage: Y.<u,v,w> = N.chart()
+            sage: H = Hom(M, N)
+            sage: f = H({(X, Y): [x+y, x-y, x*y]}, name='f'); f
+            Continuous map f from the 2-dimensional topological manifold M to
+             the 3-dimensional topological manifold N
+            sage: f.display()
+            f: M → N
+               (x, y) ↦ (u, v, w) = (x + y, x - y, x*y)
+            sage: id = Hom(M, M)({}, is_identity=True)
+            sage: id
+            Identity map Id_M of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: id.display()
+            Id_M: M → M
+               (x, y) ↦ (x, y)
+        """
+        # Standard construction
+        return self.element_class(
+            self,
+            coord_functions=coord_functions,
+            name=name,
+            latex_name=latex_name,
+            is_isomorphism=is_isomorphism,
+            is_identity=is_identity,
+        )
+
+    def _an_element_(self):
+        r"""
+        Construct some element of ``self``.
+
+        OUTPUT: a :class:`~sage.manifolds.continuous_map.ContinuousMap`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: N = Manifold(3, 'N', structure='topological')
+            sage: Y.<u,v,w> = N.chart()
+            sage: H = Hom(M,N)
+            sage: f = H._an_element_() ; f
+            Continuous map from the 2-dimensional topological manifold M to the
+             3-dimensional topological manifold N
+            sage: f.display()
+            M → N
+               (x, y) ↦ (u, v, w) = (0, 0, 0)
+            sage: p = M((-2,3)) ; p
+            Point on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: f(p)
+            Point on the 3-dimensional topological manifold N
+            sage: f(p).coord(Y)
+            (0, 0, 0)
+            sage: TestSuite(f).run()
+        """
+        dom = self.domain()
+        codom = self.codomain()
+        # A constant map is constructed:
+        chart2 = codom.default_chart()
+        target_point = chart2.domain().an_element()
+        target_coord = target_point.coord(chart2)
+        coord_functions = {}
+        for chart in dom.atlas():
+            coord_functions[(chart, chart2)] = target_coord
+        return self.element_class(self, coord_functions=coord_functions)
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, other):
+        r"""
+        Determine whether coercion to ``self`` exists from parent ``other``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: N = Manifold(3, 'N', structure='topological')
+            sage: Y.<u,v,w> = N.chart()
+            sage: H = Hom(M,N)
+            sage: H._coerce_map_from_(ZZ)
+            False
+            sage: H._coerce_map_from_(M)
+            False
+            sage: H._coerce_map_from_(N)
+            False
+            sage: H._coerce_map_from_(H)
+            True
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, TopologicalManifoldHomset):
+            return other.domain().has_coerce_map_from(
+                self.domain()
+            ) and self.codomain().has_coerce_map_from(other.codomain())
+        return False
+
+    #!# check
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        r"""
+        Construct an element of ``self`` from the input.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: N = Manifold(3, 'N', structure='topological')
+            sage: Y.<u,v,w> = N.chart()
+            sage: H = Hom(M,N)
+            sage: f = H.__call__({(X, Y): [x+y, x-y, x*y]}, name='f') ; f
+            Continuous map f from the 2-dimensional topological manifold M to
+             the 3-dimensional topological manifold N
+            sage: f.display()
+            f: M → N
+               (x, y) ↦ (u, v, w) = (x + y, x - y, x*y)
+
+        There is also the following shortcut for :meth:`one`::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: H = Hom(M, M)
+            sage: H(1)
+            Identity map Id_M of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+        """
+        if len(args) == 1:
+            if self.domain() == self.codomain() and args[0] == 1:
+                return self.one()
+            if isinstance(args[0], ContinuousMap):
+                return Homset.__call__(self, args[0])
+        return Parent.__call__(self, *args, **kwds)
+
+    #### End of parent methods ####
+
+    #### Monoid methods (case of an endomorphism set) ####
+
+    @cached_method
+    def one(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the identity element of ``self`` considered as a monoid
+        (case of a set of endomorphisms).
+
+        This applies only when the codomain of the homset is equal to its
+        domain, i.e. when the homset is of the type `\mathrm{Hom}(M,M)`.
+        Indeed, `\mathrm{Hom}(M,M)` equipped with the law of morphisms
+        composition is a monoid, whose identity element is nothing but the
+        identity map of `M`.
+
+        OUTPUT:
+
+        - the identity map of `M`, as an instance of
+          :class:`~sage.manifolds.continuous_map.ContinuousMap`
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        The identity map of a 2-dimensional manifold::
+
+            sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
+            sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
+            sage: H = Hom(M, M) ; H
+            Set of Morphisms from 2-dimensional topological manifold M to
+             2-dimensional topological manifold M in Category of manifolds over
+             Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+            sage: H in Monoids()
+            True
+            sage: H.one()
+            Identity map Id_M of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+            sage: H.one().parent() is H
+            True
+            sage: H.one().display()
+            Id_M: M → M
+               (x, y) ↦ (x, y)
+
+        The identity map is cached::
+
+            sage: H.one() is H.one()
+            True
+
+        If the homset is not a set of endomorphisms, the identity element is
+        meaningless::
+
+            sage: N = Manifold(3, 'N', structure='topological')
+            sage: Y.<u,v,w> = N.chart()
+            sage: Hom(M, N).one()
+            Traceback (most recent call last):
+            ...
+            TypeError: Set of Morphisms
+             from 2-dimensional topological manifold M
+             to 3-dimensional topological manifold N
+             in Category of manifolds over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
+             is not a monoid
+        """
+        if self.codomain() != self.domain():
+            raise TypeError("{} is not a monoid".format(self))
+        return self.element_class(self, is_identity=True)
+
+    #### End of monoid methods ####